?  /   >  / 

/L 


TREATISE 

KELATIVE  TO  THE 

Testing  of  Water-Wheels 

AND 

MACHINERY, 


Inventions,  Studies,  and  Experiments,  with  Suggestions 
from  a  Life's  Experience. 


BY  JAMES  EMERSON, 
WILLIMANSETT,  MASS.,    U.  S. 


SIXTH  EDITION. 

PRICK,  §1.00. 
1894, 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  September  20,  18*4, 

liv  .IAMKS  EMEHSOX, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


.///  ri'.iht.t  nxcrved. 

A  comparison  of  this  work  with  any  and  all  others  treating  of  milling 
hydrodynamics,  I  think,  will  show  that  I  have  done  more  to  make  the 
matter  a  science  than  has  been  done  by  all  other  engineers  that  have  lived 
during  the  past  century.  A  few  of  the  unthinking  raised  objections  to  the 
mixing  of  religion  with  business  in  the  fourth  edition,  but  it  has  ever 
seemed  to  me  that  any  religion  deserving  of  respect  is  good  for  everyday 
use,  a  comfort  in  sorrow,  a  joy  in  our  pleasures.  I  have  copyrighted  the 
book  that  its  contents  may  be  kept  together. 

JAMES  EMERSON. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Some  trn  years  since,  through  the  invention  of  an  instrument  for  weighing 
the  power  required  to  drive  machinery,  I  became  interested  in  the  testing  of  lur- 
bine  water  wheels.  Previously  such  tests  had  only  been  possible  for  the  wealthy. 
The  apparatus  used  for  the  purpose,  though  expensive,  was  crude,  clumsy  and 
unreliable,  while  I  he  formulas  for  computing  water  used  were  tedious  for  the  ini- 
tiated and  impossible  of  application  by  the  multitude,  consequently  few  of  those 
using  wheels  were  able  to  demonstrate  the  absurdity  of  the  fabulous  claims  made 
by  the  most  of  the  turbine  build  rs,  and  for  years  confusion  h.;d  reigned,  alike 
injurious  to  the  manufacturer  and  honest  builder.  Years  c  f  experience  that  will 
be  mentioned  in  the  last  part  of  this  work  made  me  fully  aware  of  the  task  it  would 
be  to  bring  o:der  out  of  sucli  confusion;  still  t!.e  attempt  was  made,  and  has  since 
been  continued  without  a  thought  of  abandonment.  Those  who  have  only  wit- 
nessed the  test  of  turbines  at  the  Ilolyoke  flume  have  little  idea  of  the  operation 
as  conducted  by  engineers  of  the  pa-t;  ban  els  of  oil  and  a  small  army  of  assist- 
ants were  required,  i-o  that  tl  e  cost  run  up  into  the  thousands.  The  average  cost 
per  wheel  in  1869  was  $2,000.  The  superintendent  of  the  Nilcs  Iron  Works  of  Cin- 
cinnati, O.,  came  to  me  at  Lowell,  in  order  to  make  arrangements  for  the  test  of  a 
Kindleberger  wheel;  he  offered  $600,  but  under  the  then  existing  conditions  it 
could  not  be  done.  Weeks  and  even  months  weie  consumed  in  the  test  of  a  single 
wheel.  The  experiei  ce  that  year  convinced  me  that  such  expenditures  of  time 
and  money  were  entirely  unnecessary,  and  plans  were  soon  completed  for  demon- 
strating that  fact.  Many  ideas  then  prevalent  had  to  be  considered.  In  the  first 
place,  a  testing  flume  w  th  suitable  apparatus  was  an  expensive  affair,  while  my 
means  were  very  limited  ;  then  a-ain  it  was  supposed  by  all,  that  wheels  of  the 
same  make  were  all  of  the  same  proportional  efficiency,  so  that  each  builder 
would  only  need  to  have  one  wheel  tested,  consequently  the  patronage  would 
be  very  irregular,  while  the  expense  would  be  constant,  as  experiincrd  help 
would  be  required,  ar.d  such  help  could  only  be  retained  by  constant  employment, 
or  at  least  constant  pay;  the  latter  difficulty  was  surnioui  ted  by  doing  all  of  the 
most  difficult  acd  hardest  work  myself,  simply  employing  a  laborer  for  each  test, 
while  my  daughter  limed  ;  kept  the  records  of  gauges  during  the  trials,  gave  me 
the  power  every  two  minute",  in  order  to  enable  me  to  change  the  weight  cor- 
rectly, then  made  the  computations  and  copied  the  results.  This  continued  for 
a  year  or  more ;  then  Miss  Charls  A.  Adams,  •'  Charla"  succeeded  my  daughter, 
and  such  success  as  I  have  had  in  aiding  the  improvement  of  turbines,  by  ena- 
bling builders  of  small  means  to  ascertain  the  exact  value  of  their  numerous 
plans,  and  establishing  the  testing  system,  is  due  in  a  great  measure  to  her  un- 
wearied patience,  caie  and  attention.  She  has  had  the  entire  mathematical  part 
of  the  work  to  do,  not  only  of  the  tests,  but  that  necessary  for  the  preparation 
of  a  large  portion  of  the  tables  published  in  this  work  ;  she  h  is  kept  records  of  all 
tests,  and  prepared  numerous  copies  of  the  same  for  public  institutions  and  for 


turbine  builders;  in  all,  she  has  proved  her  fitness  for  the  purpose,  and  not  only 
her  fitness,  but  woman's  adaptability  for  such  work.  The  practice  of  testing  tur- 
bines has  caused  many  changes  and  exploded  many  theories;  of  course  this  has 
not  been  done  without  destroying  the  hopeg  of  many  builders,  at  the  same  time 
it  has  been  the  means  of  bringing  the  best  wheels  prominently  be-fore  the  public. 
The  tests  have  at  all  times  beeu  open  to  the  public;  builders  have  been  desired 
to  bring  engineers  to  assist,  and  such  have  ever  been  welcome.  It  is  a  difficult 
matter  to  make  purchasers  realize  that  wheels  made  from  the  same  patterns 
vary  exceedingly  in  efficiency,  yet  there  are  few  manufacturers  ignorant  of  the 
fact  that  a  wheel  of  any  make  doing  well  in  a  mill  gives  no  assurance  that 
anothi  r  of  the  same  make  will  give  equal  satisfaction.  Ninety  per  cent,  wheels 
are  much  sought  for,  but  there  are  plenty  of  80  per  cent,  wheels  that  will  do  fir 
better  than  many  that  have  given  higher  results.  Ninety  per  cent,  is  only 
obtained  under  the  most  favorable  conditions,  and  such  can  not  be  continued 
long  in  practical  use. 

Illustrations  published  in  the  first  edition  of  this  work  have  been  found  very 
convenient  for  reference  in  law  and  other  cases,  consequently  a  greater  variety 
has  been  published  in  this  edition. 

That  I  know  but  little  about  the  exact  lines  necessary  for  the  production  of  a 
good  turbine  is  not,  perhaps,  a  legitimate  excuse  for  the  absence  in  this  work  of 
directions  for  turbine  building,  because  the  most  minute  formulas  to  be  found 
upon  the  subject  have  undoubtedly  been  published  by  those  who  knew  still  less 
about  it  than  myself,  but  such  formulas  seem  to  have  hindered  rather  than  to 
have  aided  turbine  improvements,  for  it  is  very  certain  that  the  best  turbine 
builders  have  given  little  heed  to  such  formulas,  hence  I  have  not  attempted  to 
do  what  I  could  not  do  well. 

Some  of  my  Annual  Reports  were  electrotyped,  and  various  items  from  those 
have  been  used  in  this  work,  and  where  such  reports  of  tests  have  been  used, 
the  numerous  changes  of  weights  are  given  in  full ;  while  in  oth<  rs  only  the  best 
tost  at  whole  pate  is  given;  and  it  may  be  well  here  to  state  that  there  is  a  cer- 
tain speed  at  which  any  turbine  does  its  best,  ar.d  to  find  that  point  it  is  necr  s- 
sary  to  try  m:iny  changes  of  we'ghts.  Wheels  made  from  the  same  patterns 
seldom  do  their  best  at  the  same  speed,  and  this  variation  is  the  cause  of  consid- 
erable loss  of  power  through  incorrect  gearing  for  speed. 

It  is  also  necessary  to  state  that  there  i?  always  a  leakage  into  the  measur- 
ing pit  during  a  test,  which  is  to  be  dedu-  ted  from  the  quantity  flowing  over  the 
weir;  this  leakage  may  not  be  given  in  some  of  the  reports,  but  if  the  depth  oa 
the  weir  is  given,  the  difference  between  the  quantity  as  found  per  tables  for  tlwt 
depth,  and  the  cubic  feet  given  in  the  report  of  ten  will  give  the  leakage,  that 
is,  if  the  length  of  weir  is  piven.  The  (.missions  are  owing  to  the  use  of  only  a 
part  of  the  electrotyped  reports. 

JAMES  EMERSON. 

WILLIMANSETT,  MASS.,  October  1, 1878. 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  SIXTH  EDITION. 

The  first  edition  of  this  work  sold  before  it  was  out  of  the  bindery, 
the  second  soon  after  it  came  out,  over  half  of  the  fifteen  hun- 
dred copies  of  the  third  edition  within  three  weeks  after  it  was 
issued  ;  then  I  gave  up  ray  time  to  the  purpose  of  finding  a  safe 
system  for  car  heating,  and  for  eleven  years  the  electrotyped  pages 
of  my  book  were  left  without  care,  then  were  picked  up  and  placed 
in  the  fourth  edition  as  they  could  be  found.  The  fourth  and  fifth 
editions  were  but  stepping  stones  to  this.  I  have  desired  to  pro- 
duce a  work  of  value  in  which  anyone  taking  it  up  can  find  some- 
thing of  interest.  Years  ago  a  widely  known  publisher  informed 
me  that  technical  or  scientific  works  were  seldom  asked  for  except 
by  the  few  interested  in  the  subject  treated,  consequently  were 
likely  to  remain  upon  his  shelves  until  shopworn.  It  has  been  my 
study  since  to  prevent  such  repose  of  my  writings.  I  have  shown 
something  of  my  work  that  my  claims  for  consideration  may  be  esti- 
mated. Would  it  not  be  well  for  would-be  leaders  to  do  the  same  ? 

My  wanderings  and  chances  for  observation  have  been  wide,  my 
reading  extensive.  I  have  found  that  from  one  to  four  hours 
sleep  in  each  twenty-four  is  sufficient  for  me,  consequently  have 
been  able  to  devote  twenty  of  each  twenty -four  hours  to  study  or 
thought,  yet  I  have  never  found  time  to  gain  wealth  or  desire  it. 

If  I  have  written  slightingly  of  Christianity,  it  is  because  I  have 
studied  its  career  from  its  foundation,  if  that  can  be  determined 
within  three  centuries,  without  finding  a  single  instance  where  it 
has  benefited  mankind.  Of  course  I  would  not  imply  that  there  are 
not  many  good  men  and  women  that  call  themselves  Christians,  but 
how  any  intelligent  person  can  recall  the  doings  of  the  Christian 
devils  who  blotted  out  a  higher  civilization  in  Mexico  and  Peru,  who 
annihilated  the  aborigines  of  this  country,  and  who  degraded  and 
almost  obliterated  the  Sandwich  Islanders,  and  the  shiploads  of 
rum.  rifles,  gunpowder,  Bibles  and  thin  veneer  of  missionaries  now 
being  sent  to  Africa,  and  think  Christianity  less  bloody  than  the 
superstition  of  Dahomey,  is  a  mystery  to  me.  Its  blasphemous 
atonement  hobby  to  me  seems  degrading  to  mankind  and  an  im- 
peachment of  the  Creator's  wisdom  and  justice.  Within  fifty  years 
I  believe  it  will  be  considered  an  atrocity  of  the  past. 

JAMES  EMERSON. 

WlLLIMANSETT,    MASS.,  Oct.    1st,   1894. 


Emerson's  Swimming  Machine. 


This  device  is  designed  particularly  for  women  and  children, 
though,  of  course,  is  equally  suitable  for  men  or  boys.  It  gives  the 
exact  motions  of  the  best  swimmers,  and  is  operated  by  a  crank,  as 
shown.  It  may  be  placed  in  a  nursery  tank  or  bath  tub,  or  in  a 
larger  tank,  where  the  water  may  be  warmed  for  winter  practice,  or 
arranged  singly  or  in  groups  like  the  merry-go-rounds  near  places 
of  public  amusement  in  the  summer. 

Men  or  boys  may  go  to  the  rivers  or  ponds,  strip  and  plunge  in 
with  but  little  restriction  ;  women  and  girls  are  restrained  by  con- 
ventionalities from  doing  so,  consequently  have  but  little  chance 
to  learn  to  swim,  though  quite  as  capable  to  do  so  as  men  or 
boys.  Yet,  as  all  travel,  women  are  subject  to  the  same  dangers 
from  shipwreck,  the  capsizing  of  boats,  bridge  disasters,  etc.,  etc., 
as  men. 

All  incapable  of  swimming  cling  together  and  drown  in  clusters, 
while  if  capable  of  swimming  each  would  strive  to  keep  apart  as  far 
as  possible  unless  closing  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  the  helpless. 

The  Kanaka  children  of  the  Pacific,  like  ducks,  learn  to  swim 
almost  assoon  as  born,  giving  their  mothers  little  cause  for  anxiety 
about  being  in  the  water.  Are  our  mothers  less  intelligent  than 
those  natives  ? 

Every  mother  would  enjoy  seeing  her  wonderful  baby  swim, 
which  is  easily  practicable  with  a  nursery  swimming  machine  for 
the  bath  tub.  What  beautiful  sights  the  surf  at  our  beaches  would 
present  summers  if  our  home  mermaids  would  all  learn  to  swim  and 
laughingly  sport  in  the  waves  instead  of  as  now  shudderingly  step 
into  the  water  half  way  up  to  the  knees,  then  squeal,  as  graphically 
expressed  by  a  lady  acquainted  with  the  ways  of  lady  bathers. 
Learn  to  swim  at  home  in  the  winter,  then  have  pleasant  times  at 
the  beach  in  the  summer. 


EVOLUTION  OF 


WATER  WHEELS. 


r^ 

^Tyler's  New  Scroll  America 


OVERSHOT  WHEEL 


T.  H.  Risdon  and  others  whose  names  are  familiar  to  manufacturers 
are  entitled  to  much  credit  in  connection  with  improvements  of  the 
turbine,  but  they  used  modified  combinations  of  the  illustrated  devices 
above  in  which  to  obtain  the  results  credited  them  in  this  work. 


10 


McCORMICK'S  IMPROVED  TURBINES, 

The  Practical  Effect  of  Efforts  to  Improve, 


Fallen  Idols,  Destroyed  by  the  Iconoclastic  Testing  System. 


OVERSHOT  WHEEL 


Uriah  A.  Boyden  did  much  to  establish  faith  in  the  practicability  of 
determining  the  efficiency  of  turbines  by  tests,  but  his  ideas  were 
extravagantly  expensive,  and  Impracticable  with  ordinary  means. 
There  is  no  evidence  however  that  he  ever  gained  higher  efficiency 
than  that  obtained  by  M.  Fourneyron. 


11 
BOYDEN'S 

IMPROVED  FOURNEYRON  TURBINE. 

WITH  EMERSOJS'S  MEASURING,  GATE  REGISTER. 


The  White  Elephant  of  the  Lowell  Corporations. 


12 


THE  TURBINE  OF  1594. 

WITH  EMERSONS  MEASURING 


BY  J.  &  W.  JOLLY, 

GATE  REGISTER.. 


Horizontal  Wheels. 


For  a  few  years  past  there  has  been  a  craze  for  twin  horizontal  wheels,  as 
was  the  case  a  few  years  ago  for  V  shaped  belts.  For  high  falls  and  small 
wheels  it  may  be  well  to  have  such,  but  for  ordinary  falls  and  wheels  there  is 
little  to  show  in  their  favor,  unless  in  coarse  work  such  as  pulp  mills,  where 
the  grinder  is  placed  upon  the  same  shaft  as  the  wheels,  doing  away  with 
belts  or  gears;  but  good  gears  cause  but  little  loss  in  transmission,  say  two 
per  cent.,  and  open  belts  not  more  than  four,  while  the  loss  in  horizontal 
wheels  would  be  double  that  at  least.  Sec  tests,  pa  ire  351.  In  a  recent  case  in 
litigation  at  "SVillimantic,  Conn.,  a  pair  of  Humphrey  twin  wheels  tabled  to 
transmit  100  h.  p.  under  the  IT  feet  working  bead  there  were  put  into  a 
mill  supposed  to  require  the  power  named.  The  wheels  proved  insufficient 
and  two  of  tabled  125  h.  p.  capacity  were  substituted;  those  drove  the 
machinery  leaving  but  little  surplus  power.  The  race  above  was  12Jx6 
feet  deep,  the  tail  race  GJx2  feet  depth  of  water,  the  velocity  above  was 
estimated  one  foot,  below  at  six  feet  per  second,  or  72  cubic  feet  per  second 
plump.  From  my  knowledge  of  the  Humphrey  wheel,  also  of  the  loss  from 
being  placed  upon  horizontal  shaft,  my  estimate  was  35  per  cent,  efficiency. 

An  expert  used  to  testing  the  same  kinds  of  machinery  in  the  linen  mill 
there  was  put  upon  the  witness  stand.  He  knew  nothing  of  our  previous 
estimates,  yet  he  estimated  the  force  required  to  drive  the  machinery  in  the 
mill  at  39  h.  p. 

Adding  25  per  cent,  to  his  estimate  for  driving  the  shafting,  or  say  9 
h.  p.,  which  would  be  proper,  as  the  mill  had  its  full  supply  of  shafting, 
though  but  partially  tilled  with  machinery,  and  his  estimate  would  agree 
substantially  with  mine.  Other  wheels  undoubtedly  do  much  better,  but 
for  general  use  I  think  time  will  prove  the  turbine  much  the  most  econom- 
ical ;  the  plan  is  mechanically  imperfect.  All  used  to  testing  wheels  know 
how  the  efficiency  is  cut  down  by  the  least  rub  at  the  side  of  curb,  and  the 
weight  must  soon  cause  the  bearings  and  shaft  to  wear  down,  the  lower 
side  of  the  wheel  will  rub,  and  the  upper  side  will  l>e  open  and  leaky. 


14 

J.  &  W.  Jolly's  Holyoke  Turbine,  Holyoke, 
Mass.,  U.  S. 


As  the  Messrs.  Jolly  unquestionably  stand  at  the  head  as  turbine 
builders,  not  only  in  this  but  in  all  other  countries  where  turbines 
are  known,  this  work  would  be  incomplete  without  a  brief  account 
of  their  rise  and  method  of  doing  business,  in  connection  with  the 
illustrated  evolution  and  description  of  such  improvements  during 
the  past  half  century.  JAMKS  EMKKSOX, 

WlLLIMANSETT,  July  1,  1894. 


15 

The  Hoiyoke  Turbine,  Manufactured  by  J.  &  W. 
Jolly. 

This  turbine  has  been  brought  to  its  present  perfection  through 
the  continuous  labor  of  John  B.  McCormick,  under  the  supervision 
and  at  the  expense  of  the  Messrs.  Jolly,  and  is  now  without  ques- 
tion the  most  perfect  water  wheel  in  existence.  It  has  no  pretended 
equal,  and  i&  so  known  throughout  this  country  and  the  British 
Provinces,  and  has  become  so  well  known  in  Europe  that  the  call 
for  wheels  from  there  the  present  season  has  kept  the  old  shop  of 
the  Messrs.  Jolly  in  constant  operation  during  the  past  depression 
in  business  and  a  new -shop  has  been  opened  for  home  work. 

This  turbine  in  name  is  made  by  several  other  builders  and  in 
fact  is  but  the  Hercules  improved,  yet  the  proximity  of  the  testing 
flume  and  the  enterprise  of  the  Messrs.  Jolly  to  make  use  thereof 
have  caused  their  wheels  to  stand  upon  a  plane  not  reached  by  any  of 
their  competitors  and  with  such  certainty  that  they  will  test  against 
any  and  all  contestants  upon  the  conditions  that  the  owners  of  the 
inferior  wheel  shall  pay  the  expense  for  testing  both  wheels,  and 
that  from  five  to  twenty-five  per  cent,  will  be  allowed  each  con- 
testant at  the  start,  the  exact  allowance  being  determined  by  the 
make  of  wheel.  So  well  is  the  fact  of  the  superiority  of  Messrs. 
Jolly's  wheel  established  that  the  Rodney  Hunt  Machine  Co.,  of 
Orange,  Mass.,  one  of  the  largest  turbine  building  firms  in  the  past 
of  the  country,  finding  that  the  intelligent  manufacturers  of  the 
times  have  come  to  realize  the  difference  between  the  turbine  of 
twenty  years  ago  and  the  Jolly  wheel  of  to-day,  have  contracted 
with  the  Messrs.  Jolly  for  turbines  with  which  to  supply  their 
customers  instead  of  trying  to  force  their  own  of  inferior  make?  upon 
those  sufficiently  intelligent  to  desire  the  best.  This  act  speaks 
well  for  the  honor  and  fair  dealing  of  the  Hunt  company  and  opens 
the  way  for  a  new  departure  for  turbine  builders  of  the  old  styles 
that  lack  testing  facilities  that  may  enable  them  to  produce  turbines 
of  modern  efficiencies  and  capacities.  An  old  style  turbine  builder 
of  moderate  intelligence  trying  to  sell  turbines  of  the  past  must 
feel  something  as  the  ancient  blacksmith  with  his  pod  augers  of 
Revolutionary  days  would  feel  if  brought  into  competition  with  the 
effective  and  highly  finished  auger  bit  of  the  present  time. 

The  certified  tests  published  upon  the  next  page  represent  the 
guaranteed  capacities  and  efficiencies  of  several  sizes  of  the  Jolly 
turbines,  and  all  of  the  many  sizes  have  been  or  will  be  brought  to 
the  same  standard  before  being  offered  for  sale. 
HOLYOKE,  MASS.,  U.  S.,  1894. 


16 


Copied   from  certified  tests  made  on  the  dates  named,  and  signed  by 
A.  F.  SICKMAN,  engineer  in  charge  of  experiments,  E.  S.  WATERS,  Hyd.  E. 
The  originals  of  these  certificates  can  be  seen  at  any  time  at  our  office. 
J.  &  W.  JOLLY,  HOLYOKE,  MASS. 


Test  of  a  12-inch  Wheel. 


Jan.  8th,  1890. 


Head. 

Rev.  per 
Min. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic  feet 
per  Sec. 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

18.02 
18  10 

4W.7 

420  0 

17.00 

14  71 

9.82 
8  60 

84.73 
83  34 

18.10 
18.18 

is.-js 

469.7 
37C.5 
336.7 

11.45 
8.60 
6.15 

7.25 
(>.01 
4.74 

76.91 
69.41 

Test  of  a  27-inch  Wheel. 


April  21st,  1891. 


Whole  Gate,  
Part  Gate,  

15.16 
15.13 
16.W 

15  24 

179.50 
195.75 
191.50 
179  25 

73.21 
66.38 
57.04 
46  00 

52.30 
45.85 
40.05 
3430 

81.42 
84.38 
82.68 

77  60 

"      

15.31 

171.00 

32.91 

27.58 

68.73 

Test  of  a  Second  27-inch  Wheel.    Nov.  18th  and  19th,  1891. 


Whole  Gate,  
Part  Gate,  

16.83 
17.14 
17.21 

187.75 
194.25 
180.00 

84.63 
80.46 
69.07 

84.74 
48.57 
43.97 

80.96 

83.49 
80.48 

"       "      

17.44 
j     17.68 

184.00 
181.50 

56.04 
40.91     | 

37.50 
30.26 

75.55 
67.41 

Test  of  a  33-inch  Wheel. 


June  13th,  1890. 


Part  Gate,  

14.87 
14.98 
15.06 
15.35 

144.50 
138.50 
145.33 
134.50 

95.83 
82.58 
65.43 
47.46 

67.99 
59.91 
50.48 
39.94 

83.65 
81.21 
75.96 
68.32 

Test  of  a  39-inch  Wheel. 


April  1st,  1891. 


Whole  Gate,  
Part  Gate,  

16.60 
16.77 
17.14 

124.40 
127.25 
126.33 

179.74 
166.79 
146.33 

118.72 
105.49 
92.57 

80.41 
83.13 
81.31 

**       "      

17.34 
17.65 

125.75 
112.33 

122.66 
89.03 

81.11 
64.68 

76.89 
68.76 

Test  of  a  48-inch  Wheel. 


Oct.  10th,  1892. 


Whole  Gate,  
Part  Gate,  

13.44 
13.84 
13.64 
14.19 
14.58 

89.12 
90.50 
89.50 
92.37 
88.62 

198.16 
187.44 
154.29 
128.86 
99.87 

102.13 
145.25 
124.88 
105.60 
86.80 

80.21 
82.24 
79.90 
75.85 
69.61 

Test  of  a  51-inch  Wheel. 


June  28th,  1890. 


Part  Gate,  

12.99 
13.09 
13.17 

87.62 
83.00 
88.00 

197.34 
171.77 
139.27 

157.32 
140.72 
119.80 

85.32 
82.39 
77.99 

"        "     

13.93 

84.25 

110.26 

98.72 

70.84 

Test  of  a  Second  51-inch  Wheel.        March  5th, 


Part  Gate,  

12.26 
12  19 

81.50 
80  20 

176.36 
144  21 

153.28 
131  23 

82.75 

"    "•  :::::::::::::::: 

12.35 
12.48 

77.50 
73.12 

111.02 
81.56 

109.38 
87.90 

72.47 
65.56 

John  B.  McCormick   .and  Esoteric  Science. 

As  producer  of  the  most  perfect  water  wheel,  Mr.  McCormick's 
name  is  likely  to  have  a  niche  in  the  temple  of  turbine  fame.  No 
other  person  has  had  such  chance  to  observe  the  effect  of  slight 
changes  of  construction  and  position  of  parts,  yet,  after  causing  the 
expenditure  of  a  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  in  experiment- 
ing, should  some  accident  destroy  the  patterns  for  his  turbine  the 
whole  would  have  to  be  done  over  again  upon  the  same  "  Cut  and 
try  "  system,  for  not  a  drawing  exists  that  would  enable  another  to 
reproduce  his  results. 

Who  is  to  blame  for  this  esoteric  state  of  that  science  ?  We 
have  just  emerged  from  the  bondage  of  superstition  but,  far  from 
lie  ing  freed  therefrom,  we  are  in  a  haze  of  mysticism.  We  may 
smile  at  the  science  of  Lucretius  or  the  elder  Pliny,  but  a  century 
hence  I  venture  to  predict  that  there  will  be  cause  for  broad 
laughter  for  those  who  look  back  to  the  popular  notions  of  to-day. 
A  half  century  since,  had  a  visionary  crank  hinted  at  the  use  of  the 
bicycle  or  the  telephone  so  common  to-day  it  is  easy  to  imagine  the 
wise  sneer  of  the  Huxley  type  of  scientist  of  the  time. 

Who  will  explain  the  fact  that  the  turbine  often  does  considerable 
work  while  running  faster  than  the  water  that  drives  it,  and  at  its 
best  returns  over  ninety  per  cent,  of  the  force  expended? 

Who  can  explain  the  cause  of  gravitation  or  cohesion,  or  disinte- 
gration and  cohesion,  as  daily  utilized  in  the  electrotypers'  art  ? 
Never  was  there  the  utterance  of  a  weaker  mess  of  bosh  than  that 
Newton  discovered  the  law  of  gravitation  ;  he  simply  discovered  its 
effect  in  some  cases,  but  as  to  its  cause  we  know  no  more  than  was 
known  by  Pythagoras.  I  have  seen  the  Andes  mountains,  every 
line,  peak,  and  shadow  sharply  defined  as  though  not  ten  miles 
distant,  yet  I  was  sailing  a  thousand  miles  away.  Who  will 
lucidly  explain  the  cause  of  mirage  ?  I  believe  such  mirage  is 
evidence  that  science  will  produce  the  means  for  seeing  distant 
objects  as  we  talk  by  telephone.  A  few  years  since  double  turbines 
were  the  rage,  but  science  proved  the  idea  to  be  erroneous,  as  I 
believe  it  will  do  with  the  "  triple  expansion  "  hobby  ;  but  let  it  be 
understood  that  steam  compared  to  hydraulic  science  is  in  its 
childhood.  Water  as  a  motor  returns  ninety  per  cent,  of  its 
weight,  steam  but  ten  or  fifteen  per  cent,  of  its  heat  force. 

I  have  seen  tables  and  chairs  move  without  visible  force  being 
applied  to  cause  the  movement.  I  have  seen  the  arms  of  a  man 
placed  through  the  arms  of  a  chair  ;  the  hands  tied  firmly  together  ; 
then  wound  over  with  adhesive  plaster  by  the  late  J.  C.  Ayer ;  on 
turning  off  the  light  the  hands  were  instantly  withdrawn  from  the 
chair  without  separation  of  hands.  I  believe  this  was  done  through 
natural  law  not  yet  understood  and  that  it.s  study  will  aid  in  the 
understanding  of  the  law  of  cohesion  and  disintegration,  but  the 
cause  will  be  made  clear  through  the  crank  instead  of  by  the  popu- 
lar scientist. 


18 
Emerson's  Measuring  Gate  Register. 

Description  and  Operation. 

The  illustrations  show  plan  and  elevation,  also  connections  to 
turbine  gate. 

In  the  elevation  the  bed-plate  B  is  shown  upon  the  wheel  shaft 
A  above  the  driving  gear  C,  which  drives  gear  D,  on  the  arbor  of 
which,  back  of  the  upright  stand  I,  may  be  seen,  represented  by 
dotted  lines,  a  small  bevel  pinion  working  into  bevel  gear  F,  the 
arbor  of  which  is  connected  to  the  arbor  of  the  counter  N.  which 
counts  one  for  every  ten  revolutions  of  the  turbine  wheel  shaft. 
On  the  end  of  the  gear  and  counter  arbor  T,  there  is  the  disk  or 
crank  G,  that  through  the  catch  P  actuates  the  ratchet  wheel  J, 
which  has  some  number  of  teeth  equably  divisible  by  ten.  pref- 
erably two  or  more  hundred,  that  the  loss  of  a  fraction  of  tooth 
may  be  as  small  as  possible.  The  movement  of  the  catch  P  is  ex- 
actly one-tenth  of  the  circumference  of  the  ratchet,  or  twenty  teeth 
of  the  two  hundred  in  its  periphery,  consequently  ten  full  strokes 
of  the  catch  P  give  the  ratchet  wheel  J  a  complete  revolution, 
and  an  increase  of  one  in  the  number  shown  by  the  counter  0,  or 
an  increase  of  one  for  each  hundred  revolutions  of  the  turbine 
shaft.  An  examination  of  the  Holyoke  turbine,  second  page,  will 
show  the  connection  of  its  gate  with  the  shield  K  of  the  register 
by  the  rod  Q.  The  rod  C  is  the  ordinary  gate  rod  for  opening 
the  gate  by  hand.  As  the  gate  is  raised  the  rod  Q  moves  the  shield 
K  in  proportion  to  the  opening  of  the  gate  under  the  actuating 
catch  P,  and,  of  course,  proportionally  reducing  the  rotation  of 
ratchet  wheel  J,  consequently  more  movements  of  the  catch  P  will 
be  required  to  give  the  ratchet  wheel  J  a  complete  revolution  and 
change  of  figure  on  the  counter  O.  At  the  close  of  any  trial  add 
a  cipher  to  the  sum  shown  by  the  counter  N,  and  the  revolutions 
of  the  wheel  shaft  will  be  given  ;  add  two  ciphers  to  the  product 
of  the  counter  0,  and,  if  the  wheel  has  run  with  full  gate  during 
the  whole  trial,  the  representations  of  the  two  counters  will  be  the 
same,  but  if  the  gate  has  been  but  partially  open  during-  the  time, 
then  the  product,  of  the  counter  0  will  be  proportionally  less,  and 
a  division  of  that  sum  by  the  greater  sum  shown  by  the  counter 
N  will  give  the  true  average  percentage  of  gate  opening  during  the 
time  the  count  has  been  kept.  For  untested  wheels  it  will  be  nec- 
essary to  make  such  test  to  obtain  the  proportional  discharge,  but 
that  will  simply  require  a  weir  and  control  of  wheel  and  discharge 
by  the  ordinary  work  of  the  mill. 
MAY  1,  1894. 


19 


EMERSON'S  MEASURING  GATE  REGISTER 


PLAN 


(For  particulars  apply  to  J.  &  W.  Jolly,  Holyoke,  Mass.,  U.  S.) 


Obsolete  Methods  of  Lowell  Water  Power. 

A  prominent  excuse  for  the  low  standard  of  wages  paid  the 
operatives  at  Lowell  is  the  continued  use  of  obsolete  machinery 
and  appurtenances.  Now  arises  the  question,  Why  this  contin- 
uance ?  Why  continue  the  use  of  turbines  that  waste  water  to 
such  an  extent  that  three  thousand  horse  power  have  to  be  made 
good  by  burning  thousands  of  tons  of  coal  ?  Why  go  to  Lawrence 
for  an  engineer  to  divide  the  Lowell  water  power  when  that  engi- 
neer in  twenty  years  has  not  made  one  step  in  advance  towards 
simplicity,  accuracy,  and  economy,  when  the  division  can  be  made 
by  modern  improvements  at  a  tithe  of  the  cost  of  the  obsolete 
methods  of  Lawrence  and  with  far  greater  accuracy  ? 

Gentlemen,  managers  of  the  Lowell  coi-porations,  it  is  well  to 
stop  and  consider  at  times.  Early  in  the  century,  for  the  purpose 
of  encouraging  home  manufactures,  the  control  of  the  beautiful 
Merrimac  river  was  given  to  a  few  capitalists  ;  it  naturally  belonged 
to  the  people.  It  was  pure,  stocked  with  fish  that  any  one  might 
catch  and  enjoy  as  healthy  food.  Your  works  polluted  its  waters, 
killed  the  fish,  and  poisoned  the  atmosphere ;  and  for  this  what 
return  is  made  the  true  owners  of  the  river  ?  High  salaries  to  a 
comparatively  few  officials  and  starvation  wages  to  the  many  upon 
the  excuse  of  continued  use  of  obsolete  machinery  and  methods  of 
doing  business.  Is  there  any  pretense  that  the  corporations  of 
Lowell  have  not  paid  fair  returns  for  the  money  invested  or  are 
unable  with  intelligent  management  to  have  the  use  of  the  best 
machinery  known  as  well  as  the  most  perfect  turbines  for  the 
economy  of  its  water  power  ? 

Why  foolishly  waste  water  power  that  justly  belongs  to  the  peo- 
ple, then  uselessly  expend  large  amounts  to  purchase  coal  to  make 
the  unnecessary  waste  good,  then  plead  poverty  as  an  excuse  for 
low  wages  to  your  operatives  ? 

Why  do  you  do  these  things  unless  for  the  purpose  of  living  in 
not  only  sylvan  shades  but  in  the  retirement  of  grassy  streets  ? 

The  puerility  of  your  excuses  for  your  low  standard  of  wages  is 
made  so  palpable  by  the  yearly  building  of  new  mills  at  Fall  River, 
and  the  rapid  growth  of  that  city,  which  is  caused  by  the  large 
profits  obtained  through  the  acceptance  of  your  standard  of  remu- 
neration of  labor,  that  you  even  ought  to  be  able  to  see  the  point,  at 
any  rate  the  laborer  will  see  it,  and  the  laboring  class  will  ever  have 
the  most  votes,  and  if  the  people  gave  the  people  can  take  away. 


Engineers  with  Many  Gauge  Hands. 

After  a  century  of  conjecture,  wild  theories,  and  experimenting 
for  the  purpose  of  finding  the  most  perfect  engine  of  transmission 
of  the  power  evolved  from  falling  water,  the  Hercules  type  of 
turbine  is  accepted  as  the  best.  Reputable  builders  of  intelligence 
are  now  trying  to  excel  with  that ;  to  do  so  each  builder  should 
have  a  testing  flume  near  by,  for  power  is  expensive,  and  the 
amount  should  no  more  be  left  to  conjecture  than  is  that  of  gold, 
coal,  wool,  or  groceries. 

A  far  better  class  of  engineers  is  needed  than  such  as  has  been 
dumped  oflt  by  our  colleges  and  schools  for  the  last  half  century, 
("an  any  one  of  the  lot  be  named  who  has  made  any  improvement 
in  milling  hydraulics,  dynamics,  or  machinery,  or  for  ascertaining 
the  power  used,  or  for  economy,  accuracy,  or  convenience  ?  A 
turbine  of  any  size,  proportionally  changed,  should  give  the  same 
efficiency  for  any  other  size,  but  the  "  cut  and  try  "  system  of 
building  still  continues.  An  engineer  of  the  college  class  is  best 
described  by  the  term  "Fussy,"  much  formula,  and  many  deci- 
mals. 

Under  the  head  of  the  testing  system  described  in  this  work,  two 
series  of  tests  of  a  Leffel  wheel  may  be  seen,  one  by  Hiram  F. 
Mills,  with  a  small  army  of  gauge  hands,  the  other  by  myself  ;  my 
figures  being  taken  from  the  same  gauge  hands,  a  difference  of  six 
per  cent,  is  shown  ;  that  difference  I  have  never  been  able,  to  recon- 
cile to  myself  satisfactorily. 

The  Victor  turbine  has  furnished  me  a  still  stronger  case.  One 
of  the  make,  a  fifteen  inch,  was  furnished  to  make  gear,  belt,  and 
draft  tube  experiments  reported  in  this  work  ;  it  gave  the  remarka- 
ble efficiency  of  92.58  per  cent.  Many  experts  with  schools  and 
colleges  witnessed  its  trial  ;  it  was  taken  from  flume,  reset,  and 
retested  over  and  over.  Another  wheel  made  from  the  same  pat- 
terns was  then  procured  and  tested  ;  that  gave  76.57  per  cent.  Of 
course  such  a  difference  caused  a  great  sensation  and  inquiry  ;  the 
ninety-two  per  cent,  wheel  was  then  set  and  again  tested  to  make 
sure  the  apparatus  was  in  order ;  less  than  one-fourth  of  one  per 
cent,  difference  was  found  in  the  test  of  that  wheel.  A  third  fif- 
teen inch  was  then  tried  that  gave  77  per  cent,  and  a  trifling  frac- 
tion over  ;  then  a  twenty  inch  was  tried  that  gave  a  little  over  7!) 
per  cent.  A  few  days  later,  during  my  absence,  the  wheels  were 
reset  and  tested  by  Clemens  Ilerschel  ;  he,  like  Mills,  required 
many  gauge  hands  ;  he  reported  the  efficiency  of  the  three  wheels 
a  fraction  above  80,  87,  and  89  per  cent.  On  my  return,  William 
A.  Chase,  agent  of  the  Water  Tower  Company,  was  called  in  to 
aid  in  making  a  retest  of  the  wheels  ;  the  second  fifteen  inch  wheel 
was  set  and  tested,  Mr.  Chase  keeping  the  time  by  a  stop  watch  ; 
the  wheel  gave  an  efficiency  of  76.34,  or  less  than  one-fourth  of  one 
per  cent,  difference  between  that  and  its  first  trial.  During  the 
first  ten  years  of  the  testing  system  various  parties  retested  the 
same  wheel  as  new.  for  the  purpose  of  breaking  up  the  system  if  it 
proved  unreliable  ;  it  still  continues,  but  three  operators  are  suffi- 
cient in  a  properly  constructed  testing  flume  for  reliable  work. 

JAMES  EM  Kit  SON. 


The  Testing  System. 

Having  terminated  my  connection  with  the  business  of  testing 
turbines,  it  may  be  well  to  give  a  brief  account  of  the  conception 
of  the  business  as  a  system. 

Such  tests  were  made  in  Europe  early  in  the  present  century;  in 
this  country,  by  Uriah  A.  Boyden,  from  1843  to  1859.  I  have  found 
it  impossible  to  obtain  any  authentic  record  of  Mr.  Boyden's  tests, 
though  there  are  rumors  of  fabulous  results.  Mr.  Francis,  in  the 
work  called  "  Lowell  Hydraulic  Experiments,"  states  that  data  fur- 
nished him  for  computation  gave  88  per  cent.  He  does  not  vouch 
for  the  data  furnished,  nor  does  it  appear  that  such  data  was  fur- 
nished by  a  disinterested  engineer  in  any  case.  Mr.  Francis  fol- 
lowed Mr.  Boyden  in  making  such  tests,  but  he,  like.the  former, 
made  them  so  expensive  as  to  be  beyond  the  reach  of  any  but 
wealthy  corporations,  while  the  manufacturing  interest  required  a 
definite  knowledge  of  the  efficiency  of  the  various  kinds  of  turbine 
plans  then  springing  into  existence. 

In  1859-60,  the  city  of  Philadelphia  gratuitously  tested  a  variety 
of  small  wheels  for  different  builders,  but  the  plan  for  doing  it  was 
so  defective  that  the  tests  had  but  little  influence.  In  1867,  the 
Chase  Turbine  Co.,  of  Orange,  Mass.,  employed  me  to  construct  a 
dynamometer  or  brake  for  testing  turbines.  The  friction  bands  that 
may  be  seen  on  the  ship  windlass,  in  another  part  of  this  work,  gave 
me  the  idea  of  controlling  a  turbine  in  that  way,  for  I  had  brought 
many  a  ship  to  by  such  bands.  The  Prony  brake  had  never  been 
heard  of  by  me  at  that  time,  nor  until  my  brake  was  completed. 

In  1868,  A.  M.  Swain  asked  me  to  get  up  a  suitable  brake,  and 
test  one  of  his  wheels  at  Putnam,  Ct.  Six  months'  time  and  81,700 
were  expended  in  preparing  the  instrument.  The  company  was 
persuaded  to  construct  a  flume  at  the  "  overflow"  of  the  Wamesit 
Power  Co.,  Lowell,  Mass.  A  42-inch  Swain  wheel  was  set,  and 
tested  by  Mr.  Swain  and  myself.  The  results  were  such  that  the 
company  was  urged  to  employ  an  engineer  with  at  least  a  theoretical 
knowledge  of  such  tests.  H.  F.  Mills,  then  of  Boston,  was  selected 
for  the  purpose.  The  company  then  held  a  meeting  and  authorized 
Mr.  Swain  and  myself  to  make  arrangements  for  a  public  trial,  and 
the  following  notice  was  issued : 

IMPORTANT  TEST  OF  TURBINE  WATER  WHEELS,  AT  LOWELL,  MASS., 
JUNE  16,  1869. 

SIR  :  The  Swain  Turbine  Co.  has  just  completed  extensive  arrangements  for  a 
competitive  test  of  Turbine  Water  Wheels.  A  flume  and  weir  of  the  most  ap- 


proved plan,  to  supply  and  measure  the  water  used,  has  been  constructed.    Eru- 
ersonjs  Dynamometer  will  be  used  to  test  the  power  of  the  wheels. 

The  "pit"  is  fourteen  feet  in  width;  head  of  water  varying  from  twelve  to 
sixteen  feet.  Each  competitor  will  select  size  and  finish  of  wheel  to  suit  himself. 
The  Swain  Wheel  to  be  tested  was  built  before  the  test  was  thought  of,  and  is  in 
no  way  superior  to  the  average  of  wheels  furnished  by  the  company.  It  is  forty- 
two  inches  in  diameter,  and  will  be  tested  on  the  16th  day  of  this  month. 

The  Swain,  Leffel,  Bodine-Jonval  and  Bryson  Turret  wheels 
were  entered.  The  measuring  pit  was  fourteen  feet  wide,  thirty  in 
length  and  at  first  a  little  over  three  feet  in  depth  below  crest  of 
weir — the  wheels,  standing  inside  at  the  upper  end  in  a  quarter  turn 
or  iron  flume,  being  about  twenty  feet  from  the  weir.  In  this  dis- 
tance there  were  three  separate  racks  to  check  the  rushing  water. 


The  Swain  wheel  had  thin  sheet  steel  buckets,  which  made  it  very 
light  for  its  diameter ;  yet,  when  set,  it  was  barely  possible  to  turn 
it  by  the  coupling  upon  the  top  of  its  shaft — the  coupling  being 
twenty  inches  in  diameter,  made  that  size  to  connect  with  brake. 
Mr.  Swain  "guessed  the  wheel  would  go,  only  put  the  water  to  it." 

The  Leffels  knew  better  than  to  lose  fifty  or  a  hundred  pounds  in 
that  way,  so,  when  their  wheel  was  set,  it  turned  about  as  easy  as  a 
child's  top.  Of  course,  an  engineer  of  experience  would  have  re- 
fused to  have  tested  a  wheel  running  as  hard  as  the  Swain  did,  or  to 
have  tested  a  wheel  of  that  size  at  all  in  a  pit  so  small  and  filled 
with  racks,  for  a  good  wheel  would  have  little  chance  against  one  of 
low  efficiency.  The  working  surfaces  of  the  brake  and  band  were 
made  of  steel  and  iron.-  Both  being  fibrous,  little  strips  tore  from 
each,  often  checking,  and  at  times  bringing  the  wheel  to  a  sudden 
stop,  so  that  it  was  difficult  to  make  steady  tests  of  many  minutes' 
duration.  A  bell  was  connected  to  the  wheel-shaft,  which  struck 
at  each  fifty  revolutions  of  the  wheel.  Instead  of  making  each 
test  with  a  given  weight  separate  and  distinct  by  itself,  observers 
were  placed  at  the  different  gauges,  with  watches  set  to  the  same 
time.  As  the  wheel  ran  very  unsteady  at  the  best — often  stopping 
entirely — it  was  necessary  to  reject  many  of  the  observations,  and 
it  will  readily  be  seen  that  the  difficulty  would  be  in  placing  the 
right  patches  together.  That  this  is  not  imaginary,  the  following 
tables  of  results  are  given.  The  first  is  a  copy  of  Mr.  Mills'  report, 
the  second  is  a  record  of  tests  taken  by  myself,  the  same  gauge 
hands  being  employed  in  each  case,  and  the  conditions  being  pre- 
cisely the  same  for  both.  My  tests,  however,  were  taken  upon  the 
same  plan  that  I  have  followed  continuously  for  more  than  ten 
years  :  that  is,  to  make  each  test  for  a  given  weight  complete  and 
distinct  in  itself.  Mr.  E.  A.  Thissel  made  a  record  of  the  gauges, 
as  given  by  each  of  the  hands  employed,  and  as  it  agreed  exactly 
with  the  notes  I  had  taken  of  all,  his  record  is  given  in  the  table. 
MODE  OF  CONDUCTING  THE  EXPERIMENTS. 

Observers  were  stationed  at  various  points,  as  follows: 

Mr.  J.  B.  Hale,  at  the  hook-gauge,  observed  every  minute,  and  a  part  of  the 
time  every  thirty  seconds,  the  reading  of  the  hook-gauge,  which  indicated  the, 
depth  of  water  upon  the  weir. 

Mr.  R.  A.  Hale  observed  the  height  of  the  water  in  the  forebay  and  in  the  pit,  by 
means  of  the  scale  (D)  passing  from  the  lower  box  to  the  upper  every  minute. 

Mr. E.  A.  Thissel  noted  the  time  of  the  striking  of  the  bell,  which  indicated 
the  speed  of  the  wheel,  to  the  nearest  quarter  second. 

Mr.  James  Emerson,  by  means  of  the  hand-wheel  (M)  regulated  the  friction  so 
that  the  index  (E)  should  be  kept  as  near  to  zero  as  possible,  and  thus  the  scale 
beam  be  kept  level. 

Another  assistant  observed  as  rapidly  as  possible  the  actual  position  of  the 
index  during  the  experiment. 

Another  kept  the  oil  cups  (T)  supplied  with  oil,  and,  by  a  cock  attached  to  each, 
regulated  the  amount  flowing  upon  the  friction  surfaces. 

Another  attended  the  gate  and  kept  the  racks  clear  of  obstructions. 

The  writer  kept  a  record  of  the  weights  in  the  scale-pan,  the  heights  of  gate, 
all  irregularities  in  the  motion  or  disturbing  causes  of  any  kind  that  would  affect 
the  results  of  the  experiment,  and  sufficient  observations  of  each  class  to  check 
the  accuracy  of  all  of  the  notes. 

At  intervals,  during  a  series  of  experiments,  all  of  the  watches  were  compared 
with  the  standard,  and  differences  noted,  that  there  might  be  no  difficulty  in 
selecting  the  observations  which  applied  to  the  time  when  the  conditions  for 
afi'iiratc  results  obtained.  Recorded  in  the  following  '.naimer  : 


MA 


i*ii!lfe|SMMMW8M(JMMKMJ 


lc>l-> 


~  -     • 

a  r 


'' 


-   ~  "3 


* 


' 


o  o  o  o  o 


oooo  q  q  q  q  q 

" 


I       1 


Tests  on  Left'el  Wheel. 

Date,  Oct.  12,  1869.    The  first  19  tests  L  of  weir  was  10.052.     Correction,  .733. 


"      "       1,     "       The  next    7    "    "  <; 

"      "      11,     "       The  next    5    "     "  " 

Weight  of  water  used  for  all  these  tests  was  62.: 
group  of  '•  7  tests,"  the  first  3  were  made  with  holt 
in  the  remaining  4  witli  holes  open. 


No  correction 


>s.  per  cubic  foot.     In  the 
i  wheel  plates  closed,  and 


No. 
Test. 

Head. 

Weir. 

Gfttft 

Weight. 

Rev. 

leriniii. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cu.  feet 

)er  sec 

Per 

Cent. 

Rel. 
Veloc 

1 

4.28 

1  7:30 

4-5 

670 

K38 

42.03 

3266 

.795 

.795 

2 

4.17 

" 

135 

41.11 

:;2..V2 

.787 

.799 

3 

4.01 

l.9i\ 

ii 

«« 

127 

38.68 

29.84 

.817 

.739 

4 

*« 

l.tlti'J 

>*  — 

]'24 

37  76 

2975 

.799 

.722 

5 

(i 

1.674 

.. 

6T5 

125 

:38.35 

2998 

.806 

.725 

6 

<« 

l.r,::; 

«( 

(* 

29.94 

.807 

.725 

7 

3.98 

1.672 

<* 

660 

126 

37.80 

29.89 

.798 

.733 

8 

3.S6 

1  671 

TOO 

120 

38.18 

29^84 

.815 

.701 

4.4N 

1761 

7  - 

740 

130 

4373 

34.18 

.780 

.744 

10 

4.21 

1.761 

.. 

750 

128 

43.64 

34.18 

.793 

11 

4.18 

1.762 

768 

126 

43.24 

31.22 

.786 

J28 

12 

4.16 

1.7SII 

Full 

130 

44.61 

35.11 

.792 

.753 

13 

4.17 

1.7S2 

760 

44.91 

35.21 

.789 

.747 

14 
15 

4.20 
4.16 

1.782 

., 

765 

« 

45.20 

35.16 

as  21 

.794 
.800 

.747 
.748 

16 

14.18 

1.782 

Cl 

<( 

35.21 

.799 

.747 

17 

4.92f> 

1.378 

2-5 

400 

115 

20.91 

17.12 

.649 

18 

1.364 

:;-!« 

125 

W.32 

16.57 

!690 

.703 

19 

« 

1.354 

«« 

320 

128 

18.62 

16.18 

.680 

.720 

1 

15.21 

1.136 

3-5 

175 

111 

8.S3 

7.88 

.650 

.619 

2 

1.134 

170 

115.2 

8.90 

7.82 

.643 

3 

15.22 

1.132 

<* 

160 

<* 

8.38 

7.77 

1626 

.642 

4 

15.21 

1.129 

u 

150 

122.4 

8.35 

7.68 

.630 

.683 

5 

15.23 

1.127 

«* 

140 

V27.S 

8  13 

7.63 

.617 

.713 

6 

15.24 

1.127 

if 

185 

1U0.2 

7.99 

7.63 

.606 

.726 

1.126 

180 

138.2 

7.69 

7.PO 

.586 

.742 

8 

it 

1.127 

« 

135 

l:lu  2 

7.99 

7.63 

.606 

.726 

9 

14.26 

1.526 

3-5 

500 

122.4 

27.82 

23.26 

.740 

.705 

10 

14.21 

1.527 

H 

«* 

23.01 

.741 

.707 

11 

1.535 

« 

475 

1248 

26.95 

23.33 

.707 

.720 

12 

14  '^o 

1.521 

460 

127.8 

26.72 

23.05 

.719 

.737 

13 

" 

1.521 

«* 

465 

«* 

27.01 

23.05 

.727 

.737 

14 

14.56 

1.147 

J-5 

180 

133.2 

7.87 

8.18 

.583 

.760 

15 

14.40 

1.149 

135 

133.0 

8  10 

8.24 

.600 

.755 

16 

14.4f, 

1.146 

140 

127.8 

8.14 

8.15 

.610 

.732 

17 

14  Hi 

1.741 

Full 

725 

133.2 

43.90 

33.20 

.822 

.770 

18 

14.13 

1.736 

** 

** 

*< 

32.95 

.832 

.771 

19 

1.742 

*t 

730 

127.8 

43.41 

33.24 

.797 

.740 

•20 

14.15 

1.745 

:;;:> 

129.6 

43.30 

33.39 

.809 

.750 

21 

14.02 

1.775 

«i 

«* 

127.8 

4270 

34.87 

.743 

1 

12.22 

1.061 

None  given 

70'J 

12') 

38  18 

35.81 

'770 

.747 

2 

12.09 

1.045 

«* 

725 

11.V4 

3803 

35.01 

.7U3 

.721 

3 

12.01 

1.045 

'« 

675 

125 

38.35 

35.01 

.804 

.784 

4 

12.73 

1.077 

" 

« 

36.61 

.72.; 

.761 

12.51 

1.077 

** 

700 

120 

38.1S 

3661 

We 

.738 

6 

12.30 

1.061 

<« 

725 

115.38 

38.02 

^5.81 

.TB2 

.715 

7 

12  12 

1.061 

" 

760 

111 

3784 

35.81 

.769 

.694 

1 

14.23 

1.010 

« 

'725 

127.6 

42  Or. 

33.29 

.737 

2 

14.08 

1.047 

** 

730 

136.6 

4745 

35.11 

'MI 

.793 

3 

14.105 

1.076 

«« 

800 

127.6 

46.40 

36.56 

.794 

.741 

4 

14.08 

1.011 

*t 

750 

125 

42.61 

33.34 

.801 

.724 

5 

14.08 

1  .034 

" 

600 

150 

4091 

34.47 

.744 

.870 

I  have  seen  sufficient  the  past  year  to  convince  me  that  tests 
made  with  so  many  gauge  hands  are  very  unreliable. 

I  would  not  be  understood  as  vouching  for  the  efficiency  of  the 
wheel,  as  given  by  Mr.  Mills  or  myself,  for  my  experience  since  has 
made  me  very  skeptical  about  tests  made  in  pits  so  limited  as  to  re- 
quire tbe  use  of  racks  to  still  the  water  discharged ;  but,  as  those 
tests  were  made  under  the  same  conditions,  the  discrepancies  have 
made  me  cautious  about  using  unnecessary  formula  for  mere  effect. 
That  much  of  the  formula  for  testing  turbines,  published  by  Mr. 
Francis,  is  for  effect,  it  is  charitable  to  believe.  The  plan  is  un- 
doubtedly that  followed  by  Mr.  Boyden,  and  it  is  not  creditable  to 
his  ability  to  suppose  he  believed  several  pipes,  leading  from  differ- 
ent heads,  would  fill  a  tank  to  the  average  depth  of  the  whole,  yet 
that  is  what  his  perforated  pipes  around  the  wheel  and  across  the 
pit  leading  to  the  gauge-tanks  mean.  With  filtered  water,  plenty  of 
help,  abundance  of  time,  and  no  regard  for  expense,  the  plan  would 
not  prevent  accuracy ;  but  for  practical  tests  under  ordinary  con- 
ditions, with  sediment  in  the  water,  such  pipes  are  anything  but 
desirable,  and  under  no  possible  conditions  are  they  necessary. 
The  dash-pot  is  another  source  of  error.  It  is  absolutely  necessary, 
with  such  a  brake  as  Mr.  Boyden  used,  also  with  the  best  brake 
that  can  be  made,  for  some  wheels,  while  there  are  others  that  can 
be  tested  without  it ;  but  the  greatest  care  should  be  taken  to  hare 
the  plunger  work  as  sensitively  as  possible.  The  pipes  connecting 
the  gauge-tanks  with  pit  andforebay  are  matters  of  great  importance. 
Of  course,  the  smaller  they  are,  the  steadier  the  level  of  the  surface 
in  the  tanks.  The  machine  engineer  likes  small  pipe  connections,  but 
the  practical  engineer  has  them  large,  that  the  surface  of  the  water 
in  the  tanks  may  represent  the  true  surface  in  pit  or  forebay.  The 
water  may  rise  and  fall  quick,  as  it  should  if  it  does  so  in  pit  or  fore- 
bay,  but  it  is  easy  to  get  the  mean  of  the  variations  by  observing  the 
extremes.  Racks,  as  usually  constructed,  take  up  one-half  of  the 
cross-section  of  the  pit;  a  very  fine  rack  more  than  that,  if  made  of 
wood,  and  of  coiirse  stops  the  water,  causing  it  to  be  higher  above 
than  below  them.  This  gives  accelerated  velocity  to  the  water. 
Following  the  plan  faithfully  for  two  years,  it  proved  to  be  a  perfect 
trap  for  catching  errors.  The  tank  connections  were  then  enlarged, 
the  pit  lengthened  and  made  deeper ;  the  perforated  pipes  and  racks 
were  abandoned,  the  dash-pot  was  reduced  in  size,  and  tlie  plunger 
made  perfectly  free — after  which  changes,  there  was  no  difficulty  in 
making  tests  that  would  repeat — a  very  necessary  achievement  in  a 
business  where  suspicious  patrons  were  in  the  habit  of  keeping  tested 
wheels  months,  perhaps  years ;  then,  after  repainting,  return  them 
as  new  to  be  retested,  as  was  often  done.  The  bane  of  engineering 
has  been  too  much  desire  for  display  of  mathematical  exactitude, 
without  much  regard  for  the  mechanical  devices  used  with  which  to 
procure  data  to  work  from.  Look  at  the  coarse  brake  and  scale 
beam  used  by  Mr.  Boyden,  also  by  Mr.  Francis,  then  at  proportions 
as  given  by  the  latter  in  Lowell  Hydraulic  Experiments : 


Prony  Brake. 


Length  of  brake  was  found  to  be    9.745  feet. 

Effective  length  of  vertical  arm,     4.;">00     " 

Effective  length  of  horizontal  arm,  5.000     " 

Consequently,  effect  in  length  was  9.745X5-J-4.5=10.827778  feet. 

Why  not  have  made  the  brake  and  armsof  lengthsreadily  expressed 
in  whole  numbers,  thus  doing  away  with  decimals?  Made  in  any 
lengths,  a  coarse  oak  timber,  with  an  inch  and  a  half  round  iron 
bolt  through  it  for  a  fulcrum,  would  be  a  poor  substitute  for  a  light 
iron  scale-beam  with  knife-edge  pivots.  Weighing  what  a  turbine 
will  pull,  means  the  same  as  what  groceries  weigh,  and  needs  the 
same  perfection  of  weighing  apparatus  to  do  it  well.  The  plan, 
when  used  by  Mr.  Boyden,  was  up  to  his  time,  perhaps,  but  a  gene- 
ration has  since  passed  away,  and  vast  improvements  in  almost  every 
mechanical  device  have  been  made  in  the  time,  and  practical  engi- 
neers accept  the  improvements  in  turbine  testing,  as  in  other  matters ; 
but  the  machine  engineer  turns  back  to  the  oak  brake  and  many 
decimals  as  anxiously  as  a  duck  takes  to  water.  Turbine  building 
is  not  a  science,  nor  is  it  likely  to  be,  until  reputable  builders,  who 
would  willingly  test  wheels  before  delivery,  are  protected  from 
ruinous  competition  by  the  ignorant  and  irresponsible,  who  promise 
so  readily,  caring  little  about  the  efficiency  of  their  wheels  so  long 
as  they  sell.  To  test  each  wheel  before  delivery  would  necessitate 
its  being  done  quickly  and  cheaply,  which  would  be  impossible  with 
the  Boyden-Francis  apparatus,  nor  would  it  be  possible  under  any 
conditions  with  such  an  apparatus  to  make  such  tests  as  were  easily 
taken  to  determine  the  effect  of  flanged  cylinder  gate  and  flaring 
draft  tube,  recorded  in  the  report  of  Hydrodynamic  Experiments. 

Engineers. 

Of  the  hundreds  of  young  men  who  yearly  graduate  from  our 
educational  institutions,  how  few  of  them  are  ever  likely  to  reflect 
credit  iipon  the  name,  simply  because  nature  never  intended  them 
for  the  business.  The  term  is  derived  from  the  word  ingenuity ; 
geniuses  are  not  the  product  of  schools,  but  of  birth.  No  education 
will  ever  produce  an  engineer  or  mechanic,  though  it  may  machines. 
No  mere  aptitude  for  mathematics  will  make  up  for  lack  of  fertility 


28 


in  expedients  so  often  demanded.  An  engineer  should  have  inge- 
nuity, sound  judgment,  and  decision  of  character  for  emergencies. 
Without  such  characteristics  no  one  will  ever  make  a  permanent  rep- 
utation as  an  engineer.  The  calling  has  received  the  most  of  its 
renown  from  those  who  made  no  pretense  of  being  engineers. 
Watt,  Fulton,  Stevenson,  and  others  of  the  kind,  were  only  con- 
sidered engineers  after  their  reputation  had  heen  made.  Our  yellow- 
plush  propensity  to  accept  heroes  at  their  own  estimate,  if  they  only 
shout  loud  enough,  has  much  to  do  with  the  continuance  of  un- 
founded pretensions.  Many  will  remember  the  shout  that  went  up  at 
the  debut  of  the  Monitor.  "Form  a  national  society  of  engineer*, 
and  place  John  Erricsson  at  the  head,"  was  the  cry.  Had  the 
Monitor  encountered  a  storm  on  her  passage  out,  as  she  did  when 
she  became  the  coffin  for  a  hundred  men,  how  different  the  result. 
For  years  previous,  Mr.  Erri^sson  had  been  the  laughing  stock  of 
the  country,  and  his  achievements,  before  and  since,  indicate  that, 
though  he  may  have  some  original  ideas,  he  lacks  the  judgment 
necessary  to  make  them  safely  useful. 

Of  our  many  engineers,  we  doubtless  have  those  who,  if  favored 
with  opportunities,  would  deservedly  become  noted  ;  but  the  terri- 
ble disasters  of  the  past  few  years,  caused  by  the  destruction  of 
dams  and  bridges,  would  hardly  indicate  that  the  best  have  been 
employed  in  the  most  responsible  positions. 

It  is  not  my  purpose  to  write  of  engineers  in  general,  but  of  those 
who  are  called,  or  who  call  themselves,  hydraulic  engineers;  of 
this  class  J.  B.  Francis  has  long  stood  at  the  head,  so  far  as  the  call- 
ing relates  to  milling  matters.  For  many  years  Mr.  Francis  has 
had  charge  of  all  the  property  of  the  Lowell  Water  Power  Co., 
and  general  supervision  of  from  twenty  to  forty  large  mills.  He 
is  thoroughly  versed  in  all  of  the  theories,  but  it  would  be  absurd 
to  suppose  he  has  had  much  time  to  devote  to  the  details  that 
make  up  the  supposed  knowledge  of  a  hydrodynamic  engineer. 
The  continued  use  of  poor  turbines,  when  those  much  better  could 
be  had  at  one-half  the  cost  of  those  used,  prove  plainly  that  he 
knows  but  little  of  the  common  characteristics  of  the  ordinary  tur- 
bine. The  Francis  weir  formula  is  excellent,  but  1  have  had  very 
disagreeable  reasons  for  doubting  whether  lie,  or  any  of  the  so- 
called  hydraulic  engineers,  realize  how  slight  a  change  in  proportion 
of  pit  renders  the  formula  worthless. 

H.  F.  Mills  of  Lawrence,  Mass.,  has  experimented  much,  and.  in 
my  opinion,  is  as  good  an  engineer  of  the  class  as  can  be  found  :  but 
he  travels  in  a  fixed  groove.  That  he  measures  the  water  used  by 
the  mills  there  as  accurately  as  may  be  done  by  the  machine  meth- 
ods, I  have  no  doubt;  nor  any  doubt  that  it  might  be  done  still  more 
accurately  by  simpler  plans,  at  one-tenth  of  the  cost  at  which  he 
does  it.  There  are  many  others  that  might  be  named,  but  they  are 
all  of  about  the  same  pattern — much  formula  relating  to  ancient 
theories,  but  with  little  practical  knowledge  of  the  requirements 
necessary  to  make  manufacturing  profitable  under  the  sharp  compet- 
itive conditions  of  to-day.  Economy  seems  to  be  one  of  the  lost 
arts  with  the  whole  class,  but  the  following  cross-examination  of 
one  of  them  will  speak  for  itself: 


39 


"EMINENT  HYDRAULIC  ENGINEER." 

The  announcement  may  often  be  seen  in  the  papers  that  John 
Smith,  the  eminent  hydraulic  engineer,  has  been  called  in  to  exam- 
ine some  prospective  water  power,  mill,  reservoir,  dam,  embank- 
ment or  some  milling  matter  of  interest.  Civil  engineering  seems 
to  cover  canal,  mill,  reservoir  and  dam  building,  so  it  is  reasonable 
to  suppose  Mr.  Smith,  as  a  hydraulic  engineer,  has  been  called  in 
to  advise  about  the  use  of  water  power  or  its  transmission.  And 
that  those  interested  may  banish  future  anxiety,  should  Mr.  Smith 
report  favorably,  we  will  put  him  on  the  stand  for  examination.  If 
the  reader  thinks  some  other  engineer  more  eminent  than  Mr.  Smith, 
No !  well,  then,  Mr.  Smith  will  you  please  take  the  stand. 

Mr.  Smith,  what  is  you?  age? 

Ans.     Fifty-seven  years. 

What  is  your  occupation  or  profession? 

Ans.     Hydraulic  engineering 

How  long  have  you  followed  that  business? 

'Ans.  I  served  seven  years  apprenticeship  and  have  followed  the 
business  thirty  years. 

You  are  thoroughly  informed  in  all  the  minutia  of  the  business? 

-4ns.     (Modestly)  I  believe  I  have  the  credit  of  being  so. 

You  understand  water  power  and  the  various  means  used  for  its 
transmission  and  application  to  drive  machinery?  " 

Ans.     I  think  I  do,  thoroughly. 

You  also  understand  the  various  methods  used  for  measuring 
water  used  to  drive  machinery? 

Ans.     I  do. 

Name  the  various  methods  with  which  you  are  familiar. 

Ans.     The  weir,  aperture,  floats  and  current  metre. 

You  are  often  called  upon  by  mill  owners  to  measure  water? 

Ans.     Quite  often. 

Which  of  the  methods  named  do  you  consider  best? 

Ans.     Well,  where  it  is  convenient,  the  weir. 

Have  you  ever  personally  verified  measurements  made  by  either 
methods,  so  as  to  be  able  to  vouch  for  their  accuracy? 

Ans.     W-e-1-1 — N-o,  not  personally. 

Suppose  the  flume  leading  to  a  wheel  to  be  so  large  that  the  water 
flows,  say,  one-half  foot  per  second,  would  not  the  slip  with  a  cur- 
rent metre  be  so  great  as  to  leave  little  chance  for  accuracy? 

Ans.     W-e-1-1— it  might. 

Do  you,  of  your  own  knowledge,  know  that  accurate  measurements 
of  water  can  be  made  with  a  current  metre  under  any  conditions? 

Ans.     No. 

In  measuring  with  floats,  do  you  make  an  allowance  for  the  aver- 
age instead  of  apparent  velocity?  If  so,  how  much? 

Ans.     I  7iiake  an  allowance  of  20  per  cent. 

Is  20  per  cent,  fixed  upon  as  a  matter  of  judgment  or  positive 
knowledge? 

Ans.  W-e-1-1 — that  is  the  allowance  generally  made  with  float 
measurements. 

Then  float  and  current  metre  measurements  have  considerable 
guess  work  about  them? 


30 


Ans.   W-e-1-1— under  favorable  conditions  they  may  approximate, 

Can  you  personally  vouch  for  the  accuracy  of  aperture  measure- 
nients  ? 

Ans.     W-e-M — N-o. 

Do  you  know  the  least  possible  cross  section  of  stream  in  meas- 
uring pit  in  proportion  to  the  flow  on  the  weir  that  will  give  correct 
measurement? 

Ans.     I  do  not. 

Suppose  the  pit  to  be  fourteen  feet  wide,  with  vertical  sides ;  place 
a  weir  across,  with  end  contractions,  depth  below  the  crest  four  feet, 
length  of  weir  ten  feet ;  then  further  down  stream  have  another  weir 
exactly  the  same,  except  the  depth  below  the  crest  to  be  two  feet; 
let  the  discharge  from  the  mill  flow  over  both  weirs,  would  the  depth 
on  each  show  the  same,  supposing  the  discharge  to  be  fifty  feet  per 
second? 

Ans.     W-e-1-1— r-e-a-1-l-y— I— well,  I  don't  know. 

Suppose  the  end  contractions  to  be  removed,  what  allowance 
would  be  necessary  to  deduct  from  the  width  to  correct  for  the  fric- 
tion of  the  flowing  water  upon  the  rough  side  walls? 

Ans.     Well,  something ;  I  don't  know  just  how  much. 

You  have  had  experience  with  all  of  the  water  wheels  in  use  from 
the  old  undershot  to  the  modern  turbine  ? 

Ans.     Constant  experience  for  more  than  thirty  years. 

You  often  advise  manufacturers  as  to  the  best  kind  for  use? 

Ans.     Very  often. 

You  understand  the  principle  of  each? 

Ans.     I  think  so,  thoroughly. 

The  undershot  is  designed  for  Low  heads,  is  it  not? 

Ans.     It  is. 

Which  is  the  most  efficient,  undershot  or  breast  wheel? 

Ans.     Oh,  breast  wheel,  by  all  means. 

Do  you  mean  to  say  that  for  one  foot  head,  a  breast  wheel  would 
do  better  than  an  undershot? 

Ans.     Oh — w-e-1-1 — for  one  foot — well,  I  don't  know. 

What  is  the  maximum  useful  effect  of  an  undershot  wheel? 

Ans.     I  don't  know. 

What  is  the  exact  relative  velocity  for  an  undesrhot  wheel? 

Ans.     I  don't  know. 

Have  you  had  much  to  do  with  breast  and  overshot  wheels? 

Ans.     Yes,  indeed,  very  much. 

Which  is  best? 

Ans.     W-e-1-1 — some  think  the  breast,  others  the  overshot. 

Never  mind  what  others  think.     What  do  you  know? 

Ans.  ~  W-e-1-1 — I  never  tested  either,  but  I  think — 

Don't  want  to  know  what  you  think.     Do  you  know? 

Ans.     No. 

What  is  the  proper  velocity  for  the  periphery  of  either? 

Ans.  W-e-1-1 — some  say  five  feet  per  second ;  from  five  to  eight 
feet  per  second  is  probably  the — 

Don't  want  any  probablv-     Do  von  know  ? 

Ans.     No. 


31 


What  is  the  maximum  useful  effect  a  breast  wheel  will  give? 
Ans.     W-e-1-1— I  have  read  of  75. 

Don't  care  anything  about  what  you  have  read.     Do  you  know? 
Ans.     No. 

Do  you  know  any  better  about  the  overshot? 
Ans.     No. 

Mr.  Smith,  you  are  well  informed  as  to  turbine  wheels? 
Ans.     Certainly;  intimately  so. 

Which  is  the  best  discharge  for  a  turbine — inward,  outward  or 
downward? 

Ans.     W-e-1-1 — there  are  many  opinions  about  that. 
Wasn't  asking  about  opinions,  but  about  what  you  know. 
Ans.     Well,  the  Boyden  turbine  is  outward  discharge,  and  I  be- 
lieve that — 

Don't  want  to  know  about  what  you  believe.     Do  you  know? 
Ans.     Well,  every  body  knows  the  Boyden  has  given  the  highest 
useful  effect. 

Don't  care  for  what  every  body  knows.     Do  you  know? 
Ans.     Well,  I  know  Mr.  Boyden  reported — 
Did  you  «    \  test  a  Boyden  wheel? 
Ans.     No. 

Did  you  ever  know  of  a  disinterested  engineer  testing  one  who 
reported  remarkably  high  efficiency? 
Ans.     W-e-1-1 — no. 

Did  you  ever  know  of  a  Boyden  wheel  being  used  where  the  water 
supply  was  insufficient  for  over  half  gate,  or  half  of  whole  gate  dis- 
charge, several  months  of  the  year,  that  gave  satisfaction? 
Ans.     W-e-1-1 — no — perhaps  not. 

Have  you  taken  pains  to  ascertain  whether  there  are  other  tur- 
bines that  are  better  than  the  Boyden? 

Ans.     No,  for  I  don't  believe  there  are  such. 
Please  give  your  reasons  for  such  belief. 
Ans.     W-e-1-1 — I — well — oh,  cause  I  don't  believe  it. 
So  you  have  never  taken  pains  to  ascertain  the  real  efficiency  of 
the  many  other  kinds  of  turbines? 
Ans.     No. 

What  is  the  proper  relative  velocity  of  the  turbine  with  the  water 
that  drives  it? 

Ans.     I  don't  know. 

How  do  you  know  what  proportional  gears  to  use  to  connect  tur- 
bine witli  the  machinery  to  be  driven? 

Ans.     Oh,  I  gear  according  to  the  table  representing  wheel. 
What,  when  you  know  nothing  certainly  of  the  wheel? 
Ans.     W-e-1-1 — yes — there  is  no  other  means  of  doing  it. 
Are  all  turbines  of  the  same  make  of  the  same  efficiency? 
Ans.     Certainly,  or,  at  least,  I  suppose  so. 

You  never  have  been  to  see  such  wheels  tested  in  order  to  learn 
their  peculiarities? 
Ans.     No,  not  T- 

And  why  not?     Has  it  not  been  your  duty  to  do  so  before  advis- 
ing manufacturers  in  such  matters? 


Ans.     Well,  I  have  no  faith  in  the  testing  that  has  been  done. 

Why  not?     Have  you  any  real  cause  for  doubt? 

Ans.  Well,  many  wheels  have  been  reported  as  giving  better 
results  than  is  claimed  for  the  Boyden,  and — well,  I  don't  believe  it 
at  all. 

Do  you,  of  your  own  knowledge,  know  that  there  are  not  fifty 
kinds  of  turbines  better  than  the  Boyden? 

Ans.     Oh,  of  course  I  know  there  are  not. 

Do  you  solemnly  swear  that  you  know  there  are  not? 

Ans.  Oh,  well,  perhaps  I  can  not  swear  that  I  know,  but  then 
you  know  I — 

Please  remember  you  are  under  oath.  Do  you  mean  to  be  under- 
stood that,  of  your  own  knowledge,  you  know  anything  about  the 
matter? 

Ans.     Well,  perhaps  not;  but  I  know  what  I  think. 

Quite  likely,  but  that  is  not  important 

Are  you  aware  that  the  turbine  will  do  considerable  work  while 
running  at  a  greater  velocity  than  the  water  that  drives  it? 

Ans.     I  have  heard  so,  but  do  not  know  it  to  be  so. 

Supposing  it  to  be  so,  can  you  account  for  its  so  doing? 

Ans.     I  can  not  account  for  it. 

What  is  the  proper  shape  for  a  turbine  bucket,  and  in  what  direc- 
tion should  it  project  from  the  center  of  the  wheel? 

Ans.     Oh,  there  are  many  opinions  ;  I  don't  know. 

Please  give  the  exact  positions  for  the  chutes  to  stand. 

Ans.     Oh,  each  builder  suits  himself;  I  don't  know. 

Which  should  have  the  largest  openings,  the  chutes  or  buckets? 

Ans.  Some  builders  think  the  chutes,  others  the  buckets  ;  I  don't 
know. 

Why  is  it  that  two  wheels,  built  exactly  alike,  placed  in  the  same 
pit  side  by  side — in  one  the  step  burns  down  every  month,  in  the 
other  never? 

Ans.     I  don't  know. 

Which  is  best  for  buckets,  sheet  iron,  sheet  steel,  bronze  or  cast 
iron. 

Ans.     I  don't  know. 

In  all  parts  of  the  country  water  powers  of  any  size  are  owned 
by  several  parties.  Do  you  know  of  any  means  for  dividing  the  water 
so  that  each  may  have  his  proper  share,  whether  the  supply  is  much 
or  little? 

Ans-     I  do  not  know  of  any  means  for  such  division. 

Does  a  turbine,  having  a  draft  tube  for  part  of  the  fall,  do  as  well 
as  one  set  in  the  tail  water? 

Ans.     I  don't  know. 

Have  you  taken  no  pains  to  ascertain? 

Ans.     Well— no. 

What  is  the  proper  diameter  for  draft  tube  for  a  given  discharge? 

Ans.     I  don't  know. 

Suppose  a  draft  tube  to  lead  down  stream  at  an  angle  of  forty- 
five  degrees,  or  still  nearer  a  horizontal  line,  what  would  be  the 
effect? 


A  ns.     I  suppose  they  would  do  well ;  I  don't  know. 

Which  transmits  power  with  the  least  loss,  belts  or  gears  ? 

Ans.     Oh,  belts,  I  think,  decidedly. 

Do  you  know  anything  about  it  positively  ? 

Ans.    No. 

Which  causes  the  greatest  loss,  bevel  or  spur  gears  ? 

Ans.    Oh,  bevel,  by  all  means ;  at  least  I  think  so. 

Do  you  know  ? 

Ans.    W-e-l-I— no. 

Have  you  ever  taken  any  pains  to  ascertain  the  loss,  if  there  is 
any,  caused  by  the  use  of  belts,  gears,  or  draft  tubes  ? 

A  ns.  W-e-1-1 — no,  not  personally. 

Mr.  Smith,  will  you  be  so  kind  as  to  state  what  knowledge  about 
hydrodynamics  is  actually  necessary  to  entitle  a  person  to  be  con- 
sidered an  eminent  hydraulic  engineer '( 

Ans.  Oh,  well — he  must  know  all  about  water  power  and  mills 
and  things. 

v  Vrtainly,  but  please  give  particulars. 

Ans.    Oh — well — he  must  know —  why,  he  must  know  all  about  it. 

Well,  Mr.  Smith,  that  will  do  for  the  present. 

"OVER -EDUCATION. 

"  Like  over-production,  our  caption  is  in  some  senses  a  misnomer, 
for  no  one  can  be  over-educated  in  the  true  development  of  his  best 
faculties  for  worthy  ends.  But  there  is  a  great  deal  of  school  and 
college  education  that  is  aimless,  disproportionate,  and  cumbersome- 
There  are  too  many  mediocre  professional  men,  lawyers,  doctors, 
ministers,  school  teachers,  writers ;  few  skilled  artisans,  farmers, 
gardeners,  intelligent  laborers  technically  educated  for  various 
spheres  that  are  fundamental  to  well-ordered  society.  Society  is 
top-heavy,  with  too  much  top  and  too  little  bottom.  There  is  too 
much  high-school  dabbling  that  is  not  thorough  enough  for  mental 
gymnastics,  nor  practical  enough  for  the  utilitarian  necessities  of 
those  who  must  graduate  into  the  hard  work  of  the  common  and 
laborious  pursuits  which  ballast  society.  The  great  law  will  assert 
itself,  and  all  true  education  must  lay  its  account  with  it,  that  by  the 
sweat  of  the  brow  we  must  eat  our  bread.  That  is  not  good  Amer- 
ican education  which  would  spoil  a  farmer's  boy  for  the  old  home- 
stead, or  the  farmer's  girl  for  housekeeping.  There  is  too  large  a 
crowd  of  unfit  female  school  teachers.  There  are  too  many  useless, 
third-rate  lawyers  hankering  after  office ;  too  many  goodish  minis- 
ters, unskilled  doctors,  ignorant  apothecaries  and  engineers.  Hence 
there  are  multitudes  of  our  boys  and  girls  who  are  over-educated, 
in  the  sense  that  they  are  unfitted  by  an  aimless  and  merely  bookish 
education  for  any  patient  and  earnest  life-work  which  will  utilize 


34 


them  as  producers,  and  develop  their  individuality  into  the  manly 
or  womanly  consummation  of  a  stanch  character  and  a  robust  and 
useful  life." 

Our  common  school  system  is  at  fault  for  this.  What  would  be 
thought  of  the  person  who  should  treat  everything  growing  upon 
his  farm  with  the  same  care — planting  beans,  strawberries,  cabbages, 
onions,  wheat,  weeds,  and  pumpkins  all  in  the  same  way  ;  plowing 
a  little  here,  digging  a  little  there,  going  over  much  surface — none 
deep  ?  Would  not  the  results  resemble  the  product  of  our  schools — 
a  smattering  of  everything,  a  real  knowledge  of  nothing  ?  every 
graduate  rushing  for  the  position  of  major-general — not  one  willing 
to  accept  that  of  private  ?  Is  it  not  evident  that  the  system  is  pro- 
ductive of  the  idea  that  honest  labor  is  degrading  ?  that  the  proper 
aim  for  the  young  man  is  office  or  a  profession ;  for  the  young  woman, 
wealthy  marriage  ?  Under  its  influence,  are  our  Presidents,  members 
of  Congress  and  Legislatures,  and  officials  in  general,  selected  from 
the  first  or  even  second  class  minds  of  the  country  ?  Will  our  officers 
or  teachers,  male  or  female,  compare  favorably,  intellectually,  with 
our  native  mechanics  1  Pay  high  salaries,  and  get  the  best !  is  the 
constant  shriek  of  the  office-holder  and  teacher— which  means,  get 
those  who  will  shriek  loudest  for  more  pay  and  less  labor.  Of  all 
the  trashy  ideas  prevalent,  there  is  none  more  shallow  than  the 
pretense  that  high  salaries  insure  the  best  services.  High  salaries 
to  the  few  means  degradation  to  the  many — really  a  relic  of  barba- 
rism— the  feudal  lord  and  subjected  serf.  Salaries  so  high  as  to  be 
desirable  in  themselves  are  far  more  likely  to  be  obtained  by  the 
unscrupulous  pretender  than  the  worthy  proficient,  as  is  patent  to 
every  one  having  any  knowledge  of  the  way  the  offices  throughout 
the  country  are  filled.  I  hope  and  think  the  time  will  come  when 
our  school  system  will  limit  the  studies  to  the  common  Knulish 
branches,  and  in  those,  give  every  child  in  the  country  a  thorough 
course,  leaving  those  desiring  a  higher  education  to  obtain  it  at 
their  own  expense  as  a  luxury — a  real  luxury — to  the  proper 
minds,  but  unappreciated  by  the  multitude.  Even  were  it  possible 
to  give  every  child  a  thorough  education,  gratuitously,  in  all  the 
-studies  now  merely  skimmed  over,  it  would  be  a  matter  of  very 
doubtful  utility.  Possessions  are  valued  somewhat  in  proportion 
to  their  difficulty  of  attainment ;  inherited  property  is  seldom  valued 
like  that  earned  by  years  of  hard  labor.  It  can  hardly  dignify  the 
high  educational  system  to  have  the  brilliant  valedictorian  wait  idly 
for  a  year  or  two  for  something  grand  to  turn  up  and  then  settle 
down  as  keeper  of  a  peanut  stand.  Limiting  the  education  at  the 
public  expense  to  the  branches  named  will,  I  believe,  produce  a 
higher  civilization  than  the  present  trashy  method— less  of  the 
professional,  more  of  the  practical ;  better  mechanics,  farmers, 
engineers,  doctors,  teachers,  fathers,  mothers,  and  wives. 


35 
The  Effects  of  Forty  Tears  of  Massachusetts  School  System. 

Nursery  for  a  nation  ol 
Roughs  and  Gamblers. 


tzadolphus  - 
,  the    guvner 
wants  me  to  help 
in  the  shop  1 

Aiwlina  -Oh 
cruel!  And  ma 
wants  me  to  darn 
my  own  stockings. 


30 


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^,lj     -s-S  2^*35     J  ^5     "^^s  IP"^ 


1  Si  fi  111! 


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lui*i;  IP1  : 
mini  .2  p=  i 

sj&sg^e-s'sSES  ,g 
silgclstsssfsj 

l^ilisijfii!:-, 

f  |fl|jlil!l«s 

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Ill-il 


If 


38 


THE  EMERSON  POWER  SCALE. 

To  produce  the  perfect  instrument  herewith  illustrated  has 
required  perhaps  a  hundred  plans  and  changes,  made  at  a  cost  of 
some  830,000,  and  a  quarter  of  a  century  in  time. 

Each  size  is  graduated  upon  a  circle  of  a  given  number  of  feet, 
and  the  revolutions  per  minute  must  be  multiplied  bv  that  number 
in  computing  the  results  of  trial. 

As  these  scales  are  all  constructed  upon  the  same  principle  as 
the  ordinary  platform  scales,  and  are  common  in  the  best  mills,  it 
is  unnecessary  to  describe  them  here. 

The  illustrations  represent  the  perfected  scale,  which  weighs  after 
connection,  let  the  shaft  run  either  way  ;  also  the  register  counter. 

The  ability  to  weigh  when  the  shaft  is  running  in  either  direction  is 
made  practicable  by  the  use  of  the  double  connections  1 1  to  the 
bell  crank  levers  K  K,  the  connections  1 1  being  slotted  at  connect- 
ing point  as  shown  in  Fig.  3. 

The  register  counter  shown  in  Fig.  1  consists  of  worm  M  on 
shaft,  into  which  works  gear  N  having  a  hundred  teeth,  and  the 
head  of  pendulum  B,  which  forms  a  shield  over  nine-tenths  of  the 
ratchet  gear  A  back  of  shield. 

The  pendulum  B  raises  one-tenth  of  a  circle,  the  ratchet  gear  has 
one  hundred  teeth,  and  if  the  weight  was  always  at  the  maximum, 
say  100  pounds,  the  hook  C  would  rotate  the  ratchet  gear  at  every  ten 
movements,  but  as  the  weight  constantly  varies,  often  from  zero  to 
the  maximum,  the  shield  prevents  the  hook  C  from  carrying  the 
ratchet  gear  any  more  than  due  the  weight  at  each  movement. 

As  it  requires  ten  operations  of  the  hook  C  to  cause  a  complete 
rotation  of  the  ratchet  A,  supposing  the  weight  to  be  at  its  maxi- 
mum, a  cipher  must  invariably  be  added  to  the  registered  figures 
shown  on  the  register  H,  as  976  must  read  9760. 

To  get  the  real  revolutions  of  the  shaft,  two  ciphers  must  be  added 
to  the  registered  figures  on  register  I,  as  the  12035  must  read 
1203500,  which  divide  by  the  number  of  minutes  in  the  run,  say 
for  a  week  of  sixty  hours,  or  3600  minutes,  as  follows  :— 

Maximum  graduation  of  quadrant,  100  pounds ;  registered  figures 
as  shown,  976;  add  cipher,  9760;  registered  figures  on  register  I, 
12035  ;  divide  the  figures  of  register  H  by  those  of  register  1, 9760  -*- 
12035  =  .81  as  the  average  weight  during  the  sixty  hours'  trial. 
-  Now  to  obtain  revolutions  per  minute  take  12035,  add  two 
ciphers,  1203500  -v-  3600  =  334.3  revolutions  per  minute,  multiplied 
by,  -say,  graduation  of  No.  3  scale,  6  ft.  =  2006  ft.  X  81  pounds= 
162486  ft.  pounds  -r  33000  =  4.92  h.p. 

For  Information  about  the  scale  inquire  of  the  manufacturers, 

EMERSON  POWER  SCALE  CO. 

FLORENCE,  MASS. 


Fig.3. 


41 


THE  COTTON  MILL  SCALE. 


Illustration  1-4  Size. 


The  above  illustration  represents  scales  designed  for  cotton  mills,  to  be 
used  in  testing  the  power  required  to  drive  spinning  frames,  fly  frames,  slub- 
bers, and  other  light  running  machines,  having  tight  and  loose  pulley  out- 
side of  fratnes. 

Graduated  upon  a  two-foot  circle. 


Water  Measurements. 


The  lack  of  a  practical  knowledge  of  hydraulics  a  generation  since  caused  a 
looseness  in  coii'racts  perUiui  .g  10  milling  matters  that  has  b  >en  produeiive 
of  au  immense  amount  of  vexatious  and  expeusive  litigation.  It  is  only 
necessary  to  glance  at  the  methods  adopted  by  the  various  Water  Power 
Companies  of  the  country  for  determining  the  quantity  of  water  leased,  as  pub- 
lished on  preceding  pages,  to  learn  that  there  has  been  no  generally  recognized 
standard  for  such  measurements  even  among  those  claiming  to  be  engineers  and 
experts  in  such  matters;  it  would  seem  that  the  average  boy,  ten  years  of  age,  who 
has  ever  played  with  toy  water  wheels  would  be  able  to  provide  something  more 
definite  than  the  Oswego  plan.  One  great  cause  for  the  looseness  in  contracts  has 
been  the  difference  between  the  actual  and  theoretical  discharge  of  water  through 
an  aperture  of  any  size  under  a  given  head.  The  difference  is  only  understood 
now  by  a  very  few.  There  are  turbine  builders  who  suppose  that  their  wheels 
discharge  the  full  quantity  theoretically  due  their  openings,  while  those  calling 
themselves  engineers  generally  believe  the  discharge  of  such  wheels  to  invaria- 
bly be  about  60  per  cent,  due  their  openings,  when  in  fact  the  discharge  of  turbines 
varies  all  the  way  from  35  to  100  per  cent.,  and  in  s;iec:al  cases  perhaps  still  more. 
The  discharge  through  an  aperture  in  the  side  of  a  penstock  may  be  made  to  differ 
50  per  cent.  An  aperture  one  foot  square,  its  center  under  two  feet  head,  cut  with 
edges  at  right  angles  with  the  face  of  the  planks  inside  the  penstock,  leaving 
perfect  sharp  corners  presented  to  the  water  as  it  issues,  (see  Fig.  1,)  will  dis- 

MNTRAGTED  DISCHARGE  g  •      FRE^DJSCrlARSE.  . 

= I 


charge  about  6%  cubic  feet  per  second ;    but 


.  '  "  ---  -------  1  ---  v«..«   «..,v.^i.v^    »T«J  II'»L  ian.cu  jiuu  uuilhiuei  IIUOI1 

in  preparing  a  work  that  was  to  be  offered  to  the  public  as  a  guide  in  such  mat- 
ters. "The  following  extract  from  the  Work,  page  96,  is  triven,  however  to  show 
that  the  publisher  had  an  impression  that  there  was  a  difference. 


Article  55. 

OF  THE  FRICTION  OF  THE  APEKTUBES   OF   SPOUTING  FLUIDS. 

The  doctrine  of  this  species  of  friction  appears  to  be  as  follows  :— 
1.     Ihe  ratio  of  the  friction  of  round  apertures,  is  as  their  diameters  nearly; 
while  the  quantity  expended  is  as  the  squares  of  their  diameter. 
Ipn^l  •in<?.£nctlon  of  ,ftn  aperture  of  any  regular  or  irregular  figure  is  as  the 
areas  of  f°"e  **  ^  "*"**  '  *"  qu  " 


3.    The  less  the  heart  or  pressure,  and  the  larger  the  aperture,  the  less  the 
ratio  of  the  friction ;  therefore, 


4.  This  friction  need  not  be  much  regarded,  in  the  large  openings  or 
apertures  of  undershot  mills,  where  the  gates  are  from  2  to  15  inches  in 
their  shortest  sides ;  but  it  very  sensibly  affects  the  small  apertures  of  high 


overshot  or  undershot  mills,  with  great  heads,  where  their  shortest  sides 
are  from  five-tenths  of  an  inch  to  two  inches. 

This' seems  to  be  proved  by  Smeaton.in  his  experiments;  (see  table.  Art.  67;)  where, 
when  the  bead  was  33  inches,  the  sluice  small,  drawn  only  to  Hi.'  tirst  hole,  the  velocity 
was  only  such  as  is  assigned  by  theory  to  ahead  ot 15.85  inches,  uhii-h  In-  calls  virtual 
head.  But  when  the  sluice  was  larger,  drawn  to  the  sixth  hole,  and  head  6  inches,  the 
virtual  head  was  5.:«  inches.  I'.ul  seeing  (here  is  no  theorem  yet  discoverd  by  which  we 
can  truly  determine  t  lie  qua  MI  it. \  oreffleci  »f  the  friction  according  to  the  size  of  the  aper- 
ture and  height  of  the  head,  we  cannot,  therefore,  by  the  established  laws  of  hydro- 
statics, determine  exactly  the  velocity  or  quantity  expended  thro 
which  renders  the  theory  in  these  cases  but  little  better  than  co 


OBSOLETE  AUTHORITIES  IN  HYDRAULIC  CASES  IN 
LITIGATION. 

In  milling  cases  on  trial,  old  English  or  American  works  are 
brought  in  as  authority.  These  a  half  century  since  were  useful 
because  there  was  nothing  better,  but  a  revolution  has  taken  place 
in  such  matters  and  there  is  now  no  difficulty  in  elucidating  any 
matter  pertaining  to  milling  hydrodynamics  so  as  to  leave  no  just 
cause  for  dispute. 

Oliver  Evans  has  perhaps  been  considered  the  best  milling  au- 
thority up  to  1860,  but  he  simply  copied  the  most  of  his  ideas  from 
old  English  works.  His  ideas  of  spouting  fluids,  article  55,  show 
beyond  chance  for  dispute  that  neither  he  nor  his  authorities  knew 
anything  about  the  law  governing  such  spouting  or  the  discharge 
through  apertures. 

It  is  now  positively  known  that  all  apertures,  large  or  small,  round 
or  square,  discharge  about  60  per  cent,  of  the  theoretical  quantity 
due  the  opening,  if  the  aperture  is  cut  squarely  through  the  plank, 
leaving  sharp  corners,  as  shown  fig.  1st,  opposite  page. 

The  following  note,  copied  from  page  114  of  his  book,  shows  how 
little  reliance  can  be  placed  in  his  authorities  :— 

"  After  having  published  the  first  edition  of  this  work,  I  have  been  in- 
formed, that,  by  accurate  experiments  made  at  the  expense  of  the  British 
government,  it  was  ascertained  that  the  power  produced  by  40,000  cubic 
feet  ol  water  descending  1  foot  will  grind  and  bolt  1  bushel  of  wheat.  If 
this  be  true,  then  to  find  the  quantity  that  anv  stream  will  grind  per  hour, 
multiply  the  cubic  feet  of  water  that  it  affords  per  hour,  by  the  virtual  de- 
scent, (that  is,  half  of  the  head  above  the  wheel  added  to  the  fall  after  it 
enters  an  overshot  wheel,)  and  divide  that  product  by  40,000,  and  the  quo- 
tient is  the  answer  in  bushels  per  hour  that  the  stream  will  grind." 

It  certainly  should  do  so,  for  40,000  cubic  feet  of  water  falling  one 
foot  evolves  75.5  h.  p.  Quite  likely  some  essential  feature  of  the 
experiment  is  left  out  so  that  the  statement  is  worthless,  as  is  in- 
variably the  case  with  their  reports. 

For,  owing  to  their  want  of  knowledge  in  such  matters,  they  failed 
to  give  the  necessary  data  to  make  their  statements  useful;  for 
instance,  in  mentioning  the  discharge  of  water  through  apertures, 
they  don't  describe  the  form  of  the  apertures,  yet,  as  may  be  seen 
by  the  diagrams  opposite,  the  discharge  may  be  made  to  vary 
through  the  same  sized  aperture  more  than  fifty  per  cent. 


44 


From  personal  acquaintance  with  turbine  builders  and  their  ways 
it  has  seemed  doubtful  to  me  whether  any  work  published  previous 
to  the  commencement  of  the  testing  system  in  1869  has,  except  in  a 
negative  way,  been  of  any  help  towards  the  improvement  of  the 
turbine  or  knowledge  of  milling  hydrodynamics. 

To  ascertain  whether  the  opinion  was  well  or  ill  founded,  the 
following  letter  was  sent  to  John  B.  McCormick,  who,  through 
personal  predilection,  perseverance  and  unequaled  opportunity  for 
experimenting,  unquestionably  stands  unrivaled  in  the  knowledge  of 
turbine  construction. 

Willimansett,  Mass.,  Feb.  27,  1892. 
John  B.  McCormick,  Holyoke,  Mass. 

Dear  Sir : — Believing  that  the  continued  use  of  old  text  books  as 
authority  in  matters  pertaining  to  hydrodynamics  has  a  tendency 
to  cause  the  production  of  an  inferior  class  of  engineers,  I  //•«///'/ 
ask  whether,  except  to  avoid  their  errors,  you  have  been  aided  in  your 
turbine  improvements  by  any  hydraulic  work  published  previous  to 
the  publication  of  tests  in  1869. 

Yours  truly, 

JAMES  EMERSON. 

REPLY. 

Holyoke,  Mass.,  March  1,  1892. 
James  Emerson,  Willimansett,  Mass. 

Dear  Sir : — Yours  of  the  27th  duly  received,  and  in  reply  will  say  : 
The  old  text  books  have  not  been  beneficial  to  the  writer,  and  their 
teachings  were  entirely  disregarded  in  the  production  of  the 
"  Hercules  "  and  other  wheels  which  have  been  produced  and  per- 
fected since  by  the  undersigned. 

Yours  truly, 

JOHN  B.  MCCORMICK. 

But  the  worst  of  all  is  Haswell,  who  poses  as  universal  instructor 
for  the  present  time,  and  presents  a  hash  of  old  theories  that  have 
been  out  of  date  for  a  generation  past,  seriously  describing  the  con- 
struction of  undershot,  overshot,  breast,  Poncelet,  Fourneyron, 
Boyden,  Jouval,  and  other  antique  water  wheels  that  have  as  little 
chance  for  future  use  as  has  the  old  stage  coach  of  a  half  century 
since. 

He  gives  the  possible  efficiency  of  the  overshot  at  84  per  cent., 
and  that  of  the  breast  wheel  at  93.  As  actual  trial  under  the  same 
conditions  proves  that  the  turbine  will  do  nearly  double  the  work 
that  can  be  done  with  the  breast  wheel,  it  may  safely  be  stated 
without  fear  of  successful  contradiction  that  the  breast  or  overshot 
wheel  was  never  made  that  could  exceed  67  per  cent,  useful  effect. 

Mr.  Haswell  asserts  that  large  turbines  give  a  higher  efficiency 
than  small  ones,  but  the  testing  of  twenty  years  proves  the  contrary 
to  be  the  case,  as  quite  likely  it  would  with  the  breast  and  overshot. 

Mr.  Harwell's  mind  is  in  an  excellent  condition  to  receive  in- 
struction in  hydrodynamics. 

It  is  the  study  of  such  authorities  that  produce  such  depositions 
as  the  following : — 


45 


ETHAN  S.  REYNOLDS 

vs. 
INDIANA  PAPER  CO.  et  al. 

IN  ST.  JOSEPH  CIRCUIT  COURT,  ) 
STATE  OF  INDIANA.  J 
Complaint  No.  25(50. 

Depositions  of  Mr.  Clemens  Herschel,  duly  sworn,  testifies  as 
follows  : — 

Direct  Examination. 

Q.     You  may  state  your  name  and  residence  and  occupation  ! 

A.     Clemens  Herschel,  hydraulic  engineer,  at  Holyoke,  Mass. 

Q.  How  long  have  you  been  hydraulic  engineer,  located  in  Hol- 
yoke? 

A.     I  have  been  here  since  April,  1880. 

Q.  How  long  have  you  been  practicing  your  profession  as  a 
hydraulic  engineer '( 

A.     Twenty  odd  years. 

(I     What  institutions  are  you  a  graduate  of  ? 

A.  I  am  a  graduate  of  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School,  Harvard 
University,  and  Polytechnic  School  of  Karlsruhe,  Germany. 

Q.  What  position  do  you  occupy  in  Holyoke  with  reference  to 
the  Holyoke  Water  Power  ( 'o. ' 

A.     I  am  their  hydraulic  engineer. 

Q.  Why  is  the  amount  of  discharge  different  under  different 
heads  ?  Will  you  explain  that  to  us  '{ 

A.  That  is  because  it  is  an  impossibility  that  the  head,  acting 
on  the  wheel,  shall  ever  be  the  same  as  the  head  contained  in  the 
race,  and  the  allowance  for  that  difference  which  I  made  to  get  the 
water  off  and  on  the  wheel,  as  it  is  called,  is  one  foot,  that  being 
my  judgment,  and  also  being  a  usual  measurement,  and  contained 
in  a  great  many  leases  with  which  I  am  acquainted. 

Q.  I  understand  you  to  say,  as  an  engineer,  that  the  allowance 
of  one  foot  is  a  proper  allowance  to  make,  and  one  that  is  usually 
used  or  allowed '{ 

A.  It  is  both  a  proper  and  a  usual  one.  One  foot  off  of  six  feet 
is  a  difference  of  16f%,  one  foot  off  of  ten  feet  is  only  a  difference 
of  10% ;  that  is  a  reason  the  quantities  I  have  reached  vary  from 
2074  to  2156,  at  six  and  ten  feet  respectively. 

Q.  Would  measurements  of  the  depth  of  water  at  the  flume 
alone  indicate  the  head  ? 

A.     It  would  not. 

Cross  Examination  by  Mr.  Hubbard,  for  the  Plaintiff. 

Q.  Mr.  Herschel,  why  is  the  difference  between  16f%  off  for 
six  foot  head  and  10%  off  for  ten  foot  head  made  ? 

A.  Because  in  any  case,  this  per  cent,  represents  just  one  foot, 
and  one  foot  is  the  usual  and  customary  allowance,  and  the  proper 
one,  in  my  opinion,  and  the  one  that  obtains  in  actual  practice. 

Q.  Would  the  same  percentage  be  true  as  to  the  cubic  feet  dis- 
charged per  second  or  per  minute  under  the  same  head '(  That  is, 
six  and  ten  feet  off,  16f%  and  10%  respectively '( 


A.     By  no  means. 

Q.  Please  explain  how  you  arrive  at  the  16£%  deduction  on 
account  of  a  difference  of  one  foot  between  the  actual  level  of  the 
water  in  the  canal  and  the  tail  race,  and  the  actual  level  between 
the  water  immediately  above  and  below  the  wheel  ? 

A.  That  percentage  is  arrived  at  only  in  the  case  of  a  six  foot 
head  being  the  total,  which  we  in  Holyoke  call  available  head.  The 
allowance  of  one  foot  is  made  to  get  the  water  to  and  off  the  wheel, 
and  one  which  is  customary  and  proper,  as  I  have  explained.  One 
foot  being  one-sixth  of  six,  it  results  in  reducing  the  head  available, 
in  order  to  get  the  head  acting  on  the  wheel,  by  one-sixth,  or  16£ % 
in  this  particular  case. 

Q.  Is  it  not  a  fact,  then,  that  if  the  mills  were  located  at,  say,  ten 
rods  distance  from  the  main  canal,  and  the- flumes  were  too  small  in 
proportion  to  the  amount  discharged  by  the  wheel  to  maintain  a  con- 
stant, or  nearly  so,  level  in  the  flume,  then  the  loss  of  head  might 
be  more  than  one  foot  ? 

A.  It  would  be,  under  those  circumstances,  more  than  one  foot. 
I  have  known  it  to  be  one  or  two  feet,  and  perhaps,  in  extreme  cases, 
four  feet.  I  arrived  at  the  figure,  one  foot,  from  reports  made 
to  me  by  Mr.  Smith  of  the  locality,  and  in  the  exercise  of  such  judg- 
ment as  I  have  in  these  matters. 

Q.  This  means,  then,  does  it,  in  short,  a  deduction  for  the  loss 
of  head  in  getting  the  water  to  the  wheel  depending  upon  the  dis- 
tance of  the  wheel  from  the  canal,  and  the  size  of  the  flume  and 
fore-bay  1 

A.  It  depends  upon  that  and  other  facts.  The  construction  of 
what  is  called  the  rack,  in  front  of  the  fore-bay,  has  usually  quite  an 
effect  on  it,  the  size  of  the  flume,  and  whether  the  water  turns  at 
right  angles  or  not,  and  how  it  turns.  The  mere  length  of  the 
flume  and  tail  ra,ce  has  rather  a  minor  influence  than  some  other 
structures  and  circumstances  that  occur  in  these  cases. 

Q.  Then  you  include  in  addition  to  the  items  mentioned  in  my 
previous  questions  the  loss  of  head  by  the  means  of  the  tail  race  ? 

A.     Yes,  sir. 

Q.  And  you  arrive  at  this  from  statements  made  to  you  by  Mr. 
Smith  of  the  conditions  of  the  premises  of  the  Indiana  Paper  Co., 
in  September,  1888,  do  you  not  ? 

A.  Partly  so,  but  more  largely  from  my  judgment  as  to  the  pro- 
priety of  the  allowance  of  one  foot  from  such  loss  of  the  total  avail- 
able head,  in  order  to  get  the  head  acting  in  the  wheel,  which 
latter  is  the  head  which  gives  the  discharge  for  the  wheel. 

Q.     You  have  never  seen  the  premises  of  the  Indiana  Paper  Co.  '< 

A.    Never. 

Q.  Personally,  you  know  nothing  of  the  actual  construction  of 
the  head  and  tail  race  except  as  reported  by  others '? 

A.  I  know  it  only  from  the  report  of  Mr.  Smith  and  others, 
and  also  from  my  judgment  of  what  such  structures  look  like  in 
the  Western  states. 

CLEMENS  HERSCHEL. 
HENRY  K.  HAWES, 

Notary  Public. 


47 


Had  I  not  heard  the  foregoing  deposition  read  in  court,  I  should 
have  been  slow  to  believe  that  any  one  claiming  to  be  an  engineer 
would  utter  such  stuff. 

The  slightest  acquaintance  with  water  powers  shows  that  all  vary 
in  head  more  or  less,  consequently  an  allowance  is  made  so  that  a 
tenant  shall  have  no  cause  for  action  if  the  head  drops  somewhat 
from  the  usual  height.  This  is  done  at  Holyoke  ;  nineteen  feet  are 
deeded,  where  there  usually  are  twenty.  Mr.  Herschel  has  mistaken 
this  practice  for  safety,  as  the  rule  for  head  when  computing  the 
discharge  of  a  wheel. 

All  he  was  required  to  do  for  the  Indiana  Paper  Co.  was  to 
measure  the  apertures,  of  the  several  wheels,  then  give  their  dis- 
charge for  given  heads,  say  three,  four,  rive,  and  six  feet. 

His  success  as  engineer  while  at  Holyoke  hardly  warranted  his 
gratuitous  fling  at  Western  water  powers. 

There  are  many  dams  built  by  farmers  and  mechanics  at  the 
West,  that  such  engineers  as  Mr.  Herschel  would  find  it  difficult  to 
equal ;  the  one  at  South  Bend,  upon  which  the  Indiana  Paper  Co. 
is  located,  is  across  the  St.  Joseph  River,  the  bottom  of  which  is  so 
soft  that  the  dam  is  constantly  settling. 

It  was  testified  in  court  at  the  time  Mr.  Herschel's  deposition  was 
read,  that  the  year  before  a  part  of  the  dam  had  been  raised  eighteen 
inches  to  restore  it  to  its  original  height.  At  Mishawaka,  fifteen 
miles  east  of  South  Bend,  the  dam  was  built  by  a  farmer  and  is 
really  a  creditable  piece  of  engineering  for  a  professional  dam  build- 
er, as  are  many  other  dams  and  mill  arrangements  that  may  be 
found  West.  Their  worst  feature  is  that  they  are  nearly  all  over- 
worked. 


DAMS. 

Engineers  differ  much  in  opinion  as  to  the  proper  way  to  con- 
struct dams.  Stone  dams,  as  a  rule,  have  not  proved  so  safe  as 
one  would  naturally  expect ;  yet  with  proper  construction  and  suf- 
ficient material  such  dams  should  stand. 

That  pent  up  water  has  mighty  force  is  proved  by  the  vast  ravines 
and  notches  in  mountain  ranges  wherever  such  ranges  exist. 

I  have  had  occasion  to  admire  dams  built  of  the  boles  of  trees, 
the  butts  down  stream  packed  closely  and  bolted  one  upon  another 
from  bottom  to  the  top,  then  loaded  down  with  rocks  and  gravel. 
These  structures  are  often  built  upon  soft  mud  bottoms  or  quick- 
sand by  men  making  no  claim  to  be  considered  engineers,  yet  their 
work  is  perhaps  superior  to  many  professional  engineering  jobs. 

There  is  a  stone  dam  at  Windsor,  Vt.,  forty  feet  in  height,  that 
has  stood  a  half  century  and  seems  good  for  the  other  half.  The 
stones  are  laid  without  cement,  but  planked  upon  the  up-stream 
side.  A  stone  dam  with  earth  embankment  below  to  me  seems  a 
poor  arrangement,  frost  or  no  frost,  while  such  embankment  above 
or  up-stream  should  be  very  useful. 


48 


Hercules  Turbine. 

As  the  "Hercules  turbine  "  is  placed  at  the  head  of  the  illustrated 
representation  of  the  evolution  of  water  wheels  upon  a  preceding 
page,  its  history  here  is  necessary.  Early  in  1876  Messrs.  McCor- 
niick  and  Brown  of  Brookfield,  Pa.,  sent  four  twenty-four  inch 
turbines  to  the  Holyoke  Testing  Flume  to  be  tested.  Up  to  that 
time  turbines  of  various  makes,  twenty-four  inches  diameter,  under 
eighteen  feet  head,  ranged  in  capacity  from  fifteen  to  twenty-five 
horse  power  ;  these  wheels  transmitted  seventy  horse  power  under 
that  head,  and  an  efficiency  so  remarkable  that  the  first  was  taken 
from  the  flume,  examined,  reset,  and  tested  again  and  again. 
Experts  and  several  turbine  builders  of  acknowledged  ability,  such 
as  T.  H.  Risdon,  K  H.  Whitten,  and  others,  were  called  in  to  assist 
in  making  the  test  so  that  no  chance  for  questioning  the  accuracy 
of  the  trials  should  remain.  As  may  be  seen  upon  another  page 
further  along  in  the  book,  I  advised  the  abandonment  of  all  earlier 
plans,  and  that  builders  should  unite  upon  the  plans  of  the  Hercules 
and  strive  to  perfect  the  turbine,  but  the  inventor  of  the  Hercules. 
and  its  wet  nurse,  Brown,  hankered  for  the  Golden  Fleece.  Be- 
fore reaching  Colchis,  however,  they  were  brought  up  by  the  Harpies 
at  Dayton,  Ohio,  where,  in  imitation  of  the  fabled  gods,  an  illegiti- 
mate offspring  of  the  third  class  order,  called  the  "Victor,"  was 
born.  Hercules  feeling  sadly  shorn,  called  upon  Stephen  Hoi- 
man  of  the  Holyoke  Machine  Company  for  aid  to  help  strangle 
the  snakes  that  had  invaded  the  infantile  cradle  of  the  young  god. 
The  implored  aid  was  readily  accorded  and  the  creeping  Hercules 
started  out  to  annihilate  the  hydra  with  its  hundred  heads  under 
the  names  of  the  Boyden,  Jonval,  Leffel,  American,  Humphrey, 
Craig,  Ridgeway,  Hunt  Machine  Company,  Chase,  Success,  Burn- 
ham,  Risdon,  and  a  host  of  others,  and  then  to  clear  the  Augean 
stables  of  the  dead  rot  of  rubbish  sent  out  by  the  colleges,  under 
the  names  of  hydraulic  engineers,  filled  with  obsolete  formulas  and 
mythical  ideas  that  should  have  been  condemned  a  half  century 
since,  for  there  is  nothing  in  milling  hydraulics  that  may  not  read- 
ily be  elucidated  so  that  all  may  understand. 

To  Stephen  Holman  vast  credit  is  due  for  his  liberality  of  expendi- 
ture in  his  efforts  to  perfect  the  turbine,  but,  after  placing  the  Her- 
cules upon  a  plane  above  that  of  all  others,  he  has  depended  too 
much  upon  patents  and  trade-marks,  for  such  obstacles  are  futile 
to  stop  the  march  of  progress,  so  that  the  Hercules  of  to-day  is  but 
a  second-class  turbine.  The  first  twent-four  inch  Hercules  tested 


under  eighteen  feet  head  gave  over  seventy  horse  power.  Its 
guaranteed  power  for  that  head  is  but  sixty-five,  while  J.  &  W. 
Jolly  guarantee  seventy-nine  horse  power  for  the  same  size  and 


priced  wheel  ;  and  each  builder  is  equally  reliable  or  responsible 
for  guarantee. 

MAY  1st,  1894. 


40 


LITIGATION  TO  SETTLE  QUESTIONS  IN  DISPUTE. 

All  who  have  read  Juvenal's  Satires  will  recall  the  surprise  he 
expresses,  that  where  ropes,  daggers,  and  high  buildings  render 
suicide  so  easy,  any  man  can  be  fool  enough  to  marry ;  so  it  is 
equally  a  matter  for  surprise  that  a  man  having  a  mill  pond  large 
enough  to  drown  himself  in  should  resort  to  law  to  decide  who 
owns  the  pond. 

A  lawyer  that  takes  up  a  case  desires  to  win,  and,  as  is  natural, 
will  do  so  if  he  can,  right  or  wrong.  Any  trickery  that  can  be  made 
to  appear  legal  may  be  resorted  to  with  approval. 

A  sucking  Blackstone  with  impudent  assurance  may  browbeat 
and  bully  a 'witness  so  k»lTg  as  he  keeps  within  the  legal  nits,  and  a 
very  shallow  fool  can,  and  often  does,  ask  questions  that  a  wise 
man  cannot  answer  simply  because  he  is  not  allowed  to  explain 
and  show  that  the  question  has  no  application  to  the  case  in  hand. 
An  annoyance  that  practical  witnesses  often  have  to  contend  with 
are  works  of  shallow,  conceited  aspirants,  who  desire  to  shine  as 
that  "  Eminent  Hydraulic  Engineer,"  or  as  the  "  Great  Doctor 
Squills."  The  less  such  authors  know,  the  more  hair-splitting  and 
profound  will  be  their  theories, — that  is  if  profundity  consists  in 
unintelligibility.  Could  such  frauds  be  examined  by  capable 
members  of  their  calling  their  pretensions  would  at  once  be  made 
apparent,  as  in  the  case  of  the  eminent  engineer,  John  Smith.* 

A  sharp,  unscrupulous  attorney  might,  in  fact  often  does,  study 
up  such  shallow  publications,  and  seemingly  confounds  an  intelli- 
gent engineer  or  physician,  simply  because  either  has  such  con- 
tempt for  the  ignorant  stuff  presented  as  science,  that,  feeling  that 
others  should  see  the  palpable  absurdity  as  well  as  themselves,  they 
treat  the  whole  with  contempt.  There  are  few  cases  in  milling 
matters  that  cannot  readily  be  explained  in  a  few  minutes  if  the 
attorney  would  state  the  case  clearly,  then  allow  the  witness  to  tell 
what  he  knows  about  it  in  as  few  words  as  possible.  Certainly  such 
would  be  much  the  quickest  way  to  obtain  the  merits  of  a  case  from 
an  intelligent  expert ;  instead  of  which  he  is  often  kept  under  a 
shower  of  questions,  for  hours,  nine-tenths  of  which  have  little  bear- 
ing upon  the  case  in  hand,  the  attorney  upon  his  side  treating 
him  like  a  charge  of  dynamite,  likely  to  explode  unexpectedly,  the 
opposing  attorney  operating  from  the  start  as  though  he  had  a 
criminal  to  deal  with. 

For  myself  I  can  say  with  truth  that  I  never  took  the  witness 
stand  with  a  desire  to  favor  either  side,  and  have  seldom  left  it  with- 
out feeling  outrti(/e<L  The  dignity  of  the  law  and  courts  are  often 
lauded,  but  my  experience  has  not  enabled  me  to  see  it. 

Think  of  the  immense  flunkyism  there  must  be  latent  in  human 
nature  to  cause  the  free-born  citizen  to  dress  in  his  granny's  old 
silk  gown  in  order  to  equip  himself  for  the  supreme  bench.  No 
wonder  the  owl,  the  stupidest  of  birds,  is  selected  to  represent 
wisdom. 


•For  untold  ages  it  has  been  found  impossible  to  make  laws  that  human  i 
cannot  evade;  then  why,  like  Mrs.  Partington,  continue  to  attempt  the  impossi 
not  obliterate  every  Statute,  then  re-i-nad  a  tVw  broad  principles  and  compel  i 
inentof  all  disputes  by  arbitral  ion  m  the  li^-hi  ofcurreHl  Inteffigeaee ? 


50 


The  Selection  of  Turbines 

is  a  matter  upon  which  a  manufacturer's  success  in  business  often  depends, 
yet  in  which  the  least  practical  knowledge  is  generally  used.  The  common 
practice  is  to  guess  at  the  power  required,  the  water  at  command,  the  best 
kind  of  wheel ;  finally,  at  the  size  of  that.  That  such  a  system  exists  is 
owing  to  two  facts ;  First,  that  we  have  had  no  really  practical  milling  en- 
gineers; Second,  to  man's  desire  to  get  more  than  he  is  willing  to  pay  for 
— to  the  same  disposition  that  causes  him  to  buy  lottery  tickets,  or  to  gam- 
ble in  stocks— and  he  exclaims  :  "I  do  not  see  why,  if  one  is  good,  another  of 
the  same  kind  must  not  be  so,  too."  Suppose  he  does  not  see,  does  he  not 
know  of  plenty  of  cases  to  prove  that  it  is  not  so?  And  there  are  good  reasons 
for  its  not  being  so.  For  a  number  of  years  certain  turbine  builders  made 
expensive  efforts  to  gain  high  results.  So  long  as  the  greatest  possible  care 
was  given  to  each  branch  of  the  business,  so  long  were  high  results  generally 
obtained;  but  the  moment  such  care  was  abandoned,  and  the  business 
conducted  with  the  ordinary  care  common  in  foundry  and  machine  work, 
the  ninety  per  cent,  wheels  dropped  to  eighty  or  less ;  then,  in  a  little  time, 
the  patterns  became  warped  or  worn,  or  less  care  was  used  in  setting  them 
exact,  as  they  were  being  molded,  and  the  wheels  made  from  them  would 
give  seventy-four  or  seventy-five  per  cent.,  though  wheels  made  from  the 
same  patterns  a  year  before  often  gave  from  eighty-five  to  ninety  per  cent. 
Too  much  time  and  money  have  been  expended  upon  such  wheels,  any  way, 
though  in  years  past  it  was  a  matter  of  less  consequence  than  now,  except 
that  it  created  or  encouraged  a  false  idea  of  the  value  of  such  wheels. 

The  Boyden  and  Tyler  scroll  wheels  were  rivals  for  a  generation — the 
Boyden  being  used  by  large  corporations  under  the  most  favorable  con- 
ditions ;  the  Tyler  in  the  backwoods,  under  conditions  in  which  the  Boyden 
would  have  been  unable  to  work  at  all.  Many  of  each  have  been  used 
twenty  years  without  requiring  repairs.  If  the  point  could  be  accurately 
determined  as  to  the  economy  in  the  use  of  water,  there  is  not  a  shadow  o'f 
proof  to  show  that  the  decision  would  be  favorable  to  the  Boyden;  while 
the  cost  would  be  ten  and  the  trouble  in  keeping  the  wheels  clean  and  in 
working  condition  would  be  as  a  hundred  to  one  in  favor  of  the  Tyler.  Both 
are  now,  however,  of  the  past,  and  out  of  place  where  economy  is  desirable. 
But,  says  a  manufacturer,  "  My  mill  is  on  the  upper  level,  where  the  head  is 
always  the  same,  and  I  buy  so  'many  cubic  feet  per  second ;  so  what  use  is  it 
for  me  to  have  a  particularly  good  part  gate  wheel?  " 


There  are  two  good  reasons  for  preferring  such  wheels  :  First,  a  good  part 
gate  wheel  uses  water  in  proportion  to  the  work  it  has  to  do.  and  there  are 
times  in  all  mills  when  more  or  less  of  the  work  is  stopped.  (Jood  part  gate 
wheels  save  water  at  such  times,  which  benefits  all  on  the  same  fall ;  but  a 
more  important  point  is,  that  during  low  water  in  the  dry  season,  when  the 
supply  is  insufficient  to  do  the  work  without  the  aid  of  steam,  tlie  mill 
having  good  part  gate  wheels  can  utilize  whatever  there  is  of  water,  while 
those s  having  Boyden,  or  any  of  the  popular  whole  gate  wheels,  can  realize 
but  little  benefit  from  a  two-thirds  and  nothing  from  a  half  supply. 

There  is  one,  and  only  one,  method  of  securing  a  valuable  turbine  without 
any  risk,  and  that  is  to  ascertain  first  exactly  what  is  needed,  which  may 
readily  be  done  by  measuring  the  water  that  is  to  be  used  and  the  power  t  he 
mill  requires;  then  apply  to  a  respectable  turbine  builder,  use  ordinary 
common  sense  in  the  matter,  and  not  expect  that  a  wheel  of  a  given  capacity 
can  be  made  in  so  perfect  and  durable  a  manner  for  four  hundred  as  one  that 
costs  four  thousand  dollars.  The  idea  is  equivalent  to  the  quandary  of  the 
youngjnan  who  hesitated  as  to  whether  he  should  give  his  girl  a  piano  or  a 
pint  of  peanuts.  Pay  a  fair  price,  and  insist  that  the  wheel  shall  be  thoroughly 
made  in  every  way,  and  tested  before  acceptance ;  and,  unless  it  gives  an 
average  Useful  effect  of  76  per  cent,  from  half  to  whole  gate,  refuse  to  take 
it.  A  wheel  that  will  give  such  an  average  is  g<  >od.  and  will  do  a  third  more 
work  with  the  same  water,  under  the  ordinary  working  conditions,  than  any 
Boyden  or  Victor  ever  made.  There  is  another  and  very  erroneous  plan  of 
fitting  up  mills :  that  is,  to  use  wheels  much  too  large  for  the  work  with  the 
ordinary  head,  in  order  to  avoid  stoppage  during  backwater.  Such  wheels 
are  entirely  out  of  place,  for  if  geared  for  the  ordinary  head  they  run  at  great 
loss  through  waste  of  water  at  all  times— during  the  ordinary  head,  because 
too  large;  and,  during  backwater,  because  geared  for  a  high-speed. 


51 


Turbines  Running  Faster  than  the  Water  that 
Drives  Them. 

We  often  hear  of  destructive  collisions  when  heavy  bodies  meet,  but  never 
when  two  bodies  are  moving  in  the  same  direction— the  forward  one  the 
faster ;  yet  the  turbine  often  moves  faster  than  the  water  that  drives  it,  and 
does  good  work.  [See,  for  example,  Upham  wheel,  test  13;  weight,  100  pounds: 
revolutions,  300  per  minute.]  The  wheel  was  30  inches  in  diameter,  on  what 
would  be  the  pitch-line  of  gear  of  that  shape.  Any  one  acquainted  with  such 
matters  can  get  the  circumference  and  spurting  vel<  ><-ity  of  water  for  the  head 
given,  and  thus  verify  the  statement.  Such  turbine  builders  as  claim  to  be 
scientific  have  a  theory  to  fit  the  case,  but  do  not  agree  well  with  each  other. 
Will  not  some  of  our  college  professors  or  students,  those  engaged  in  such 
studies,  give  it  attention?  and  in  so  doing  take  into  consideration  the  fact 
that  the  Upham  wheel  discharges  the  water  obliquely  outwards  near  the 
periphery  of  the  wheel,  where  its  velocity  is  greatest, 'instead  of  near  the 
center,  where  the  velocity  of  the  wheel  is  less  than  the  spurting  velocity  of 
the  water — seemingly  a  sufficient  proof  that  theories  based  upon  the  central 
discharge  idea  are  incorrect. 

Many  explanations  have  been  sent  to  me  in  relation  to  the  above, 
none  from  the  colleges  or  engineers.  Judge  Waldron  of  Maine 
readily  accounted  for  the  fact  upon  the  same  principle  that  an  ice 
boat  often  sails  faster  than  the  wind  that  drives  it.  Many  of  the 
explanations  have  been  lengthy,  accompanied  with  diagrams,  but 
the  simplest  solution  that  occurs  to  me  is  the  wedge  that  often 
flies  from  the  frosty  log ;  the  wedge  to  open  the  cleft  one  inch  may 
enter  three,  consequently  moves  three  times  as  fast  as  the  cleft 
parts  when  it  flies  out. 

Backwater  under  Conditions  Difficult  of  Settlement. 
Many  cases  of  backwater  for  which  complaints  have  been  and 
still  are  being  made,  have  arisen  through  the  effect  of  a  rapid 
current  produced  by  a  fall  in  the  stream  or  the  discharge  of  water 
from  a  mill  located  upon  the  fall — the  current  having  carried  the 
loose  sand,  mud,  gravel,  sawdust,  bark,  or  other  debris  forming  the 
bed  of  the  stream  down  to  a  wider  or  more  level  place  where  the 
velocity  was  less,  and  there  depositing  it.  forming  a  bar  across  of  a 
greater  or  less  height,  as  the  case  might  be,  raising  the  water  above 
causing  a  fall  below.  In  earlier  times,  when  locating  a  mill  upon 
such  a  fall,  the  wheels  were  seldom  placed  so  low  as  to  receive  the 
full  effect  of  the  fall,  for,  through  the  abundance  of  water,  the  com- 
paratively little  power  required  could  be  obtained  at  less  expense 
with  a  portion  of  the  available  head.  In  time,  another  mill  was 
erected  further  down  stream,  the  dam  for  which  flowed  the  water 
back  upon  the  bar  above,  without  in  any  way  interfering  with  the 
power  of  the  mill  above.  These  conditions  continued  for  years 
without  question.  As  the  country  became  settled,  the  supply  of 
water  grew  less,  the  power  more  valuable  and  better  cared  "for. 
The  upper  mill  was  enlarged,  the  wheel-pit  lowered,  the  wheels 
placed  at  the  bottom,  and  the  bar  removed.  Of  course  the  water 
from  the  dam  below  flowed  back  into  the  upper  wheel-pit  and  ob- 
structed the  wheels.  Under  such  circumstances,  it  is  apt  to  cause 
the  owner  of  the  upper  mill  to  insist  that  the  lower  dam  has  gradu- 
ally been  raised  above  the  title  thereto.  There  are  plenty  of  mills 
yet,  the  discharges  from  which  are  raising  such  bars,  and  so  gradu- 
ally as  to  be  overlooked  and  neglected,  which  will  surely  cause 
trouble  in  time. 


52 
Testing  Flume  and  Turbine  Testing. 


The  testing  system,  or  practice  of  testing  turbines  before  purchase  to  deter- 
mine their  value,  has  become  so  general  that  there  is  no  turbine  builder  of  any 
reputation,  who  has  not  found  it  necessary  to  submit  his  wheels  to  such  trial, 
in  order  to  enable  him  to  sell  them;  this  being  the  case  it  is  proper  that  the 
method  by  which  such  te-ts  are  determined  should  be  made  familiar  to  all  inter- 
ested. Ten  years  since  the  testing  of  a  tu>  bine  was  :i  serious  matter,  and  could 
only  be  accomplished  at  a  great  outlay  of  time  and  money,  the  expei  se  extend- 
ing" into  the  thousands  ;  while  the  apparatus  used  was  so  crude,  and  the  compli- 
cations were  so  numerous,  that  the  matter  was  understood  by  but  few,  and  was 
believed  in  by  less;  thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  of  dollars  have  since  beui 
expended  in  simplifying  the  process  of  computation  of  results  obtained,  the  manner 
of  obtaining  them,  and  in  ridding  the  system  of  rubbish  of  no  earthly  use.  In  the 
first  place  it  should  be  thoroughly  understood,  that  weighing  the  power  of  a 
wheel,  or  in  other  words  what  it  will  pull  while  running  at  a  certain  speed,  is 
precisely  the  same  in  principle  as  to  weigh  what  a  horse  or  man  can  pull  while, 
traveling  at  a  fixed  speed,  or  as  in  weighing  groceries  ;  consequently  an  accurate 
scale  beam  with  knife  edges  and  sealed  weights  are  required  as  much  in  the  one 
case  as  the  other:  the  pounds  named  i.i  testing  a  wheel  mean  precisely  the  same 
as  in  weiirhing  hay  or  sugar;  and  if  a  proper  weighing  and  controlling  instru- 
ment is  used,  the  wheel  will  be  kept  at  the  same  speed  so  long  as  a  givi  n  weight 
is  carried:  consequently  the  gausres  remain  constant  with  the  same  weight  on 
scale,  and  with  the  same  head  of  water,  so  that  six  different  persons  taking  the 
gauges  add  exactly  six  times  to  the  chances  for  errors  in  testing  a  wheel,  and  as 
much  more  to  the'  co^t.  Testing  with  proper  apparatus  and  conveniences  is  a 
very  simple  matter,  but  it  requires  experience  to  make  such  test  reliable  ;  and 
though  an  engineer  may  have  the  formula  committed  to  memory,  he  will  need 
considerable  experience  practically  before  he  will  be  able  to  make  tests  that  can 
be  depended  upon. 

WEIR  MEASUREMENTS. 

Within  the  past  few  years  much  has  b'-en  said  and  written  for  and  against  Un- 
reliability of  measurements  of  water  flowing  over  weirs  ;  this  lias  arisen  through 
the  great  diversity  of  results  obtained  by  different  persons,  who  have  used  the 
same  formula  for  computation  of  data.  Turbines  of  almost  every  make,  tested  by 
th"ir  builders,  have  seemingly  Driven  high  useful  effect  ;  while  in  actual  use  few 
of  them  have  proved  economical  in  the  use  of  water.  This  has  had  a  tendency  to 
discredit  weir  measurements,  but  unjustly  so,  as  may  readily  be  explained,  for 
the  matter  is  one  of  great  simplicity,  notwithstanding  the  complications  thrown 
around  it  by  tho-;e  who  have  supposed  along  array  of  decimals  denote  profun- 
dity and  accuracy.  Any  weir  under  exactly  the  same  conditions  will  repeat 
results  invariably;  but  a  formula  based  upon  pertain  conditions,  will  not  give 
correct  results  if  those  conditions  are  changed.  All  brooks  and  rivers  vary 
much  in  width  and  depth,  yet  the  same  water  flows  through  the  narrow  as  well 
as  the  wide  places,  the  velocity,  of  course,  varying  with  the  cross  section  of  the 
stream.  The  velocity,  however,  does  not  cease  immediately  upon  entering  a 
wider  or  deeper  part.'but  continues  until  the  momentum  is  lost,  and  the  general 
level  attained  ;  this  of  itself  would  prove  the  necessity  of  placing  a  weir  at  a 
considerable  distance  from  the  discharge  of  a  higher  head.  The  Francis  for- 
mula is  bas  d  u  >on  the  natural  flow  of  the  water,  which  for  a  depth  of  one  foot 
over  a  weir  is  about  three  feet  four  inches  per  second;  and  it  must  be  evident 
chat  such  formula  is  entirely  inapplicable  where  the  velocity  is  four  or  five  feet 
per  second,  as  it  may  he  if  the  weir  is  placed  close  to  the  disrhar:  e  of  a  poor 
turbine,  where  the  water  leaves  the  wheel  with  half  the  velocity  due  the  head: 
"here  a  cross  section  of  pit  or  stream  approaching  the  weir  is  but  little 
ater  than  the  capacity  <f  the  weir  itself.  It  is  plain  that  under  such  condi- 
s thfle  velocity  will  vary  according  to  the  useful  effect  of  the  wheel,  and 
equally  plain  that  no  reliable  correction  for  velocity  can  be  applied.  Had  this  been 
considered,  much  trouble  and  expense  might  have  been  saved  the  past  twenty- 
five  years;  for  it  is  not  likely  any  builder  would  have  knowi  igly  continued  the 
manufacture  of  forty  per  cent,  turbines.  The  cross  section  of  a  pit  or  stream,  up 
Stream  from  a  weir,  should  be  :it  least  five  times  the  cross  sec:ion  of  the  stream 
flowing  over  it;  and  for  a  discharge  of  two  thousand  cubic  feet  per  minute,  the 
weir  should  be  fifty  feet  from  the  discharge  of  the  turbine,  or  opening  into  pit. 
Racks  should  never  be  used,  as  they  obstruct  and  raise  the  water  so  that  it 
passes  through  with  renewed  velocity.  If  there  is  a  horizontal  discharge 


great 
tions 


531 

towards  the  weir,  check  the  current  by  zigzag  breakwaters.  For  measuring  the 
flow  of  a  river  the  weir  or  dam  cannot  be  too  large,  but  it  may  be  for  measuring 
the  discharge  from  a  mill  where  a  governor  is  used,  as  the  varying  discharge, 
caused  by  adding  or  throwing  off  machinery,  may  prevent  accuracy  if  too  much 
time  is  required  for  the  water  to  find  its  proper  level. 

THE  SAME  WHEELS  TESTED  IN  PITS  OF  DIFFERENT  CAPACITY. 

July  24  and  26,  two  wheels  were  tested  at  Holyoke  flume  ;  these  had  previously 
been  tested  in  another  flume,  the  measuring  pit  of  which  was  about  nine  feet  in 
width,  two  feet  in  depth  below  crest  of  weir,  while  the  weir  itself  was  twenty 
feet  from  the  wheel.  The  following  results  were  obtained  : 

Largest  Wheel  :  Stilwell  &  Bierce  Flume. 
Head,  7.64  feet       Discharged,  1178.00  cubic  feet.     Percentage,  .8785 

Holyoke  Flume,  largest  wheel  : 
IIead:  1840  Discharged  2233.55  cubic  feet.         Percentage,  .7520 

Reset  and  again  tested: 

Head,  18.07          Discharged  2214.66  cubic  feet.        Percentage,  .7533 
Theoretical  discharge  for  head  of  18.40  feet,  based  upon  the  S»llwell  &  Bierce 
test  should  be  1828.7  cubic  feet. 

Smallest  Wheel  :  Stilwell  &  Bierce  Flume. 
Head,  7.82  feet         Discharged  761  cubic  feet.         Percentage,  .8604 

llolyoke  Flum  •  : 
Head,  18.33          Discharged  1387.27  cubic  feet.         Percentage,  .7777 

Taken  out,  overhauled,  then  re-tested  : 
Head,  18.44          Discharged  3400.31  cubic  leer.         Percentage,  .7753 

The  head  was  then  reduced,  and  it  was  again  tested  : 
Head,  7.85  Discharged  869,34  cubic  feet.          Percentage,  .7724 

Theoretical  discharge,  based  upon  Stilwell  &  Bierce  test,  for  18.44  feet  head, 
should  be  1168.5  cubic  feet. 

These  tests  show  how  little  reliance  can  be  placed  in  measurements  made  in  a 
pit  of  insufficient  capacity,  yet  how  accurately  a  proper  pit  and  weir  will  repeat; 
at  the  same  time  they  explain  how  the  high  results  reported  so  often  by  inter- 
estad  parties  are  obtained. 

Illustrations  and  description  of  testing  flume  and  apparatus  of  the  present 
time  are  herewith  given:  Fig.  1,  represents  the  dynamometer,  or  weighing 
instrument;  Fig.  2,  an  elevation  of  a  testing  flume;  Fig.  3,  a  plan  view  of  the 
same  ;  Fig.  4,  the  hook  gauge.  Through  an  opening  in  the  side  of  fore-bay  Fig. 
1,  may  be  seen  a  turbine  wheel  with  its  shaft  extending  upwards,  on  the  upper 


end  of  which,  above  fore-bay,  is  secured  the  instrument  for  weighing  the  power 
transmitted  from  the  water  discharged.  To  ascertain  the  useful  etiect  it  is  nec- 
essary to  know  the  head  under  which  the  wheel  works,  also  the  quantity  of 
water  discharged  by  it  in  a  given  time.  The  head  is  the  difference  in  height 
between  the  surface  level  of  water  in  pit  and  fore-bay  when  the  loheel  J>  running. 
at  which,  time  there  is  generally  too  much  disturbance  in  the  water  to  allow  of 
accuracy  by  direct  measurement,  thus  necessitating  the  use  of  the  ta  ks  A  and 
B;  the  tank  A  is  connected  with  water  in  fore-bay  by  a  short  piece  of  three- 
fourths  inch  steam  or  gas  pipe,  through  which  the  water  flows  too  slowly  t  > 
cause  ebullition,  but  fast  enough  to  keep  the  surface  in  tank  equal  in  height  with 
that  in  fore-bay;  from  the  bottom  of  the  tank  a  rubber  pipe  extends  to  the  bot- 
—>o?.  c"  2-  j'^fv'tube,  placed  beside  the  measuring  pole  at  the  right.  The  tank  B 
.3  connected  with  the  water  in  pit  by  a  rubber  or  flexible  pipe,  that  the  tank  may 
be  raised  or  lowered,  in  order  to  keep  the  top  of  the  tank  nearly  even  with  the 
surface  of  tail  water  in  the  pit;  with  this  arrangement  the  point  of  the  hook. 
which  may  be  seen  at  the  lower  end  of  the  measuring  pole,  will  be  perceptible 
the  instant  it  breaks  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the  tank.  This  hook  and  the 
p  >le  is  raised  or  lowered  by  a  ha  id  nut  sh  wn  above  the  t;ink.  The  pole  is  grad- 
uated in  tenths  and  hundredths  of  feet  from  the  point  of  the  hook  to  the  top  of  the 
pole,  so  that  after  the  point  of  the  hook  is  adjusted  to  the  surface  of  the  water  in 
the  tank,  the  exact  head  may  be  found  opposite  the  surface  in  the  glass  tube  or 
tank  A..  The  tank  C,  which  is  also  connected  with  the  water  in  the  pit  by  a  flex- 
ible pipe,  slides  up  or  down  on  two  parallel  rods,  and  is  kept  at  any  height  by  a 
counterpoise  ;  above  this  the  hook  gauge  is  firmly  fixed  to  a  timber  in  such  a 
position  that  the  point  of  the  hook  will  drop  in  a  perpendicular  line  through  the 
center  of  the  tank,  and  it  will  save  making  corrections  for  each  measurement  by 
placing  the  point  of  the  hook  exactly  level  with  the  crest  of  the  weir  when  the 
scale  of  the  gauge  is  standing  at  zero. 


Emerson's  Improved  Brake. 

Manufactured  by  the  Fales  &  Jenks  Machine  Co.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

FIG.  1. 


55 


50 


llv-JT! 


58 


The  proper  dimensions  for  a  testing  flume  are,  of  course,  determined  by  the 
size  of  the  wheels  to  be  tested.  The  fore-buy,  in  diameter,  should  at  least  be 
twice  that  of  any  wheel  placed  in  it,  while  the  width  of  the  pit  should  equal  one 
and  a  half  times  the  length  of  the  weir;  below  the  crest  of  which  the  depth 
should  equal  four  times  the  depth  of  the  stream  likely  to  flow  over  it.  The  weir 
should  stand  at  least  twenty  feet  from  the  wheel,  and  at  an  exact  right  angle 
with  the  flow  of  the  water. 

The  dynamometer,  or  instrument  used  to  determine  the  power  transmitted,  is 
simply  un  improved  "  prony  brake."  The  wheel  B  is  secured  10  the  shaft  of  the 
water-wheel,  and  its  speed  is  controlled  by  the  frictio,n-band  A,  which  is  con- 
nected to  the  scale-beam  as  shown,  the  point  of  connection  describing  a  circle  of 
a  given  number  of  feet.  The  rim  of  the  wheel  and  the  friction-band  are  hollow, 
and  are  kept  cool  by  streams  of  cold  water  passing  through  them;  the  water  in 
the  rim  of  the  wheel  being  supplied  through  its  hollow  arms  and  the.  pipe, 
shown  in  the  engraving.  The  wheel  B,  is  made  of  cast  iron,  the  friction- 
band  of  "  composition"  or  "gun  metal."  The  hands  of  the  "counter"  are  so 
arranged  in  connection  with  a  worm  gear,  that  they  can  be  made  to  rotate  in  the 
same  direction  the  hands  of  a  clock  move,  whichever  way  the  wheel  being  tested 
may  revolve. 

The  hand  wheel  for  operating  the  friction-band  through  the  screw  M,  has  a 
"universal  joint"  in  its  shaft,  which  is  arranged  with  a  slide  to  prevent  fraud 
while  testing.  The  connection  of  the  band  with  the  scale-beam  is  made  by 
knife-edged  links,  and  the  pivot  of  the  beam  is  also  knife-edged.  The  weights 
are  suspended  at  one  end  of  the  beam  as  shown  at  C ;  at  the  other  c  nd  is  the 
"  dash-pot  "D,  (it  is  better  to  have  "  dash-pot "  at  the  same  end  as  the  weights,) 
filled  with  water  to  hold  the  beam  steady.  The  pot  is  made  of  cast  iron,  bored 
out  perfectly  true.  The  plunger  on  the  end  of  the  rod  is  a  thin  disk  of  iron 
turned  to  fit  the  pot  loosely,  so  as  to  allow  it  to  move  perfectly  free ;  it  has  six 
three-eighths  inch  holes  through  it,  stopped  with  brass  thumb  screws;  one  or 
more  of  these  may  be  removed  at  any  time  to  render  the  beam  more  sensitive, 
but  the  screws  must  be  left  lying  on  the  plunger,  that  the  weight  may  not  be 
changed.  To  prepare  the  instrument  for  testing,  the  "dash-pot"  should  be 
filled  with  water,  the  screws  removed  from  the  holes  in  the  plunger,  but  left 
upon  it,  the  beam  leveled  with  the  indicator  standing  at  zero,  as  shown  at  E: 
then  place  a  small  weight  in  the  scale-pan,  and  observe  the  number  of  seconds 
required  for  the  weighted  end  to  settle  one-half  inch ;  then  change  the  weight 
to  the  other  end  of  the  beam,  the  same  distance  from  the  fulcrum,  and  change 
the  balance  weight  until  the  beam  is  balanced ;  then  return  the  screws  to  the 
holes  in  the  plunger,  and  connect  the  beam  to  the  friction-band  by  the  links  for 
that  purpose. 

When  testing,  I  find  that  the  simplest  and  surest  method  of  obtaining  the 
correct  number  of  revolutions  of  the  wheel,  is  to  hold  the  hands  of  the  counter 
at  zero  until  the  '•  timer  "  is  ready;  then  to  run  several  minutes,  and  divide  the 
number  run  to  obtain  the  revolutions  per  minute. 

The  most  perfect  measurement  with  the  hook  g ,_ 

ing  the  top  of  the  tank  C,  nearly  level  with  the  surface  of  the  water 

looking 

surface. 

In  testing  a  wheel  I  begin  with  a  light  weight,  say  for  a  30-inch  wheel  under 
fifteen  feet  head,  start  with  100  pounds,  run  two  minutes — the  man  at  the  wheel 
keeping  the  beam  level — then  change  to  125  pounds  and  repeat.  Continue  to 
change  25  pounds  every  two  minutes  until  the  speed  of  the  wheel  is  reduced 
below  its  best  point,  which  is  reached,  we  will  say,  when  it  is  carrying  250 
pounds;  then  reduce  the  weight  to  235  pounds,  and  change  ten  pounds  every 
two  minutes  until  the  best  point  is  again  passed,  which  is  found,  say,  when  it  is 
carrying  255  pounds;  reduce  the  weight  to  again,  say,  242 '2  pounds  and  change 
the  weight  five  pounds  at  a  time  every  five  minutes.  Sometimes,  when  not  in  a 
hurry,  I  commence  with  100  pounds  and  run  to  700,  or  even  800;  then  again,  I 
might  start  on  the  same  wheel  (if  I  knew  about  the  proper  weight  for  it)  say 
with  600  pounds,  and  not  change  more  than  100  during  the  whole  test.  Some 
parties  desire  to  have  their  wheels  tested  with  as  short  a  ranee  of  weights 
as  can  be  used  and  the  wheel's  best  speed  be  found,  for  the  purpose  of 
showing  even  results  through  the  whole  test;  but  to  the  initiated,  such  results 
would  appear  no  better  than  where  greater  changes  were  recorded  if  the  weights 
varied  with  the  spe.d.  Of  course,  the  more  the  speed  of  a  wheel  can  be  varied 


The  most  perfect  measurement  with  the  hook  gauge  can  be  obtained  by  keep- 
ing  the  top  of  the  tank  C,  nearly  level  with  the  surface  of  the  water  in  it,  then  by 
looking  across  it  the  point  of  the  hook  may  be  seen  the  moment  it  breaks  the 


with  the  spe.d.  Of  course,  the  more  the  speed  of  a  wheel  can  be  varied 
t  affecting  its  percentage  the  better,  but  that  is  only  determined  by  using 
range  of  weights  while  testing  it. 


a  long  range  of  weights  while  testing  it 


59 


The  power  transmitted  by  the  wheel  is  determined  as  follows :  Suppose  the 
scale  beam  is  attached  to  the  friction  brake  at  a  point,  which,  if  revolving, 
would  describe  a  circle  of  20  feet,  and  the  wheel  running  one  hundred  revolu- 
tions per  minute,  holds  the  beam  at  zero  when  loaded  with  500  Ibs.,  20X100= 
2000  X  500  —  100000-i-33000  gives  30.30  horse-power ;  divide  the  transmitted  power, 
by  the  power  of  the  water  used,  to  ascertain  the  useful  effect  of  the  wheel. 

An  example  is  here  given  of  finding  the  useful  effect,  after  testing  a  turbine, 
as  followed  in  1869;  and  when  it  is  understood  that  a  hundred  different  weights 
might  be  tried  iu  testing  a  wheel,  and  that  during  the  trial  some  six  or  seven  dif- 
ferent observers  were  taking  notes  every  thirty  seconds,  and  that  all  of  these 
observations  had  to  be  made  to  agree  it  will  readily  be  seen  that  there  were  wide 
openings  for  errors. 

TEST  17— TTLEK  WHEEL,  September  21  and  23, 1871. 
149.2      Rev.  per  m. 

20      Circumference  of  circle 

2M4.0 

300  Lbs. 

33000)895200  Foot  lbs.)27.13  H.  P.  of  wheel. 
66000 


Q.  per  sec.=3.33  (1—0.  In  H)  II ' 

1.0615  Height  of  water  on  weir. 
— .0145  Correction  for  weir  level. 

1.0470 

.2  Number  of  end  contractions  x  0.1. 

.20940 
6.00000  Length  of  weir . 


:>.7'.«ifK>=0.7 

3.33=0.5224442 

1.047=0.0199467  ( 

0.0099733  I 

60=1.77*  15 13 


1239.48=3.0932391=0.  per  min. 
15.695=1 .1957613=Fall. 
62.336=1.7947389=Weight  of  cubic  foot. 

33000  (  a  c )  =5.481 4861=Horse  Power. 

36.75=1. 5652254=H.  P.  of  water. 
27  13=1.4334498=H.  P.  of  whsel. 


.7383=1. 8682244=Ratio,  or,  percentage. 

The  formula  for  correcting  the  depth  for  the  velocity  of  the  water  approac 
ing  the  wfir  is 


H'=[ 


in  which  the  factor 


h--=— ; 
2g 


v  being  the  velocity  found  by  dividing  the  Q  per  second  by  the  section  of  the 
stream  approaching  the  weir.  As  the  flume  approaching  the  weir  was  14  feet 
wide,  and  the  bottom  of  it  was  3-5  feet  below  the  crest  of  the  weir,  it  follows  that 
the  area  of  a  section  of  the  stream,  when  there  was  1.047  feet  of  water  flowing 
over,  is  14  (3.5-f-1.047)=63.658  square  feet. 


Q  per  sec.=20. 658=1.3150883 
Section=63.6a8=-^l.  8038530 


1.5112353=Y 
2 


1.0224706=v 
2.1916296=2  g(a  C 
.0016=3.2141002=A 
2.6070501 

.0001=5.8211503=^,2- 
Tben  H-r-A=1.047-|-.0016=1.0486. 
1.0486=0.0206099 
0  0103049 


1.0738=0.0309148=(H+A)  2 


Then  (H-h/t)  3— A2=1.0738— .0001 
1.0737=0.0308830 
0.0102943 


1.0486=0.0205887 

1.0486=H'=corrected  depth  on  the  weir. 

Substituting  H'  for  H  in  the  weir  formula  first  given  above,  we  find  the  . 
reeled  Q  to  be  1242.25  cubic  feet  per  minute. 

1.0486 


.20972 
6.00000 


5.79028=0.7626996 

3.33=0.. VJ24442 

1.0486=0.0206099 

0  0103049 

60=1.7781513 


1242.2.J=:U>H42U<.l'.» 
15.695=1.1957613 
62.336=1.7947389 

33000  (a  c)=5. 4814861 

1.5661962 

27.13=1.4334498 


Ratio  of  useful  effect  .7366=1.8672536 

To  work  out  the  foregoing  without  the  use  of  logarithms,  apph  ing  all  of  the 
corrections  as  was  then  done,  would  cover  many  pages  «f  this  work.  A  hund- 
red different  wt  ights  and  speeds  were  likely  to  be  tried  in  testing  any  wheel, 
each  change  requiring  the  same  tedious  process,  so  that  days,  perhaps  weeks, 
were  required  to  ascertain  the  value  of  a  wheel.  It  was  customary  with  some 
engineers  to  work  out  a  few  tests,  then  to  "plot"  the  lemainder  on  •' diagram 
paper;"  but  thi<  was  found  to  be  unreliable  in  working  out  my  weir  tables,  and  or 
course,  was  equally  so  in  working  out  tests.  With  reliable  apparatus  for  testing 
a  wheel,  but  few  corrections  are  necessary,  and  only  three  persons  are  required 
in  making  tests.  One  having  the  whole  in  charge,  and  who  takes  weight,  revo- 
lutious  of  wh  el,  and  the  head  and  weir  gauges,  assi-ted  by  a  "timer,"  arid  one 


61 


who  controls  the  speed  of  the  wheel.  A  testing  flume  is  filled  and  emptied  so 
often  that  it  will  leak  more  or  less,  and  this  leakage  is  into  measuring  pit,  so  that 
after  a  wheel  is  set  ready  to  test,  its  gate  is  closed  and  sprinkled  with  sawdust  to 
prevent  leakage,  that  would  affect  results  of  trial;  then  the  flume  is  tilled  with 
water,  and  the  leakage  of  the  flume  taken  at  the  weir.  Suppose  the  length  of 
weir  to  be  six  f  et,  and  depth  of  I  akage  to  be  .183  of  a  foot;  opposite  to  this  in 
weir  table  and  column  for  6  ft.  weir  will  be  found  93.28  cubic  leet  per  minute,  and 
this  quantity  is  to  be  taken  from  every  test  made  of  that  particular  wheel,  sup- 
posing ;he  water  not  to  be  drawn  from  the  flume  during  the  test;  if  it  is,  then 
the  leakase  must  be  taken  a<  before.  To  illustrate,  a  test  as  now  taken  is  here 
given.  The  point  of  attachment  of  brake  to  scale  beam  is  ten  leet,  and  each  rev- 
olution must  be  multiplied  by  ten  to  yet  correct  speed.  Look  in  weir  table  below 
for  cubic  feet  discharged.  "Test  of  an  18-inch  Wetmore  wheel,  September  30, 
1876: 

Head.  Weight.  Rev.  per  min.  Weir. 

No.  7.  18.SO  162.5  305  .650 

Quantity  as  per  table  624  62—93.28=521.34  cubic  feet  per  minute. 
521.34  X  18.80  X  62.33_  __ 

33000  -=17.91  II.  P.  of  water. 

305  X  10X162.0 

33000          —15 -02 


Formula  for  Tabling  Wheels. 


Q=quantity  discharged  per  second  at  any  head,  h. 

V=velocity  due  head  h. 

Q  (=quantity  with  any  head 

V  =velocity  due  head 

R=relative  velocity. 

D=diameter  of  wheel. 

The   Q  having    been   determined    for    any  given  head,   to    find    it  for    any 
other  head  Q/=QXv' 
V 

The  horse  power  having  been  determined  for  any  given  head,  to  find  it  for  any 
other  head  H.  P.  X  V'H' 

vxn  " 

The  revolutions  having  been  found  for  any  given  head,  to  find  them  for  any 
other  head X^O^uumber  of  revolutions  per  minute. 

R=relative  velocity,  determined  by  experiment. 

Having  the  outlet  of  one  wheel  ot  a  certain  pattern  measured  and  its  power 
do  ermiued,  the  power  of  another  of  similar  pattern  is  approximately  obtained 
by  comparing  the  outlet  with  the  one  experimented  upon. 


Steam  and  Pressure  Gauges. 


Is  it  a  matter  of  impoitance  that  such  instruments  should  indicate  correctly, 
and  if  so,  do  those  using  them  take  pains  to  verify  their  accuracy?  Eecently 
while  testing  the  turbines  used  at  the  water  works  of  St.  Jolmsbury,  Vt.,  it  i-ame 
in  my  way,  also,  to  test  the  accuracy  of  the  pressure  gauges  used  there  ;  these 
were  made  by  the  Utica  Steam  Gauge  Co  ,  Utica,  N.  Y.  The  ti  st  was  made  by 
getting  the  exact  area  of  the  waste  valve,  usinir  a  knife-rd'jred  pivoted  beam 
resting  on  a  knife-edgi  d  top  of  valve  piston  then  with  sealed  weights  the  press- 
ure in  pipe  wa-i  accurately  ascertained,  and  to  be  11  per  cent,  less  than  that 
frhowu  by  the  pressure  gauge. 


62 

Elkhart  Mills,  Power,  and  the  Water  Used  to  Produce  It. 


MESSRS.  MILLER  &  MAXON.-<7en«em«n:  —Nearly  a  year  since,  act- 
ing for  the  manufacturers  hereinafter  to  be  mentioned,  you  employed  me  to 
ascertain  the  power  used  by  the  said  manufacturers,  and  the  quantity  of 
water  necessary  to  produce  the  power  used  and  the  power  deeded. 

My  only  instructions  were  to  do  it  by  the  most  perfect  methods  known 
to  me  and  do  it  right.  A  preliminary  trial  was  made  in  June  last,  and  all  in- 
terested in  such  matters  were  invited  to  witness  all  tests,  particularly  the 
members  of  the  Hydraulic  Company  and  their  attorney,  and  to  all  desirous 
of  knowing  the  matter  was  fully  explained. 

Except  in  cases  of  indefinitely  worded  deeds,  there  is  no  feature  in  the 
use  of  water,  or  power  in  mills,  that  may  not  be  elucidated  and  made  so  plain 
as  to  leave  no  shadow  of  excuse  for  litigation  except  that  of  a  desire  to  get 
that  which  belongs  to  another. 

The  deeds  in  each  case  to  be  named  give  a  definite  amount  of  power  with 
right  to  use  sufficient  water  to  produce  it,  under  the  conditions  specified,  a 
positive  condition  of  which  is  that  measurement  of  the  water  shall  be  after 
it  issues  from  the  wheel. 

Two  power  scales  of  different  capacities  were  purchased  of  their  manu- 
facturers, Emerson  Power  Scale  Co.,  Florence,  Mass. ;  these  are  made  upon 
the  same  principle  as  the  ordinary  Fairbanks  scale,  but  rotary.  The  largest 
carries  its  load  nine,  the  smallest  six,  feet  at  each  revolution  of  shaft  to  which 
it  is  affixed. 

To  operate  :  the  key  is  removed  from  driving  pulley,  thus  leaving  pulley 
loose  upon  its  shaft ;  the  scale  is  then  placed  on  shaft  close  to  hub  of  pulley, 
and  rigidly  keyed  to  the  shaft.  There  are  spurs  projecting  from  the  rim  of 
scale  to  which  the  levers  of  scale  connect  to  the  arms  of  the  pulley,  so  that 
all  of  the  strain  from  belt  rests  upon  the  scale,  and  that  strain  or  weight  is 
shown  upon  scale  in  pounds  as  on  the  ordinary  scale  beam. 

Muzey's  Starch  Mill,  capacity  1,000  bushels  of   corn  or   24,000  pounds 
starch  per  day,  2  Eclipse  turbines,  one  48,  the  other  54,  inches  in 

diameter. 
48  inch  or  its  work  weighed  January  5,  rev.  118x9=1062x875= 

929,250-^33,000 28.15  h.  p 

54  inch  or  its  work  weighed  January  6,  rev.  90x9=810x1150= 

931,500-^-33,000  28.22  h.  p. 

Total  power  used,  all  machinery  in  full  operation 56.37  h.  p. 

Globe  Tissue  Paper  Mill,  capacity  one  ton  per  day,  3  turbines,  American  66, 

Victor  25  and  30  inches. 
66  inch  American  or  its  work  weighed  Jan.  15,  rev?  99x9= 

891x1325=1,180,575-^33,000 35.77  h   p 

30  inch  Victor,  washer  wheel,   Jan.  17,  rev.  90x6=540x825= 

445,500  ~  33,000 13.50  h   p 

25  inch  Victor,  84  inch  paper  machine,  paper  running  97  ft. 

per  minute,  rev.  44.5x9=400.5x1491  =,~>sx.7:',r>  -  ;;:{,000 17.84  h.  p. 

Total  power  for  4  Beating  engine.  Washer,  Jordan, 
Pumps,  Paper  Machine,  Rag  Cutter  and  Duster 67.11  h.  p. 

Elkhart  Knitting  Mills. 

2  set  48  inch  Cards,  3  Jacks,  in  all  720  Spindles,  2  Parker  Twisters,  96 
spindles  each,  4  Spoolers,  Dusters,  Dryer  and  Fan,  Stocking  Dryer 

and  Fan,  Kulp  Winders,  Hydro  Extractor,  60  Knitting  Machines. 
Power  to  drive  all  weighed  Jan.   9,  rev.  250x6=1500x425= 

637,500 -=- 33,000 19.31  h.  p. 

Kulp  &  Umel  Planing  Mill. 
Two  Rip  Saws,  Lathe,  Matcher,  Resaw,  Daniels  Planer,  26  inch  Fay  Planer, 

Molder,  Sand  Paper  Machine,  and  Sticker. 
Usual  machinery  running,  rev.  200x6  =  1200x630  =  756,000  — 

33,000 ..' 2290h  p 

With  every  machine  in  mill  running,  Jan.  12,  rev.  175x6= 

1050x825=866,250  —  33,000 26  *>5  h   p 


03 


C.  G.  Conn's  Musical  Instrument  Works. 
Every  machine   in  works   running,    rev.,   Jan.    21,   130x9= 

1170x320=374,400  -f  33,000 11.35  h.  p. 

Sage  Brothers'  Flouring  Mill,  capacity  280  barrels  per  day. 
Deeded  right  to  use  sufficient  water  to  drive  five  runs  of  four  foot  huhrs 
to  grind  l.r>  bushels  of  red  merchantable  wheat  per  hour,  one  run  to  grind  40 
bushels   of  corn  per  hour,  also  smut  mills  and  all  necessary  machinery  to 
prepare  flour  and  meal  for  market ;  as 
one  wheel  of  same  capacity  is  allowed 
for  four   runs  of  buhrs,  the  quantity 
deeded  is  sufficient  practically  to  drive 
seven  and  a  half  runs  each,  grinding 
15  bushels   of  hard  wheat  per   hour. 
Messrs.    Kulp   &    Umel    with    similar 
deed  to  two  and  a  half.    A  4  foot  buhr 
driven  by  spur  gears  was  disconnected 
from  turbine  and  connected  to  a  hori- 
zontal shaft  by  a  pair  of  bevel  gears, 
the  driver  having  o(i,   the   driven  42. 
teeth;  a  belt  running  horizontally  from 
another    line    of   shafting  drove    the 
stone      The  power  scale  was  placed  on 
shaft  close  lo  gears  driving  buhr. 

iMr.  J.  W.  Lamb,  of  Constantino, 
Michigan,  an  experienced  miller,  was 
employed  to  do  the  grinding,  com- 
mencing Saturday,  lilth.  After  mak- 
ing some  experiments  he  had  pulleys 
changed,  stones  redressed  and  seemed 
to  take  the  utmost  care  to  make  the 
tests  absolutely  accurate,  and  I  believe 
did  so  ;  four  days  were  expended  in 
making  the  several  trials. 

An  excellent  weir  20  feet  in  length 
was  used  for  measuring  the  discharged 
water.  There  was  a  leakage  of  185  feet 
per  minute  to  be  deducted  from  the 
quantity  flowing  over  the  weir  indicat- 
ed by  the  depth  during  each  test  ex- 
cept the  last. 

A  4s-inch  Leif'el  wheel  was  used,  and 
nearly  at  its  full  capacity  during  the 

The  largest  scale  was  used,  making 
the  trials  tabled  below  so  that  the  rev- 
olution of  shaft  must  be  multiplied 
by  9  to  get  feet  the  load  is  carried  ; 
that  sum  must  be  multiplied  by  the 
weight,  to  find  the  foot  pounds  ;  di- 
viding those  by  33.000  will  show  the 
work  done  in  h.  p. 

Multiply  cubic  feet  by  the  head,  and 
that  sum  by  62.34,  weight  of  a  cubic 
foot  of  water,  to  find  power  of  water 
used. 

Dividing  the  work  power  by  the  power 
of  water  will  show  useful  effect  of  the 
turbine. 

While  making  the  experiment  it  re- 
quired the  miller's  constant  attention 
to  grind  fifteen  bushels  of  wheat  per 
hour  ;  indeed  it  was  evident  that  it 
would  be  impracticable  to  make  a 
business  of  grinding  that  quantity,  so  it  was  found  necessary  to  do  it  upon 
two  stones,  requiring  21  h.  p.  of  water  per  each  run,  grinding  seven  and  a 


half  bushels  per  hour,  or  42  horse  power  for  grinding  fifteen  bushels,  and 

lf  equal  runs  for 


chinery,  to  prepare  the  product  for  market,  would  equal  2(52  J^  a.  p. 
ater  for  the  quantities  deeded.  In  grinding  corn  twenty  bushels  per  h 
as  all  that  could  be  done  well  with  forty-two  h.  p.  of  water  ;  to  grind 


the  forty  bushels  would  require  at  least  eighty-four  and  the  full  hundred  to 
grind  and  prepare  the  meal  for  market,  making  for  the  Sage  Brothers'  mill 
:((i2^  h.  p.  Indeed  I  believe  it  will  be  impossible  under  the  existing  con- 
ditions to  do  that  amount  of  work  with  the  quantity  named. 

Messrs.  Kulp  &  Umel  have  the  right  to  two  fifteen  bushel  runs,  and  ma- 
chinery equal  to  five  run  of  buhrs  grinding  seven  and  a  half  bushels  of 
wheat  per  hour  ;  the  same  rate  entitles  them  to  one  hundred  and  live  h.  p.  of 
water. 

Allowing  the  same  rate  for  the  other  mills,  that  is,  three  h.  p.  of  water 
for  each  two  h.  p.  of  work,  Muzzy's  starch  mills  are  entitled  by  deed  to  one 
hundred  and  thirty-five  h.  p.,  the  Globe  Tissue  Paper  Co.,  ninety,  0.  G.  Conn 
and  the  Knitting  mill  each  forty-five.  These  are  common  rates,  and  the 
grinding  tests  show  the  allowance  to  be  none  too  much,  in  fact  not  enough 
unless  the  head  can  be  kept  somewhere  near  the  height  at  which  the  wheels 
are  set  for.  A  wheel  set  under  nine  feet  head  will  of  course  give  more  power 
under  ten,  but  it  by  no  means  follows  that  it  will  do  it  with  less  water. 

There  were  two  hundred  and  forty-seven  h.  p.  of  water  flowing  through  a 
break  in  the  flush  boards  on  the  dam  January  3,  current  month,  but  the  mills 
on  the  other  side  of  the  river  were  not  at  work,  yet  the  water  in  race  drew 
down  during  the  day. 

Sage  Brothers,  Kulp  &  Umel,  Tissue  Paper  Co.,  Knitting  Mill  Co.,  C.  G. 
Conn  and  Muzzy  Starch  Co.  still  have  an  unused  right  to  .'J(iO  h.  p.  more  of 
water  than  they  take.  If  they  call  for  that  it  is  somewhat  difficult  to  con- 
ceive where  it  is  coming  from. 

My  record  of  measurement  of  discharge  from  turbines  used  in  the  Com- 
bination board,  Excelsior  starch  and  Elkhart  paper  mills,  proved  them  capa- 
ble of  using  five  hundred  h.  p.  of  water,  which,  added  to  the  quantity  deeded 
to  the  other  six  mills  this  side,  make  for  the  two-thirds  this  side  the  river 
1282,  plus  641  for  the  other  side,  equaling  nineteen  hundred  and  twenty  h.  p. 
for  the  whole. 

Six  inches  water  flowing  over  dam  falling  ten  feet  evolves  about  398 
h.  p.  :  9  inches,  730  ;  12  inches,  1120  ;  15  inches,  156!)  ;  Is  inches,  204s. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  though  the  rainfall  may  be  equal  now 
to  what  it  was  fifty  years  ago,  yet  the  cultivation  and  drainage  of  the  land 
causes  a  much  more  rapid  evaporation  and  clearance  of  the  supply  than  for- 
merly. 

The  following  results  obtained  from  measurement  of  water  used  at  differ- 
ent mills  will  prove  my  allowance  for  water  to  produce  the  deeded  power  to 
be  moderate. 

The  rate  of  mills  is  based  upon  some  generally  understood  matter  per- 
taining thereto. 

Cotton  mills  upon  their  number  of  spindles  ;  woolen  mills  upon  number 
of  sets  ;  paper  mills  upon  number  of  tons  made  per  day  ;  flouring  mills  upon 
number  of  barrels  of  flour  per  day.  As  the  rate  of  mill  denotes  its  value,  it  is 
not  likely  to  be  underrated,  and  there  is  often  reason  to  doubt  whether  the 
entire  amount  of  work  is  done  that  its  rate  would  indicate.  Certainly  the 
rate  is  rarely  exceeded. 

To  ascertain  how  much  power  is  required  to  grind  a  bushel  of  wheat,  it  is 
simply  necessary  to  measure  the  water  used  when  tin-  mill  is  doing  its  ordi- 
nary work,  and  divide  the  power  of  that  by  the  bushels  ground  per  hour. 

The  least  power  per  bushel  used  at  any  mill  that  1  have  ever  tested  was 
at  Lanesboro,  Minnesota,  White  &  Beynon  :  3.18  h.  p.  per  bushel  ;  test  made 
in  1874.  New  mill  in  perfect  order.  Head  about  24  feet. 

The  following  results  made  four  years  ago  at  Mishawaka  will  show  what 
a  difference  there  is  in  such  matters,  and  it  is  necessary  that  it  should  be 
considered,  to  understand  what  is  necessary  in  the  case  in  hand. 

ST.  JOSEPH  MILLING  COMPANY,  MISHAWAKA,  July  6,  1884. 
Ordinary  discharge  of  water  8!^  feet  head  6174  cubic  feet  per  minute,  the 
power  of  which  is  93.35  h.  p.    Capacity  of  mill  rated  100  barrels  per  day  of  24 
hours. 


100  barrels  at  4>/o  bushels=450  bushels  -f-  24  hours  =  18.75  bushels  per 
*iour  ;  93.35  h.  p.  -f  18.75  bushels=4.!>7  h.  p.  of  water  per  bushel. 

RIPPLE  MILL,  MISHAAVAKA,  IND.,  July  8, 1884. 

A.  &  J.  H.  EHERHART  &  Co.,  PROPRIETORS.— Ordinary  discharge  of 
water  !i.~>40  cubic  feet  per  minute,  the  power  of  which  is  114.08' h  p  Capac- 
ity of  mill  rated  130  barrels  in  24  hours. 

130  barrels  by  4£  bushels=585  -^  24  hours=24.4  bushels  per  hour  ;  114.08 
h.  p.  -^  24.4  bushels=4.68  h.  p.  of  water  per  bushel. 

MlSHAWAKA  MILL,   MlSHAWAKA,  IND.,  July  11,  1884. 

W.  &  J.  MILLER,  PROPRIETORS.— Ordinary  discharge  of  water  1634 
cubic  feet  per  minute,  the  power  of  which  is  185.72  h.  p.  Capacity  of  mill 
rated  175  barrels  per  day  of  24  hours. 

175  barrels  x  4!/£  bushels  ="787.5  -=-  24  hours=32.8;  185.72  h.  p.  -r  32.8 
bushels=5.(>f>  h.  p.  of  water  per  bushel. 

Highgate.  Vt.,  July  4,  5  and  6,  1885.  1  measured  the  water  discharged 
from  an  excellent  tub  wheel  grinding  wheat,  the  result  was  to  be  used  in  a 
case  in  litigation  and  special  care  was  taken. 

To  grind  the  ordinary  wheat  used  there  it  required  5.2  h.  p.  per  bushel. 
For  the  hard  red  wheat  5.!t  h.  p.  per  bushel. 

Twenty  years  ago  a  revolution  was  taking  place  in  regard  to  the  best 
methods  of  utilizing  the  power  of  falling  water  ;  the  turbine  was  taking  the 
place  of  the  earlier  overshot  and  breast  wheels,  its  compactness  for  its  ca- 
pacity astonished  those  interested,  and  the  claims  for  it  were  so  extravagant 
that  manufacturers  were  bewildered  and  hardly  knew  what  to  do.  The  deeds 
of  that  and  earlier  times  also  were  often  very  indefinite. 

There  were  such  doubts  and  conjectures  about  turbines,  milling  hy- 
draulics, and  dynamics  that  a  series  of  experiments  were  instituted  for  the 
purpose  of  making  such  matters  clear.  Instruments  of  the  simplest  and 
most  accurate  effectiveness  possible  were  substituted  for  the  crude  devices 
then  in  use. 

It  was  a  common  idea  then  that  a  turbine  to  be  really  efficient  should  be 
built  for  the  head  under  which  it  was  to  work  ;  that  an  aperture  would 
not  discharge  proportionally  the  same  under  different  heads  or  different 
sizes  ;  that  more  work  could  be  done  with  the  same  wheel  in  the  night  than 
in  (he  day-time,  etc.,  etc. 

A  testing  tiume  was  constructed  and  for  several  years  turbines  -uerr 
tested  under  18,  12  and  6  foot  heads.  In  rovind  numbers  the  wheel  that  would 
give  KID  h.  p.  under  18  feet,  would  give  but  50  under  12  and  L'O  under  6  feet. 

A  short  experience  proved  many  common  ideas  to  be  fallacious,  the  same 
apertures  discharged  proportionally  for  any  head  and  the  turbine  that  was 
good  under  one  head  was  proportionally  efficient  under  all  others,  and  gave 
the  same  results  night  or  day. 

At  that  time  7,'i  to  75  per  cent,  seemed  to  be  a  sort  of  normal  efficiency  ; 
almost  any  aspirant  for  fame  as  turbine  builder  could  reach  that  point. 

The  deeds  of  the  Elkhart  Hydraulic  Company  are  in  a  measure  based 
upon  the  merits  of  the  American  turbine,  and  as  various  kinds  are  in  use 
under  those  deeds  it  is  essential  to  show  such  to  be  equally  effective, 

•J  he  following  results  obtained  by  tests  of  wheels  built  before  the  system 
of  testing  was  established  will  show  the  efficiency  of  the  ordinary  American 
turbine  for  a  range  of  sizes  : 


66 


AMERICANS  TESTED  THE  DATES  NAMED : 
Test  of  48-inch,  January  29,  1874. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.p'r 
Min. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 

Feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate    

17  65 

1320 

107  8 

86  24 

3418  11 

7.",'  is 

Part  Gate  

1766 

1100 

1103 

73.53 

3010  79 

.7316 

17  76 

960 

104 

co  :>i 

2.",!  14  01 

6948 

"        "     

18.16 

500 

106 

32.12 

1690.47 

.5548 

September  29, 1873,  42-inch,  right  hand. 


Whole  Gate  
Part  Gate  

17.93 
1798 

1200 
990 

113.6 

1185 

61.36 
53.32 

2.-.69.S.-, 
2218  55 

.TiiliO 
.7094 

18.30 

18.45 

650 
440 

120 
119.5 

35.46 

23.90 

1213.'o8 

.7065 
.5666 

October  1,  1873,  42-inch,  left  hand. 


18  00 

980    120 

53.45 

2275  17 

.6946 

18  13 

820  1  121 

45  10 

1918  04 

6884 

"  "  

18.43 

420  |  116.5 

22.24 

1160.60 

.5479 

November  11,  1873,  25-inch  wheel. 


18  30 

260 

207 

"4  46 

983  53 

7isr( 

18  39 

220 

205 

''0  16 

880  49 

"  "  

18.60 

110 

208 

10.40 

5.V..C9 

.5323 

November  12,  1873,  20-inch  wheel. 


Whole  Gate  

18.85 
18  55 

130        253.5 

14.97 

606.54 

.6938 

18  63 

"     

18.77 

50     !    225.5 

5.13 

285.15 

.507.' 

August  5,  1874,  60-inch  wheel. 


Whole  Gate,    1  
3.  
5  

"         9!!!!!!!"! 
««        11  

16.63 
15.94 
14.88 
14.82 
14.91 
14  73 

3000 
2700 
2500 
2550 
2300 
2600 

88.1 
80.3 
80 
76.5 
79.5 

147.27 
131.40 
121.21 
118.22 
110.81 

6358.90 
6220  86 
5S.-59.12 
6848.43 

."MH.  40 

.7315 
.TOl's 
.7394 
.6863 
.6690 

"             13 

14  75 

1  A<V    ' 

Part  Gate,  15  

15  02 

24r>0 

"          17  

15  12 

.it  i  .  ..>} 

on  Vn 

.  (018 

"          23  ...........'. 
"           25  

16.41 

17.88 
15:47 

1400 
050 

3900 

80.5 
68.5 
000 

73.18 
39.43 
000 

369.3.02 
2296.70 
5700.95 

.6404 
.5093 
.0000 

June  7,  1873,  48-inch  wheel. 


Whole  Gate,    1.  

'  '               2  .   . 

11.91 

700 

103.5 

43.90 

l'7"i>.sn 

.7224 

'                3 

'               4  
5.... 

11.92 

850 

96.5 

49.41 

2845.02 

.7484 

'               6  

n'oo 

900 

7  

8  .  . 

11.87 

920 

86.8 

48.40 

2857^54 

'7658 

'               9  

11  92 

'              10  
11  

11.92 
11.92 

860 
880 

88.5 
90.5 

46.43 

is.iy, 

2sl2  50 
2841.77 

.7535 
.7546 

Average  per  cent,  under  most  favorable  conditions,  .7232. 


07 


Leffel  30-Inch,  Tested  in  1872. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight 

Rev.  p'r 
Min 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic" 
Feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

\Vbole  Gate,    1  

15.60 

300 

201 

27.41 

1429.12 

,650 

"                3  

15.54 

320 

194 

28.22 

1455.57 

.662 

*  *               5  

15.48 

340 

187 

28.90 

1403.74 

.675 

"               7  

15.425 

360 

181.5 

29.70 

1469.87 

**               <)     

15.41 

380 

175 

30.23 

1469.87 

.706 

11  

15.395 

400 

175 

31.82 

1471.92 

.743 

"              13  

15.38 

420 

162.5 

31.02 

1471.92 

.725 

"              15  

15.38 

440 

151.5 

30.30 

1471.92 

.708 

11             17  

15.37 

47.5 

136.6 

29.26 

1469.87 

.686 

"             1<)  

15.32 

405 

157.5 

28.99 

1461.76 

.685 

1~>  ;;;;") 

415 

151 

«             23  

-15733 

415 

154 

29.05 

1465.78 

.683 

"             25  

ir>.:;:; 

495 

162 

20.82 

1461  69 

.704 

27  

15.31 

415 

154 

29.05 

1463.74 

.687 

%  Gate,  29  

15.65 

300 

161 

21.95 

1106.73 

.664 

)4      "       31  

K;  11:17 

180 

165 

13.13 

637.42 

.5:il 

Victor  Turbine,  Made  by  Stilwell  &  Bierce,  Dayton,  Ohio, 
Tested  the  Dates  Named. 


Test 

:>f  a  25-ii 

ch  wh« 

el,  July 

>5,  1877. 

No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weigh 

.  Rev.  p'r 
u    Min. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Pei- 
Cent. 

Part  Gate  

Is  04 

625 
600 

200 
198 

56.81 
54  00 

2214.55 

""OS  44 

.7533 
.7192 

18.13 

500 

208 

47.27 

.7042 

Test  of  a  26- inch  wheel,  July  26,  187 


Whole  Gate  

is.:;:; 

18  41 

500 
425 

246 
269 

37.27 
34  64 

l:is7.27 
1°84  30 

.7777 

18.43 

7.97 

390 

75 

246 
246 

29.07 

5.59 

1145.59 

757.93 

.7305 
.4911 

Test  of  a  15-inch  wheel,  March  26, 1878. 


Whole  Gate  

18.34 

Is  10 

300 
300 

323 

321.5 

29.36 

2922 

974 
970 

.8705 
.8808 

18.39 

160 

326.5 

15.83 

755 

.6035 

"  

18.74  ! 

100 

I  320 

9.09 

492 

.5220 

Eclipse  Double  TV 


p,  Manufactured  by  the  same  Co. 


nch  Eclipse  wheel. 


1  Head. 

Kev.p'r 
Minute. 

H.  P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

£ 

18.79 
18.93 

184.5 
170 

33.85 
81.66 

1253 
1214 

.7628 

.7280 

* 

19.10 

173.5 

24.44 

1026 

.6497 

19.10 

165 

18.00 

862 

.5786 

19.18 

166.6 

12.11 

699     l     .4779 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  tabled  tests  of  wheels  that  tha  American  is  not  ex- 
ceptionally economical,  nor  is  it  possible  for  any  wheel  to  be  economical 
where  there  is  a  variation  in  the  head  of  one-third,  though  of  course  a  good 
part  gate  wheel  is  better  than  one  only  efficient  at  whole  gate.  There  is  an 
idea  that  turbines  discharge  60  per  cent,  of  the  theoretical  quantity  due  their 


openings.  The  idea  originated  from  obsolete  wheels  of  the  Fourneyron  type. 
Of  the  modern  wheels  I  have  had  care  of  tabling  hundreds,  yet  have  never 
known  of  one  reaching  55  per  cent,  of  its  opening  ;  52  perhaps  is  a  fair  aver- 
age, 49  about  all  the  American  can  do. 

An  aperture  that  will  measure,  will  discharge  a  trifle  short  of  60  per  cent, 
but  such  aperture  can  never  be  used  in  a  forebay  to  determine  the  quantity 
of  water  used  in  a  mill  ;  it  is  absolutely  impracticable  for  that  purpose. 

A  weir  in  forebay  is  also  impracticable  unless  a  manager  stands  beside  it 
at  all  times  to  give  the  proper  depth  for  quantity,  and  then  only  at  a  serious 
loss  of  head,  and  if  such  weir  is  placed  below  discharge  of  wheel,  it  also 
causes  such  loss  of  head  that  wheels  subject  to  such  changes  can  never  be 
economical. 

To  divide  water  in  proportion  to  ownership  at  dam  or  conduit  with  weir 
belongs  to  the  ideas  of  the  past.  The  water  may  go  through  one  opening  two 
feet  per  second,  the  other  six,  depending  upon  the  size  of  wheels  below.  It 
is  true  that  the  water  cannot  be  drawn  below  crest  of  weir  by  either  party, 
but  the  one  with  the  most  capacious  wheel  will  take  water  in  proportion, 
and  the  expense  of  weir  may  be  saved  by  fixing  upon  a  mark  below  which 
the  water  shall  not  be  drawn. 

A  gate  and  float  arrangement  may  be  put  in  flume  or  forebay  by  which 
proportion  or  quantity  of  water  may  be  delivered  without  perceptible  loss  of 
head,  the  whole  working  automatically  ;  and  \yhile  the  quantity  due  is  ad- 
hered to  the  gate  will  stand  open,  but  if  more  is  attempted  to  be  taken  the 
gate  closes  in  proportion,  and  a  proportional  loss  of  head  results,  though  the 
full  quantity  of  water  is  still  supplied.  The  arrangement  is  simple  and  more 
accurate  than  a  weir,  and  with  it  the  head  is  invariably  kept  at  a  standard 
height ;  if  the  supply  is  sufficient,  it  is  given  in  full,  if  not,  in  proportion. 

With  such  an  arrangement  and  good  wheels  water  may  be  economized  to 
the  highest  practicable  extent. 

More  precaution  will  be  used  in  the  selection  of  wheels  when  the  fact  be- 
comes understood  that  turbine  building  is  not  a  science,  it  is  simply  "  cut 
and  try."  There  are  some  who  can  do  better  than  others,  but  the  best  can- 
not goto  work  and  be  perfectly  sure  to  reach  the  results  aimed  at,  and  how- 
ever well  one  may  do  himself  he  cannot  teach  another  how  to  do  the  same. 
Owing  to  uncertain  causes,  such  a.s  warping  of  patterns,  shrinking  or  expan- 
sion of  castings,  turbines  made  from  the  sam^  patterns  often  differ  exceed- 
ingly in  useful  effect.  Large  wheels  in  particular  are  the  most  likely  to  fail 
because  the  expense  has  prevented  experimenting  upon  them.  A  case  that 
almost  every  manufacturer  of  twenty  years'  experience  will  recall  may  in- 
terest. It  is  of  the  Manville,  R.  I.,  mill  so  profusely  illustrated  in  the  Leffel 
circular  fifteen  years  since.  The  artist  drew  somewhat  upon  his  imagina- 
tion. The  mill  is  shown  with  four  84-inch  wheels,  while  it  never  had  but 
three,  those  being  helped  out  by  an  engine  of  l:;o  indicated  h.  p.  The  tabled 
power  of  the  three  84-inch  wheels  and  the  430  h.  p.  engine  rate  something  like 
1700  h,  p.  The  manager  ran  under  those  conditions  many  years,  then  applied 
to  me  about  procuring  another  84-inch  Leffel  or  some  other  of  like  capacity 
In  the  conversation  that  ensued,  the  question  of  power  was  raised  and  1  told 
him  that  the  whole  mill  did  not  need  *00  h.  p.  The  idea  was  poohed  at,  but 
a  test  soon  proved  that  fact,  and  the  only  thought  since  has  been  to  exchange 
and  get  better  turbines  of  less  size  but  greater  efficiency. 

Intelligent  co-operation  between  those  who  let  and  those  who  use  power 
will  prevent  litigation  and  increase  by  far  the  effectiveness  of  the  power 
used.  But  to  do  this  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  a  turbine  runs  at  a  rela- 
tive velocity  with  the  water  that  propels  it,  and  can  only  doits  best  work  at 
one  point  for  a  given  head,  and  declines  rapidly  either  way  at  any  deviation 
from  that  head  ;  unless  the  wheel  is  exceptionally  good  a'.,  part  gate. 

JAMES  EMERSON. 
ELKHART,  IND.,  January  30, 1889. 


Division  or  Measurement  of  "Water  Power. 

The  time  can  not  be  distant  when  those  interested  will  look  back  and  smile  at 
the  crude  methods  continued  in  use  up  to  this  time  to  determine  the  quantity  of 
water  used  by  the  different  parties  taking  power  from  the  same  fall— methods 
well  enough  a  half  century  since,  when  the  most  of  such  power  was  running  to 
waste,  but  simply  ridiculous  now,  when  the  demand  is  far  beyond  the  supply. 

The  float  method  in  use  at  Lowell  can  hardly  be  considered  anything  more 
than  a  preliminary  to  guessing  at  the  quantity  used.  It,  however,  does  not 
interfere  with  the  operations  of  the  mills,  but  any  agent  may  favor  his  discharge 

occurred  at  times.  Mr.  Francis  has  seemed  ready  to  adopt  a  better  plan,  when- 
ever such  is  found,  thougK  his  many  cares  have  prevented  him  from  experiment- 
ing personally  for  the  purpose  of  developing  one. 

There  are  or  were  various  methods  in  use  at  Lawrence— wiers  here,  shanties 
there;  weirs  to  measure,  leaks,  a  weir  to  test  the  tenter — examinations  of  appa- 
rent gate  opening,  examinations  in  every  conceivable  place  except,  perhaps,  the 
right  one.  Yet,  what  would  the  whole  amount  to  in  case  those  interested  should 
combine  for  the  purpose  of  deceiving  those  making  the  measurements?  It.  is 
not  likely  that  such  a  combination  exists,  but  a  method  that  c 
that  way  is  a  very  imperfect  one,  and  the  use  of  such  indicate 
"  fertility  in  expedients"  necessary  to  meet  emergencies  so  common  in  the  engi- 
neering business.  The  continued  dependence  upon  old  foreign  methods  is  dis- 
creditable alike  to  those  having  charge  of  the  immense  water  powers  of  this 
country  and  the  ingenuity  of  our  people. 

Several  years  ago,  and  before  any  arrangements  were  made  for  measuring  the 
power  at  Ilolyoke,  I  advised  the  agent  of  the  Water  Power  Co.  to  arrange  to 
measure  the  discharge  from  the  mills,  then  being  constructed,  in  the  tail-race  of 
each  ;  also  to  have  all  wheels  that  were  to  be  used  in  Ilolyoke  tested  before  being 


•ind 

with  a 

previous  discharge  in  a  testing  flume,  when  the  whe 

B< 

<"iu«e  -i  wheel 

can  dis 
used  in 

•harge  i>oOO  cubic  feet  per  minute,  it  by  no  means  folk 

ws  t 
tuall 

nit  quantity  is 
y  ret  uired,  to 

have  a  surplus  power  for  emergencies.  The  buckets  and  chutes  of  a  wheel 
become  rough,  get  broken,  become  clogged,  or  it  would  require  but  little  inge- 
nuity to  so  change  the  gate  arrangement  as  to  deceive  completely  as  to  the  state 
of  gate  opening.  Any  pretense  of  giving  the  discharge  of  one  wheel  by  com- 

Earison  with  that  found  by  test  of  another  of  the  same  make,  could  only  be  done 
y  ignoring  the  knowledge  gained  from  a  dozen  years  of  constant  experience  in 
tin-bine  testing,  namely :  That  builders  are  constantly  changing  their  plans; 
still  further,  that  two  wheels  designed  to  be  exactly  alike,  made  from  the  same 
pattern,  often  vary  wildly  in  their  discharge.  In  short,  the  adoption  of  such  a 
plan  for  measurement  would  have  been  the  acknowledgment  of  such  ignorance 
and  incompetency  in  such  matters,  that  I  advised  a  series  of  experiments  for  the 
purpose  of  finding  an  accurate  but  simple  and  inexpensive  plan  for  measure- 
ment of  the  water  used  by  manufacturers,  free  from  interference  with  the  work 
of  the  mill,  or  that  could  be  affected  by  parties  interested.  The  purpose  was 
suggested  in  the  last  edition  of  this  work,  in  the  description  of  the  Ilolyoke 


70 


Testing  Flume.  It  is  a  pleasure  to  state  that  that  purpose  has  been  accom- 
plished by  the  finding  of  a  simple  automatic  method  by  which  the  water  flowing 
over  any  fall  may  be  accurately  measured  or  divided,  so  that  each  owner  can 
have  the  exact  quantity  belonging  to  him  and  no  more,  unless  by  consent  of  the 
others.  The  operation  is  continuous.  An  illustration  of  the  plan  may  be  seen 
upon  next  page. 

D  represents  the  ordinary  head  gate  to  race,  raised  sufficiently  to  supply  the 
mill  and  keep  the  water  to  its  proper  height.  K  represents  a  wicket  gate  placed 
in  the  lower  end  of  race  and  near  penstock,  in  which  the  turbine  stands.  T,  a 
cylindrical  tank,  with  a  square  recess  on  one  side  near  the  bottom.  In  this  re- 
cess there  are  two  openings:  one  to  let  the  water  in,  and  another  to  let  it  out 
down  through  the  pipe,  C.  shown  by  dotted  lines.  These  openings  are  opened  or 
closed  by  the  swinging  cover  or  valve,  e,  which  works  upon  the  center  pivot,  t. 
The  valve  is  connected  to  the  float,  F,  by  a  rod  connected  at  x.  In  the  tank,  T, 
there  is  placed  the  float,  N,  which  has  a  rigid  central  shaft  projecting  upwards, 
connecting  at  the  upper  end  to  the  wicket  gate,  K,  by  the  bell  crank,  A,  and 
rod,  B. 

OPERATION. 

The  head  gate,  D,  is  raised  sufficiently  to  keep  the  canal,  race  or  flume  filled 
to  a  fixed  water  level,  when  the  quantity  agreed  upon  is  being  used.  The  float 
buoy,  F,  is  half  submerged  at  that  time,  and  both  the  openings  in  the  tank,  T, 
are  closed  or  opened  alternately  in  a  slight  degree  with  the  oscillations  of  the 
surface  water  acting  upon  the  float,  F.  The  wicket  gate  is  kept  at  a  fixed  open- 
ing so  long  as  the  draught  is  constant.  Suppose,  however,  the  mill  owner 
attempts  to  take  more  than  agreed  upon,  and  opens  his  wheel  gates  accordingly? 
The  velocity  of  water  in  the  race  instantly  increases,  the  surface  level  drops,  a'i:d 
with  it  the  float,  F,  which  opens  the  inlet  to  the  tank,  T,  and,  as  that  tills,  the 
floating  buoy,  N,  rises,  and  the  wicket,  K,  closes  until  the  velocity  is  checked 
and  the  surface  level  is  restored  to  its  proper  position.  If  it  becomes  too  liiiji. 
the  float,  F,  opens  the  outlet  and  the  water  in  tank,  T,  is  discharged  <lo«n 
through  the  pipe,  C,  shown  by  dotted  lines.  This  opens  the  wicket  more,  so 
that  the  quantity  due  the  mill  is  always  ready,  if  the  general  supply  is  sufficient ; 
if  not,  then  all  the  head  gates  upon  the  fall  are  to  be  opened  in  proportion,  so 
that  each  mill  will  invariably  get  its  share.  If  one  attempts  to  take  more,  he 
will  simply  lose  power  through  loss  of  head,  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  he 
unjustly  tries  to  appropriate. 

To  measure  or  deliver  a  given  quantity,  it  is  only  necessary  to  adjust  the 
wicket  gate  in  unison  with  the  proper  surface  leVel  until  the  discharge  is  the 
exact  quantity  agreed  upon,  which  may  be  determined  by  a  weir  below,  or  in 
any  manner  that  may  be  selected;  then,  when  the  discharge  is  right,  secure  the 
wicket  gate  and  floats  in  a  manner  beyond  chance  for  change,  unless  by  consent. 

The  method  is  not  theoretical,  for  I  have  had  it  in  use  many  months  and  have 
watched  its  operation  daily.  It  is  sensitive  far  beyond  my  anticipations  when 
first  planned.  It  may  be  easily  applied  to  the  turbines  or  other  devices  used 
to  operate  head  or  overflow  gates.  With  its  aid  the  surface  level  in  a  canal  or 
race  may  be  kept  constant,  so  that  the  most  perfect  economy  is  practicable,  for 
it  prevents  the  drawing  down  of  head  and  the  use  of  an  unnecessary  quantity  of 
water  to  make  up  therefor.  It  will  not  strike  for  higher  pay,  go  to  sleep,  or 
become  careless.  I  believe  it  to  be  perfectly  practicable  for  measuring  or  divid- 
ing water  used  for  power  under  any  condition  likely  to  occur,  and  far  more  accu- 
rately and  cheaply  than  any  other  plan  known. 

By  using  a  hanging  balanced  gate,  like  Fig  2,  and  which  may  be  operated  sub- 
stantially as  the  wicket  described,  a  perfect  aperture  discharge  may  be  obtained. 
Such  a  gate  may  be  used  temporarily  at  almost  any  mill,  as  now  arranged,  and 
at  any,  as  they  may  be  arranged  ;  so  that  wheels  may  be  tested  in  the  mills  where 
they  are  used,  without  detention,  instead  of  necessitating  u  testing  flume  made 
purposely  for  such  tests. 

A  special  testing  flume  in  the  future  can  onlv  denote  incompetency.  for  every 
mill  may  and  should  bo  a  perfect  te<timr  apparatus  by  which  the  slightest  defect 
in  efficiency  or  power  should  instantly  be  made  apparent.  Competition  will 
soon  compel  greater  economy  in  manufactures,  and  particularly  in  the  power 
required;  and  certainly  a  vast  savins  is  possible  in  that,  for  there  are  thousands 
and  tens  of  thousands  of  tons  of  coal  annually  consumed  in  the  New  England 
States  alone,  to  make  up  for  the  water  power  wasted  through  ignorance  or  thrift 
less  management. 


Turbine  Against  Breast  Wheel. 


BREAST  WHEEL 


Messrs.  Smith,  Nortliam  &  Robinson,  of  Hartford,  Ct.,  have  a  grist  mill  four 
miles  from  Hartford,  that  had  n  breast  wheel  10  feet  in  diameter,  13  feet  length 
of  buckets,  divided  into  three  sections  of  4  feet  4  inches  each  ;  the  buckets  were 
18  inches  in  depth;  three  piles,  in  sections  to  correspond  with  wheel ;  the  upper 
gale  opening,  5| inches;  the  next  lower,  3£;  the  bottom  one,  :;£  inches;  head, 
12  feet.  The  breast  wheel  was  supposed  to  be  so  superior  to  a  turbine,  that  it 
had  been  kept  in,  though  it  was  troubled  much  by  ice  during  each  winter.  The 
firm  consulted  me  upon  the  subject,  and,  after  months  of  hesitation,  concluded 
to  change,  and  to  follow  iny  directions  upon  the  following  terms :  The  turbines 
to  be  selected  by  me,  and  tested  before  acceptance;  the  plans  for  change  to  be 
furnished  by  Wra.  J.  Sunnier;  my  remuneration  to  be  a  barrel  of  bran  or  flour, 
according  to  my  success.  A  weir  was  constructed  in  the  stream  below  the  mill; 
the  breast  wheel  and  turbine  to  be  tested  in  the  mill,  by  grinding— the  di>- 
charge  to  be  measured  from  each  below  the  mill,  under  exactly  the  same  con- 
ditions. The  turbines,  20  and  'Jo-inch  New  American,  were  tested  by  me  at  IIol- 
yoke  before  acceptance.  Results  are  given  below. 

25-lNCH  NEW  AMERICAN  WHEEL,  TESTED  OCT.  15,  1880. 


Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
Minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Percentage 

16.29 

400 

219.5 

39.90 

1583 

.8193 

16.31 

32r> 

225 

33.23 

1337 

.8266 

16.31 

325 

219 

32.35 

IMC 

.8410 

16.33 

250 

218.5 

24.82 

1032                      .TTTii 

16.48 

175 

224.6 

17.86 

7*4                      .7318 

20-lNCH  NEW  AMERICAN  WHEEL,  TESTED  OCT.  14,  18SO. 


Head 

Weight 

Hev  per 
Minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Percentage 

15.20 

290 

260.5 

22.89 

1001 

.7968 

15.38 

255 

258 

19.91 

840 

.8180 

15.41 

230 

258 

17.98 

754 

.8192 

15.45 

210 

252 

16.03 

671 

.8188 

15.63 

155 

253 

11.88 

522 

.77US 

Before  taking  the  breast  wheel  out,  it  was  tested  by  grinding  corn  and  measur- 
ing water  below.  The  stones  were  sharp  and  in  good  condition.  The  head  was 
12  feet ;  gates  opened  in  full.  Ground  old  corn  coarse,  but  very  sharp,  clean,  even 
grit  meal.  The  change  was  made;  then  the  turbines  were 'tested  in  the  same 
way,  but  I  think  the  corn  stones  were  not  in  so  good  condition  as  when  the 
breast  wheel  was  tried,  but  maybe  mistaken.  New  corn  was  ground  with  the 
25-inch  turbine.  The  coarsest  part  of  the  meal  was  as  near  like  that  ground  by 
the  breast,  wheel  as  was  possible  to  make  it;  but  it  was  uneven,  much  of  it 
being  quite  line.  This  was  attributed  to  its  being  made  from  new  corn.  The 
miller  made  every  effort  to  make  the  trial  fair.  The  results  are  given  below. 
The  rye  stone  was  driven  bv  the  20-inch  wheel,  the  gate  being  opened  about 
two-thirds— all  that  could  be  used.  The  Hour  produced  was  the  nicest  I  have 
ever  seen  made  from  rye. 

TEST  OF  BREAST-WHEEL,  AT  FULL  GATE. 

Head,  12  feet;  length  of  wejjy40  feet;  depth  on  weir,  8  13-16  inches;  quantity 
nf  water,  1259  cubic  feet  per  minute;  28.08  horsepower.  Ground  20;">0  pounds 
per  hour,  or  }.'.',  bushels  per  each  horse  power  of  water  used. 

TEST  OF  25-lNCH  NEW  AMERICAN  WHEEL, 

Ii  having  replaced  the  above-mentioned  breast  wheel.  Head  and  length  of  weir 
the  same. 

Full  Gate.— Depth  on  weir,  8  ln-16  inches;  1260  cubic  feet  per  minute;  28.7 
horse  power.  Ground  352S  pounds  per  hour,  or  2.2  bushels  per  each  horse 
power  of  water  used. 

(rate  Opened  Two-thirds.— Depth  on  weir,  7  15-16  inches;  1059  cubic  feel  per 
minute;  24  horse  power.  Ground  29JO  pounds  per  hour,  or  2.10  bushels  per 
each  horse  power  of  water  used. 

Gate  Half  Opened.— Depth  on  weir,  7  inches;  879  cubic  feet  per  minute  ;  19.9 
horse  power.  Ground  241)0  pounds  per  hour,  or  2.1  bushels  per  each  horse 
power  of  water  used. 

TEST  OF  20-lNcii  NEW  AMERICAN  WHEEL  IN  SAME  MILL. 

Depth  on  weir,  6J  inches;  789  cubic  feet;  17.9  horse  power.  Ground  four 
bushels  of  rye  in  seventeen  minutes,  or  14.1  bushels  per  hour.  Eighty  per 

cent,  of  power  of  water  used;  14.".  horse  power,  or  substantially  a  bushel  per 
horse  power. 
After  a  few  weeks'  time,  the  proprietors  sent  me  a  barrel  of"  Pillsbury's  best." 


Burning  or  Wearing  Down  of  Step 

May,  and  does  happen  with  any  make  of  turbines.  Two  turbines  of  the  same 
make,  seemingly  exactly  alike,  and  placed  in  a  pit  side  by  side,  the  step  of  one 
may  wear  down  monthly,  the  other  not  at  all.  The  cause  was  attributed  to 
pressure  from  downward  discharge;  but  if  oightv  per  cent,  is  used  to  rotate 
wheel,  the.  other  twenty  would  be  no  more  weight  with  downward  than  any 
<>t her  discharge.  The  Swain  was  noted  for  wearing  down  step.  I  knew  of  one 
21-inch  wheel  that  had  nineteen  steps  in  thirteen  months.  Others  of  the  make 
had  to  be  suspended  by  collars  on  shaft.  A  36-inch  wheel  of  the  kind  was 
sent  to  me  to  be  tested.  A  collar  that  should  have  been  on  to  keep  wheel  in 
place  was  left  off.  When  the  gate  was  opened,  the  pressure  raised  the  wheel  and 
brake,  and  it  was  impossible  to  test  it  until  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  were 
added  to  the  brake  to  keep  the  wheel  down  upon  the  step.  The  Boydeu  wheels 
used  at  Lowell  are  suspended  by  neck  on  shaft,  as  are  the  Kilburn  &  Lincoln 
wheel  of  Fall  River.  The  Kisdon  has  a  counterpoise  above  the  wheel,  drum- 
shaped  (see  his  new  wheel).  Many  plans  have  been  tried.  A  common  one  is  to 
channel  top  of  step;  another  is  to  lead  water  from  the  penstock  through  apiece 
of  %-inch  steam  pipe,  to  bottom  of  step— a  hole  up  through  first  being  made  ; 
some  chamber  the  lower  part  of  step,  then  make  numerous  small  holes  up 
through,  like  the  top  of  a  pepper-box,  taking  water  from  the  flume  through 
pipe.  Great,  weight  upon  the  step  in  the  way  of  .shafting,  gearing,  &c..,  should 
be  avoided  when  possible. 


Railroad  Suggestions. 

It  may  be  said  that  such  suggestions  are  out  of  place  in  a  work  of  this  kind, 
but  my  experience  has  been  gained  from  experiments  made  in  many  parts  of  the 
country  —  often  in  very  distant  parts  —  ami  the  railroads  have  much  to  do  with 
my  ability  to  obtain  such  experience,  consequently  are  part  of  the  instruments  I 
work  with. 

The  rather  common  practice  of  roasting  car-loads  of  passengers,  when  col- 
lisions or'other  accidents  occur  upon  our  railroads,  has  caused  an  agitation  of 
the  subject  of  car-heating.  Safety  as  well  as  comfort  is  desired.  The  ancient 
and  semi-barbarous  plan  of  placing  a  stove  at  each  end  fails  to  give  either,  while 
such  stoves  take  space  for  eight  seats,  disfigure  and  injure  the  cars,  half  roast  a 
few  near  them,  leaving  the  larger  proportion  to  sit  with  cold  feet  and  generally 
uncomfortable  throughout  the  passage.  Why  not  have  a  boiler  for  heal  ing 
placed  in  the  baggage  car,  to  furnish  steam  for  heating  the  passenger  cars  with 
safety  ? 

Another  want,  is  light  trains  between  commercial  centres  and  neighboring 
cities—  trains  that  may  readily  be  stopped  and  started,  something  as  borac-cari 
are  ;  that  is,  within  reasonable  distances.  Such  trains  should  be  made  up  of 
light  engines  and  cars,  and  have  commutation  fares.  With  such  in  operation, 
there  would  be  no  need  of  the  heavy  or  through  trains  stopping  so  often.  The 
manager  of  the  ordinary  railroad  should  feel  ashamed  to  have  a  horse-railroad 
run  for  miles  alongside,"  as  from  Boston  to  Lynn,  and  pay  expenses. 

Sunday  trains  on  all  roads  arc  also  much  needed.  Those  who  object  to  such, 
are  impracticable  persons,  who  do  it  through  ignorance,  and  without  considera- 
tion of  the  changes  that  have  taken  place  since  (he  Jewish  Sabbath  was  institu- 
ted. At  that  time,  labor  was  continued  for  from  fourteen  to  sixteen  hours  per 
day;  indeed,  it  is  within  the  memory  of  those  of  middle  age,  when  the  hours  of 
labor  were  nearly  the  same  in  the  New  England  States.  Asa  day  for  rest.  Sun- 
day has  no  such  claim  as  formerly.  The  God  of  Moses  had  reason  for  requiring 
such  a  day;  but  the  God  of  to-day  has  not.  Besides,  ages  of  experience  lias 
proved  that  He  has  been  cheated  constantly,  for  the  most  bigoted  believer  lias 
never  hesitated  to  lie  in  bed  three  hours  later  Sunday  than  other  mornings  ;  then, 
at  evening,  say  :  "  Well,  boys,  we  have  got  a  hard  day's  work  to  do  to-morrow, 
so  we  must  go  to  bed  early."  All  nature  ignores  the  day  :  the  billows  rage  as 


fiercely,  the  thunder  is  as  loud,  the  tempest  is  as  destructive,  the  blossoms 
beautiful,  vegetation  and  animal  life  as  progressive  upon  that  as  upon  any  other 
day  in  the  week.     In  Moses'  time,  families  and  tribes  were  separated  but  little. 


How  different  now!  Business  necessities  often  separate  the  nearest  rel 
The  father  of  a  family  is  often  hundreds  of  miles  away.  It  has  happened  three 
times  in  my  own  experience  that  telegrams,  announcing  the  dying  condition  of 
members  of  my  family,  have  been  received  late  Saturday  evening,  and  it  is  not 
likely  my  experience  in  that  way  is  exceptional.  Those  who  desire  to  observe 
the  day  as  sacred,  should  be  allowed  to  do  so  without  hindrance  ;  but  it  is  very 
different  when  such  believers  trv  to  compel  all  others  to  do  the  same.  Our  pris- 
ons are  filled  with  theoretical  believers  in  the  idea,  if  we  may  judge  from  the 
declarations  of  those  about  to  be  hanged  for  murder.  If  such  is  the  effect  of  be- 
lieving one  day  better  than  another,  would  it  not  be  better  to  teach  that  all  days 
are.  good,  and  mix  religion  with  business? 


Water  Supply  for  Cities. 

Now  that  there  is  a  general  complaint  of  waste  of  water,  and  apprehension 
that  the  supply  will  soon  be  much  less  than  the  demand,  would  it  not  be  well  to 
have  a  high  service  for  extinguishing  fires,  and  a  low  one  for  domestic  use,  or 
have  the  discharge  for  the  latter  retarded?  The  unthinking  user  leaves  a  fan-  "I 
open  just  as  long,  in  most  cases,  where  the  pressure  is  a  hundred  pounds  f  sv 
inch  as  where  it  is  onlv  five  or  ten. 


Apparatus  for  Regulating  the  Flow  and  Delivery 

of  Water  Through  Canals,  Flumes,  and 

Water-Ways. 

Specification    Forming  part    of    Letters   Patent    No.  275,371, 
dated  April    10,    1883. 


The  object  of  my  invention  is,  first,  to  maintain  water  in  a  canal  or  water- 
way at  a  uniform  height  during  its  passage  to  the  outlet  or  flume  ;  second, 
from  this  established  uniform  height  of  water  in  the  canal  or  water-way  to 
make  a  proportional  division  of  the  water  at  the  outlets,  giving  to  each  con- 
sumer of  water  at  his  respective  outlet  the  amount  of  water  to  which  each  is 
entitled,  or  a  proportional  amount  of  the  whole  to  which  each  is  entitled  ; 
third,  to  measure  the  amount  given  to  each  ;  and,  fourth,  to  prevent  any  one 
•A  the  consumers  from  using  any  more  water  than  he  is  entitled  to,  the 
whole  apparatus  operating  automatically,  and  being  based  on  the  Jtxed  taw 
that  any  given  velocity  of  water  is  acquired  through  a  corresponding  loss  of 
head. 

This  apparatus  is  applicable  to  be  used  at  falls  where  the  water  is  owned 
by  several  parties  and  is  to  be  proportionally  divided  between  them.  It  is 
also  applicable  for  use  where  the  water  is  owned  by  one  company  or  owner, 
and  is  sold  or  leased,  and  a  stated  quantity  is  to  be  measured  out  to  each 
purchaser  or  to  each  party  leasing.  It  is  also  applicable  for  use  for  govern- 
ing the  flow  of  water  from  reservoirs,  where  water  is  stored  for  irrigation  or 
for  manufacturing  purposes,  and  also  for  regulating  the  height  of  water  in 
rivers  or  ponds  to  prevent  backflowage  in  cases  where  movable  dams  or  flush- 
boards  are  employed.  1  accomplish  these  objects  by  the  apparatus  substan- 
tially as  hereinafter  described,  and  illustrated  in  the  accompanying  draw- 
ings, in  which— 

Figure  I.  is  apian  view  representing  a  canal,  and  showing  my  invention  as 
applied  to  the  opei-ation  of  wicket-gates,  or  those  pivoted  in  a  vertical  posi- 
tion at  one  end  of  the  canal,  for  the  head  gates,  and  also  at  the  other  end, 
or  at  the  flumes,  where  the  water  would  be  drawn  from  the  canal  and  used 
for  manufacturing  or  other  purposes.  Fig.  II.  is  a  vertical  section  of  the  same 
at  line  A  of  Fig.  I.  Fig.  III.  is  a  plan  view  representing  a  canal  provided 
with  vertical  sliding  head-gates  at  one  end,  and  the  gates  at  the  other  end  or 
in  the  flumes,  where  the  water  would  be  drawn  from  the  canal  for  use,  being 
pivoted  to  or  hung  upon  a  bar  placed  in  a  horizontal  position.  Fig.  IV.  is  an 
enlarged  plan  view  of  a  flume  and  draft-tube,  with  a  swinging  gate  hung  in 
said  Hume  and  operated  according  to  my  invention  in  dividing  and  measur- 
ing the  water  drawn  from  the  canal  through  said  Hume.  Fig.  V.  is  a  part 
vertical  section  of  the  same  at  line  B  of  Fig.  IV.,  showing  the  swinging  gate 
and  the  lifting-float  which  operates  it  and  the  draft-tube  and  also  a  part  ver- 
tical section  at  line  D  of  Fig  IV.,  showing  the  construction  of  the  governing- 
float  which  operates  the  valve  controlling  the  flow  of  water  into  and  out  of 
the  tank  containing  the  lifting-float.  Fig.  VI.  is  a  vertical  section  of  the  valve 
and  its  case,  which  controls  the  flow  of  water  into  and  out  of  the  tank  con- 
taining the  lifting-float,  at  line  E  of  Fig.  V.  Figs.  VII.,  VIII.,  and  IX.  are  sec- 
tional views  representing  details  of  the  valve  and  its  case  as  applied  to  and 
used  at  the  flumes  or  outlets  of  the  canal. 

In  the  drawings,  let  1  represent  the  side  walls  of  a  canal  or  water-way,  at. 
one  end  of  which  is  made  the  ordinary  bulk-head,  as  b,  provided  with  gates, 
as  2,  to  admit  the  water  into  the  canal  or  water-way  when  opened  for  that 
purpose. 

The  ordinary  head-gates  may  be  used  ;  but  in  this  application  I  have  shown 
pivoted  gates,  as  being  more  easily  operated,  this  class  of  gates  being  shown, 
a«  at  4,  pivoted  at  5  in  the  bulk-head  at  one  end  of  the  canal,  1,  and  in  the 


flumes  at  the  opposite  end  of  the  canal,  in  Figs.  I.  and  II.  In  the  use  of  this 
pivoted  gate  to  control  the  flow  of  water,  the  gate  being  set  in  an  upright 
position  to  turn  upon  its  post  5  as  a  pivot,  an  arm,  as  0,  is  secured  t<>  its  up- 
per end,  to  which  is  attached  a  horizontal  rod,  7,  connected  with  one  arm  of 
a  bell-crank  lever,  8,  pivoted  at  9,  the  other  arm  being  connected  with  n  ver- 
tical rod,  as  10,  extending  through  the  top  of  a  tank  containing  a  float,  I:;,  to 
which  the  lower  end  of  the  rod  10  is  secured.  A  smaller  tank,  as  15.  is  made 
upon  or  is  so  connected  with  the  canal  or  its  side  wall  that  the  water  may 
flow  freely  into  said  tank,  either  by  making  the  side  next  the  canal  wall 
open,  as  at  14,  or  by  connecting  said  tank  with  the  canal  by  a  pipe,  with  its 
end  opening  into  the  canal,  so  that  the  water  of  the  canal  may  now  through 
said  pipe  into  the  lower  portion  of  the  tank  to  fill  the  latter  iip  to  tin-  sunn- 
level  as  the  water  iu  the  canal.  This  tank,  as  15,  I  make  preferably  of  rect- 
angular form,  and  it  contains  a  float,  1(1,  which  I  make  of  a  form  iif  horizon- 
tal section  to  fit  approximately  the  interior  of  the  tank,  but  so  that  the  float 
may  move  up  and  down  freely,  but  not  revolve  therein.  This  float  may  be 
m:ide  of  any  suitable  buoyant  material  ;  but  I  prefer  to  make  it  of  sum.-  thin 
sheet  metal,  and  hollow,  and  perfectly  water-tight.  A  socket,  as  24,  extends 
vertically  through  this  float,  through  which  extends  a  rod,  17,  whose  upper 
end  has  a  screw-thread  made  thereon,  adapted  to  receive  a  nut,  as  1>,  turned 
on  to  the  upper  end  of  the  rod,  with  a  shoulder,  h,  above  and  below  the  float. 
and  this  rod  17  extends  down  through  the  bottom  of  this  tank  15.  with  its 
lower  end  attached  to  an  arm,  20,  secured  to  the  hub  of  a  valve.  73,  inclosed 
within  and  fitting  a  cylindrical  valve-case,  19,  the  hub  extending  out 
through  the  case  at  its  axis.  This  valve-plug  fits  the  interior  of  the  case,  so 
as  to  move  freely  therein,  and  is  approximately  of  semi-cylindrical  form,  of 
sufficient  extent  in  its  circumference  to  cover  the  inlet  and  outlet  ports  in  tin- 
case,  and  a  pipe,  21,  opens  atone  end  into  the  canal  and  at  the  other  end 
into  the  valve-case,  19,  at  the  periphery,  at  the  upper  side,  so  that  the  water 
may  pass  from  the  canal  through  this  pipe  into  the  valve-case.  The  opening 
of  this  pipe  in  the  valve-case  forms  its  inlet-port,  and  the  opening  of  a  pipe, 
23,  into  the  valve-case,  on  its  lower  side  and  nearly  opposite  the  pipe  21, 
forms  the  outlet-port  of  the  valve-case,  this  pipe  or  opening  23  being  merely 
to  permit  the  water  to  flow  out  of  the  valve-case  and  to  conduct  it  away  1<> 
some  waste-conduit,  if  desired.  Another  pipe,  22.opening  into  the  valve-case 
at  the  side,  extends  to  and  opens  within  the  tank  11,  preferably  in  its  lower 
portion. 

It  will  be  seen  by  referring  to  Fig.  VII.  that  when  the  arm  20  (shown  in 
dotted  lilies  in  that  figure)  is  in  a  horizontal  position  the  inlet-port  or  open- 
ing of  the  lower  end  of  the  pipe  21  in  the  valve-case  is  closed,  being  covered 
by  the  tipper  end  of  the  valve  73,  and  the  opening  of  the  upper  end  of  tin- 
pipe  23  in  the  valve-case  or  outlet-port  is  covered  by  the  lower  end  of  the 
valve  73. 

By  referring  to  Fig.  VIII.  it  will  be  seen  that  when  the  arm  20  (shown  in 
dotted  lines)  is  inclined  above  a  horizontal  position  the  valve  is  moved  so  as 
to  open  the  upper  or  inlet  port  and  close  the  lower  or  outlet  port,  and  when 
this  arm  is  inclined  below  its  horizontal  position  the  upper  or  inlet  port  is 
closed  and  the  lower  or  outlet  port  is  opened,  as  shown  in  Fig.  IX.  Of  course 
with  the  valve  in  this  position,  shown  in  Fig.  VII.,  water  can  neither  flow  into 
the  valve-case  through  the  pipe  21  nor  out  of  it  through  the  pipe  23 ;  but  with 
the  valve  in  the  position  shown  in  Fig.  VII  t.  water  may  flow  into  the  valve- 
case  through  the  pipe  21,  and  thence  through  the  pipe  22  into  the  tank  11.  to 
raise  the  float  therein,  anil  with  the  valve  in  the  position  shown  in  Fig.  IX. 
water  may  flow  out  of  the  tank  11  into  the  valve-case,  and  thence  out  throimh 
the  pipe  23.  It  will  be  seen  that  by  this  construction  of  valve  the  latter  may 
be  "moved  with  the  least  possible  friction  in  its  case,  and  a  very  slight  change 
in  the  height  of  the  water  in  the  canal  to  change  the  vertical  position  of  the 
float  16  will  be  sufficient  to  operate  the  valve  to  open  or  close  the  ports  in  its 
case. 

Referring  to  Fig.  II.,  suppose  it  is  desired  to  maintain  the  water  in  the 
canal  at  the  height  indicated  by  the  dotted  line  L.  The  permanent  or  slid- 
ing head-gates,  as  2,  are  raised'to  give  the  desired  opening  for  the  water  to 
flow  in,  and  the  nut  18  is  turned  on  to  the  upper  end  of  the  rod  17  until  the 
float  If,  in  the  tank  15  is  sustained  at  the  height  shown  in  Fig.  II.  by  the  water 
which  flows  into  said  tank  from  the  canal.  While  in  this  position  the  valve 
is  held  in  the  position  shown  in  dotted  lines  in  Fig.  II.,  and  the  water  flows 


FIG.L 


78 


from  the  canal  through  the  pipe  21,  case  19,  and  pipe  22  into  the  tank  11, 
raising  the  float  13  into  the  upper  part  of  the  tank  and  holding  the  pivoted 
.  sate  4  wide  open,  or  in  a  position  lengthwise  the  canal,  as  shown  in  Fig.  1., 
so  that  the  water  may  flow  into  the  canal  past  the  gate  4,  on  each  side  the 
latter  •  but  as  the  float  16  is  so  adjusted,  if  the  water  should  rise  in  the  canal, 
the  float  16  would  be  raised,  and  the  arm  20  of  the  valve  would  be  inclined 
above  a  horizontal  position  and  the  valve  moved  into  a  position  to  open  the 
outlet-port  into  the  pipe  23  and  close  the  inlet-port  from  the  pipe  21,  and  the 
water  would  flow  out  from  the  tank  11  through  the  pipes  i>2  and  2:;,  and  t  he- 
valve  and  the  float  13  would  fall  and  close  the  gate  4,  or  partially  close  it. 
until  the  water  should  fall  nearly  to  the  desired  level  at  the  line  L,  and 
when  the  inlet  port  or  pipe  21  began  to  open  as  the  float  16  was  lowered  by 
the  fall  of  the  water  the  tank  would  be  slowly  filled  again  and  the  float  1.; 
would  rise,  and  the  gate  4  would  be  gradually  opened  t<>  keep  up  the  supply 
of  water  in  the  canal.  This  float  16  may  be  so  nicely  adjusted  by  turning  the 
nut  18  either  up  or  down  that  the  slightest  rise  of  water  in  the  canal,  and 
consequently  in  the  tank  15,  will  operate  the  float  16,  and  the  valve  and  the 
gate  4  will  be  shut  sufficiently  to  keep  out  the  excess  of  water  over  that 
required  for  use  in  the  canal.  The  gate  4  is  always  wide  open  as  long  as  the 
water  remains  at  the  lowest  desired  level,  and  when  the  water  rises  above 
this  level  the  gate  4  is  partially  shut. 

The  flumes,  as  25,  at  the  points  along  the  canal  where  the  water  is  drawn 
therefrom,  may  be  supplied  with  the  same  kind  of  gate,  4,  each  of  which  is 
operated  by  float  16,  valve  and  its  case  l!i,  and  lifting-float  13  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  head-gate  is  operated,  as  above  described,  except  that  the  arm 
6  is  attached  to  the  post  or  pivot  5  of  the  gate  in  an  opposite  position  from 
that  in  which  it  is  attached  to  said  post  or  pivot  at  the  supply  end  of  the 
canal.  These  flume-gates  also  operate  to  partially  close  and  prevent  any 
excess  of  water  from  passing  into  the  flume  over  that  amount  previously 
determined  upon.  For  example,  suppose  a  manufacturing  establishment  to 
be  located  at  any  point  along  the  canal,  say  at  N,  and  to  draw  the  water 
from  the  canal  through  the  flume  containing  the  single  gate  4  at  that  point. 
This  flume  is  provided  with  a  tank,  15,  containing  a  valve  operating  float,  li>. 
like  that  hereinbefore  described  for  the  head-gate,  into  which  tank  the  water 
may  flow  from  the  flume  through  a  pipe  whose  orifice  14  opens  into  the  flume, 
above  the  gate,  in  a  direction  opposite  the  flow  of  the  current,  and  a  val vi- 
and its  case  19,  like  that  above  described  for  the  operation  of  the  head-gate, 
is  connected  with  the  float  16  by  a  rod,  17,  with  a  tank  connected  by  a  pipe 
with  said  valve-case,  and  containing  a  lifting-float,  as  13,  which  is  connected 
with  an  arm,  as  6,  on  the  gate  4  in  the  flume  by  rods  10  and  7  and  bell-crank 
lever  8,  all  as  above  described  for  the  head-gate  at  the  bulk-head. 

It  will  be  seen  that  in  using  the  valve  and  its  case  19  at  the  head-gate  at 
the  bulk-head  b  the  arm  20  is  so  attached  to  the  hub  of  the  valve  that  as  the 
float  16  is  raised  by  the  water  in  the  tank  15  and  in  the  canal  the  valve  is 
moved  so  that  the  water  may  flow  out  of  the  tank  II.  and  by  the  falling  of 
the  lifting-float  13  the  head-gate  4  will  begin  to  close  ;  but  at  the  flumes  the 
arm  20  is  attached  to  the  hub  of  the  valve  73  in  a  reversed  position,  or  as 
shown  in  dotted  lines  in  Figs.  V.,  VII.,  VIII.,  and  IX.,  so  that  as  the  water 
falls  in  the  flume  the  falling  of  the  float  16  in  the  tank  15  would  move  the 
valve  73  into  a  position  to  permit  the  water  to  flow  from  the  tank  11,  and 
the  lifting-float  13,  in  falling,  would  close  the  gate  4  in  the  flume  LT>. 

In  the  above  explanation  I  have  referred  to  the  details  of  the  tanks  and 
valve,  as  shown  in  Fig.  I.,  at  the  head  of  the  canal  or  bulk-head,  because  pre- 
cisely the  same  arrangement  is  used  at  the  flumes  as  at  the  bulk-head,  u  itli 
the  exception  that  the  arm  6  is  attached  to  the  pivot  or  post  4,  and  the  arm 
2Q  is  secured  to  the  valve  73  in  a  reversed  position  when  applied  and  used  at 
the  flumes.  For  illustration,  two  other  manufacturing  establishments  may 
be  drawing  water  from  the  canal— one  at  O  and  another  at  P— and  these 
flumes  may  be  located  any  distance  apart  and  along  the  side  of  the  canal,  or 
at  its  termination.  For  convenience  I  have  represented  them  at  the  latter 
point,  and  side  by  side.  Suppose  that  the  party  at  N  owns  or  has  leased  one- 
sixth  of  all  the  water  which  flows  through  the  canal,  the  party  at  O  three- 
sixths,  and  the  party  at  P  two-sixths,  each  flume-opening  being  of  the  proper 
area  to  permit  that  quantity  of  water  to  flow  through  at  a  given  velocity- 
say  of  two  feet  per  second.  These  flume  openings  being  the  ordinary  head- 
gates,  they  may  be  changed  to  give  different  areas  of  opening  at  different  sea- 


71) 


sons  of  the  year  to  meet  the  usual  changes  in  the  supply  of  water  at  such 
times,  if  found  advisable.  With  the  water  at  the  height  indicated  by  the 
line  L  the  nut  18  011  the  rod  IT  is  turned  so  that  the  float  10  in  the  tank  15 
holds  the  valve  at  the  flume  X  in  such  a  position  that  the  float  1:;  in  the  tank 
11  at  that  flume  will  hold  its  gate  4  in  a  position  wide  open,  as  shown  in  Fig 
1.  Inasmuch  as  tin-  amount  of  water  which  can  be  drawn  from  a  flume  de- 
pends upon  the  velocity  at  the  outlet  of  the  flume  at  a  given  head,  this 
additional  use  would  tend  to  draw  the  water  down  or  reduce  its  height  in  the 
flume,  and  the  water  in  the  tank  15  being  always  at  the  same  level  with  that 
in  the  flume,  the  float  10  would  fall  and  move  the  valve  into  a  position  to 
peimit  the  water  to  flow  out  of  the  tank  11  through  the  pipe  ''''  valve  19  and 
outlet  23,  and  the  lifting-float  13  would  fall  and  partially  shut 'the  gate  4  in 
the  flume,  which  would  of  course  reduce  the  quantity  of  water  passing  into 
the  flume  ata  greater  velocity  until  his  proper  proportional  quantity  of  one- 
sixth  was  reached,  when  the  head  and  float  would  rise  to  their  normal  con- 
dition, allowing  him  still  his  proportional  quantity,  though  at  a  loss  of  head 
in  proportion  to  the  quantity  which  he  attempts  to  overdraw.  In  like  man- 
ner the  other  owners  or  lessees  at  other  points  are  governed  or  controlled  in 
their  use  of  water. 

In  Fig.  I.  there  are  two  gates  in  the  flume  at  O,  one  of  which  is  provided 
with  a  double  arm  6,  one  of  whose  ends  is  connected  with  the  arm  of  the 
other  gate  by  a  rod, -21;,  and  the  other  end  is  connected  with  the  bell-crank 
lever  8,  connected  with  the  lifting-float  13  in  the  tank  11  so  that  the  move- 
ment of  said  float  will  operate  both  gates  at  the  same  time. 

The  flumes  may  be  provided  with  the  ordinary  lifting  or  vertically-sliding 
gates  L'.  which  may  be  closed  at  any  time  for  the  purpose  of  making  repairs 
in  the  flume,  or  for  any  other  purpose. 

The  tanks  15,  connected  with  all  the  flumes,  should  all  be  securely  locked 
and  be  kept  under  the  charge  of  one  man,  so  that  no  other  person  could  have 
access  to  them  ;  or  the  tanks  ir.  might  be  all  located  in  one  building  or  office 
and  each  be  connected  with  its  flume  by  a  pipe,  and  all  locked  and  in  charge 
of  one  person. 

If  desired,  a  dial,  30,  having  a  graduated  scale,  may  be  placed  in  any  con- 
venient fixed  position  Hear  the  pivot  or  post  5  of  each  gate  in  the  flume,  with 
an  index  secured  to  the  post,  as  shown  at  P  in  Fig.  I.,  so  that  a  glance  at  the 
index  and  dial  at  any  time  would  show  how  far  open  each  gate  was  as  to  the 
area  of  its  aperture,  so  that  a  slight  computation  might  give  approximately 
the  quantity  of  water  passing  through. 

It  will  be  seen  that  this  apparatus  furnishes  a  very  reliable  system  of  main- 
taining the  water  in  a  water-way  or  canal  at  a  standard  height  to  give  a  uni- 
form head,  and  with  that  head,' to  divide  the  water  flowing  through,  giving 
to  each  owner  or  lessee  the  quantity  to  which  he  is  entitled,  and  preventing 
any  attempt  on  the  part  of  either  owner  or  lessee  from  using  a  greater  quan- 
tity than  that  to  which  he  is  entitled. 

In  Figs.  III.,  IV.,  and  V.  is  shown  a  modification  of  the  same  invention  as 
applied  to  gates  arranged  to  move  on  a  horizontal  pivot  for  the  purpose  of 
measuring  the  amount  of  water  passing  through  the  gate- aperture,  Figs.  IV. 
and  V.,  showing  an  enlarged  detailed  view,  in  which  3.">  represents  a  horizon- 
tal bar  fixed  in  the  sides  of  the  flume,  to  which  are  hung,  so  as  to  swing  freely 
thereon,  the  arms  34,  whose  free  ends  are  secured  to  the  gate  36.  The  out- 
side of  this  gate  should  be  made  convex  in  its  cross  section  upon  a  curve 
whose  radius  is  the  distance  from  the  outside  of  the  gate  to  the  horizontal 
bar  33,  and  the  gate-aperture  71.  made  in  front  of  the  gate  and  through  the 
front  wall  32  of  the  flume,  should  have  its  ends  curved  vertically,  as  at  68, 
so  that  the  ends  of  the  gate  30  should  approximately  lit  the  aperture  when 
the  gate  is  shut. 

The  tank  11  for  the  lifting-float  13,  when  applied  to  a  swinging  gate  of  this 
construction  and  used  in  the  position  shown  in  the  drawings,  is  made  be- 
neath the  floor  of  the  flume,  and  the  lifting-rod  10  in  this  case  extends  up 
through  this  floor,  and  may  be  connected  with  a  cross-bar  extending  from 
one  arm,  34,  to  the  other,  of  the  gate  30,  as  shown  in  Figs.  IV.  and  V. 

The  chamber  75  for  the  wheels  28  may  be  covered  by  a  horizontal  partition, 
70,  if  desired,  with  a  small  horizontal  aperture,  as  G'l,  through  the  front 
wall  32  of  the  flume,  which  would  form  a  draft-tube  in  which  the  wheels 
were  located,  the  water  in  the  flume  flowing  through  this  aperture  69  and 
covering  the  horizontal  partition  70,  to  pack  the  apertures  to  the  wheel- 


80 


Fir.3 


SI 


chamber,  these  wheels  representing  those  used  by  the  establishment  located 
at  that  point  and  drawing  water  from  the  canal. 

A  scale,  00,  may  extend  up  vertically  in  any  convenient  place,  with  its 
lower  end  pivoted  to  the  end  of  the  gate  :.:r,,  and  the  graduations  on  the  scale 
may  indicate  the  vertical  opening  and  fractions  thereof  of  the  gate-aperture. 
Suppose,  for  example,  that  the  gate-aperture  should  be  ten  feet  horizontally 
and  two  feet  vertically,  and  a  glance  at  the  scale  should  indicate  that  the 
lower  edge  of  the  gate  30  was  just  one  foot  above  the  lower  edge  of  the  gate- 
aperture.  It  would  require  but  a  few  minutes'  computation,  knowing  the 
area  of  open  aperture  and  velocity,  to  ascertain  just  how  much  water  was 
flowing  through  the  apcrimv  beneath  the  gate,  so  that  the  quantity  of  water 
being  used  by  the  party  drawing  from  that  Hume  may  be  easily  and  accu- 
rately measured  at  any  time  by  a  glance  at  the  scale  to  see  how  much  it  pro- 
jects'above  the  t<>] •  of  the  wyll  of  the  flume,  or  any  other  horizontal  line 
across  the  scale  as  an  indicator. 

The  operation  of  the  float  10  within  its  tank  15,  connected  with  the  flume 
shown  in  Figs.  III.,  IV.,  and  V".,  and  also  the  valve-case  Unconnected  with  said 
float  and  with  the  tank  11  of  the  lifting-float  l:i,  is  precisely  like  that  herein- 
before described  as  used  in  Figs.  I.  and  II.,  except  that  its  action  is  reversed 
—that  is  to  say,  the  tank  is  so  connected  with  the  flume  in  Figs.  IV.  and  V. 
that  the  water  may  flow  freely  through  the  orifice  14  and  the  pipe  leading 
therefrom  into  the  tank  15,  so  that  the  float  10,  being  properly  adjusted  bv 
the  nut  18  on  the  rod  17  above  the  float,  will  be  held  at  a  certain  height  in 
the  tank  15  by  the  \\:rt  -r  therein,  the  valve  in  the  case  111  being  held  in  a  po- 
sition to  retain  the  proper  quantity  of  water  in  the  tank  11  to  sustain  the 
float  13  and  gate  36  at  such  a  height  as  to  allow  the  quantity  of  water  to  flow 
through  the  gate-aperture  71  at  th"  fixed  velocity  10  which  the  party  is  enti- 
tled, at  the  given  head  which  is  maintained  in  the  canal  by  the  head-gates, 
as  hereinbefore  described.  If  the  party  wishes  to  use  more  water  than  that 
which  would  flow  through  the  gate-opening  71  at  a  given  velocity— say  two 
feet  per  second— the  water  would  begin  to  fail  in  that  part  of  the  flume  in 
which  the  g  ite  30  is  pivoted,  anil  also  would  fall  in  the  tank  15,  owing  to  the 
increased  velocity  of  the  water  passing  through  the  gate-aperture  71,  and 
the  float  10  would' fall  and  change  the  valve,  so  that  the  inlet  from  the  pipe 
lil  would  be  opened  and  the  outlet  at  23  be  closed,  permitting  the  water  to 
flow  into  the  tank  11,  raising  the  lifting-float  13  and  opening  the  gate  36  to 
give  a  larger  aperture  and  permit  more  water  to  pass  through  the  gate  aper- 
ture 71  until  the  velocity  was  reduced  to  the  stated  two  feet  per  second,  and 
this  increased  opening  of  the  gate-aperture  would  be  accurately  indicated  by 
the  scale,  and  the  amount  of  water  could  then  easily  be  computed.  If  the 
water  in  the  reservoir  should  be  exceedingly  low,  so  that  the  water  in  the 
canal  should  remain  at  a  much  lower  level  than  at  the  line  L,  the  nuts  on 
the  rods  17  above  the  floats  10  ar;  readjusted  according  to  the  height  of  water 
in  the  canal,  and  each  party  will  then  be  able  to  draw  his  proportional  quan- 
tity of  the  water,  and  no  more,  instead  of  bis  full  quantity,  as  when  the 
water  is  abundant. 

It  will  be  seen  that  when  the  float  1C  is  once  adjusted  for  any  certain 
height  at  which  it  is  desired  to  maintain  thv  water,  by  turning  the  nut  18  on 
the  rod  17  either  up  or  down,  the  float  will  operate  automatically  to  move 
the  valve  into  such  a  position  as  to  regulate;  the  amount  of  water  ri  tained  in 
the  lifting  tank  11  to  operate  the  gate,  and  keep  the  proportions  of  the  sup- 
lily  of  water  in  the  canal  equal  to  the  demand  or  amount  used  therefrom. 

It  will  be  seen  that  by  merely  reversing  the  position  of  the  arm  20  on  the 
hub  of  the  valve  73  the 'falling  of  the  water  and  the  float  10  will  operate  the 
valve  to  permit  the  water  to  flow  into  the  lifting  tank  to  close  a  gate,  or  to 
open  it,  according  to  the  position  in  which  the  said  arm  is  secured. 

It  is  evident  that  in  cases  where  a  single  individual, firm, or  corporation  owns 
all  the  water  which  runs  in  the  canal  or  water-way,  or  owns  the  entire  water 
privilege,  and  is  only  using  from  one  flume,  or  when  it  is  not  desired  to 
divide  the  water  among  the  different  flumes  through  which  it  is  drawn  from 
the  canal  to  be  used,  but  only  to  maintain  the  water  in  the  canal  or  water- 
way at  a  uniform  height,  if  may  be  done  by  using  the  apparatus  as  con- 
nected with  the  head-gates  at  the  bulk-head  alone.  1  n  any  case,  whether  used 
at  the  head-gates  or  those  in  the  flume,  or  both,  the  tanks  15,  containing  the 
operating  floats  16,  together  with  their  respective  valves,  and  the  pipes  or 
water-connections,  should  all  be  located  under  cover  to  avoid  being  frozen  up 


in  winter,  and  the  tanks  15,  with  their  floats  16,  might  be  located  conven- 
iently in  some  office,  and  under  the  control  of  one  man  ;  and  instead  of  tak- 
ing the  water  from  the  canal  into  the  tank  11  through  the  valve-case  19  and 
inlet  21  it  may  be  taken  from  the  reservoir  or  river  by  connecting  the  pipe 
therewith,  if  it  should  be  more  convenient. 


T.  A.  CCRTIS, 

N.   E.    DWINNKLL. 


QUESTIONS  OFTEN  ASKED  ME  IN  COURT 
ANSWERED. 

Have  I  ever  been  to  college  or  technical  school  ? 

No ;  but  the  teachers  and  graduates  of  such  institutions  often 
come  to  me  for  information. 

Have  I  studied  hydraulic  works  by  different  authors  1 

I  have  looked  through  such  occasionally. 

Have  I  ever  run  levels  between  mills  as  a  surveyor  does  ? 

No ;  the  cause  for  effect  can  better  be  ascertained  by  doing  it  by 
the  water  if  one  knows  how  to  do  it. 

Why  do  I  answer  so  positively  while  others  professing  to  teach 
the  science  hesitate  ? 

Because  my  answers  are  based  upon  knowledge  obtained  by  per- 
sonal experiments. 

How  do  I  know  that  weir  and  aperture  measurements  are  cor- 
rect? 

By  catching  the  discharge  from  weirs  and  apertures  in  tanks, 
then  cubing  the  contents. 

How  did  I  prepare  my  weir  tables,  did  I  work  them  all  person- 
ally? 

No ;  I  never  learned  the  formula  for  working  up  such  tables,  but 
employed  cheap  help  to  work  up  a  set  of  tables  from  the  Francis 
formulae,  then  cubed  the  discharge  in  tanks  varying  in  capacity 
from  two  feet  up  to  twenty-five  thousand  feet. 

How  do  I  know  that  tests  of  wheels  by  such  tables  are  correct  ? 

By  testing  the  same  wheels  at  several  different  testing  flumes 
remote  from  each  other. 

How  do  I  know  that  float  and  current  meter  measurements  are 
worthless  ? 

By  testing  the  same  streams  or  discharges  by  weir. 

SUGGESTION  FOR  CAPITALISTS. 

As  the  hours  of  labor  are  reduced  so  that  invested  capital  in 
mills  stands  idle  two-thirds  of  the  time  why  not  employ  two  or 
three  sets  of  hands  and  keep  the  work  in  operation  the  most  of  the 
time,  thus  making  a  plant  of  a  million  turn  out  the  same  quantity 
now  done  by  one  of  double  that  cost  ? 


Preliminary  Proceedings  for  Legal  Division    of 
Water  Power. 


State  of  Iowa,    ) 
Linn  County.      )  ss' 

To  James  Emerson   of   Willimansett,  Massachusetts,  Samuel   Sherwood  of 
Independence,  Iowa,  and  S.  N.  Williams  of  Alt.  Vernon,  Iowa. 

GREETING — Whereas,  on  November  1st,  A.  D.  If-Mi.  in  an  action  now  pend- 
ing in  the  district  court  of  said  Linn  county,  wherein  N.  K.  Brown  is  plaintiff, 
and  Susan  Brown,  W.  S.  Cooper,  Sarah  E.  Leach,  E.  E.  Leach,  Herman  L>.  St. 
.John,  and  Charles  Clay  arc  defendants,  it  was  found  by  the  said  court  that  the 
said  plaintiff,  N.  E.  Brown,  is  the  owner  in  fee  simple  of  the  undivided  two 
sixty-fourths  (B2?)  of  the  following  descrihed  property  situated  in  Linn  county 
and  the  state  of  Iowa,  to  wit:— 

'Jhe  -rater  power  cheated,  situated  on,  across  and  adjacent  to  the  Cedar 
river  at  Cedar  Kapuls,  Linn  county.  Iowa,  consisting  of  a  mill  dam  con- 
structed across  the  Cedar  river  at  said  Cedar  Uapids  with  an  abutment  or 
bulk  head  upon  and  against  either  bank  of  said  river,  including  race  ways  on 
each  side  of  said  river  from  said  dam,  the  water  power  and  tiowage  created 
by  said  dam  and  race  ways,  and  the  right  to  have,  build,  and  maintain 
said  dam,  race  ways,  and  power;  said  dam.  abutments,  and  bulk  heads  being 
more  particularly  described  as  follows,  to  wit: — 

Said  dam  being  at  and  between  Fractional  Block  Two  (2)  in  Cedar  Rapids. 
Iowa,  and  Ely  &  Angle's  addition  to  West  Cedar  Hapids,  in  Linn  county, 
Iowa,  one  of  said  bulk  heads  and  the  east  end  of  said  dam  being  upon  lots 
"J,"  "K,"  "  L,"  and  "  M  "  in  Fractional  Block  Two  (2)  in  Cedar  Kapids. 
Iowa,  and  the  other  of  said  bulk  heads  and  the  west  end  of  said  dam  being 
on  lots  twenty-three  !-'•'->)  and  twenty-four  (1M)  of  Ely  &  Angle's  addition 
to  West  Cedar  Kapids.  in  Linn  county.  Iowa,  and  the  street  and  land  adjacent 
thereto;  that  the  defendant,  Susan  Brown,  is  the  absolute  owner  of  the  un- 
divided fifty-five  sixty-fourths  ( ;••;).  and  the  one-third  (J)  of  the  two  sixty- 
fonvths  (i;-,)In  all  of  the  one  hundred  sixty-seven  one  hundred  ninety  seconds 
(JP)  of  said  property:  that  the  said  \\'.  S.  Cooper  is  the  owner  of  the 
undivided  one-sixteenth  ',',;)  of  the  said  property;  that  the  defendants,  Her- 
man I).  St.  John  and  Charles  Clay,  are  together  the  owners  of  the  undivided 
one  sixty-fourth  i,^)  of  said  property,  and  that  the  defendants,  Sarah  K  Leach 
and  E.  E.  Leach,  are  together  the  owners  of  the  one  forty-eighth  (j'g)  of  said 
property  and  entitled  to  the  use  of  the  said  one  forty-eighth  (¥'8)  on  the  west 
side  of  s'aid  Cedar  river. 

And  it  was  then  and  there  ordered,  adjudged,  and  decreed  by  said  district 
court  ihat  the  said  shares  and  title  of  the  said  parties  respectively  in  and  to 
said  property  be  confirmed,  and  that  partition  thereof  between  said  parlies 
be  made.  And  that  said  water  power  and  property  hereinbefore  described  be 
partitioned  and  so  measured  and  meted  out  to  the  several  owners  thereof 
according  to  their  several  rights  and  interests  as  hereinbefore  set  forth  so  that 
each  of  said  owners  shall  receive  and  use  of  said  water  power,  as  developed, 
his  or  their  own  proper  share  and  no  more,  at  any  and  all  stages  of  the  water 
and  in  whatever  condition  said  water  power  and  improvements  may  be,  viz  :  — 

To  said  W.  S.  Cooper  the  four  sixty  fourths  (£()  of  said  power;  to  said 
Herman  I).  St.  John  and  Charles  Clay  together  the  one  sixty-fourth  (fa) 
of  said  power;  to  said  Susan  Brown  the  one  hundred  sixty  seven  one  hun- 
dred ninety  seconds  (\'.\7,)  of  said  power  and  property;  lo  said  N.  K.  Brown 
the  two  sixty-fourths  (,?;)  of  said  power  and  property,  and  to  said  Sarah  K. 
Leach  and  K.  E.  Leach  toge'her  the  one  forty  eighth  f.^i  of  the  whole  of  said 
power  and  property,  the  latter  to  be  used  on  the  west  side  of  said  river,  that 
each  of  them  may  enjoy  and  use  the  same  severally,  and,  each  to  have  his  or 
their  full  use  thereof,  uninterrupted  by  interference,  invasion,  or  diminution 
from  the  other,  and  no  more. 

And  whereas,  on  the  I'Jth  day  of  November,  A.  D.  1889,  and  the  13th  day  of 
February,  A.  D.  1890,  in  said  action  it  was  ordered,  adjudged,  and  decreed 


by  said  court  that  to  effect  said  partition,  sue]  partition  of  said  property 
between  said  parties  to  said  action  be  made  by  James  Kmersun  of  Willlman- 
sett,  Massachusetts,  Samuel  Sherwood  of  Independence.  Iowa,  and  S.  N.  Will- 
iams of  Alt.  Vernon,  Jowa,  referees  and  commissioners  for  that  purpose:  and 
that  to  enable  such  commissioners  and  referees  to  make  such  partition,  they 
were  authorized  as  against  any  and  all  persons  to  enter  upon  said  premises 
and  take  control  of  said  water  power,  dam.  and  race  ways  for  the  reasonaliii- 
time  required  to  do  said  work,  opening  and  closing  the  same  at  pleasure  and 
as  in  their  judgment  may  be  necessary,  stopping  any  and  all  water  wheels 
and  mills  operated  by  said  power  anil  for  such  time  or  times  as  may  be  neces- 
sary and  reasonable,  and  that  in  making  said  partition  the  said  referees  ascei 
tain  the  quantity  or  volume  of  water  now  used  at  and  by  said  power  am!  dam. 
and  the  exact  power  and  quantity  that  each  party  shall  be  entitled  to  draw 
off  or  use  under  the  varying  stages  of  the  water  in  the  aforesaid  river,  and 
said  referees  are  further  authorized  by  said  court  to  make  such  recommenda- 
tion in  their  report  as  they  deem  advisable  for  the  future  maintenance  and 
use  of  the  interests  of  the  several  parties  in  said  action  in  said  water  power. 

Now,  therefore,  you  are  hereby  empowered  and  commanded  to  make  par  i- 
tion  of  the  water  power  and  property  above  described  between  the  plaintiff. 
N.  K.  Brown,  and  the  defendants,  Susan  Brown,  \V.  s  Cooper.  Sarah  K 
Leach,  E.  E.  Leach,  Herman  D.  St.  John,  and  Charles  Clay,  by  assigning  \« 
N.  E.  Brown,  the  two  sixty  fourths  (ezj)  thereof,  to  said  W.  >.  Cooper,  the  four 
sixty-fourths  (A)  thereof,  to  the  defendants,  Herman  I).  St.  John  and  Charles 
Clay  together,  the  one  hundred  sixty-seven  one  hundred  ninety  seconds-  IH 
thereof,  and  to  the  defendants.  Sarah  E.  Leach  and  K  K.  Leach  together,  the 
one  forty-eighth  (31H>  thereof,  the  said  one  forty-eighth  ,V  to  be  used  on  the 
west  side  of  said  river,  all  in  severally  according  to  law.  that  each  of  said  par- 
ties may  enjoy  the  use  and  portion  thereof  belonging  to  him.  her.  or  them,  in 
severalty,  and  have  his  and  their  full  use  thereof,  uninterrupted  by  intrrlt-r- 
ence,  invasion, or  diminution  from  the  other,  and  no  more:  such  partition  t<  In- 
made  as  hereinbefore  provided  and  directed:  and  you  are  further  directed  to 
make  report  in  writing  of  such  partition,  and  your  doings  under  this  commis- 
sion and  said  decree,  and  of  all  expenses  and  costs  pertaining  to  the  same,  as 
soon  as  can  be  done  with  reasonable  diligence,  to  our  said  district  court.  You 
are  further  authorized  to  make  such  recommendations  in  your  said  repori  as 
you  deem  advisable  for  the  future  maintenance  and  use  of  the  inteivsi.-.  nt 
the  several  parties  to  said  action  in  said  water  power. 

WITNESS  my  hand  and  the  seal  of  the  said  court  hereto  affixed  thi.-  !'th 
day  of  June,  A.  D.  1890. 

O.  S.  LAMB, 
Clerk  of  the  district  court  of  Linn  County,  Iowa. 

N.  E.  BROWN,  Plaintiff,  "I 

SUSAN  BROWN,  W.  S.  COOPER,  T    ma*»«^ll<vln2l    f  T  i,,r, 

SARAH  E.  LEACH,  E.  E.  LEACH, 
HERMAN  D.  ST.  JOHN,  and  CHARLES 
CLAY,  Defendants. 


State  of  Iowa,    ) 
Linn  County.     ) 


We.  James  Emerson,  Samuel  Sherwood,  and  S.  N.  Williams,  do  severally 
swear,  that  we  will  well  and  faithfully  perform  the  duties  of  referees  in  tin- 
above  entitled  cause,  and  make  a  just  and  equitable  partition  therein,  accord- 
ing to  the  best  of  our  knowledge  and  ability. 

.TAMES  EMERSON,         ) 

SAM  TEL  SI  I  Ki;  WOOD,}  Kfftrer*. 
S.  N.  WILLIAMS,  ) 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  by  the  said  James  Emerson,  Samuel 
Sherwood,  and  S.  N.  Williams,  on  this  28th  day  of  June,  ,\.  D.  !*«'. 

U.  C.  BLANK. 
Notary  Public  in  and  for  Linn  County,  Iowa. 


85 


REPORT  OF  REFEREES. 

STATE  OF  IOWA,    I 
LINN  COUNTY.         J 

Keport  of  referees  in  answer  to  decree  of  Linn  County  District  Court  order- 
ing the  partition  of  the  water  power  at  Cedar  Kapids  of  said  County  ;  N.  E. 
Brown,  plaintiff  ;  Susan  Brown,  W.  S.  Cooper,  Sarah  E.  and  E.  E.  Leach, 
Herman  L>.  St.  John  and  Charles  Clay,  defendants. 

We,  the  referees,  met  at  Cedar  Kapids  July  29,  1800,  and  qualified  as 
required.  Mr.  Kmerson  took  charge  of  the  numerous  preparations  necessary 
for  dividing  the  water  ;  Professor  Williams  having  charge  of  various  tests  for 
ascertaining  the  cost  of  steam  power  at  Cedar  Kapids  and  estimated  valuation 
of  water  power  at  Waterloo -and  Cedar  Falls  and  other  matters,  while  Mr. 
Sherwood,  from  his  general  knowledge  of  water  power,  and  especially  for 
his  early  acquaintance  with  the  Cedar  Rapids  water  power,  was  held  in 
reserve  us  adviser  uud  assistant. 


The  first  act  necessary  was  to  put  the  dam  in  order  that  the  whole  flow  of 
water  in  the  river  should  pass  over  its  crest  for  measurement. 

The  top  of  dam  was  raised  some  ttn  inches  at  the  lowest  point  and  divided 
into  twenty-nine  twenty  feet  sections  and  two  of  ten  feet  each  ;  division 
planks  were  established  between  each  section  and  a  small  post  rigidly 
secured  to  the  dam  eighteen  inches  up  stream,  from  crest  of  weirs  at  middle 
of  eai-h.  These  posts  were  leveled  at  the  top  to  correspond  to  the  exact 
level  of  weirs  :  then  in  case  the  weight  of  overflow  should  cause  sectional 
depressions  one  end  of  crest  plank  would  be  likely  to  be  as  much  above  the 
top  of  post  as  the  other  would  be  below. 

The  bottom  edges  of  cresting  planks  were  well  imbedded  in  Portland 
cement,  making  a  perfectly  tight  joint  the  whole  length  of  darn.  The  plank- 
ing of  dam  is  doubled,  the  upper  ends  of  top  planks  are  scoured  off  by  ice  and 
overflow  so  that  water  flowing  over  runs  down  back  between  the  two  layers, 
presenting  the  appearance  of  extensive  leakage  under  the  dam.  The  cresting 
planks  are  placed  up  stream  from  the  worn  off  upper  planks,  and  while  the 
surface  of  water  was  below  the  crest  of  weirs  there  was  no  show  of  leakage 
through  the  planking  from  end  to  end  of  dam  ;  at  the  bottom  there  wero 
three  leaks,  but  so  small  that  there  were  no  whirlpools  or  other  indications 
of  their  source  above.  Gravel  would  make  the  dam  as  tight  as  a  dam  built 
upon  searny  rock  can  be  made,  but  gravel  can  only  be  procured  at  a  cost  of 
two  dollars  per  cubic  yard,  and  at  that  price  with  difficulty.  Sawdust  and 
other  debris  were  used  until  the  leakage  was  reduced  to  the  lowest  stage 
possible. 

The  openings  to  the  races  were  stopped  ;  on  the  west  side  by  a  temporary 
dam,  on  the  east  side  by  planks  at  the  openings  in  wall  at  its  head,  and 
the  leakage  from  each  rare  was  measured  by  weir  or  aperture. 

Wednesday,  August  1.'!,  water  flowing  over  the  crest  of  dam  or  weirs 
seemed  to  have  reached  its  height  and  a  hasty  measurement  was  made,  the 
result  showing  a  flow  of  over  thirty-nine  thousand  cubic  feet  per  minute  in 
the  river  The  next  morning  Messrs.  Sherwood  arid  V\  illiams  joined  with  me 
in  milking  the  most  <  aref'ul  measurement  possible.  An  improvised  hook 
gauge  and  gauge  tank  for  quieting  the  surface  of  the  water  were  used,  so  that 
the  greatest  exactness  was  obtained,  the  measurements  on  dam  and  in  the 
two  races  aitgregniing  :',!>, r,:i!i.i:;  cubic  feet  per  minute,  to  which  I  add  one- 
fourth  additional,  making  the  maximum  flow  of  49,624.28  cubic  feet  pe 
minute  as  the  largest  quantity  likely  to  flow  in  the  river  at  any  season  of  th 
year,  except  during  freshets;  or  that  can  be  made  useful  through  th 
head-gate  openings  on  east  side  of  the  river. 

I  make  this  addition  not  because  1  believe  there  is  such  quantity  that  ca 
be  utilized  under  existing  conditions,  but  because  the  ownership  of  all  th 
parties  aside  from  Mrs.  Brown  is  so  small  that  it  is  better  to  do  so  than  to 
leave  any  excuse  for  further  litigation. 

St.  John  &  Clay's  mill  has  wheels  that  under  eight  feet  head  will  discharge 
11,121  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute,  =  167.9  h.p.  of  water,  of  which  about  112 


effective  h.p.  may  be  realized.    Their  ^  of  the  whole  power  is  775.4  cubic 
feet  of  water  per  minute,  which  falling  *  feet  =  11.7  h.p.,  or  9  h.p.  net. 

N.  E.  brown's  wheels  with  eight  feet  head  will  discharge  14,000  cubic  feet 
per  minute,  or  2lo.2  h.p  of  water,  but  ihey  are  so  out  of  repair  that  nn 
accurate  estimate  of  net  effect  can  be  made.  His  3'j  of  the  whole  power  is 
l,5n>.x  cubic  feet  per  minute,  which  falling  eight  feet"=  23  4  h.p.  of  water,  or 
lt>  to  18  effective  h  p. 

Cooper's  wheels  under  seven  feet  head  can  discharge  about  !i,xOO  cubic  feet 
per  minute,  =  129  h  p.  of  water,  or  from  Mi  to  100  h.p.  net.  His  j'B  of  49,624.3 
cubic  feet  =  3,lol.5  cubic  feet  per  minute,  which  falling  seven  feet  =  41  h.p. 
of  which  28  to  35  may  be  made  effective 

I.each's  wheels  under  six  feet  head  will  discharge  about  7,000  cubic  feet  per 
minute,  or  79  3  h.p.  of  water,  from  which  50  to  CM  h  p.  net  should  be  realized. 
His  ,'g  of  4!l,624.o  cubic  feet  =  1,033.8  cubic  feet  per  minute,  which  falling  six 
feet  =116  h.p  ,  of  which  8  to  10  may  be  made  effective. 

Visits  have  been  made  to  Waterloo  and  Cedar  Falls  for  the  purpose  of 
examining  the  dams  at  those  places,  and  to  get  an  estimate  of  the  value  of 
water  power  there. 

At  Waterloo  the  dam  is  more  leaky  than  the  one  here.  At  Cedar  Falls  the 
dams  were  not  filled  to  the  crest,  yet  showed  free  leakage. 

Two  owners  at  the  Falls  estimated  the  value  of  the  water  thereat  ten 
dollars  per  square  inch,  and  more  if  free  from  litigation  or  diminution 
through  the  year. 

At  Waterloo  the  water  power  there  is  valued  at  twenty-five  thousand 
dollars,  and  twice  that  could  it  be  changed  to  Cedar  Kapids,  on  account  of 
better  facilities  here. 

It  was  stated  there  by  several  millers,  that  the  power  there  had  been  good 
for  the  season,  though  it  had  diminished  somewhat  lately-some  said  ten  per 
cent.  ;  others  thought  perhaps  a  little  more,  but  all  said  that  twenty-five  pel- 
cent  additional  would  make  a  large  supply. 

One  thousand  inches  of  water  under  eight  feet  head  =  9,450  cubic  feet  per 
minute,  or  less  than  eilher  of  the  mills  are  fitted  for  using  from  the  tast 
race  at  Cedar  Rapids 

The  decree  requires  a  proportional  division  of  the  water  here.  Such 
division  will  shut  down  every  mill  concerned,  except  Cooper's,  and  his  much 
of  the  time,  for  the  maximum  and  minimum  flow  will  be  divided.  The  flow 
to-day,  August  21,  is  but  about  37,000  cubic  feet,  and  has  been  less  since  the 
largest  measurement  was  found,  and  at  many  times  during  the  year  is  much 
less,  for  the  water  is  of  len  drawn  down  by  the  wheels  in  use  two  or  three 
feet  below  the  crest  of  dam 

Preparations  will  at  once  be  commenced  for  division  according  to  the 
decree.  The  race  is  ample  in  capacity  to  carry  several  times  the  amount  ;>t' 
water  due  the  mills  taking  water  therefrom,  but  that  of  necessity  will  have 
to  be  closed  while  the  bulkheads  are  being  put  in  and  kept  so  until  the  work 
is  completed.  Wing  dam  and  head-gates  will  have  to  be  erected  on  the  w  est 
side,  that  the  division  of  water  may  be  made  at  the  head  of  that  race  that  the 
loss  from  leakage  of  the  race  may  fall  upon  the  proper  person.  The  decree 
will  be  carried  out  with  all  possible  expedition. 

Hut  it  will  take  time  to  complete  arrangements  for  doing  it,  and  soon  the 
water  will  be  so  cold  that  workmen  will  be  unwilling  to  work  in  it,  besides 
.  the  closing  of  the  mills  without  notice  has  discommoded  farmers  very  much, 
so  that  the  water  islet  into  the  east  race  this  2."th  day  of  August  with  the 
distinct  understanding  that  both  races  will  be  closed  again  the  1st  day  of  May 
next,  and  kept  so  until  preparations  for  the  proportional  partition  of  the 
water  are  completed,  then  each  owner  will  receive  the  exact  quantity  due 
and  no-more,  until  settlement  is  made  for  the  excess  drawn  from  August  i>5, 
current  month,  to  May  1,  1891.  At  least  such  will  he  the  course  recom- 
mended by  the  referees,  for  the  value  of  such  excess  is  shown  by  the  tests  of 
steam  power  herewith  annexed. 

1  he  water  power  here  is  more  valuable  than  the  one  at  Waterloo  or  Cedar 
Falls,  for  the  dam  sets  the  water  back  six  miles  or  more,  furnishing  a  larger 
reservoir  and  steadier  power  if  properly  used,  but  for  one-eighth  of  the  owner- 
ship to  draw  all  the  water  without  paying  any  rent,  leaves  the  one  owning 
seven-eighths  little  encouragement  for  keeping  dam  and  races  in  order. 
Properly  used  the  power  ought  to  be  of  great  benefit  to  the  city. 

JAMES  EMKRSON. 


8? 


Having  had  charge  of  the  steam  tests,  an  abstract  of  the  more  important  is 
given  herewith.  J  have  carefully  examined  Mr.  Emerson's  statements  of 
work  done,  with  results,  and  find  them  correct.  A  complete  report  of  details 
of  statements,  also  testimony  taken  in  connection  with  the  water  powers  at 
Cedar  Falls  aud  Waterloo,  has  been  prepared  arid  can  be  furnished  if 
desired.  S.  N.  WILLIAMS. 


Tests  have  been  made  with  a  Westinghouse  compound,  a  Buckeye,  and  a 
common  slide  valve  engine,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  cost  of  steam 
power  here.  These  were  made  by  keying  a  No.  4  power  scale  to  the  main 
line  of  driving  shaft,  taking  the  key  from  the  driving  pulley,  allowing  its 
arms  to  rest  upon  projecting  parts  of  the  scale,  thus  weighing  the  power  in 
Transmission,  the  scale  at  each  revolution  carrying  the  load  nine  feet.  The 
number  of  revolutions  per'minute,  multiplied  by  nine,  that  product  multi- 
plied by  the  weight,  giving  the  foot  pounds. 

TEST  OF  ST.  JOHN   &  CLAY'S  MILL,  AUGUST  21.   WOODBURY  DOUBLE 
SLIDE  VALVE  ENGINE,  CYLINDER  13J  x  18. 

Speed  of  shaft  and  scale  189  revolutions  per  minute. 

Power  to  run  shafting  and  machinery,       ....  20.85  li.p. 

Maximum  power  developed  during  test,          ....      46.18  h.p. 
Pounds  of  nut  coal  per  horse  power  per  hour.      ...  11.3 

11.3  pounds  of  coal  multiplied  by  24  =  12,570  pounds,  at  $2.25  per  ton  =  in 
round  numbers  §14.00  for  the  46.1s  h.p.  developed.  Two  engineers  without 
fireman  at  .^.r.O  per  day  each  =  85.00  ;  added  to  the  $14.00  =  $19.00  per  day 
lor  running  such  a  mill  with  steam  power.  An  engineer  who  fires  and  runs 
an  engine  twelve  hours  per  day,  and  whose  ability  is  such  that  his  services 
are  worth  less  than  the  price  named,  is  a  standing  menace  to  the  neighbor- 
hood 

The  tests  below  were  made  at  the  electric  light  works  and  were  made  under 
more  favorable  conditions  than  generally  prevail  in  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. 

WESTINGHOUSE  COMPOUND  ENGINE,  10  x  18  x  10,  HEINE  BOILER  WITH 
STOKER.    BATED  65  H.P.  AT  100  POUNDS  STEAM.    TEST  No.  1,  AUG.  9. 
Slack  coal  ;  pump  run  by  separate  boiler. 

Pounds  of  coal  per  horse  power  by  power  scale,          ...  11.17 

Average  net  weight  as  shown  by  power  scale,         ....    335. 

Average  ampere  load,  --.-...  19.70 

Average  steam  pressure,          -------    101.6 

Average  speed,  --.---.-         314.8 

Average  horse  power,     .-.--..-      33.10 

WESTINGHOUSE  ENGINE,  HEINE  BOILER,  RONEY  STOKER.    TEST  No.   3, 

AUG.  11. 
Average  steam  pressure,      -------         114.6 

Average  speed  of  shaft  and  scale,       --..--    312.68 
Average  net  weight,  -  ....  .  551.35 

Average  horse  power,     -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -46.16 

Pounds  coal  per  horse  power,  slack  at  §1.25  per  ton,  -  -  8.24 

Maximum  horse  power  steam  at  112,  -  ....      55.71 

Maximum  ampere  load,       ............  33.5 

The  maximum  load  on  Westinghouse  Engine  shows  10.5  16  candle-power 
lamps  to  the  horse  power.  This  is  not  by  actual  count,  but  is  estimated  from 
ampere  load  after  deducting  liberal  amount  for  loss  in  wire  and  converters. 


88 


BUCKEYE  ENGINE,  HEINE  BOILER  WITH  STOKER,  RATED  75  11. P.  AT  so 

POUNDS  STEAM.      TEST  NO.   5.      AUGUST  17. 

-  Cylinder  12  by  24,  slack  coal,  pump  run  by  same  boiler. 

Pounds  coal  per  horse  power,  -  -        9.64 

Average  net  weight,  -  -----         647.30 

Average  ampere  load,    --------      26.40 

Average  steam  pressure,     -  ......         108.4 

Average  speed,    -  -    434. 
Average  horse  power,          -          -                                                     -          74  57 

BUCKEYE  ENGINE,  BABCOCK,  WILCOX  &  ERIE  BOILERS.    TEST   No.  4. 
AUGUST  15. 

Average  steam  pressure,          - -      97.6 

Average  speed  of  shaft  and  scale, 4:u;.!i 

Average  weight,  pounds,          -------    w,-^ 

Average  horse  power,  ---.-..  ;s.<i 

Coal    pounds  per  horse  power,  air-slacked  lump,  ...       7.gg 

Maximum  h.p.' steam  at  96, 92.2 

Maximum  ampere  load,  -------      :;.-,. 

Maximum  number  of  arc  lamps,    ------  42. 

I  was  here  over  forty  years  since,  about  mid  winter  ;  the  water  was  lower 
then  than  it  was  the  14th  of  August,  the  day  the  measurement  was  taken.  At 
that  time  Mr.  Greene  had  leased  his  lumber  mill  to  William  Harmon  from 
Maine,  and  in  a  few  days  after  starting  it  parties  running  the  mill  now  owned 
by  Messrs.  St.  John  &  Clay  said  Mr.  Harmon  was  drawing  the  water  so  much 
that  it  interfered  very  much  with  their  mill.  Mr.  Harmon  said  the  same,  or 
that  their  mill  drew  the  water  from  his  mill.  I  do  not  know  that  there  was 
any  other  water  used  at  that  time.  Having  been  present  August  14,  the  day 
the  measurements  were  made  here  at  Cedar  Rapids,  I  can  unhesitatingly 
state  that  they  were  correct,  as  they  were  made  in  the  same  way  as  the 
measurements  were  made  at  Lowell  and  Holyoke,  Mass.,  in  their  testing 
flumes.  I  have  proven  these  correct  beyond  a  doubt  by  actual  experiment  in 
my  own  testing  flume  at  Independence,  Iowa,  which  I  have  had  over  ten 
years.  I  have  been  present  many  times  at  the  water-wheel  test  at  Holyoke. 
conducted  by  Mr.  James  Emerson.  I  have  also  been  familiar  with  the  Cedar 
Hiver  since  1847  ;  have  been  employed  at  Cedar  Falls  ;  also  at  this  place 
for  forty  years  since  at  millwright  work.  Have  seen  the  liver  at  different 
stages,  and  at  the  time  the  measurement  was  made  here,  to  the  best  of  my 
knowledge,  state  that  Mr  Emerson  has  made  a  fair  and  honest  report  of  the 
quantity  of  water,  also  of  the  power  at  the  time  of  the  measurement,  which 
1  am  satisfied  are  as  near  correct  as  can  be  made. 

S.  SHERWOOD,  SR. 

Mrs.  Susan  Brown,  defendant  and  principal  owner,  is  hereby  directed  to 
see  that  all  practicable  preparations  are  made  for  carrying  out  the  decree  as 
soon  after  the  closing  of  the  mills,  May  1,  1891,  as  is  possible. 
CEDAR  RAPIDS,  IOWA,  August  28,  1890. 

JAMES  EMERSON, 
S.  N.  WILLIAMS, 
S.  SHERWOOD,  JR. 

F0r  more  than  twenty  years  parties  owning  less  than  one-eighth 
of  this  power  have  used  the  whole  without  paying  rent,  at  the  same 
time  keeping  up  a  continuous  complaint  that  the  principal  owner 
would  not  keep  the  dam  races,  etc.,  in  repair. 

The  commission  was  appointed  to  make  a  permanent  automatic 
division  of  the  water,  according  to  ownership.  To  do  this,  permanent, 
head  gates  at  each  race  were  required  which  the  Browns  declined 
to  furnish,  consequently  the  decree  of  the  court  could  not  be  carried 
out. 
January  1,  1892.  JAMES  KMKBSON. 


89 


00 


91 


Holyoke  and  Its  Water  Power. 


Some  eighty  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  beautiful  Connecti- 
cut, almost  in  the  shadow—of  Mounts  Tom  and  Holyoke,  there 
is  a  fall  of  nearly  sixty  feet  in  a  short  distance  that  once  formed 
what  was  called  the  "  Great  Rapids,"  near  which,  from  time  imme- 
morial, tlic  aborigines  of  the  country  gathered  in  great  numbers  in 
quest  of  fish  and  game;  and  until  within  a  few  years  "Indian 
fireplaces  "  have  dotted  the  banks  that  are  now  covered  with  mills ; 
indeed,  Indian  skeletons,  implements  and  arrow  heads  are  often 
found  in  the  vicinity  at  this  time.  Near  the  foot  of  the  falls  the 
river  makes  a  sharp  turn  to  the  right,  and  in  this  curve  is  situated 
the  city  of  Holyoke.  In  1831  this  place  was  a  part  of  West  Spring- 
field, known  as  "  Ireland  Depot,"  with  but  few  inhabitants,  and 
those  of  but  little  account.  In  that  year  the  Hadley  Falls  Co.  was 
tunned,  and  a  small  cotton  mill  of  4000  spindles,  (known  until 
recently  as  Hampden,  Jr.,)  was  erected,  receiving  its  power  through 
a  canal,  and  wing  dam  running  obliquely  up  the  river,  which  at  this 
point  is  wide,  with  rock  bottom.  A  power  so  immense  and  conven- 
ient to  the  business  centers  of  the  country  was  not  likely  to  escape 
the  notice  of  capitalists.  The  volume  of  water  flowing  in  the  river 
in  ordinary  seasons,  was  found  to  be  about  6000  cubic  feet  per  sec- 
ond, or  for  the  fall  about  30,000  h.  p.  ;  but  allowing  one-third  dimi- 
nution for  the  driest  seasons  the  available  minimum  was  rated  ai 
20.000  h.  p.  In  1845,  it  was  decided  to  construct  a  dam  across  the 
river,  and  one  with  a  base  of  GO  and  a  height  of  30  feet  was 
completed  Nov.  19,  1847,  but  before  filling  to  the  top  it  rolled  over 
and  went  down  stream ;  this  was  a  severe  loss,  but  the  experience 
was  valuable.  The  dam  now  standing  was  completed  Oct.  22, 
1849;  it  had  a  base  of  80  and  a  height  of  30  feet,  the  upstream 
incline  having  a  face  of  90  feet  besides  gravel  filling  at  base. 
The  dam  is  constructed  of  timber  12  inches  square,  crossed  and 
bolted,  the  openings  filled  with  stone.  As  the  bed  of  the  river 
is  rock  it  was  not  supposed  that  the  overflow  would  wear  to  any 
perceptible  extent,  but  in  18G8  it  was  found  that  cavities  frorn 


92 

8  to  25  feet  in  depth  had  been  cut  close  up  to  the  dam,  and  in  the 
years  1868,  '69  and  '70  the  Holyoke  Water  Power  Co.  made  expend- 
itures amounting  to  .$400,000— in  the  construction  of  an  apron 
of  heavy  timber  work  filled  with  stone — to  fill  the  space  caused  hy 
the  action  of  the  water.  This  apron  is  united  to  the  dam  in  the 
strongest  manner  possible,  is  50  feet  in  width  and  52  in  height. 
its  base  resting  22  feet  below  that  of  the  dam.  Starting  from  tin- 
crest,  which  is  plated  with  iron,  the  apron  slopes  down  stream  nearly 
to  the  water  below.  The  whole  structure  is  130  feet  wide,  30  feet 
high  from  bed  of  river  and  1019  feet  in  length  between  abutments. 
There  are  three  levels  of  canals,  with  a  total  fall  of  f><;  feet.  The 
main  artery  of  the  system,  starting  with  a  width  of  140.  and  a  water 
depth  of  22  feet,  extends  eastward  past  the  great  waste  weir  about 
a  thousand  feet  and  then  sweeps  southward  in  a  right  line  for  a 
distance  of  more  than  a  mile.  The  second  level  canal  extends 
northerly  for  a  mile  and  more,  parallel  with  the  first,  and  4(><>  feet 
easterly  from  it,  and  thence  easterly  and  southerly  for  a  mile  and  a 
quarter  more,  at  a  distance  of  about  400  feet  from  the  river,  this 
marginal  portion  of  the  second  level  affording  mill-sites  along  its 
whole  length,  from  which  the  water  used  passes  directly  into  the 
river.  The  third  level  canal,  100  feet  wide  and  10  feet  deep,  is  also 
a  marginal  canal,  with  mill-sites  along  its  entire  length,  and  extends 
3,550  to  the  other  terminus  of  the  same  canal,  thus  making  with 
the  latter,  a  line  of  marginal  canals,  around  and  near  the  whole 
water  front  of  the  city. 

"  Like  other  commodities  which  are  bought  and  sold,  water-power 
here  has  its  own  unit  of  measurement,  called  a  mill-power,  which 
is  thus  defined  in  the  deeds  of  the  Holyoke  Water  Power  Com- 
pany:— 

"  '  Each  mill-power  at  the  respective  falls  is  declared  to  be  tl  e 
right,  during  sixteen  hours  in  a  day,  to  draw  from  the  nearest  canal 
or  water  course  of  the  grantors,  and  through  the  land  to  be  granted. 
38  cubic  feet  of  water  per  second  at  the  upper  fall,  when  the  head 
there  is  20  feet,  or  a  quantity  inversely  proportionate  to  the  height 
at  the  other  falls.'  " 

thirty-eight  cubic  feet  per  second  under  20  feet  head  is  Wi.20 
horse-power,  67  per  cent,  of  which  is  57.75  horse-power  that  may 
be  realized.  The  annual  rental  per  mill-pi  >wer  is  2(>0  <  unices  of  silver 
of  the  standard  fineness  of  the  coinage  of  1859,  which  is  in  practice 
paid  in  current  funds,  and  amounts  to  about  $300  a  year,  for  16 
hours  per  day,  or  $450  for  24  hours  per  day.  The  regular  suppl\ 
is  now  exhausted  and  only  surplus  is  now  leased. 


The  claims  in  the  foregoing  were  copied  from  printed  statements  at  a  time 
when  the  local  idea  prevailed  that  the  Ilolyoke  water  power  was  nearly  inex- 
haustible. Interested  parties  have  criticised  them,  and  blamed  me  for  their  pub- 
lication. My  desire  is  to  make  this  work  useful  to  the  real  engineer  of  the 
future,  and  to  all  interested  in  such  matters.  The  Connecticut  river,  like  a 
small  brook,  rises  and  tails  rapidly;  its  extremes  of  supply  are  great;  the  maxi- 
mum of  6000  cubic  feet  per  second  is  moderate,  as  it  is  often  more  than  six  times 
that.  During  the  eight  years  in  which  I  have  had  occasion  to  notice  its  flow,  the 
sheet  over  the  dam  for  a  large  portion  of  each  year  lifts  varied  from  one  to  ten 
feet  iii  depth— often  five  or  six.  In  two  or  three  of  the  eight  years,  the  overflow 
has  continued  through  the  entire  year;  in  each  of  the  others,  for  a  brief  period 
in  summer,  the  dam  has  beep- thy.  The  minimum  I  should  estimate  at  from 
2000  to  2500  cubic  feet  per  second;  at  any  rate,  the  whole  of  the  river  passed 
i  nto  the  main  canal  through  the  twelve  head  gates,  each  8x15  feet.  The  past 
summer  was  exceptional  —  phenomenal,  in  fact.  The  water  in  the  river  was 
lower  than  ever  before  knowu;  the  supply  was  insu-iieient  for  the  power  re- 
quired; consequently,  the  head  was  continually  falling  while  the  mills  were 
running.  The  dam,  when  filled,  sets  the  water  back  several  miles;  the  banks 
are  irregular,  so  there  was  no  way  to  measure  the  supply  except  to  keep  the 
head  gates  shut  a  sufficient  length  of  time  to  make  it  certain  the  natural  supply 
was  flowing  over  the  dam.  This  was  not  done,  and  no  measurement  worth  the 
name  was  made.  I  was  up  and  down  the  river  many  times  during  the  lowest 
stage  of  water.  In  many  places  the  river  was  easily  fordable.  There  was  one 
place,  in  particular,  some  three  miles  above  the  dam,  that  attracted  my  atten- 
tion most.  The  deepest  part  could  not  have  exceeded  three  feet,  while  much 
of  the  width  was  less  than  a  foot  in  depth.  It  was  deeper  above,  so  that  the 
velocity  over  the  bar  was  moderate.  A  cross  section  of  two  by  two  hundred 
feet,  with  a  velocity  of  three,  or  twelve  hundred  cubic  feet  per  second,  I  think, 
would  cover  the  flow  ;  but  suppose  it  to  have  been  fifteen  hundred,  that  quan- 
tity, falling  fifty-six  feet,  would  evolve  9520  h.  p.,  or,  accumulated  and  used  in 
ten  of  the  twenty-four  hours,  would  produce  22,848  h.  p.  There  were  a  few  days 
in  which  the  supply  was  insutlicient  to  run  the  whole  of  the  mills,  even  that 
length  of  time,  I  think. 

That  the  water  power  at  Ilolyoke  may  at  all  times  equal  30,000  h.  p.  is  merely 
a  question  of  reservoirs  to  retain  some  of  the  abundant  surplus  ten  mouths  of 
each  year,  to  be  used  in  the  other  two. 

The  haste  for  large  immediate  dividends  has  harnessed  the  noble  river  to  a 
business  insatiate  in  its  demand  for  more;  the  paper  manufacturer  that  has  all 
the  power  he  wants,  is  a  phenomenon.  Except  the  hebdomadal  stop,  more  for 
repairs  than  prayers,  the  draught  from  the  pond  is  unceasing.  The  water  power 
sufficient  to  give  employment  to  a  thousand  hands  in  the  manufacture  of  paper 
would  be  abundant  for  the  employment  of  six  thousand  in  the  manufacture  of 
cotton  <joods.  The  effect  of  this  upon  the  future  of  llolyoke  is  conceivable.  The 
idea  of  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  water  at  Ilolyoke  caused  many  of  the  wheel- 
pits  to  be  made  of  less  depth  than  that  necessary  for  utilizing  the  whole  head 
during  the  dry  season,  but  the  greatest  loss  occurs  through  the  use  of  poor  01 
ill-adapted  turbines — turbines  much  too  large  for  their  capacity  in  ordinary 
times,  that  there  may  be  no  detention  during  backwater.  But  Holyoke  is  not 
exceptional  in  this,  for  at  least  one-third  of  all  the  water  power  of  the  country 
that  is  used  is  so  wasted  ;  and  of  the  three  great  powers  of  this  state — Holyoke, 
Lowell  and  Lawrence— it  is  safe  to  estimate  the  waste  at  a  greater  quantity  than 
would  be  necessary  at  either  of  the  falls  to  produce  a  greater  powjr  than  that 
realized  from  the  whole  fall  of  the  Merrimac  river  ht  either  Lowell  or  Lawrence. 


94 

The  rates  of  the  principal  Water  Power  companies  of  the  country 
are  here  given  for  the  convenience  of  those  interested  in  such  mut- 
ters. It  will  be  seen  that  a  "Mill-Power"  is  a  verv  indefinite- 
matter,  and  it  may  be  well  here  to  give  its  origin,  which  is  as  fol- 
lows :  Early  in  the  present  century,  there  was  a  mill  at  Waltham, 
Mass.,  containing  3,584  spindles;  the  company  owning  that  mill 
colonized  Lowell,  and  the  supposed  power  required  at  the  Waltham 
mill,  was  that  fixed  upon  as  a  "Mill  Power"  at  Lowell,  which  is 
here  given : 

LOWELL,  MASS. 

Each  mill-power  or  privilege  ;it  the  respective  falls  is  decl  n'od  to  be  the  right 
to  draw  from  the  nearest  canal  or  water  course  of  the  said  proprietors  so  much 
water  as,  during  15  hours  in  every  day  of  24  hours,  shall  give  a  power  equal  to 
•25  cubic  feet  per  second  at  the  great  fall,  when  the  fall  there  is  30  feet,  or  enough 
to  give  the  same  power  at  any  of  the  other  falls.  The  whole  owned  by  the  Com- 
panies, none  to  let  or  sell. 

OFFICE  OF  ESSEX  COMPANY,  LAWRENCE,  MASS.,  June  10, 1*77. 
JAMES  EMERSON  :  DEAR  SIK  :— Yo.ir  letter  of  this  date  is  at  hand.      A  "  .Mill 
Power"  at  Lawrence  is  denned  to  be  the  "right  to  draw  so  much  water  as  shall 
give  a  power  equal  to  30  cubic  feet  of  water  per  second,  when  ihc  head  is  '2:>  feet," 
"or  not  more  than  16  hours  iu  each  day  of  24  hours.     For  this  the  charge  ' 


U.  S.  BUNTING  COMPANY,  LOWELL,  MASS.,  Aug.  1, 1877. 
MR.  JAMES  EMEKSON:  DEAR  SIR:— Replying  to  your  favor  of  June  16th  last 
to  D.  W.  C.  Farrington,  I  have  to  say  with  regard  to  the  subject  upon  which 
you  made  inquiries  of  him,  that  it  is  the  custom  of  the  Wamesit  Power  Com- 
pany of  Lowell  to  let  floor  room  to  their  tenants  at  a  stipulated  sum,  depending 
upon  location,  Ac.,  &c  ;  and  then  the  power  is  hired  at  $75  per  year,  per  horse 
power  extra  When  any  question  is  raised  on  either  side  as  to  the  power  actu- 
ally used,  we  apply  a  Dynamometer  of  your  make,  and  measure  it  as  near  as 
possible. 

WALTER  H.  MCDANIELS,  Supt. 


OFFICE  op  AMERICAN  PRINT  WORKS, 

FALL  RIVER,  MASS.,  June  18. 1877. 

jAtf.E9  EMERSON:  DEAU  SIR: — Your  favor  of  the  16th  inst.  is  at  hand.  In 
reply  would  say,  that  the  water-power  in  Fall  River  is  not  let,  but  the  stock  in  the 
Watuppa  Reservoir  Co.,  which  controls  the  water-power,  is  held  by  the  several 
Corporations  using  the  power  in  proportion  to  the  height  of  their  respective  falls, 
and  no  charge  is  made  for  use;  but  the  expense  of  maintaining  the  Reservoir 
Company  is  borne  by  assessments  upon  the  several  Corporations,  from  time  to 
time,- pro  rat  a,  according  to  height  of  fall  of  each.  There  is  but  a  single  outlet 
from  the  Reservoir.  The  total  fall  from  Reservoir  to  tide  water  is  128  feet ;  and 
the  mills  are  located  one  below  another,  so  ihat  they  each  get  prec  sely  the  same 
quantity  of  water,  as  each  mill  lakes  just  what  the  one  above  it  delivers.  Tin 
quantity  is  about  121  cubic  feet  per  second.  I  am  just  now  unable  to  give  an 
answer  tfaat  would  be  satisfactory  to  myself  as  to  the  comparative  cost  of  water 
aud  steam-power. 

Yours  truly, 

THOS.  J.  BORDEN,  Treas  , 

Watuppa  Reservoir  Co. 


OFFICE  MINNEAPOLIS  MILL  Co., 
MINNEAPOLIS,  MINK.,  July  5, 1877. 

JAMES  EMERSON:  DEAR  SIR: — With  reference  to  renting  power,  I  would  say 
that  rentals  are  made  at  so  much  for  Mill  Power,  which  is  designated  as  30  cubic 
fi-et  of  water  per  second,  with  head  of  22  foet.     Present  price  for  Mill  Power 
$1000  per  year,  but  from  this  back  to  earlier  dates  rates  decrease  considerably. 
Yours  truly, 

H.  II.  DOUGLASS,  Eng.  and  Agt.  M.  M.  Co. 


•  BELLOWS  FALLS,  VT.,  June  28, 1877. 

.TAMES  EMERSON:  DEAR  SIR:— Yours  of  the  22d  is  just  received ;  a  Mill 
Power,  in  our  lease,  is  the  right  to  draw  equal  to  30  cubic  feet  per  second,  under 
25  feet  head.  Price  for  a  Mill  Power  is  387  ounces  Troy  Weiuht  of  silver,  of  the 
present  standard  business  of  the  silver  coin  of  the  United  States,  as  an  equiva- 
lent in  gold,  which  is  450  dollars. 


Yours  truly, 

ROBERTSON,  MOORE  &  Co. 


MANCHESTER,  N.  H.,  June  29, 1877. 

JAMES  EMERSON  :  DEAR  SIR  : — The  rule  for  a  Mill  Power  here  is  as  follows  : 
Divide  725  by  the  number  of  fe«t  fall  minus  1.  and  the  quotient  will  be  the  num- 
ber of  c:.bic  feet  per  second  for  a  Mill  Power  on  tluit  fall.  For  instance  :  The 
fall  ut  the  upper  level  is  -M  feet;  then  725  divided  by  19=38.1.  which  is  number 
of  cubic  feet  per  second  for  that  fall.  The  Mill  Powers  are  let  to  manufacturing 
concerns  at  aii  annual  rent  of  $300  each.  This  includes  the  land  neee'ssary  to  use 
the  power  on,  together  with  some  room  for  tenement  blocks,  but  no  buildings  or 
machinery. 

Yours  truly, 

JOSEPH  B.  SAWYER,  C.  E. 

THE  OSWEGO  CANAL  COMPANY,  OSWEGO,  N.  Y- 

The  Lessees  at  their  joint  option  may  be  allowed  for  each  run  of  classified 
water,  either;  1st.— One  thousand  cubic  feet  per  minute;  or  2d  — So  much  as 
will  be  drawn  through  a  central  discharge  water-wheel  of  the  kind  now  used  on 
the  Canal,  with  a  spout,  the  cross  section  of  which  shall  be  133>£  square  inches 
at  the  smallest  point,  provided  the  outlet  does  not  exceed  in  diam<  ter  one- 
ha'f  the  diameter  of  the  wheel,  nor  in  cle;ir  opening  a  surface,  3'£  times  the  sec- 
tion of  the  spout;  or  3d.— So  much  as  will  be  drawn  through  a  Reynolds  wheel 
with  a  spout,  the  cross  section  of  which  measures  160^  square  inches  at  the 
smallest  point,  provided  the  total  outlet  does  not  exceed  the  section  of  the  spout 
more,  than  50  per  cent.,  and  the  superficial  center  of  the  outlet  is  not  over  2-3  the 
radius  of  the  wheel  from  the  center  thereof.  The  second  and  third  alternatives 
are  estimated  to  give  the  same  quantity  of  water,  and  equal  to  about  1175  cubic 
feet  per  minute,  when  the  clear  head  on  the  wheel  is  1(5  feet. 

DAYTON,  OHIO,  July  12, 1877. 

JAMES  EMERSON:  DEAR  SIR: — Water-power  is  supplied  to  the  mills  on  the 
three  levels  or  falls  through  metallic  gawjts;  calculated  and  adapted  to  pass 
under  a  certain  head  so  many  cubic  feet  per  minute.  For  example,  in  the  Day- 
ton Hydraulic  Company  we  give  a  head  of  !•>  inches  above  the  cenU-r  of  the 
gauge,  and  with  that  head  give  2:S3>.<  cubic  feet  per  minute  for  one  pover.  The 
Companv  beiow  us,  under  I  believe  the  same  bead,  over  a  10!2'  feet  overshot,  give 
:',0()  cubic  feet  per  minute  for  one  power.  The  price  per  power  (or  "run  of 
stone,"  as  it  was  originally  called,)  is,  I  believe,  uniformly  here  $200  per  year. 
You  wish,  also  ihe  relative  cost  between  steam  and  water-power.  Water-power  at 
$200  per  year  for  one  run  of  5'4'  horse-power,  would  cost  eleven  sixty-eiglit  one 
hundredths  dollars  per  day  for  100  horse  power.  Steam,  with  the  latest  improved 
steam-engine,  as  tested  by  experts,  will  give  one  horse  power  with  3  Ibs.  coal 
per  hour;  coal  at  $3  per  ton  would  be  ten  eisrhty  one  hundredths  dollars  for  100 
horse  power  per  day  of  2-t  hours.  An  engine  of  this  kind,  with  boilers,  would 
cost  about  $5000.  Water-wheel,  with  the  same  power,  "  under  an  ordinary  fall 
12  or  13  feet,"  with  penstock  and  flume  would  cost  about  $2000.  The  foundation 
for  steam-engine  would  cost  about  the  same  as  it  would  to  dig  a  wheel  pit.  With 


9G 

an  ordinary  slide  valve  engine,  such  as  we  use,  costs  about  $27  per  day  "  24 
hours"  for  100  horse  power.  If  I  can  give  you  further  information,  will  cheer- 
fully do  so. 

Very  respectfully, 

JOHN  G.  LOWK,  Sec'y  &  Sup't  D.  II.  Co. 


OusATON'c  WATER  COMPANY, 
BIRMINGHAM,  CONN.:  July  16, 1877. 

JAMKS  EMERSON  :  DEAR  SIR:— Yours  of  the  14ih  is  at  hand.  Our  terms  for 
the  rent  of  water,  per  year,  are  $250  ^>er  square  foot,  12  hours  per  day,— one 
square  foot  being  a  discharge  of  live  cubic  feet  per  second.  We  use  the  weir 
measurement  adopting  J.  b.  Francis'  formula  for  the  computations.  What  we 
designate  as  a  square  foot  of  water  under  our  head  is  equivalent,  to  12. r>  horse- 
power, in  short  $20  per  horse-power  per  year  is  about  the  cost  of  water  here. 
With  reference  to  lot  and  building-,  the  Company  oft'er  inducements  in  propor- 
tion to  the  desirability  of  the  business  tn  be  located. 
Respectfully  yours, 

D.  S.  BRINSMADE,  Secretary. 


WINDSOR  LOCKS,  CONN. 

Usual  head  24  to  28  feet.  Water  rented  so  much  per  inch,  yearly,  price  vary- 
in,'  with  date  of  lease;  extra  water  now  charged  at  the  raie  of  from  two  to  two 
and  a  half  dollars  per  inch;  quantity  determined  by  apertures  through  iron 
plate ;  apertures,  parallelograms  with  parallel  interior  edges,  center  of  aperture 
to  be  2>£  feet  below  the  surface. 


UNIONVILLE,  CONN. 

Water  rented  as  follows:  The  one  hiring  to  be  entitled  to  such  quantity  as  can 
be  drawn  through  an  opening  one  foot  square,  the  center  of  the  opening  to  be 
under  two  feet  head ;  I  think  the  power  is  now  owned  by  the  several  companies, 
and  that  there  is  none  to  rent. 


COHOES,  N.  Y.,  July  14.  1877. 

JAMES  EMERSON:  DEAR  SIR'. — Your  favor  of  10th  inst.  to  hand.  I  under- 
stand the  charges  of  the  Cohoes  Company  to  be  $200.00  per  Mill  Power  per  yc  ar, 
or  $20.00  per  horse  power  which  includes  use  of  water  and  rent  of  land.  The 
leases  define  the  term  "Mill  Power,"  as  "  a  Water-Power  equivalent  to  the 
power  given  by  the  discharge  and  use  of  six  cubic  feet  of  water  in  each  second, 
when  the  fall  is  20  feet." 

Yours  truly, 

WM.  T.  HORROBIN. 


OFFICE  OF  THE  DUNDEE  WATER-POWE-I  &  LAND  Co., 

87  Leonard  Street,  NEW  YORK,  July  12,  1S77. 

JAMES  EMERSON:  DEAR  SIR:— Your  letter  of  10th  inst.,  received.  The 
Company  leases  its  Mill  Sites  with  one  or  more  "  Mill  Powers."  charging  $700 
per  uear  for  tucfi  Mill  Power.  This  price  includes  the  rental  ot  Mill  Site.  By 
one  Mill  Power  is  conveyed  the  right  to  draw  from  the  nearest  race-way  or  canal 
8)4  cubic  feet  of  witer  per  second,  fall  of  22  feet. 
Respectfully,  &c., 

M.  WALKER,  Secretary. 

TURNER'S  FALLS,  MASS. 

Rent  per  year  for  each  h.  p.  of  water  used  $7.50  or  about  $10  for  each  h.  p. 
that  may  be  utilized  by  the  use  of  good  water  wheels. 


97 


DISPUTE   ABOUT  THE    QUANTITY   OF   WATER  USED. 

Ill  a  case  at  Jordan,  N.  Y.,  there  was  a  dispute  about  the  discharge  of  a 
wheel.  The  lease  granted  the  right  to  use  what  water  could  be  drawn  through 
an  opining  10x17  inches  into  a  scroll  wheel.  Th,:  discharge  of  the  wheil  was 
in  asurod  over  a  w<  ir;  the  builder  objected  on  the  excuse'  that  he  knew  nothing 
about  such  matters ;  to  get  over  that'  difficulty  a  mark  was  made  to  indicate  the 
depth  from  the  discharge  of  the  wheel;  then  its  gate  was  closed  and  an  opening 
HixlT  inches  cut  in  the  bottom  of  the  penstock  near  the  wheel;  the  water  was 
then  let  in  and  the  discharge  through  the  opening  compared,  and  was  found  to 
be  considera  -le  less  t'mi  that  of  wheel.  Oi  course  there  was  no  chance  to  dis- 
pute that  point. 

DISPUTE   ABOUT   WOKK  BONE. 

In  a  recent  case  at  North  Sunderland,  Ma<s.,  that  had  been  in  dispute  four 
years,  and  quite  a  sum  had  been  expended  in  li  igation,  my  services  were 
required  in  court,  where  the  expert  testimony  was  so  scientific  that  it  was  beyond 
my  comprehension.  A  proposalwas  made  and  adopted,  that  the  court  adjourn 
to  meet  at  the  mill,  where  the  case  could  be  settled  so  that  all  could  understand. 
The  case  was  as  follows  :  A  turbine  had  been  put  into  the  mill,  under  the  agree- 
ment that  with  15  inches  of  water,  under  (3:2  feet  head,  it  should  grind  35  bushels  of 
corn  per  hour.  Arriving  at  the  mill,  a  weir  was  constructed  beiow  the  wheel,  the 
gate  was  then  raised  until  15  inches  or  31)4.0  cubic  ieet  of  water  per  minute  flowed 
over  th.e  weir;  with  that  quantity  the  wheel  ground  61  and  a  fraction  bushels  per 
hour.  The  suit  ended  there,  and  the  owner  seemed  pleased  that  he  owned  a 
more  valuable  power  than  he  had  thought.  Other  tests  were  made,  from  which 
it  appeared  that  2  07  bushels  were  ground  per  each  horse-power  utilized.  The 
bulu-  was  five  feet  in  diameter,  and  kept  down  to  145  revolution'-  per  minute. 

DISPUTE  AS   TO   WHICH   USED   THE    MOST  WATEB. 

To  settle  a  case  at  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  where  a  flue  power  is  owned  by  L.  W.  Nye 
and  the  Auburn  Mf'g  Co.,  weirs  were  put  in  above  their  mills,  the  wheel  gales 
opened  in  full,  then  a  thousand  cubic  feet  per  minute  was  allowed  to  flow  into 
eaeh  tail  rate  through  flume  and  wheel;  permanent  marks  were  made  on  iron 
scales,  firmly  secured  to  the  wall  of  each  tail  race,  then  marks  w<  re  added  for 
1500,  2000.  2.-.00,  aooo,  35UO,  4uno,  4500,  5HOO,  and  finally  5:236,  as  the  maximum 
the  Manufacturing  Company's  wheel  could  discharge.  The  discharge  of  Mr. 
iS'ye's  wheel  had  stopped  at  3!ioi5  eubic  feet  per  minute.  The  scah  s  in  th"  tail 
races  remain  and  denote  at  any  time  the  quantity  of  water  used  by  each  party. 
The  weirs  above  the  mills  were  removed  as  soon  as  the  scales  were  marked.  In 
well  constructed  tail  races  the  quantity  used  may  be  very  accurately  denoted, 
though,  of  course,  the  plan  will  not  answer  where  the  water  from  different  mill? 
is  discharged  into  the  same  pit,  or  where  there  is  backwater. 


Backwater  Suits. 


There  are  mill-owners  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  w 
injured  by  backwater  from  dams  below;  to  such,  the  case  of  L.  L.  Brown  &  Co. 
vs.  H.  N.  Dean  &  Son  of  South  Adams,  Mass. ,  will  be  of  interest.  Where  Brown's 
paper  mill,  M.  M.,  now  stands,  was  started  60  years  since  a  saw  and  grist  mill; 


118 


as  may  bo  seen  in  sketch;  this  is  near  the  head  of  one  of  the  branches  of  the 
river  which  forms  the  island.  Dean's  tannery  was  afterwards  located  on  the 
race  6;  the  dotted  line  3  represents  the  dam  therefor;  the  crest  of  this  dam  was 
about  level  with  the  bottom  of  the  saw  mill  wheel  pit;  flush  boards  were  used  to 
raise  the  dam  still  higher,  as  the  bed  of  the  scream  above  was  then  so  high  as  to 
prevent  flowage  back  into  saw-mill  pit  as  claimed  by  Mr.  Dean.  There  seems  to 
have  been  a  dispute  about  the  right  to  use  the  flush  boards,  though  it  was  con- 
ceded that  they  were  almost  constantly  iu  use,  though  at  times  removed  when 
power  was  not  required  at  the  tannery.  Afterwards  Mr.  Dean  purchasi  d  an  old 
fulling  mill  privilege,  and  moved  his  tannery  further  down  stream ;  erecting  a  new 
dam  which  is  marked  5,  the  water  being  conveyed  to  tannery  through  the  race  8. 
The  dotted  line  4  represents  the  fulling  mill  dam  but  little  ot'  which  remains, though 
there  is  sufficient  to  show  that  it  was  at  least  5 >2'  inches  higher  than  the  new  dam, 
the  crest  of  which  is  six  or  seven  inches  higher  than  the  floor  of  wheel  pit  in  what 
is  now  Brown's  paper  mill;  the  stream  over  the  uewdain  is  38,'^  feet  in  width;  at 
the  old  tannery  dam  it  is  considerably  narrower.  The  crest  of  the  o!d  dam  is 
removed,  still  the  foundation  is  but  a  little  lower  than  the  crest  ot  the  new  dam. 
Two  4S-inch  Swain  turbines,  1  and  2,  have  been  placed  in  Brown's  mill  to  drive 
the  machinery;  these  take  the  water  from  the  pond  p,  through  the  sluices  shown; 
the  discharge  from  the  upper  one  passes  down  through  arched  races  7,  7,  and  is 
discharged  below  the  lower  turbine  into  the  main  race,  which  is  here  but  a  little, 
if  any,  over  14  feet  in  width ;  this  race  has  rough  stone  side  walls.  These  wheels 
unitedly  discharge  from  125  to  138  cubic  feet  of  wa  er  per  second;  and  the  depth 
iu  race  is  25  inches  where  the  width  is  14 feet;  23 ^  inches  where  the  width  is  18 
feet,  and  still  less  as  the  width  increases ;  as  it  flows  over  the  new  dam  it  is  but 
nine  inches  iu  depth ;  the  velocity  is  much  greater  below  the  old  tannery  dam  than 
above.  Mr.  Brown  claims  that  the  new  Jam  backs  the  water  on  to  his  wheels; 
to  prove  this,  witnesses  testify  that  until  the  new  dam  was  constructed  there 
never  was  any  water  in  his  wheel  pit  when  his  gates  were  closed,  but  now  there 
always  is.  It  was  proved  by  Brown's  witness  that  in  race  6  Dean  had  bl,i  to  (3 
ft.  head,  and  lie  now  has  but  5,  while  he  discharges  into  the  river  much  lower  down. 
Mr.  Brown  denies  that  the  race  has  ever  been  lowered,  but  the  bottom  is  now 
composed  of  small  pebbles  and  gravel,  while  for  miles,  above  or  below  the  mill, 
the  bed  of  the  river  is  literally  paved  with  stones  rounded  by  attrition,  varying 
in  size  from  two  inches  to  as  many  feet.  With  a  discharge  fi  om  good  wheels  of 
138  cubic  feet  per  second,  the  depth  over  a  14  foot  weir  would  be  25  inches,  so 
that  it  is  plain  that  Dean's  dam  is  not  the  cau-e  of  the  depth  in  the  tail  race  of 
Brown's  mill.  That  there  was  no  water  in  the  saw  mill  pit  while  Dean's  mill  was 
at  race  6  is  readily  accounted  for  from  tlu  fact  that  that  race  drained  the  saw  mill 
pit  while  it  was  open,  but  that  race  was  tilled  up  when  the  new  dam  was  con- 
structed. The  water  in  the  pit  since,  when  wlierl  gates  are  shut,  is  simply 
standing,  not  backwater.  Though  denying  that  the  race  had  been  lowered  it 
was  not  denied  by  Mr.  Brown  that  the  boulders  had  been  cleared  out  of  the  race, 
and  of  course  it  would  have  been  usebss  to  remove  these  boulders  unless  they  had 
obstructed  the  discharge  from  the  mill  above.  From  the  character  and  tone  of 
Brown's  witnesses  it  was  evident  that  they  were  sincere  in  their  statements ;  but 
n  iture  furnishes  better  evidence  that  the  tail  race  had  be  n  lowered,  also,  that  if 
.Dean  had  a  right  of  5,^  to  6  feet,  head  at  race  6  he  could  not  possibly  encroach  upon 
the  privilege  above,  with  a  5  foot  dam  at  race  8.  I  was  not  called  into  the  case 
until  the  day  before  the  tr.al  commenced,  and  had  no  knowledge  of  the  place 
before,  so  that  I  was  unable  to  account  for  the  water  standing  in  Brown's  \>it 
after  Dean's  new  dam  was  constructed,  until  it  happened  to  be  mentioned  that 
the  race  6  was  filled  up  as  soon  as  the  tannery  was  moved  to  the  new  dam  ;  then 
the  cause  became  plain,  but  it  was  tao  late  to  explain,  and  the  fact  is  only  men- 
tioned that  lawyers  engaged  in  such  cases  may  understand  that  STANDING  water 
in  a  wheel  pit  is  benelicial  instead  of  injurious.  As  the  wheels  in  Brown's  mill 
discharge  double  the  water  used  by  Mr.  Dean,  it  would  have  been  much  less 
expensive  to  have  furnished  Mr.  Dean  with  a  larger  wheel  so  that  he  could  have 
obtained  more  power  even  with  less  head. 


Vexatious  Waste  of  Water. 


One  of  the  most  vexatious  greivances  suffered  by  manufacturers  arises  through 
the  following  circumstances.  Suppose  a  dozen  mills  to  be  located  within  a  short 
distance  upon  the  same  fall,  one  above  the  other;  eleven  of  them  have  wheels 


willi  which  tlic  natural  il  >\v  of  the  stream  is  amply  sufficient  to  keep  their 
machinery  in  constant  motion;  but  the  upper  mill  of  the  dozen  has  wheels  of  the 
poorest  kind,  so  that  they  require  double  the  water  necessary  to  do  the  work  of 
mill,  and  the  owner,  through  mulish  pervi  rscness  continues  their  use,  each  day 
exhausting  his  pond  by  noon,  then  as  half  of  the  w.iter  has  flowed  over  the  dams 
bflow,  all  of  the  mills  have  to  st:ind  idle  the  rest  of  the  day.  Of  the  equity  in 
such  a  case  there  can  be  but  one  opinion;  no  engineering  skill  can  aid,  and 
only  the  strong  arm  ot  the  law  can  remedy  the  matter.  Such  cases  arc  very 
common. 


"Efficiency,  Useful  Effect,  or  Percentage." 


What  is  the  Real  Working  Head? 

The  term  "Head"  as  used  in  connection  with  water-power  means  the  differ- 
ence in  height  from  the  surface  of  water  in  wheel  pit  to  the  surface  in  the  penstock 
above,  when  the  wheel  i-<  running. 


What  is  a  Square  Inch  of  Water  ? 


A  square  inch  of  water  means  a  stream  exactly  an  inch  square,  its  length 
depending  upon  the  head  from  which  it  issues  ;  for  a  head  of  four  feet,  it  means 
a  stream  an  inch  square,  16.04  feet  in  length,  per  second;  for  a  head  of  a  hundred 
feet,  a  stream  an  inch  square,  80.:>5  feet  in  length,  per  second.  To  turn  this  into 
cubic  feet,  multiply  by  12,  then  divide  by  1728. 


Pressure  of  Water  on  Dams  and  Boilers. 

The  pressure  depends  upon  the  length  of  dam  and  depth  of  water.  It  makes 
no  difference  whether  the  pond  extends  back  a  rod  or  a  mile.  So  of  steam 
boilers— the  large  boiler  requires  thicker  iron,  simply  because  there  are  more 
square  inches  of  snrfac-e. 


What  Power  is  Required  to  Drive  a  Run  of  Stones. 

A  more  difficult  question  to  answer,  because  the  quantity  ground  in  a  given 
time  has  much  to  do  with  it ;  experienced  millers  west  do  not  use  more  than  fif- 
teen horse-power  per  run,  including  receiving  grain,  flouring  and  delivery  in 
barrels.  White  &  Beynou,  Lanesboro,  Minn,  have  six  run  of  stones;  have  8!) 
horse-power  of  water,  about  72  horse-power  actual;  keep  five  run  at  work,  the 
sixth  being  stopped  for  sharpening.  White,  Nash  &  Co.  of  the  same  place  have 
the  same  power,  live  run  of  stones,  four  kept  constantly  running;  use  their 
wheel  at  part  gate.  It  will  be  seen  by  examination  of  the  Dayton,  Ohio,  water 
renting  rate  that  •">'.,  h.  p.  has  been  considered  sufficient  for  a  run  of  stones, 
while  with  the  1000  cubic  fett  allowed  at  Oswego,  N".  Y.,  used  on  a  Reynolds 
wheel  would  not  realize  more  than  15  h.  p.,  so  that  15  h.  p.  for  each  run  of  stone 
and  necessary  machinery  is  a  liberal  allowance. 


100] 
Loss  of  Head  through,  the  Use  of  Small  Conduit. 


A  belief  prevails  among  turbine  builders  that  where  the  water  approaches 
a  wheel  with  perceptible  Telocity  that  there  is  a  corresponding  los<  of  hea-1 
>o  that  the  wheel  can  not  transmit  the  power  due  the  head.  Such  is  not  my 
belief,  for  there  seems  to  be  no  good  reas  >n  for  ignoring  tli  •  momentum  {ruined 
by  such  velocity,  that  is  within  reasonable  limits.  The  woolen  mill  of  Beebe, 
Webber  &  Co.,  of  Holyoke,  is  locate  I  below  the  s  cond  level.  Head  varies  f.  om 
eleven  to  txvelve  feet.  Originally  the  use  of  only  five  sets  of  machinery  was 
contemplated.  The  water  is  brought  to  the  mill  through  a  round  wooden  trunk 
7o  feet  in  length,  with  an  inside  diameter  of  57  inches.  The  wheel  pit  is  circular, 
U  feL-t  in  diameter,  and  2%  feet  in  depth.  A  five  foot  Tyler  Scroll  whe,  1  had 
been  used  fourteen  years,  but  was  unable  to  transmit  pumoient  power  to  drive 
the  eight  sets  of  machinery  now  iu  the  mill,  and  it  was  found  to  be  necessary  to 
obtain  more  power,  but  the  small  size  of  trunk  and  shallowncss  of  pit  caused 
wheel  builders  to  hesitate,  th  ou^h  fear  that  the  loss  from  head  would  more  th  in 
equal  any  irain  that  could  be  obuined  through  increase  in  size  of  wheel.  I  rec- 
ommended the  use  of  a  60-inch  turbine,  and  the  builders,  Messrs.  Fales,  Jenks  & 
.Sons  were  induced  to  guarantee  eighty-live  h  .rse-power  under  the  existing  con- 
ditions. The  wheel  was  set  and  my  brake  applied.  Before  the  <;ate  was  opened 
the  differenc !  between  the  1  -vd  of  the  two  cannls  was  found  to  be  11  fei  t,  8 
inches.  For  that  head  I  calculated  that  4000  pounds  should  balance  the  f  .rce  of 
thedischarg;  with  the  gate  op'ii  and  the  wheel  h  Id  stationary  by  the  brake, 
and  on  opening  the  gate  that  weight  which  had  b  'en  put  on  the  b"am  was  found 
to  exactly  balance,  though  the  head  on  the  wheel  was  1  ss  than  ten  feet.  Ui  der 
ordinary  conditions  th  •  wheel  used  will  carry  at  its  b  st  speed  exactly  half  what 
it  will  balance  when  held  stationary  by  the  brake ;  but  th  •  veloc  ty  of  th-  water 
seemed  to  change  its  character  somewhat,  for  it  gave  its  highest  result,  88.66  h. 
p.,  carrying  1900  pounds  at  77  revolutions  per  minute ;  its  tabled  speed  was  s.-v- 
eral  revolutions  less;  at  that  speed  the  head  as  shown  by  a  glass  tube  inserted 
iu  penstock  directly  over  thj  whc- 1  was  found  to  b  •  10,'<  f;  et. 


Turbine  Builders'  Theories. 


It  is  an  old  theory  in  turbine  building  that  turbines  should  carry  about  half  what 
they  can  lift  when  held  stationary;  with  gate  opt  ued  in  full,  the  Houston  wheel 
almost  invariably  do  s  so,  and  there  area  few  others  that  approach  that  rate, 
while,  th  -re  are  many  that  do  not.  Many  of  th-  liisdou  wheels  ru  i  with  three- 
fourths  of  what  th'ycan  lift.  Som ;  wheels  will  run  with,  say,  nine  hundred 
pounds,  a:id  only  lift  on ••.  thousand.  A  few  days  since  a  wheel  was  brought  to  by 
tested;  it  was  set  and  tri  d  first  while  held  by  brake;  gate  open,  d  in  full,  it  bal- 
anced 470  pounds,  head  18.59  feet,  discharging  928  cubic  feet  p>T  in  nute.  It  was 
started  with  300  pounds  making  178  revolutions  per  minute,  and  dischan  in-  liMl 
cubic  feet  of  water;  weight  was  gradually  added,  the  speed  decreasing  with 
each  addition,  while  ih-  discharge  increased.  Discharging  1289  cubic  feet,  it 
mad'.i  124  revolutions  per  minute  and  carried  47;")  pounds.  It  was  stopp;  d  by 
brake,  then  of  course  eould  not  start  until  partially  unloaded.  Ir,  will  be  obvi- 
ous to  all  that  the  more  surplus  lifting  power  a  turbine  his  the  steadier  it  will 
run  under  sudden  changes  produced  bv  adding  or  throwing  oft' machinery ;  ihe 
wheel  was  a  central  disch.,rg-.  Builders  Mart  ing  with  such  are  behind  the 


A  Proposition  of  Seeming  Equity  that  has  no 
Merit. 


A  common  proposition,  and  to  those  unacquainted  w'th  the  subject  a  seem- 
ingly f.dr  one,  is  that  two  turbines  shall  be  connected  together  and  their  merits 
determined  by  ascertaining  which  shall  drive  the  other.  Such  a  test  would  be 
perfectly  worthless.  The  pitch  of  the  buckets  of  one  might  be  such  that  it 
would  under  the  head  tried  carry  100  pounds,  and  make  200  revolutions  per  min- 
ute, while  those  of  the  other  might  be  such  that  it  would  carry  200  pounds  and 


101 

make  100  revolutions  per  minute,  both  using  the  same  quantity  of  water  durius, 
the  trial.  Of  course  the  slow  wheel  would  drive  the  fast  one,  but  other  thing* 
being  equal  the  fast  wheel  would  be  the  best. 


Backwater. 

Turbines  of  any  inaks  are  not  perceptibly  effected  by  backwater  except 
through  loss  of  head.  I  think  a  slight  difference  was  found  by  u  commission 
appointed  by  the  French  government  to  experiment  with  the  Fourneyron 
wheels.  I  have  in  two  or  three  cases  where  long  draft-tubes  were  used,  thought 
the  loss  greater  than  should  occur  from  the  loss  of  head,  but  have  bud  no 
cha:ice  to  determine  the  mutter  by  actual  test. 


Submerging  Turbines. 


Many  builders  i-isitt  that  it  is  essential  that  a  turbine  should  discharge  under 
water,  but  it  is  doubtful  for  the  same  he  id  whether  it  makes  any  difference  if 
the  wheel  is  properly  made,  though  it  prevents  trouble  from  ice  and  generally 
extra  head  is  gained  by  submerging  lower  part  of  wheel. 


Draft  Tubes. 


If  a  draf.-tubc  for  any  considerable  proportion  of  the  head  is  used,  its  lower  end 
should  be  submerged  to  such  depih  as  to  render  its  immersion  constant,  other- 
wise when  first  starting  up  only  the  head  above  the  wheel  will  be  available  until 
the  discharge  has  exhausted  the  air  from  the  tube,  then  when  it  does  lake  hold, 
unless  the  gate  of  the  wheel  works  very  quick  the  speed  is  wild  for  a  short  time. 
Where  there  is  backwater  some  length  of  time,  a  short  draft-tube  renders  it 
convenient  to  get  at  the  wheel  in  case  it  is  necessary  to  do  so,  but  in  most  ca«es 
I  should  prefer  to  have  the  lower  part  of  a  turbine  stand  in  the  tail  water. 


Percentage  of  Discharge. 


The  discharge  of  a  turbine  in  proportion  to  its  openings  depends  upon  its  con- 
struction. With  those  of  a  central  discharge  it  is  the  least;  with  such  wheels  ol 
lair  efficiency  it  is  likely  to  range  between  40  and  50  per  cent.,  with  outward  dis- 
charge, BO  per  cent,  and  upwards,  while  with  those  discharging  the  water  down- 
wards it  averages  about  55  per  cent.  Uhe  chutes  of  a  curb  are  made  much 
larger  at  their  outer  than  their  inner  ends,  consequently,  can  pass  much  more 
water  than  the  wheel  will  discharge,  though  the  openings  of  the  wheel  may  be 
somewhat  the  largest,  so  that  the  openings  of  the  wheel  govern  the  discharge. 
In  the  past,  engineers  have  expended  more  time  inventing  impossibilities  and 
hair  splitting  theories  than  in  determining  by  simple  tests  points  in  dispute  easy 
of  solution.  It  is  hardly  possible  that  a  case  can  ever  arise  in  milling  matters 
that  a  really  hit  'lligent  engineer  cannot  readily  solve  the  difficulty,  and  make  it 
so  simple  and  plain  as  to  give  no  excuse  for  litigation,  and  what  is  more  to  the 
point,  in  many  ra«es  both  parties  can  be  benefited  at  a  tithe  of  the  expense 
caused  by  a  suit  at  law.  If  there  is  a  difference  of  opinion  about  power  used, 
the  matter  may  readily  be  determined,  as  may  be  the  case  if  the  dispute  is  about 
the  quantity  of  water  used;  and  the  power  of  steam  is  as  readily  determined  as 
that  of  falling  water.  A  few  plans  tried  by  myself  are  lure  j.ivtn  : 

"DISPUTE  ABOUT  EFFICIENCY  OF  TURBINE." 

Thomas  Harris,  of  Providence,  R.  I.  expended  something  like  $0,800  experi- 
menting with  four  Leffel  wheels  in  a  mill  at  Putnam,  Ct.,  head  of  28  feet.  A  40- 
inch  wheel  was  tried  first,  then  a  deeper  wheel,  same  size,  then  a  48-inch  wheel, 
then  a  srcond  48-inch  of  extra  depth  ;  the  speed  of  looms  could  not  be  got  above 
12j  picks  per  minute.  I  was  called  in  to  test  the  power  and  select  a  suitub  e 
wheel.  By  stopping  eleven  spinning  frames  the  rest  of  the  machinery  was 
brought  up  to  speed.  The  wheel  was  then  tested  and  found  to  give  186  h.  p. 
Allowing  17  h  p.  for  the  eleven  spinning  frames,  and  20  additional  for  cold  morn- 
ings and  backwater.  I  selected  a  wheel  of  220  h.  p.  Since  that  win  el  was 
placed  in  the  mill,  the  production  has  been  inert  as<  d  1000  yards  per  day.  40-inch 
sheeting,  whiln  the  disch.irge  of  water  has  been  one-fifth  less  than  required  for 
'Ue.  Leffel  wheel.  The  expense  of  changing,  my  charge  included,  was  $1,500. 


102 


Highest  Possible  Results  Guaranteed. 


For  years  past  turbine  builders  of  a  certain  cla-s  have  unhesitatingly  promised 
what  they  well  knew  at  the  time  their  wheels  could  not  do.  The  practice  has 
been  so  general  Unit  even  in  court  it  has  been  offered  and  rather  accepted  as  an 
excuse,  taut  though  the  wheel  only  accomplished  one-half  what  was  promised, 
the  guarantee  was  no  more  extravagant  than  the  average  turbine  builder  would 
give,  simply  because  there  was  no  mean*  within  the  reach  of  ordinary  builders 
for  determining  such  matters.  The  case  is  very  different  i  ow  and  purchasers 
are  less  inclined  to  submit  or  juries  to  excuse,  and  builders  will  do  well  to  take 
heed  accordingly.  It  has  beer,  my  lot  within  two  years  to  be  employed  as  expert 
in  four  different  cases  ia  which  the  same  builder  has  been  interested'. 


"Chipping  Buckets." 


Has  been  mentioned  frequently  in  these  reports;  the  plan  lias  been  tried  with 
many  kinds,  not  always  successfully;  it  does  not  have  mucli  effect  on  the  [llisdoii 
wheel,  thu  reversed  curve*  of  the  buckets  of  that  wheel  seeming  to  an-wi  r  the 
same'purpose.  Clapping  away  the  edge  of  buckets  reduces  diameter  of  wheel 
above  the  bottom  of  i-hutes,  so  that  its  speed  is  usually  iiici  eased  thereby. 
While  increasing  whole  gate  results  it  usually  injures  the 
It  would  seem 


(See  Tyler's  tests.)  While  increasing  whole  gate  results  it  usually  injures 
wheel  at  part  gate.  It  would  seem  that  where  the  cdsrcs  of  the  bucke  s  ext 
close  to  end  of  chutes  that  they  act  like  a  fan  or  rotary  pump  and  draw  the  water 


wheel  at  part  gate.      It  would  seem  that  where  the  cdsrcs  of  the  bucke  s  extend 
close  to  end  of  chutes  that  they  act  like  a  fan  or  rotary  pump  and  draw  the  water 
into  the  wheel.    Chipping  the  buckets  away  often  reduces  the  discharge.    Increas- 
te opening  does  not  increase  discharge  beyond  a  certain  limit,  th 
ave  go  jd  effect  by  changing  direction  of  water  through  the  chutes. 


Tight  Gates,  or  Good  Part  Gates. 


Probably  a  hundred  objections  have  been  made  to  wheels  with  leaky  gates 
where  one  has  been  made  to  those  only  reasonably  efficient  while  working  with 
gate  opened  in  full,  which  can  never  be  the  caso  if  a  governor  is  necessary.  The 
most  leaky,  fly-trap  gate  in  use  can  not  waste  more  than  four  or  live  percent., 
while  the' Boyden.  Houston,  Collins.  Hunt,  Geyeline  and  many  other  wheels  oi 
the  same  nature  waste  from  25  to  50  per  cent,  daily,  if  run  from  one-third  to 
three-fourths  gate  as  wheels  are  often  used. 


Variation  of  Turbines. 


One  of  the  mo-t  dimrult  matters  in  relation  to  turbines,  is  to  make  purchasers 
realize  the  fact  that  wheels  made  from  the  same  patterns  vary  exceedingly  in 
useful  effect;  yet  it  has  been  well  understood  for  twenty  years  past  that  a  tur- 
bine doing  well  in  a  mill  affords  no  guarantee  that  another  of -the  s  UK-  make 
will  srive  equal  satisfaction  in  another  mill;  hence  the  uncertainty  that  has  pre- 
vailed for  years  past.  My  report  of  tests  will  sh"W  this  to  be  the  ease  with 
wheels  of  all  makes.  But  a  few  special  c  ises  are  given  here  :  The  Tyler  wheel 
first;  a  30-inch  flume  wheel  tester!  April  20, 187C. 


^Remark:. 

No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

W'ht. 

IJev. 

H.P. 

wy«f 

Per 

Cent. 

Leakage,  70.77 

April  20,  1876. 

Cubic  feet, 

Who'e  Gate. 

18.43 

375 

1685 

28.72 

705     11-245.64 

.6618 

The  buckets  were  cu,  baek  to  first  white  line  shown  on  diagram  of  wheel,  (see 
i  xt  page),  then  it  was  tested  again. 


202       34  43 


1226.55   .7970 


April  21          18.65 

The  buckets  were  then  chipped  back  to  the  second  line ;  the  gate,  an  inside  reg- 
ister, had  six  openings  2, '£  x  12  inches;   these  openings  were  increased  to  three 


103 


inches  in  width,  to  twelve  inches  in  height;    ther 
time,  April  22. 

Whole  Gate. 

Leakage,  67.83  cubic  feet. 
Length  of  \Veir  10  feet.     Temp, 
of  water,  45  Fall,      Weight  of 
water  per  cubic  foot,  62.378. 
Circumference  of  Circle  15  ft., 
application  of  two  pounds  at 
the  periphery  rotated  wheel. 
Part  Gate 


the  wheel   was  tested  a  third 


ls.:,o 
18.50 
1S.50 
ls.4S 
18.49 
IS. 50 
Is.  50 


58.'.i3 
19.01 


2125 

213.5 

215 

213.5 

197 


000 

37.32 
37.67 

37.52 
37.27 
.'37.40 
37.13 

37. (in 


31  7(i 
2S.50 
26.56 
21.35 
15.63 
10.  IS 
5.37 


HSO.KI 

1197.81 
1197.81 
1192.77 

11S5. 22 
MSn.l'.i 


iu:;7.:;s 


^709- 


The  tests  of  the  22  I  were  too  regular  to  allow  of  doubt  as  to  their  accuracy; 
they  were  not  made  in  haste ;  the  wheel  was  stopped  after  the  third  test,  result 
worked  out  and  the  matter  considered. 

The  wheel  was  returned  to  shop  and  refinished;  the  edges  of  the  buckets  being 
smoothed  up,  holes  were  drilled  in  the  heavy  side  of  wheel  and  plugged  with 
wood  to  balance  it,  then  it  was  sent  to  Centennial,  afterwards  returned  to  me  for 
re-test.  The  moment  its  gate  was  opened  after  it  was  set  for  test,  it  was  evident 
it  had  been  changed;  it  was  so  sensitive  that  it  was  almost  impossible  to  control 
it  with  the  brake.  It  could  not  be  made  to  work  e  >.sy,  though  tried  in  various 
ways.  The  data  and  results  below  are  the  best  obtained  : 

Head. 


Weight. 
T     875 

Ke  volu- 
tions. 

221 

Horse 
Power. 

37.67 

Weir. 

A94 

Dis- 
charge. 

Per 

Cent. 

.8242 

The  leakage  into  pit  from  flume  was  72.73  cubic  feet,  per  minute;  adding  ten 
pounds  to  the  weight  10  make  up  for  the  difference  required  to  rotate  the  wheel, 
would  have  iucrea>ed  the  power  to  38.67,  and  percentage  to  84.62.  After  the 
trial  the  step  was  found  to  be  cinted  over;  the  wheel  was  taken  to  machine 
shop  and  changed  three  times  after  the  first  tria1,  making  four  trials  in  all,  vary- 
ing but  slightly  from  the  first  test.  The  last  time  it  was  taken  to  the  shop  the 
lower  rim  was  reduced  by  a  chip  1-32  of  an  inch  all  around  it,  causing  an 
increased  discharge.  The  data  and  results  of  best  trs;s  of  the  trial,  before  ai.d 


after  reducing  rim,  an?  given  below  to  show  the  accuracy  of  weir  measurements 
compared  with  theoretical  discharge  due  the  increased  area  of  opening.    Results 
of  test  before  the  rim  was  turned  off,  then  after  it  was  reduced  : 

Head.  1  Weight.]    Rev. 

Powe'r. 

charge. 

Cent. 

Before    
After  

18.40 
18.39 

375     1    218 
385     1    214.4 

37.16 
37.52 

1328.45 
1353.80 

.8061 
.8010 

Actual  increase  as  per  weir  measurement, 
Theoretical  discharge  due  the  increased  opening 


Test  of  a  43-inch  Risdon  wheel,  April  28,  J874.    Same  brake  used 
the  Tyler.      Correction  for  leakage  into  pit  77.74  cubic  feet.      Weigh 


Tyl 
per  cubic  foot,  62.38. 


pit  77 
Length  of  weir,  10  feet.      Temperat 


25.36  cubic  feet 
25.31  cubic  feet 
as  for  testing 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate, 

17.  m 

1200 

151 

82.36 

1.256 

2664.03 

.9132 

17  93 

1200 

148 

80.72 

1.260 

2676.91 

.8877 

t          <t 

17.92 

1200 

148.3 

80.89 

1.261 

2680.14 

.8910 

(                     K 

17.90 

1250 

144.5 

82.10 

1.264 

2689.82 

.9021 

«                     .1 

1798 

1150 

146.5 

76.58 

1.195 

2469.92 

.9121 

1800 

1200 

137.5 

75.00 

1  .203 

2495.13 

.8834 

t                     (f 

18.17 

1000 

147 

66.82 

1.127 

225S.K4 

.8613 

18.29 

850 

150 

57.95 

1.045 

2012.02 

.8331 

(                     « 

18.30 

700 

138.6 

41.10 

.932 

1686.47 

.7559 

' 

18.43 

650 

148 

4372 

.932 

1686.47 

•7439 

104 


The  report  of  the  foregoing 
one  like  it.  The  order  was 
Mr.  Risdon  built  one  from  t 
Eight  pounds  rotated  the  wh 


test  caused  Otto  Troost  of  Wiuona,  Minn.,  to  order 
to  set  one  as  good,  let  the  cost  be  what  it  would, 
he  same  patterns  and  sent  it  to  me  to  be  tested. 
•  •el.  The  result  ar,  s.'iven  below : 


Whole  Gate,  July  8,      17.83 

1200 

142.5 

77.73 

1.290 

27963] 

.S2(>4 

17.82 

1220 

138.6 

76.80 

1.2!tl 

27!i*.2:> 

.8159 

17.82 

1240 

Lp 

76.65 

1  .2'JO 

27'.i:,.:;i 

.8158 

Leakage  56.57  cu.ft.      17.80 

nan 

143.5 

7695 

1.286 

27*2.27 

.8157 

Wgl.of  water  62  2S:,      17.79 

11$ 

145  5 

76.72 

1  .2x4 

2775.7? 

.8231 

17.79 

1140 

147.:, 

76.43 

1  .2v_« 

•.'7C.9.27 

.8220 

Part  Gate, 

17.84 

1100 

142.5 

71.26 

1.230 

26:  H  98 

.8136 

17.84 

112.') 

ljiS.7 

71.50 

1.232 

.8140 

c.        « 

17.92 

040 

148 

63.23 

1.160 

2881.74 

.7886 

ci        <( 

17.92 

960 

HI;.-, 

63.92 

1.162 

2.".87.94 

.7bl5 

(t        « 

17.92 

980 

143.6 

63.95 

1.164 

2394.16 

.1867 

«        « 

17.91 

lew 

142 

64.54 

1.166 

24nii.:;s 

.7954 

Taken  to  machine  shop,  then  re-tested  July  9th ;   required  11  pounds  to  rotate 
wheel. 

I    18.00   |  |   141.5        77.18    :    1.289   :  2782.45  ;    .8168 

Again  taken  to  shop,  then  re-tested  July  13. 
:     17.97    |  ;    146        i     76.32    |     1 .286      2772.69      .8119 


Taken  to  machine  shop  a  third  time,  re-tested  July  16. 


7H.24 


1.284      2766.19  |    .8131 


I  will  here  explain  about  slight  changes  mentioned  in  report  of  Risdon' s  tests. 
First,  a  25-inch  Kisdon  wheel  was  tested.  June  16,  1874;  it  pave  75  per  cent  use- 
ful effect.  Mr.  Kisdon  had  it  taken  to  shop  and  the  lira  of  wheel  reduced  the 
lightest  chip  possible  ;  the  wheel  was  re-tested  the  next  day  and  gave  .8704  per 
cent.  A  second  25-inch  was  tested  July  20. 


Rev.  per  AI.  HoreaFWt 
232          I        22^49 


Cubic  feet.  ;    Per  Cent. 


The  wheel  was  taken  to  tin  shop  and  the  b.idge  tree  k 
inches ;  then  re-tesu  d  July  21 . 


vered  one  and  a  half 


Head. 
18.61" 


Weight. 


Rev.  perAI.  Hor-e  I'.nver    Cubic  feet.  .    Per  Cent. 
256  24. *2         I         823.06       I         .8593 


A  54-inch  Risdon  was  tested,  July  12,  1876 


Weight, 


-.pcrM.  H..rsc Power,  Cubic  feet,   i   Per  Cent. 
TOT          I       123.21        I      5047.72      I        i7586 


When  the  wheel  was  put  together  the  chutes  projected  too  far  inward,  and  the 
inner  ends  were  cut  off  leaving  them  square  across,  and  about  half  an  inch  in 
thickness;  after  the  test  the  wheel  was  taken  out  and  the  back  si.le  of  the  in»i -r 
end  of  chutes  were  chipped  away,  leaving  the  ends  a  "quarter  round;"  this 
added  ten  square  iuches  to  the  openings;  the  wheel  was  re-tested  Aug  1. 


Head.        i      Weight.      |  Rer.p.-r  M.   Horse  l'..wer     (  ubi,- f. 
8.66          '          1400  78.5  '          49.95          I       3742  5- 


Percent. 

.M77 


Similar  variations  will  be  found  in  testing  any  m;ike  of  wheels.  When  tin- 
system,  of  testing  commenced  some  ten  years  sfnce,  there  w  s  hardly  a  wh- 1 
trie.l  that  was  in  a  condition  to  run  until  various  alteration*  had  been  made :  ti.e 
step  was  our.  of  place,  or  the  followers  were  made  of  season ?d  w  od  and  would 
swell  and  bind  the  wheel  as  soon  as  wet.  Few  balanced  tli  ir  wheels,  and  it 
r;ally  needed  a  machine  shop  to  put  wheels  in  order  before  thev  c  >uld  be  tested  ; 
days,  sometimes  weeks  were  required  t<>  test  a  wheel.  BuiMcrs  do  better  row, 
still  many  wheels  are  yet  sent  to  me  th  it  are  in  no  condition  to  be  tiied  in  a 
testing  flume  or  mill.  The  test  of  an  Eclipse  wheel  is  given  on  next  page  to 
show  the  effect  of  tight  followers  and  swollen  step;  these  were  loosened  before 
second  trial : 


lOf, 


THE  POWER  REQUIRED  TO   GRIND  WHEAT, 
COBX,  Etc. 

When  the  testing  system  commenced  it  was  supposed  that  there 
was  great  waste  of  power,  as  the  opinion  prevailed  that  a  bushel 
of  wheat  per  hour  could  be  ground  for  each  horsepower  expended. 

Much  pains  was  taken  to  obtain  data  to  determine  that  point,  and 
several  imperfect  trials  were  reported  in  the  second  and  third 
editions  of  this  work. 

The  first,  a  trial  at  North  Sunderland,  Mass.,  a  half  insane  miller 
doing  what  he  called  the  grinding,  which  simply  consisted  of  crack- 
ing the  corn,  leaving  it  about  the  same  as  what  is  called  hominy. 
The  same  was  the  case'  in  the  turbine  against  breast  wheel  test, 
near  Hartford,  Conn.  "What  power  is  required  to  drive  a  run  of 
stones,"  is  another  case  often  referred  to.  The  value  of  the  TURBINE 
AGAINST  BREAST  WHEEL  tests  consists  in  showing  the  comparative 
merit  of  the  breast  wheel  and  turbine,  and  the  difference  in  power 
required  for  cracking  corn  or  grinding  it,  and  to  show  that  where 
everything  is  in  perfect  condition  for  a  spurt,  a  bushel  of  rye  or 
wheat  perhaps  may  be  ground  per  hour  per  horse  power,  as  a  horse, 
may  trot  a  mile  in  two  and  one-fourth  minutes,  but  the  same  horse 
would  be  killed  in  a  week  if  compelled  to  do  ten  miles  per  hour  ten 
hours  per  day.  So  I  will  refer  those  desirous  of  information  about 
grinding  to  the  report  of  the  Elkhart,  Indiana,  tests.  These  were 
made,  by  the  most  exhaustive  method  possible. 

No  pains  or  expense  was  spared  in  preparation  or  testing,  then 
the  results  were  carefully  worked  up  while  every  point  was  fresh 
in  mind,  and  it  was  my  urgently  expressed  wish  that  the  opposing 
party,  upon  the  completion  of  the  making  up  of  the  report  of  results, 
should  immediately  be  furnisheflP  freely  with  copies  thereof;  other 
counsel  prevailed  and  the  reports  were  held  for  two  years,  then 
brought  into  court.  In  that  time  I  had  patented  many  inventions, 
acted  as  expert  in  numerous  cases  of  hydrodynamics,  and  the 
Elkhart  case  had  passed  from  my  mind  as  though  it  had  never 
been  there.  The  printer  in  making  up  the  report  seemed  to  have 
pied  the  form  containing  the  table  of  results  of  grinding,  after  I  had 
read  the  proof,  so  there  were  numerous  errors,  but  that  was  a 
matter  of  little  consequence,  for  the  summing  up  for  the  report 
was  done  from  the  results  of  tests  before  the  table  was  made,  and 
1  here  state  that  those  results  are  as  perfect  as  I  believe  it  is  possible 
to  make  such. 

While  in  charge  of  a  testing  flume,  it  was  my  invariable  rule  to 
refuse  to  make  any  test  that  could  not  be  openly  witnessed  and 


publicly  reported ;  the  Elkhart  tests  were  the  first  and  will  be  the 
last  made  by  me  that  cannot  be  reported  as  soon  as  made. 

It  was  a  practice  for  wheel  builders  to  have  wheels  tested,  hold 
them  awhile,  repaint,  then  send  them  as  new  wheels  to  be  retested. 
Messrs.  Stout,  Mills  £  Temple  of  Dayton,  Ohio,  Messrs.  Fales  & 
Jenks  of  Pawtucket,  R.  I.,  and  John  Tyler  of  C'laremont,  N.  H.,did 
so,  quite  likely  others.  I  presume  that  any  party  who  did  so  will 
give  their  experience  upon  application. 

A  retest  of  the  same  wheel,  unless  some  change  has  been  made 
therein,  should  not  vary  over  one-fourth  of  one  per  cent. 


106 
Water  Wheel  Royalties. 


Upon  what  system  of  reasoning  does  the  turbine  patentee  claim  royalty  upon 
plans  of  no  certain  value?  To  render  a  patent  valid  the  inventor  inusi  have  plans 
so  well  defined  that  he  can  describe  them  so  that  those  skilled  in  the  art  may 
readily  build  from  such  plans  or  description  thereof;  if  he  can  no!  do  so,  \vhat 
right  has  he  in  the  invention?  There  has  been  too  much  sympathy  for  the 
"  poor  inventor  "  and  not  enough  generally  for  those  who  find  menus  to  carry 
out  such  inventions;  an  arr.mgi  ment  generally  that  the  inventor  shall  fr.id  expe- 
rience or  plans,  the  capitalist  in  mey  for  the  inventor  to  live  upon  and  cx\>(  -iuirnt 
with.  For  months,  perhaps  year-,  the  inventor  slashes  awav  wilh  little  consid- 
eration far  anything  but  his  own  fancies,  and  if  a  true  inventor,  en  joy  ing  much 
i>i  witnessing' the  development  of  his  ideas;  while  the  capitalist  too  often 
finds  that  he  lias  changed  p  isitio  is,  that  in  fact  he  has  the  experience,  while  his 

tial.      ' 


money  has  turned  to  moonshine,  or  something  as  unsubstantial.      Capitalists  do 
not  invest  in  " 
royalties  for  i 


not  invest  in  70  per  cent,  turbines,  and  there  are  no  good  reasons  for  expecting 
•  such. 


Numerous  Sizes  of  Turbines. 


In  looking  over  the  piles  of  c'rcuhirs  issued  by  the  hosts  of  turbine  builders 
one  is  surprised  at  the  numerous  sizes  tabled  by  each;  and  when  it  is  understood 
that  these  tables  represent  bo  h  right  and  left  hand  wheels,  the  question  arises 
as  to  how  any  man  co  ild  ever  expect  to  do  a  profitable  business  where  FO  many 
expensive  patterns  are  required,  unless  such  wheels  can  be  sold  lit  an  immense 
profit.  A  list  so  numerous  acknowledges  the  fact,  that  such  wheels  can  only  be 
used  economically  wh:-n  exactly  adapted  to  a  lixed  quantity  of  water;  i  .  short, 
that  they  are  extravagant  in  its  use  unless  working  with  gates  completely 
opened;  this  has  been  the  case  since  the  first  introduction  of  th"  turbine,  and  in 
some  cases  in  iy  nmv  be  done  more  through  habit  than  necessity :  but  if  neces- 
sary, then  it  is  plain  that  such  wheels  can  not  economize  ihe  power  of  our 
variable  streams ;  ei  her  there  must  be  a  wast  •  of  one-half  of  the  power  during 
eight  or  nine  months  of  the  year,  or  a  total  stoppage  through  the  dry  season. 
Then,  again,  whit  earthly  use  is  there  %"  right  and  left  hand''  wheels  of  the 
same  size?  Hy  turning  the  teeth  of  the  crowii  gear  up  or  down,  the  shafting  is 
rotated  in  the  direction  desired.  With  thirty-two  sizes  of  turbines  to  work  up 
loa  desirable  percentage,  farewell  hope!  Manufacturers  a"  d  turbine  builders 
must  consider  and  work  together,  if  wheels  of  high  useful  effect  are  invariably 
to  be  expected.  Numerous  siz'-s  add  much  to  cost  and  the  purchaser  has  to  pay 
for  it.  If  1  ft  hand  wheels  were  impossible  ihev  would  soon  be  found  unneces- 
sary, fir  preparations  can  easily  be  made  to  meet  the  case.  Seven  or  eight  sizes 
only,  would  allow  the  builder  to  work  them  up  right,  and  the  purchaser  would 
soon  be  able  to  procure  a  turbine  that  would  utilize  the  whole  power  of  his 
stream,  ci.her  summer  or  winter. 


Hard  Running-  Wheels. 


For'scveral  years  after  the  t'Sting  system  began  there  was  h  irdly  a  builder 
who  took  any  particular  pains  to  have  his  wheels  run  easy.  "  Oh  it  will  go,  only 
put  the  water  to  it,"  would  be  the  reply  when  the  subject  was  mentioned.  I  can 
rec.dl  several  that  would  have  gained  very  different  results  had  iheir  wheels 
been  in  proper  condition,  but  th'j  matter  was'no;  so  well  understood  then  as  now. 
Even  now  it  requires  constant  a  tendon  to  avoid  errors  in  that  way,  for  it  is  very 
cimtnonfir  wheels  to  turn  perfectly  free  at  the  start,  then  after  running  a  few 
m  uutes  become  bound  through  swelling  of  step  or  followers,  ?o  as  to  lose  a  num- 
ber of  revolutions  per  minute,  carryinz  the  same  weizht  as  at  first  starting; 
Kisdon's  highest  result  91.32  and  Tyler's  91.27  were  supposed  to  be  erroneous, 
because  neither  could  be  repeated,  but  from  the  cause  named  above  they  could 
not  be  rejected. 


107 


Test  of  "Wheel  to  Determine  Loss  of  Power  in 
Transmission  Through  Gears. 


In  making  the  experini  nts  to   det 


the  lo-s  of  power  in  transmission 


through  years,  mitre  gears  twenty-seven  inches  in  diameter,  five  inch  face,  fifty- 
seven  teeth,  were  used  on  wheel  and  "jack-shaft,"  the  last  being  six  feet  in 
length,  and  three  inches  in  diameter;  ><  spur  pear  twenty-four  inches  in  diameter, 
four  and  one  half  inch  face,  forty-four  teeth,  was  secured  upon  the  '-jack-shaft,' 
which  worked  into  another  gear  of  ihe  same  size  upon  a  second  horizontal 
shaft  same  size  and  length  as  iht!  lirst;  the  second  representing  the  main  line  of 
.shafting  through  a  mill,  both  horizontal  shafts  worked  in  common  babbitted 
bearings.  The  dynamometer  was  placed  upon  the  end  <<f  shall  representing  the 
main  line,  and  tin]  'wheel  tested  through  the  two  pai  is  of  gears;  then  upo;i  ihe 
wheel  shaft 


j    Tests^ 

Head,     j 

Revolutions. 

Horse 
Power. 

Percent- 
age. 

Dyuamom:  ter    on 
horizontal  shaft, 

1st  test,     16.03  feet,  j 

160  per  minute 

23.55 

75.60 

Dynamometer    on 

Wheel  shaft. 

2d       " 

16.08    "     I 

168 

26.73 

77.40 

Important  Tests  to  those  Gearing  Wheels  where 
the  Head  Varies. 


The  best  speed  for  each  head  is  first  given  :    20-inch  wheel. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Revolutions 
per  iniiiut*. 

Horse  Power. 

Cubic  feet. 

Pei  cent- 
age. 

18.44 

500 

249 

39.92 

1400.31 

.7753 

785 

200 

164 

9.94 

869.84 

.7724 

18.35 

640 

161 

31  22 

1418.94 

.6663 

7.99 

•J4.}                       5  50 

757.93 

.4911 

48-inch  wheel. 

*17.55 

HOD             121 

80.66 

3586  83 

.6733 

9.79 

GOO                   90.5 

32.90 

.7018 

17.47 

r,i'.-.              90 

83.18 

3618  81 

.6982 

10.00 

200                   120.5 

14.60 

2199.34 

.2522 

per  minute  was  found  to  be  the  best  speed  for  whale  and  part 


Turbine  Buckets. 


Ten  years  since  Uirbin"  builders  added  much  to  the  cost  of  their  wheels  by 
making  the  buckets  of  sheet  iron,  steel,  brass,  or  bronze;  shaped  in  iron  moulds. 
The  best  turbines  yet  produced  have  been  made  entirely  of  cast  iron.  Wrought 
iron  is  decidedly  the  poorest  material  that  can  be  used  for  that  purpose. 


A  Word  to  Aspirants  for  Fame  as  Turbine 
Builders. 


The  incentive  to  turbine  building  is  probably  its  supposed  profit.  A  wood- 
sawyer,  so  little  of  a  mechanic  as  to  be  unable  to  file  his  own  saw,  unhesitatingly 
rushes  into  the  business,  yet  it  is  one  requiring  the  highest  possible  skill;  expe- 
rience s-ion  causes  the  adventurer  to  regret  his  haste.  A  strictly  honorable 
turbine,  imtinesn  under  exixtinrj  circumstances,  can  not  be  made  to  pay ;  that  is,  to 
sell  every  wheel  by  test  on  its  real  merits  would  leave  half  the  number  made  on 
the  build-rs'  hands,  for  purchasers  require  the  highest  results  at  the  lowest 
prices,  and  there  are  scores  of  builders  ready  to  guarantee  such  to  far  us  talk 
is  concerned. 


108 


Professional  Experts. 

If  those  a^tiog  «8  above  could  see  tlicmscl  ves  as  those  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  the  subject  In  hand  see  them,  it  would  have  a  tendency  to  lower  their  pret«n- 
sions.  Could  the  arts  be  put  back  to  what  from  our  standpoint  they  seem  to  hare 
been  3,000  years  ago,  cue  of  our  hest  mechanics  might  pivpui-e  himself  to  act  is 
general  expert  without  seeming  prcsumptious,  but  to  pretend  to  be  abk  to  do  so 
now.  when  the  mere  word  mechanic  covers  a  thousand  occupati  pin.  each  having 
numerous  variations,  renders  the  pretense  ridiculous.  Yet  we  have  such,  and 
those  who  have  great  influence  in  court,  particularly  in  patent  suits.  The  tur- 
bine h  is  been  studied  for  more  than  a  half  century  by  the  best  mechanics,  and 
the  matter  is  not  sufficiently  understood  to  fairly  allow  of  its  being  considered  a 


science;  yet  the  professional  expert  will  look  the  matter  up  in  a  day,  then  go 
into  court  and  testify  to  points  of  which  it  is  simply  impossible  that  he  can  know 
anything  about.  No  one  man  can  be  aa  expert  in  all  kinds  <  f  busii  ess,  life  is 
too  short.  The  most  intelligent  and  skillful  telegraph  operator  must  be  the  best 


expert  in  a  telegraphing  case,  so  of  the  shoemaker,  the  blacksmith,  the  miller, 
merchant,  turbine  builder,  or  engineer.  In  either  of  these  callings  an  appren- 
ticeship of  years  is  required  to  renders  pers  n  proficient;  then  is  it  reasonable 
to  suppose  that  the  professional  expert  can  master  any  of  them  in  a  few  hours' 
study?  We  would  not  go  to  a  shoemaker  to  inquire  about  a  turbine,  or 
the  tnrbins  builder  to  learn  about  telegraphing.  If  the  matter  is  simple 
difficult  to  be  understo 


nd  plain,  an  expert  is  uuuecess  try  ;  if  difficult  to  be  understood,  then  certainly 
one  skilled  in  the  matter  is  the  b  st  qualified  to  make  it  plain.  In  cases  where 
litigation  i«  contemplated  an  expert  well  versed  in  the  matter  should  be  employed 

' 


the  matter  to  be  settled,  often  advantageously  to  both  parties  interested;  if  he 
can  not  cause  it  to  be  settled,  he  can  prepare  it  fur  the  lawyer,  so  that  it  mav  be 
legally  determined  expeditiously  and  at  the  least  expense.  To  c  mploy  the  law- 
yer first  is  like  trying  to  learn  a  child  to  read  without  learning  it  the  letters  ;  thai. 
however,  would  be  no  more  absurd  than  to  suppose  that  any  one  mail  can  be 
proficient  in  all  kind?  of  business. 

Faith  in  expert  testimony  is  undoubtedly  decreasing,  simply  because  those 
called  as  experts  are  generally  mere  theorists,  or  perhaps  edit  some  so-called 
scientific  paper  that  is  published  on  speculation—  the  editor,  like  the  paper  upon 
which  it  is  printed,  being  picked  up  where  it  can  be  had  the  cheapest.  A  graduate 
from  our  technical  schools  might  readily  study  up  horse-shoeing,  and  testify  in 
such  a  learned  maune  r  as  to  astonish  the  court  with  his  profoundity,  yet  his 
shallowuess  would  at  once  become  apparent  could  the  cross-examination  be  con- 
ducted by  an  ordinar  -  blacksmith,  as  I  have  often  wished  I  could  do  with 
hydraulic  experts.  Yet,  in  almost  any  case  in  litigation  relative  to  milling  mat- 
ters, the  testimony-  of  such  men  as  A.  M.  Swain,  George  A.  Houston,  1".  II. 
Risdon,  Wm.  M.  Mills,  and  others  that  could  be  named,  would  be  very  valu- 
able; but  such  men  would  require  time  to  consider  the  matter  before  testifying.' 
"  Why,  I  thought  you  experts  were  so  full  of  knowledge  upon  such  matters 
that  you  were  always  ready  to  gush  over,"  said  an  applicant  for  my  services. 
Such  may  be  the  case  witli  others  ;  it  is  not  with  myself.  I  want,  invariably, 
to  hear  both  sides  of  n  case,  and  time  to  compare  the  circumstances  with  facts 
gained  from  ray  own  experience,  before  acting  for  any  one. 


Slip  of  Belt. 


The  speed  of  machinery  U  computed  from  size  of  pulleys  or  gears  in  connec- 
tion with  the  driving  shaft;  in  sueh'computations  the  slip  of  belt  is  seldom  or 
never  taken  into  consideration,  yet  that  slip  is  an  important  item.  In  testing 
the  power  of  a  s'cam-engine,  the  counter  ot'  my  dynamometer  showed  such  a 
difference  from  th  •  engineer's  estimate,  that  the  matter  was  thoroughly  investi- 
gated. The  driving  pulley  on  the  engine  was  12  feet  in  diameter,  that  on  the 
ma  u  line  of  sh  >fii  i<r  6  feet;  running  light  or  simply  driving  shafting,  the  fly 
wheel  makins*  75  revolutions  the  main  line  m  ide  loO,  but  with  weight  applied  to 
scale  beam  of  brake,  the  belt  began  to  slip,  the  slip  increasing  with  each  weight 
added;  at  the  maxima  MI  power  of  engine,  the  main  line  made  144  revolutions 
while  the  fly  wheel  made  75.  Belt  and  pulleys  were  in  perfect  condition. 


109 
Gearing  Turbines  by  Tables. 


The  practice  of  gearing  turbines  from  tables  prepared  by  guess,  has  been  pro- 
ductive of  much  loss  of  power.  In  testing  wheels  it  i.s  a  "rare  thing  to  find  two 
of  the  sanu-  size  and  make,  that  do  I  heir  best  ut  the  same  speed  ;  the  best  speed 
of  the  L,elt'el  wheels  is  invariably  wile  from  their  tabled  rate.  At  Bridxton, 
Maine,  Fondicherry  mill,  a  ."4-inch  Letfel  wheel  has  bedi  in  me  lor  ten  years, 
working  under  twelve  feet  head  and  running  at  ninety  revolutions  per  minute; 
the  mill  has  six  sets  of  woolen  machinery,  but  from  lack  of  power  only  five  r-ets 
have  been  used.  By  test  a  short  time  since  it  was  fouad  that  by  running  the 
wheel  at  seventy-eight  revolutions  instead  of  ninetv,  it  would  give  iwelve  h.  p. 
more  than  it  ever  had  done;  so  that  for  ten  years" it  had  been  running  at  four- 
filths  of  its  capacity,  and  at  a  time  when  its  greatest  capacity  was  much  needed. 


Testing  Curbs. 


,to  do 
compl 


The  fact  is  well  established  now  that  the  chutes  of  a  turbine  have  as  much 
th  giving  high  results  as  does  the  wheel  itself;  also,  that  each  part  of  the 
e  turbine  has  relation  to  all  of  the  other  parts,  so  that  a  change  of  one 
iv  have  a  serious  effect  upon  the  whole.  Builders  have  prepared  several 
with  interchangeable  pa  ts  in  order  to  test  uuderstandniglv;  but  it 
ecm  better  to  make  a  testing  curb  with  changeable  chutes,  so  constructed 
ir  number  or  direction  might  readily  be  changed,  and  their  capacity  of 
discharse  increased  or  diminished.  With  sucli  a  curb  it  should  be  possibL-  to 
determine  the  merits  of  any  wheel  that  could  be  tested  therein. 


turbine 
would 


V  Shaped  Belts,  Cable  Transmission,  etc. 


Some  time  since  there  was  a  mania  for  driving  machinery  with  belts  of  the 
above  named  shape,  but  experience  soon  cured  the  desire.  Transmission  by 
wire  cable  is  another  matter  that  should  be  well  considered  before  adoption:  it 
will  answer  the  pu  pose  in  places  where  shafting  can  not  be  used,  but  it  is  a  very 
poor  substitute  at  the  best.  Light  shafiing  is  still  another  subject  for  considera- 
tion; if  used,  the  pulleys  should  be  placed  close  to  the  hangers,  for  if  placed  any 
distance  therefrom,  the  shaftin<r  "ill  spring,  ami  require  a  much  tighter  belt, 
which  soon  gets  the  shaft  out  of  line.  There  is  a  proper  limit  either  wav. 


The  Metric  System. 


And  why  the  metric  instead  of  that  so  generally  in  use  wherever  the  English 
langauge  is  spoken?  Does  the  practical  mechanic  or  engineer  desire  such 
change,  or  do  the  comparatively  few  who  use  that  system  sutpass  us  in  mechan- 
ism or  general  intelligence?  Taking  the  foot  as  the  unit,  divide  it  tat p  tenths, 
hundredths,  etc.,  a:id  the  most  perfect  measurements  possible  may  readily  be 
made  a  id  expressed  thereby.  Then  why  change  for  new  terras,  when  our" lan- 
gauge is  now  so  unwieldly  and  overburdened  with  useless  words  and  syn  •nym>, 
that  it  would  he  a  blessing  if  one-half  of  its  words  could  be  obliterated,  and  the 
other  half  simplified  in  spelling.  Simplicity  should  be  the  aim,  that  ail  may 
comprehend;  change  has  not  always  been  improvement.  It  would  be  well  if 
the  engineers  and  professors,  wh-i  are  so  much  better  known  thioiiirh  their  pre- 
tensions than  achievements,  could  be  made  to  understand  that  tnuddiness  does 
not  always  denote  depth.  A  change  to  the  metric  system  would  cause  immense 
confusion  in  our  standards,  boundaries  and  record',  without  bringing  a  shadow 
of  benefit  in  return.  Oar  language  now  is  almost  th.-  imiri-ixnl  language  dreaim-d 
of.  and  it  seems  idiotic  to  change  for  that  of  a  people  occupying  less  of  the 
earth's  surface  than  is  covered  by  some  of  our  states. 


110 


SILK. 

Silk  consists  of  the  pale  yellow,  buff  colored,  or  white  fiber,  which 
the  silkworm  spins  around  about  itself  when  entering  the  chrysalis 
state.  Silkworms  are  divided  into  two  classes,  the  mulberry-feed- 
ing worm,  from  the  cocoons  of  which  is  reeled  the  ordinary  raw  silk, 
and  the  wild  silkworms  which  feed  upon  certain  kinds  of  oak,  ailan- 
thus,  castor-oil  plant,  etc.  The  product  of  the  latter  specimens 
(amongst  which  tin'  Tii-wili-worm  is  found,  producing  the  Tx.^it I/- 
silk) was  little  heard  of  in  this  country  and  Europe  until  recently, 
and  but  for  the  outbreak  of  the  silkworm  disease  in  Kin-ope  would 
probably  have  remained  in  India  and  China,  although  it  had  been 
utilized  in  both  these  countries  for  many  centuries.  The  date  when 
the  use  of  silk  for  textile  purposes  was  first  discovered  is  not  exactly 
known.  Some  of  the  Chinese  historians  claim  that  it  was  about 
2700  years  B.  C.,  whereas  others  only  go  as  far  buck  ;is  about  ITit-'! 
B.  C.,  or  the  reign  of  Hoang-ti,  the  third  of  the  Chinese  emperors. 
He,  the  legend  tells  us,  was  desirous  that  his  legitimate  wife  s /'-//;///- 
chi  should  contribute  to  the  happiness  of  his  people,  so  lie  charged 
her  to  examine  the  silkworms  and  test  the  practicability  of  using 
the  thread.  In  accordance  with  this  wish,  she  collected  insects  ;md 
feeding  them  in  a  specially  prepared  place  commenced  her  studies 
and  examinations,  discovering  not  only  the  means  of  raising  them. 
but  also  the  manner  of  reeling  the  silk  and  its  use  for  textile  pur- 
poses. It  is  claimed  that  even  to  the  present  day  the  empresses  of 
China  on  a  certain  da.y  go  through  the  ceremony  of  feeding  t  he  silk- 
worms, and  rendering  homage  to  Si-iing-chi  as  Goddess  of  Silk 
Worms. 

The  principal  countries  for  carrying  on  the  silkworm  culture  are 
Southern  Europe,  China,  Japan,  and  India.  In  our  country  silk 
culture  is  only  in  its  infancy,  yet  it  is  rapidly  assuming  proportions 
of  importance. 

When  full  grown  the  worm  ceases  to  feed,  climbs  up  from  the 
feeding  tray  to  the  bush,  or  whatever  may  have  been  prepared  for 
it,  and  commences  to  form  itself  in  a  loose  envelopment  of  silken 
fibers,  gradually  enwrapping  itself  in  a  much  closer  covering  form- 
ing an  oval  ball  or  cocoon  about  the  size  of  a  pigeon's  egg,  generally 
requiring  from  four  to  five  days  in  its  construction. 

RAW  SILK  OR  REELED  SILK 

constitutes  the  raw  material  for  the  American  silk  manufacturer. 
When  imported  the  same  generally  comes  in  picul  (tales  of  one 
hundred  and  thirty-three  and  a  third  pounds.  Such  as  come  from 
China  are  made  up  in  bundles  weighing  from  eight  to  twenty-five 
pounds  each  and  are  protected  at  the  corners  by  floss  or  waste. 
The  Italian  silk  comes  in  bales  made  up  in  skeins.  Before  it  reaches 
the  loom  this  raw  silk  must  pass  several  manipulations  and  proc- 
esses. First  the  same  is  taken  to  the  sort  ing-room,  and  the  various 
sizes  of  thread,  or,  in  other  words,  the  different  degrees  of  fineness, 
are  assorted  each  by  itself.  The  next  process  is  the  transferring  of 
the  silk  from  the  skeins  (which  are  of  irregular  length)  to  the  bob- 
bins. A  parcel  of  skeins  enclosed  in  a  light  cotton  bag  is  soaked  in 


Ill 


water  having  a  temperature  of  110°  F.  for  a  few  ho  irs  so  as  to 
soften  the  gum.  After  taking  these  bags  out  of  the  w  iter  they  are 
submitted  for  from  5  to  10  minutes  to  the  action  of  a  by 
to  liberate  the  superfluous  water,  and  the  silk  with' 
sufficiently  softened  is  ready  for  winding.  The  next  manipulation 
the  silk  thread  undergoes  is  cleaning. 

In  this  process  the  thread  is  simply  transferred  from  one  bobbin 
to  another  and  passes  during  the  transfer  through  the  cleaner, 
which  consists  of  two  sufficiently  close  parallel  plates  to  catch  any 
im-uularity  upon  the  silk.  Chinese  silk  always  requires  cleaning, 
whereas  Italian  silk  doeg  not  usually. 

WILD  SILKS. 

The  most  important  of  them  is  Tussah,  and  is  principally  found 
yi  India.  This  silk  has  until  lately  been  greatly  neglected,  but 
at  present  commences  to  attract  great  notice.  The  cocoons  are 
larger  than  those  of  the  Bombyx  mori,  have  the  shape  of  an  egg, 
and  are  of  a  silver-drab  color.  The  outside  silk  of  the  cocoon  is 
slightly  reddish,  and  consists  of  separate  fibers  of  different  lengths, 
while  the  remainder  of  the  cocoon  is  generally  unbroken  to  its  center. 
In  India  the  report  compiled  by  that  government  gives  particulars 
nf  no  h-ss  than  thirty-six  varieties  of  wild  silkworms  feeding  upon 
different  forest  trees  and  shrubs 


"SPUN  SILK." 

It  is  to  be  understood  that  the  raw  silk  of  commerce  is  spun  by 
the  worm  as  the  spider  spins  its  web,  but  in  reeling  this  there  is 
waste  :  then  there  are  cocoons  from  which  the  worm  has  eaten  its 
way  out,  of  course  spoiling  the  cocoon  for  reeling ;  then  much  of  the 
product  of  the  wild  worm  cannot  be  reeled.  All  such  silk  has  to  be 
carded  and  spun  substantially  the  same  as  cotton,  and  as  the  fiber 
is  short  it  has  to  be  twisted  hard  to  make  it  strong,  so  that  hose  or 
other  goods  made  of  spun  silk  have  not  the  soft  feeling  of  the  raw 
silk,  though  the  silk  itself  may  be  of  quite  as  good  quality. 


MOIRE  ANTIQUE  AND  WATERED  SILKS. 

For  these  the  silks  must  be  broad  and  of  substantial  make.  They 
are  first  wet  and  then  folded  with  particular  care  to  insure  the 
threads  of  the  fabric  lying  all  in  the  same  direction  ;  they  are  then 
submitted  to  great  pressure.  By  this  pressure  the  air"  is  slowly 
expelled,  and  in  escaping  draws  the  moisture  into  curious  waved 
lines,  which  leave  the  permanent  markings  called  watering.  Moire 
antique  silk  is  streaked  in  veins  like  the  veins  in  the  antique 
marbles.  Figured  silks  are  woven  in  Jftcquard  looms.  Very  heavy 
silks  are  often  made  so  by  dye-stuffs.  Honest  manufacturers  will 
say  that  two  dollars  per  yard  at  retail  should  purchase  the  best 
dress  silks  that  can  be  made. 


FLAX,  ITS  CULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURE. 

Early  in  the  present  century  almost  every  farmer  in  the  Eastern  States 
raised  flax,its  product  then  being  a  necessity  for  all.  The  apothecary  depended 
upon  its  seed  for  soothing  the  ailing  ;  the  painter  for  its  unequaled  oil  for 
his  paints  ;  the  farmer  for  the  fiber  of  its  pachydermatous  stalks  for  his 
clothing ;  his  wife  for  her  bedding,  laces,  embroideries,  etc.  ;  the  ship  owner 
and  sailor  for  sails  and  cordage.  To  prepare  the  flax  it  was  pulled  and  cured, 
then  in  bundles  submerged  in  water  until  the  woody  outside  rolled  or 
became  so  brittle  as  to  readily  separate  from  the  fiber  when  dry  and  beaten 
in  the  "  flax  breaker."  The  farmer  then  with  a  "  swingle,"  a  sort  of  two 
edged  heavy  wooden  sword,  in  his  right  hand,  seized  a  handful  of  the  broken 
s:alks  in  his  left,  held  the  stalks  over  the  top  of  the  swingling  plank,  striking 
them  close  to  the  side  of  the  plank  with  the  edge  of  swingle.  The  swingling 
plank  was  thin  at  the  top,  made  of  hard  wood,  standing  about  three  feet 
above  the  floor,  to  which  it  was  firmly  secured.  The  repeated  blows  of  the 
swingle  caused  the  woody  shell  to  fly  off  in  minute  pieces  or  •'  shives."  Every 
few  blows  the  fiber  would  be  drawn  through  the  teeth  of  a  "hatchel '"  or 
comb  as  a  woman  clears  her  hair.  The  tow  trousers  of  the  Continental 
times  were  produced  from  the  coarse  refuse  combed  from  the  flax  while 
it  was  being  hatcheled.  This  hatchel  was  formed  by  placing  a  gross  of 
smooth  sharp  pointed  steel  spikes  firmly  in  a  square  base  secured  to  a 
bench,  the  spikes  projecting  vertically  upwards  six  inches  above  the 
base.  The  fiber  thus  prepared  was  taken  by  the  wife  and  wound  upon  the 
distalt'  of  the  linen  spinning  wheel,  at  which  she  sat  and  produced  the 
thread  for  the  shoemaker,  tailor,  sailmaker,  and  other  artisans  too  numer- 
ous to  mention,  also  all  necessary  for  household  use.  The  little  flax 
spinning  wheel  was  a  very  different  affair  from  that  of  the  spinning  wheel 
for  wool,  as  may  be  seen  in  illustrations  on  opposite  page.  At  the  former  the 
woman  sat  and  operated  the  wheel  with  her  foot,  using  the  fingers  of  both 
hands  to  draw  the  thread,  the  spindle  being  of  the  flier  pattern  ;  while  with 
the  wool  spinning  wheel  she  stood  at  its  side,  turning  the  wheel  with  her 
right  hand  and  drawing  the  thread  from  the  roll  of  wool  with  her  left,  the 
twisting  being  done  on  the  end  of  the  plain  spindle. 

The  spinning  for  the  fabulous  laces,  linens,  edgings,  lawns,  etc.,  of  the 
earlier  times  was  done  substantially  in  the  manner  described  or  in  a  still 
more  primitive  way. 

Spinning  street  yarn  is  not  a  figment  of  the  imagination  ;  in  South  Amer- 
ica, near  the  equator,  the  writer  has  often  seen  the  native  women  walk- 
"ing  the  street,  talking,  and  spinning  on  the  way,  the  cotton  being  carried 
under  the  arm,  the  thread  being  drawn  by  the  dropping  of  the  bobbin  on 
which  it  was  wound  as  spun,  a  twirling  motion  being  given  to  the  bobbin  as 
it  was  dropped  ;  then  it  was  skillfully  caught  at  the  arm's  length,  without 
seeming  effort. 

Flax  is  raised  in  the  Northwestern  States  and  Canada,  but  mostly  for  its 
seed,  though  its  fiber  is  in  some  demand  for  manufacture  into  thread,  and  is 
beginning  to  be  used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper. 

Early  in  the  century,  all  farmers'  wives  were  supposed  to  be  capable  of 
attending  to  all  of  the  duties  indicated  by  the  implements  shown  opposite, 


113 


114 


spinning  both  flax  and  wool,  carding  the  latter  from  the  fleece  for  the  spin- 
ning, after  which  going  through  a  series  of  preparatory  processes  such  as 
spooling,  reeling,  sizing,  warping,  drawing  in,  etc.,  etc.,  from  the  spinning 
wheel  to  the  loom,  where  from  the  coarsest  to  the  most  delicate  fabric  for 
family  use  was  produced,  often  very  intricate  patterns  of  bed  coverings, 
carpets,  and  other  ornamental  designs. 

The  man  that  can  realize  the  multifarious  duties  accomplished  by  the 
wife  of  a  century  since  and  then  consider  her  sex  inferior  in  constructive 
or  mental  ability  to  that  of  his  own  must  be  conceited  indeed. 

A  half  century  since,  our  farm  houses  and  mills  contained  as  fair  women 
and  girls  as  could  be  desired,  dressed  perhaps  in  homespun,  but  their  nimble 
fingers,  in  their  leisure  moments,  were  ever  busy  making  edging,  embroidery, 
or  fancy  trimmings  for  their  underclothing  or  household  use  ;  in  their  place  we 
have  ladies,  outwardly  dressed  fine  but  with  ten  cent  undervests.  The  wash- 
ings of  the  former  weekly  displayed  volumes  of  refinement,  of  the  latter 
sweat-stained  and  often  ragged  undervests  that  indicate  continued  use 
without  change.  The  tobacconist  ornaments  his  goods  with  beautiful  forms 
clad  in  diaphanous  and  delicately  trimmed  under  garments,  but  does  not 
seem  to  take  to  the  lady  and  ten  cent  undervest. 

The  woman  with  her  heelless  shoes,  white  st-u-kings,  and  zephyr  step, 
had  feet  that  were  things  of  beauty,  while  the  lady  of  to-day,  with  her  high 
heels  and  distorted  feet  that  require  large  bay  windows  on  her  bouts  to 
accommodate  her  abnormal  toe  joints  \\  Inch  intimate  the  evolution  of  thumbs 
and  a  return  to  the  quadrumana  family,  is  certainly  less  attractive. 

If  the  continuation  of  the  robber  tariff,  whieh  Ins  so  ln'iieliied  the  rich, 
has  not  reduced  wages  to  the  standard  common  in  all  hiulih  proieeteil 
countries,  it  is  solely  because  the  irrepressible  inventor  has  by  improved 
machinery  reduced  the  cost  of  manufacturing.  It  certainly  has  been  the 
cause  of  a  much  lower  grade  of  working  men  and  women  than  formerly,  but 
a  revolution  is  taking  place  in  the  status  of  woman  from  whieh  a  progression 
may  spring. 


JUTE  AND  ITS  MANUFACTURE. 

Jute  is  raised  in  India,  having,  while  growing,  something  the  appearance  of 
oats,  though  much  larger,  as  it  reaches  a  height  of  fifteen  feet  or  more,  but 
like  rushes  it  grows  in  water,  two  crops  each  year;  its  fiber,  the  reverse  of 
that  of  flax,  is  on  the  outside  of  the  stalk. 

The  ground  is  prepared  and  seeded,  then  flowed;  with  plenty  of  water,  the 
growth  is  very  rapid.  At  maturity  the  stalks  are  cut,  then,  like  flax,  are 
immersed  in  water  to  soften  the  fiber  ;  the  process  is  then  similar  to  that  of 
flax  ;  the  ends  are  cut  even  to  prepare  the  fiber  for  baling,  the  ends  cut  off 
being  known  as  "  jute  butts." 

There  are  various  places  of  its  manufacture  in  this  country,  one,  quite 
extensive,  atLudlow,  Mass.,  from  whence  my  information  has  been  obtained. 

The  machinery  used  is  similar  to  that  of  cotton  manufacture  but  coarser 
and  much  heavier.  The  product  of  the  Ludlow  mills  is  the  covering  matting 
used  by  furniture  dealers  for  their  furniture  in  transit. 


115 


116 


THE  ROLLER  PROCESS  OF  FLOUR  MAKING. 

Revised  for  1891  by  The  Edward  P.  Allis  Company  oi 
Milwaukee,  Wisconsin,  U.  S.,  Flour  Mill  Builders  and 
Furnishers. 

To  prepare  wheat  for  milling,  it  is  good  practice  to  run  it  through  a  <1  list- 
less receiving  separator  to  free  the  grain  of  coarse  trash  like  straw-joints, 
corn,  oats,  etc.  ;  then  through  a  dustless  milling  separator  to  remove  finer 
trash,  like  cheat,  screenings,  oats,  sand,  and  seeds,  and  through  two  separate 
scouring  and  polishing  machines  to  remove  dust,  and  scour  oft'  smut,  the 
fuzz  on  the  ends  of  the  berry  and  as  much  of  the  outer  woody  bran  coat- 
ings as  may  be  easily  detachable.  The  most  complete  flour  mills  attach  dust 
collectors  to  the  exhaust  air  trunk  of  the  above  grain  cleaners  for  the  sake 
of  cleanliness.  To  remove  metallic  particles  the  wheat  should  be  passed 
through  an  automatic  magnetic  separator.  .During  dry  winter  weather  the 
bran  of  the  wheat  often  becomes  brittle  and  consequently  easily  pulverized 
when  passed  through  tha  rolls.  To  obviate  this,  a  wheat  heater  is  employed, 
using  steam  at  about  i«  degrees  Fahrenheit,  as  a  heating  agent.  This  attracts 
the  latent  moisture  from  the  interior  of  the  berry  to  the  surface,  thus  tough- 
ening it.  Some  varieties  of  wheat  require  steaming  in  place  of  heating,  and 
wheat  raised  by  irrigation  generally  requires  wetting  down  in  bulk  for  24  to 
48  hours  before  being  used. 

Briefly  speaking,  the  roller  system  lias  for  its  object.  1st,  the  gradual 
reduction  of  wheat  into  middlings,  2d,  the  purification  of  the  middlings,  and 
3d,  the  gradual  reduction  of  the  middlings  into  flour. 

This  method  of  flour  making  is  divided  into  two  systems  popularly  known  as 
the  "  long  "  and  the  "  short "  system.  These  terms  apply  principally  to  the 
number  of  reductions  used  to  convert  the  wheat  into  middlings.  The  long 
system  is  used  in  the  larger  mills,  especially  those  doing  a  merchant  or 
shipping  business,  and  produces  a  maximum  amount  of  middlings,  and  for 
this  reason  is  the  more  profitable  system.  Kot  less  than  five  reductions  on 
wheat  are  employed  in  the  long  system.  Each  reduction  is  technically 
known  as  a  "  break."  Each  break  is  made  on  a  pair  of  corrugated  or 
fluted  rolls.  The  corrugations  of  the  first  break  rolls  are  rather  coarse,  but 
they  are  finer  on  each  succeeding  break.  The  number  of  corrugations  on 
/ach  pair  of  break  rolls  varies  with  the  kind  and  condition  of  the  wheat  and 
the  number  of  reductions  employed,  so  that  exact  information  on  this  point 
cannot  be  given  here.  One  roll  of  each  pair  of  break  rolls  has  a  speed  L'£  or 
0  times  greater  than  its  mate.  After  each  reduction  of  the  wheat  on  the 
break  rolls  it  is  bolted  or  "  scalped  "  on  coarse  mesh  wire  or  silk  cloth  to 
separate  the  middlings  and  flour  from  the  broken  wheat  so  that  the  latter 
may  be  sent  to  the  succeeding  break  and  be  further  reduced.  These  scalpers 
are  of  a  revolving  hexagon  or  round  reel  form,  or  on  the  reciprocating  sieve 
design.  The  miller  in  charge  so  graduates  the  breaks  from  first  to  last  that 
the  bran  issues  after  the  last  break  (and  the  subsequent  scalping  operation) 
free  of  flour,  as  long  as  the  grain  is  in  good  milling  condition.  Should  it  be 


117 


damp  or  tough,  or  the  weather  be  murky,  a  bran  duster  is  necessary  to 
remove  all  remaining  traces  of  flour  from  the  bran.  The  middlings  and  flour 
derived  by  the  foregoing  process  is  collected  from  the  various  scalpers  and 
sent  to  a  grading  reel,  clothed  with  silk  cloth  of  varying  fineness.  This 
reel  separates  the  flour  from  the  middlings.  The  flour  is  bolted  on  round 
reel  flour  dressers  or  centrifugal  bolts  to  prepare  it  for  the  market  and  forms 
a  commercial  grade  known  as  "  bakers'  flour."  It  constitutes  about  50  to  70% 
of  the  entire  floury  product  when  made  from  winter  wheat,  or  about  20  to 
40%  when  made  from  spring  wheat.  The  middlings  are  divided  into  three 
or  four  grades  or  sizes  and  sent  to  middlings  purifiers,  which,  by  means  of 
reciprocating  sieves  and  a  graduated  air  suction,  remove  all  free  bran  par- 
ticles and  fiber.  Three  gradefc~of  middlings  are  formed  by  this  operation, 
viz.:  middlings  free  from  impurities,  middlings  containing  a  small  amount 
of  tine  adhering  bran  particles,  and  coarse  middlings  attached  to  germ  or 
bran.  A  tine  fiber  or  cellular  tissue  permeates  each  particle  of  middlings) 
which  is  of  a  white  color  and  undistinguishable  from  tiour  until  it  is  wet  or 
bakecl  into  bread,  when  it,  imparts  a  dark  color.  To  remove  this  fiber  success- 
fully it  is  necessary  to  gradually  reduce  the  middlings  in  size,  by  successive 
passages  through  smooth  rolls,  separating  the  flour  derived  before  the  mid- 
dlings pass  to  the  following  reduction.  This  sizing  operation  also  liberates 
adhering  bran  and  germ  impurities.  The  various  grades  of  middlings  are 
at  first  reduced  separately  on  individual  pairs  of  rolls,  according  to  their 
size  and  quality,  but,  at  an  advanced  stage  in  the  process,  when  a  similarity 
in  size  and  quality  is  reached  they  may  be  mixed  and  worked  to  a  finish.  The 
flour  from  the  foregoing  operations  is  bolted  on  flour  dressers  and  is  known 
as  patent  flour,  and  commands  the  highest  price  on  account  of  its  pureness. 
Spring  wheat  produces  from  50  to  75%,  of  patent  flour,  and  winter  wheat  15 
to  3C%.  In  finishing  up,  a  small  percentage  of  flour  results,  varying  from 
3  to  10%  of  the  entire  flour  product,  which  is  too  dark  in  color  to  be  incor- 
porated with  the  other  grades.  This  forms  the  low  grade.  In  large  mills,  any 
or  all  of  the  above  three  grades  of  flour  may  be  subdivided  according  to 
quality  and  sold  as  separate  brands. 

In  the  short  system,  it  is,  as  its  name  implies,  a  curtailing  of  the  above 
process.  For  instance,  where  five  breaks  on  wheat  and  seven  or  more  crushes 
on  middlings  are  used  in  the  long  system,  only  three  breaks  on  wheat  and 
five  crushes  on  middlings  would  be  used  in  the  short  system.  It  is  claimed 
by  excellent  authority  that  owing  to  the  more  abrupt  method  of  reducing 
and  crushing  as  practiced  in  the  short  system,  a  smaller  percentage  of 
middlings  results  and  consequently  a  reduced  percentage  of  high  grade  and 
high-priced  flour.  Short  system  mills  are  usually  of  small  capacity,  ranging 
in  size  from  twenty-five  to  seventy- five  barrels  per  day,  and  usually  mix  all 
the  flour  to  form  one  straight  grade,  and  are  more  adapted  to  -.rinter  wheat 
than -to  spring  wheat. 


118 


A  WORKING  FLOURING  MILL. 

According  to  the  Plans  of  The  Edward  P.  Allis  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

The  engraving  opposite  shows  a  perspective  view  of  a  working  flour  mill 
having  a  capacity  of  5<>  barrels  of  flour  in  24  hours.  This  engraving  and  the 
description  thereof  is  given  in  connection  with  the  adjoining  article  on  "  The 
Holler  Process  of  Flour  Making."  A  small  mill  is  selected  for  these  modest 
sized  pages  in  preference  to  one  of  large  capacity,  to  enable  us  to  show  the 
details  on  as  large  a  scale  as  possible. 

The  operation  of  the  mill  commences  by  putting  the  wheat,  as  it  comes 
from  wagons  or  cars,  into  the  hopper  scale  seen  in  the  right  hand  corner  of 
the  first  floor  in  the  engraving,  which  weighs  -!0  to  CO  bushels  per  draft. 

From  the  scale  the  wheat  descends  to  the  bin  shown  in  the  basement 
directly  underneath,  which  will  hold  sufficient  grain  to  operate  the  mill  one 
day.  The  adjoining  elevator  serves  to  elevate  the  wheat,  as  needed,  to  the 
milling  separator  shown  on  the  second  floor.  Here  the  wheat  is  relieved  of 
all  foreign  particles  and  shrunken  grains  unfit  for  milling.  The  grain  is  now 
re-elevated  to  the  upper  one  of  the  two  adj<  'ining  smutters  and  scourers,  and 
after  the  wheat  has  been  acted  upon  by  these  two  machines  it  is  stored  tem- 
porarily in  a  bin  on  the  second  floor,  not  shown  in  the  engraving,  where  it  is 
ready  for  passage  through  the  rolls  and  bolts  in  its  conversion  into  flour,  as 
described  in  detail  on  other  pages.  'J  he  shrunken  wheat,  taken  out  by  the 
separator  is  spouted  to  a  screenings  grinder  placed  against  the  far  side  wall 
and  is  con  verted  into  feed  for  horses  or  cattle.  The  dust  from  the  three  wheat 
cleaners  is  blown  into  Cyclone  dust  collectors,  those  conical  affairs  shown  near 
the  ceiling  of  the  second  floor,  which  separate  the  air  from  the  dust,  discharg- 
ing the  dust  at  the  bottom  and  the  air  at  the  top.  In  the  background  of  the 
second  floor  are  shown  the  various  flour  dressers,  centrifugal  finishers,  ami 
middlings  purifiers.  On  the  first  floor  are  shown  the  four  double  roller 
machines  with  automatic  feeders,  each  machine  containing  two  pairs  of 
rolls,  each  pair  working  entirely  independent  of  the  other.  Three  pairs  of 
these  rolls  are  corrugated  for  the  purpose  of  gradually  reducing  the  floury 
part  of  the  wheat  to  middlings,  while  the  remaining  five  pairs  are  smooth  to 
gradually  reduce  the  middlings,  after  purification,  to  flour.  Near  the  side 
wall  in  the  foreground  is  shown  a  flour  packer  with  its  flour  storage  bin  on 
the  floor  above.  In  the  rear  is  the  power  room,  containing  the  engine,  boiler, 
pumps,  and  heater.  A  bushel  of  00  Ib.  wheat  produces  ;!8  to  44  Ibs.  of  flour,  (i 
to  It)  Ibs.  of  bran,  6  to  8  Ibs.  of  ship  stuff,  1  to  3  Ibs.  of  screenings,  and  % 
to  %  Ib.  invisible  loss  during  milling.  These  quantities  vary  with  the  kind 
and  condition  of  the  wheat,  the  condition  of  the  weather,  the  size,  kind,  and 
condition  of  the  mill,  and  the  skill  of  the  miller  in  charge.  From  li  to  14 
horse  power  per  barrel  per  hour  is  required  as  motive  power,  depending  on 
the  size  of  mill  and  the  proximity  of  power  to  the  machinery. 

Following  is  a  list  of  the  flouring  mills  of  Minneapolis,  with  names  of  own- 
ers and  capacity  of  each  per  day  : — 

Pillsbury  (A)  Mill,  7200  hbls.,  Pillsburv  Washburn  Flour  Mill  Co.;  Pillsbnrv 
(B)  Mill.  2.-OH  bbls.,  Pillsbury  Washburh  Flour  Mill  Co.  ;  Anchor  Mill.  1000 
bbls.,  Pillsbury  Washburn  Flour  Mill  Co.  ;  Palisade  Mill.  2(>oo  bbls.,  Pills- 
bury  Washburn  Flour  Mill  Co.  ;  Lincoln  Mill,  1000  bbls..  Pillsbury  Washburn 
Flour  Mill  Co.  ;  Washburn  (A)  Mill,  4i'00  bbls.,  Washburn-Crosby  Co.  ; 
Washburn  (B)  Mill.  J:iOo  bbls.,  Washburn-Crosby  Co. ;  Washburn  (C)  Mill. 
:umo  bbls.,  Washburn-Crosby  Co.  ;  Crown  Roller  Mill,  2100  bbls.,  Northwestern 
Consolidated  Mill  Co.  ;  Columbia  Mill,  1000  bbls.,  Northwestern  Consolidated 
Mill  Co.  :  Northwestern  Mill,  ItiOil  bbls.,  North  western  Consolidated  Mill  Co.  : 
Galaxy  Mill,  WOO  bbls.,  Northwestern  Consolidated  Mill  Co.;  Zenith  Mill, 
1000  bbls..  Northwestern  Consolidated  Mill  Co.  ;  Excelsior  Mill,  1100  'bbls  , 
Minneapolis  Flour  Mfg.  Co.  ;  St.  Anthonv  Mill,  650  bbls.,  Minneapolis  Flour 
Mfg.  Co.  ;  Standard  Mill,  1700  bbls.,  Minneapolis  Flour  Mfg.  Co. :  Humboldt 
Mill,  1150  bbls.,  Hinkle,  Greenleaf  &  Co. :  Dakota  Mill,  350  bbls  ,  H.  F.  Brown 
&  Co.  ;  Holly  Mill,  500  bbls.,  Holly  Mill  Co.  ;  Minneapolis  Mill,  1200  bbls., 
Crocker,  Fisk  &  Co.  ;  Cataract  Mill,  800  bbls.,  I).  R.  Barber  &  Son  ;  Phoenix 
Mill,  275  bbls.,  Stamwitz  &  Schober.  Total 38,325  bbls. 


119 


120 


COTTON  MANUFACTURE. 


The  manufacture  of  cotton  goods,  now  so  enormous  in  quantity  and  so  varied 
in  multiplicity  of  uses,  is  of  comparatively  recent  date.  The  fibre"  was  first  intro- 
duced in  England  about  1640;  a  century  latter,  or  in  1741,  but  1,100.000  pound- 
were  used  there — a  quantity  that  would  but  partially  have  loaded  a  single  ship 
of  that  period,  or  a  freight  train  of  to-day.  The  invention  of  the  spinning  frame, 
by  Arkuright,  in  1768-71;  the  spinning  jenny,  bv  Han-grave,  about  the  same 
time,  and  the  combination  of  the  two  by  Crompton,  thus  forming  the  mule, 
gave  the  first  great  impetus  to  the  business,  which  was  enormously  increased 
by  Eli  Whitney's  invention  of  the  cotton  gin,  and  of  the  card  setting  machine 
bi  Amos  Whiftemore,  both  Massachusetts  me»n.  The  really  successful  power- 
loom  seems  to  have  been  invented  bv  the  Kev.  Edmund  Cartwright  of  England. 
Fear  that  such  machinery  would  render  their  employment  unnecessary,  cause  d 
the  working  class  to  gather  in  mobs,  and  destroy  it,  so  that,  us  late  "as  1813  it 
was  supposed  that  there  were  only  about  2400  power-looms  in  use  in  all 
England.  The  war  of  1812  with  that  country  made  it  more  i:e  cessaiy  to  manu- 
facture cotton  goods  in  this  country,  anel  it  was  done,  in  several  of  the 'states,  but 
with  what  would  now  be  considered  a  ludicrous  division  of  labor,  as  the  spin- 
ning was  done  with  water  or  horse-power,  thell  distributed  among  the  lain. (  is' 
families,  ami  there  woven  in  hand-looms.  Power-looms  we  re  trie  d  in  various 
places,  but  without  being  able  to  compete  with  hand-looms.  Probably  the  first 
mill  ever  constructed  for  taking  in  raw  cotton,  and  turning  it  out  a's  finished 
cloth,  was  completed  in  Wall  ham,  Mass.,  in  1813.  This  had  17(0  st  ii.dlcs,  ai:d 
all  the  other  machinery  necessary  for  the  purpose  n-.imid.  The  enterprise 
proved  successful,  ami  another  and  larger  mill,  having  35S4  spii.dh  s.  « a- 
soon  added  to  the  first.  [See  Lowell  water-power  rate.]  From  such  begin- 
nings have  grown  the  immense  cotton  manufactures  of  the  country.  Six  million 
one  hundred  thousand  bales  of  cotton  were  raised  in  this  conntrv  the  past  \<  ai. 
Spinning  is  the  heavy  work  of  the-  business,  and  upon  the  spineile  is  based  the 
estimates  of  cost,  value,  capacity  and  power  required  for  the  mill.  Circim- 
stances  in  each  case,  of  course,  affect  such  estimates.  Suppose  a  new  mill  to  he- 
constructed  where  a  dam  and  canal  are  ready  to  take  the  water  for  power, the 
cost  for  race,  wheel-pit,  mill  ami  machinery  would  be  estimate  d,  under  favorable 
circumstances,  at  about  $14.50  per  spindle".  Sixteen  dollars  per  spindle  at  this 
time  should  tit  up  such  a  mill  with  machinery  of  the  Most  perfect  kinel.  It 
canal,  dam  and  boarding  houses  were  to  be  added,  tin-,  cost  would  probably  be  .-'jo 
per  spindle.  At  Fall  Uive-r,  where  steam  is  used  for  power,  the  estimate  at  this 
time  is  $17  per  spindle,  but  Fall  River  does  not  furnish  boarding  houses.  A 
mill  45  x  100  feet,  four  stories  and  attie-,  would  require  one  floor  for  spindles. 
A  spinning  frame,  having  12S  spindle's,  requires  56  feet  floor  space,  16  x3J  feet, 
or  about  2.3  spindles  per  foot;  but  a  passage  way  is  required  each  siilc-  of  the 

franie,  so  that  500.)  spindles  would  be  n  ir 1  outfit'  for  such  a  mill  or  floor.  Six 

thousand  might  be  used,  but  would  hardly  be  advisable,  unless  room  was  scarce 
for  the  power  at  command.  The  power  should  equal  two  h.  p  for  each  oi.e 
hundred  spinning  spindles  in  a  mill.  There-  are  light  running  spindles  and 
machinery  that  could  be  driven  with  something  less  than  that  rate— others  that 
would  require  more  ;  but  the  rate  is  a  fair  average  estimate.  Warp  and  thread 
mills  require  more  power  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  spinning  spindles  than 
mills  that  make  cloth.  Two  h.  p.  per  each  hundreel  spinning  spimli.  s  is  a  fair 
estimate  for  the  power  reepiired  in  silk  mills.  Thirty-live  to  fifty  spindles  in 
cotton  mills  are  required  per  loom,  the  number  depending  upon  the  No.  of  yarn 
used  or  fineness  of  cloth  produced. 

The  census  for  1880  will  give  the  number  of  spimlles  in  ths  Southern  states  as 
714,078;  looms,  15,222,  or  about  forty-seven  spindles  per  le>om,  which  would 
indicate  that  their  product  is  q.iite.fine-  cloth,  or,  what  is  more  probable,  that 
many  of  the  spindles  are  employed  in  making  yarn  that  is  not  woven  there. 


121 


COTTON  MANUFACTURE. 


From  tlie  bale  the  cotton  goes  to  the  Pickers,  Opener,  Breaker,  and  Finish- 
;r.    All  similar  in  appearance. 

PICKER. 


From  Finishing  Picker  in  "  laps  "  the  cotton  goes  to  Breaker  Card. 

CARD. 


Thence  in  slivers  from  sixty  to  a  hundred  cards  to  the  Doubler. 


122 


DOUBLER. 


Which  turns  it  into  laps  ;  these  are  taken  to  the  Finishing  Card  ;  this  is 
similar  to  the  Breaker  Card  in  appearance.  From  Finishing  Card  cotton  in 
slivers  goes  to  the  Kaihvay  Head,  which  delivers  into  cans,  from  six  to  ten 
cards,  to  Railway  Head. 

RAILWAY  HEAD. 


From  Railway  Head  to  Drawing  Frame,  which  leaves  it  Lu  cans. 


DRAWING  FRAME. 


From  Drawing  Frame  it  goes  to  the  Slubber,  which  turns  it  into  bobbins 

SLUBBER. 


Thence  to  the  Intermediate  or  Fly  Frame. 


124 


FLY   FRAME. 


From  Intermediate  or  Fly  Frame  on  bobbins  to  the  Fine  Frame,  similar  to 
Fly  Frame  or  Slubber.  From  Fine  Frame  to  the  Ring  Spinning  Frame  and 
Mule.  The  Ring  Frame  makes  the  warp,  the  Mule  makes  filling,  the  tilliiiu 
going  direct  from  the  Mule  to  the  Loom.  In  general  appearance  the  Mule 
resembles  the  illustration  of  mule  in  woolen  manufactures  on  another  page. 

RING  SPINNING  FRAME. 


•-••  -  -'  --     ,-••  x  '  ' 

From  Spinning  Frame  the  warp  goes  to  the  Spooler. 


From  the  Warper  to  the  Slasher 
J)ress<;r. 


120 


127 


From  Drawing-in  to  Loom. 
LOOM. 


For  spool  cotton  the  process  is  similar  up  to  the  spooler,  then  there  are 
doublers,  twisters,  thread  spoolers,  etc.,  etc.  Bleaching,  calico  printing, 
and  a  thousand  other  varieties  of  work  such  as  tape,  fringe,  counterpanes, 
each_requires  special  machinery,  looms,  etc. 


Ribbon,  Webbing  and  Tape  Loom. 

Manufactured  ly  L.  J.  Kmurl,-*  ,(•   lirollur,  \\'ni-<;-xtfr,  Mass. 


TESTS    MADE    AT    TIIK    Mil, I.    t)7    Kl>WAKI>    «  >.    DAMON    IH'KIXi;    THK    MoXTN 
OF    SKI'TK.MISKK.    1^1. 

The  machinery  consisted  of  73  Tape  Looms,  earn-in-,'  -Jon.>  sliutili-  :  i;  ^nillers 
of  36  spindles  each,  and  1  of  18  spindle*:  2  Warp  Dressers;  1  2-plv  Warper;  1 
Yarn  Spooler;  1  Tape  Keel;  1  Yarn  Warper,  single;  2  Tape  Spoolers;  2  Tape 
Presses;  30  Counter  Shafts,  average  length,  six  feet. 

The  power  for  the  above  machinery  was  taken  from  below,  through  Ihe  floor, 
on  to  a  short  main  shaft  about  ten  feet  in  length,  the  main  pulley  being  forty-one 
inches  in  diameter  and  about  eighteen  inches  faee ;  belt,  fourteen  inches  wide. 
One-ply.  From  this  shaft  the  power  was  transmitted  through  a  pair  of  bevel 
gears  (about  30-inch  diameter,  4-inch  face)  to  the  short  counter-shafts.  The 
power  scale  was  applied  to  the  main  driving  pulley,  and  examined  and  tested 
at  short  intervals,  to  see  that  it  was  working  smoothly  and  correctly.  (!en.  Thco. 
G.  Ellis,  of  Hartford,  made  a  very  thorough  examination  and  test  durir.g  the 
month,  and  reported,  as  the  result  of  these  tests,  that  the  amount  of  power 
transmitted  to  the  machinery,  at  145  revolutions  of  the  main  shaft,  was  10.61  h.  p. 
At  136  revolutions  of  this  main  shaft,  he  reports  the  approximate  power  as  ft  h.p. 
The  tests  of  the  same  machinery,  leaving  the  dressers  off,  was  found  to  be  about 
2  h. p.  less. 

II.  A.  FOSTER,  Snpt. 

TKSTS  MADE  AT  MILL  OF  KASHAWANNUCK  MF'Q  Co.,  EASTIIAMPTON,  MASS. 

[Elastic  Goods,  Suspenders  and  Ribbons.] 

The  machinery  consisted  of  149  Looms  (Knowles*  and  various  kinds),  1">  Spool- 
ers, 14  Warpers,  11  Quillers. 
Power  required  to  drive  all  the  above  machinery  to  speed,  23.2  h.p. 

EDWARD  PAINTER,  Snpt, 

TESTS  MADE  AT  MILL  op  GLENDALE  ELASTIC  FABRIC  COMPANY, 

EASTHAMPTON,  MASS. 

The  machinery  consisted  of  100  Looms,  10  Spoolers,  12  Quillers,  775  Braiders. 
P,ower  required  to  drive  all  to  speed,  25.4  h.  p. 

E.  C,  KoENfi,  Snj,t. 


129 

Test  of  Turbine    Wheel  and   Power    Required   to 
drive  Machinery  in  Mill  at  Natick,  B.  I. 


To  ascertain  power  required  to  drive  machinery,  the  gate  was  opened  until 
designated  machines  ran  at  regulator  speed,  then  the  power  of  wheel  was  found, 
with  same  head  and  gate  opening.  The  turbine  replaced  breast  wheels,  and  the 
discharge  from  the  turbine  as  sh  >wn  by  the  old  water  mark  in  tail-race  35  feet  in 
width  was  8  iu'ches  less  iu  depth  than  from  breast  wheels.  " 
Test  of  Machinery,  March  14,  1874. 

The  first  test,  shafting  alone.  The  gate  3>£  turns  open,  with  21  feet,  3>£  inches 
fall.  \V  heel  making  77  revolutions  per  minute,  horse  power,  43. 

The  second  test,  ull  the  shafting  and  457  Mason  Looms,  (print  goods,  64  sq., 
150  picks  per  minute.)  The  gate  5>£  turns  open,  \\ith  21  led,  Iji  inches  fall. 
Revolutions  of  wheel  77,  horse  -power,  88. 

The  third  test,  all  the  above  and  77  ring  spinning  frames,  of  9,856  Rabbeth 
spindles,  6750  revolutions  per  minute,  also  8  warpers,  8  spoolers  of  64  spindles 
each,  and  17  mules  with  10,364  spindles.  The  gate  9,J£  turns  open,  with  20  feet, 
9  inches  fall.  Revolutions  of  wheel  77,  horse  power,  192. 

The  fourth  test,  all  the  machinery  in  the  mill,  or  in  addition  to  the  above,  1 
Kijson  opener,  2500  revolutions,  6  30-inch  Whitin's  tappers,  3  boaters,  each  2200 
revolutions,  70  30-inch  breaker  cards  with  125  revolutions  of  cylinders,  with  5 
Mason  Railway  heads,  2  doublers,  70  30-i  ch  finisher  cai  ds  with  125  revolutions 
of  cylinders,  with  5  Lauphear  railway  heads,  10  drawing  frames  with  59  deliver- 
ies, 6  slubber  speeders  with  420  spindles,  554  revolutions  of  flyers,  12  fine  speed- 
ers,  1248  spindles,  770  revolutions  of  flyers.  The  gate  10,'2'  open,  20  feei,  5^ 
inches  fall.  Revolutions  of  wheel  76,  horse  power,  263.  Gate  opened  in  full  to 
get  power  of  wheel,  20,!^  feet  fall,  291>£  horse-power. 


Nelson  Mill,  Winchendon,  Mass. 


Denims,  Sheetings,  and  Colored  Goods— 

H.  P. 

4  pickers,  61  cards,  7300  spindles,  2  drawing  frames  and  180  looms,  158. 80 

Ail  tbe  above,  except  pickers,  130  10 

All  except  pickers  and  cards,  89.46 

Only  lo  iins  running,  57.85 

Shafting,  S9.33 


Monohansett  Mill,  Putnam,  Conn. 


Two  hundred  horse-power  drives  two  hundred  and  ninety  two  40-inch  wide 
looms  to  140  picks  per  minute,  5632  frame  spindles,  6768  mule  spindles  with  all 
the  other  necessary  machinery. 

Eagle  Mill,  Connecticut. 


This  is  to  certify  that  I  weighed  up  the  power  for  John  L.  Ross,  of  the  foil 
Ing  machinery  and  shafting  at  his  mill,  iu  Eagleville,  Conn.,  with  a  Dynarnoin 
on  main  shaft,  and  the  power  developed  was  found  as  fullows,  to  wit: 
Test  Xo.    1 — Run  the  shafting,  1  dresser,  1  spooler,  and  12  frames,  indicat    g 

27.H41 

Test  No.    2— shafting, 1  dresser,  1  spooler,  15  spinning  frames,  30.81 

Test  No.    3-      "     '   1        "        1        "       18  "  34.86 

Test  Xo.    4—      "        1        "        1        "        18  "  34  86 


Test  No.  5— 

TestXo.  6— 

Test  No.  7— 

Test  No.  8— 

Test  No.  9- 


1  "  1  15  "  31.12 

1  '•  1  "  12  ••  27.27 

1  "  1  "  12  "  27.27 

1  "  1  "  15  "  3112 

1  "  1  "  18 


Test  No.  10 — All  of  shafting  connected  to  run  the  above  machinery, 


130 
Experiments  at  Massachusetts  Cotton  Mills. 


LOWELI,,  MASS.,  MARCH,  1872. 

Trial  of  power  required  to  drive  15  stretchers.  (3d  speeders)  52  spindles  each 
=780  spindles.  Speed  main  shait  of  machine,  396  revolutions.  Speed  of  flyer, 
1121  revolutions.  Frames  driven  by  a  train  of  8  count' r-shafts— two  frames  by 
earh,  except  the  last,  which  drives  one.  These  shafts  arc  driven,  the  first  from 
the  main  line,  and  the  others  in  succession  from  each  other.  1st.  Machines  and 
shafting  required  8056  Ibs.  per  sec  =14.65  horse-powor=537  IDS.  or  .976  horse- 
power each=10.3  Ibs.  per  spindle=53  24  spindles  per  horse-power.  2d.  Shaft- 
in?  and  loose  pulleys,  2000  Ibs. =3.64  horse-power.  3d.  Shafting  alone,  belts  off, 
732  lbs.=1.33  horse-power. 

Trial  of  power  to  drive  6  throstle  spinning  frames,  (warp) ,  5  having  128  spindles 
each,  and  one  112  spindles,=752  spindles,  driven  by  a  i  rain  of  C  counter-shafts,  the 
first  belted  from  the  main  line,  and  the  others  in  succession  from  each  other. 
This  being  an  odd  row  of  frames,  only  one  frame  is  belted  from  each  shaft. 
Spinning  No.  20  yarn,  cylinder  running  750  revolutions,  and  flyers  4312  revolu- 
tions per  minute.  1st.  Shafting  and  loose  pulleys,  1150  Ibs. =2.09  horse-power. 
2d.  Shafting  alone,  machine'  belts  off,  767  Ibs. =1.39  horse-power.  3d.  Frames 
and  shafting,  6900  lbs.=12.54  horse-power. 

Tri  il  of  power  required  for  1 12  looms,  weaving  36-inc'i  sheetings,  No.  20  yarn, 
60  threads  to  the  inch  each,  warp  and  filling.  (Speed.  130  picks  per  minute. 
These  looms  are  placed  in  the  back  part  of  the  middle  portion  of  No  1  mill— 
one-half  in  the  basement  and  half  in  the  room  above— being  belted  from  5  lines 
of  shafting  in  the  lower  room.  These  shafts  are  driven  in  succession,  one  from 
the  other,  the  first  from  the  in  lin  line.  Size  of  shafting,  2  3-16  inches,  except 
the  first  piece  in  each  line,  on  which  the  counter  pulleys  are  placed  ;  these  are  of 
sevei  :il  different  sizes,  but  about  2.^  inch  on  an  average.  The  driving  pulleys  are 
12  inch  diameter,  and  the  loom  pulleys  14  inch.  1st.  112  looms  with  shafting 
lubricated  with  tallow.  Average  of  several  trials :  8870  Ibs. =16. 13  horse-power 
=79  20  Ibs.  per  loom=7.24  looms  per  horse-power.  2d.  The  same,  after  oiling 
the  journals  of  t!>e  shafting:  8492  lbs.=15.44  Iiorse-power=75  82  Ibs.  per  loom= 
7.24  looms  per  horse-power.  3d.  Trial  of  shafting  and  loose  pulleys,  lubricated 
with  tallow.  Average  of  several  trials  :  2870  Ibs. ==5. 23  horse-power.  4th.  Same 
after  freshly  oiling:  2245  Ibs.  =4.08  horse-power.  5th.  Shafting  alone,  belts  off: 
913  lbs.=2.40  horse-power. 

Trial  of  power  required  to  drive  8  Lowell  Machine  Shop  Mules,  624  spindles 
each,  with  Emerson's  Dynamometer.  Five  mules  were  running  on  No.  22  yarn, 
spindles  making  5501)  revolutions  per  minute,  and  three  mules  on  No.  37  yarn, 
spindles  making  6230  revolutions  per  minute.  1st.  The  8  mules  including  shaft- 
ins.  12,250  Ibs  =22.25  horse-power,=2  45  Ibs.  per  spindle,=224  spindles  per 
horse-power.  2d.  Shafting  alone,  17.10  lbs.=3.11  h  >rse-power,=  14  per  cent,  of 
the  whole  power.  3d.  8  mules  without  shafting,  19.16  horse-power=211  Ibs. 
per  spindle=260  spindles  per  horse-power. 


Test  of  Machinery  at  the  Alpaca  Mill,  Holyoke,  Mass. 


.Looms  made  by  Georg>  Ilatterly  &  Sans,  Keighlcy,  Yorkshire,  England. 
These  looms  were  supposed  to  require  but  one-tenth  of  a  horse-power  each  to 
drive  t.hem ;  250  of  them  in  use  there.  Two  sets  of  four  each  were  tried,  each 
set  taking  exactly  the  same  power. 

H.  P. 

Four  looms  (plain,)  40-inch  reed  space,  180  picks  per  minute,  1.13 

Spinning  frame,  144  flyer  spindles,  2500  revolutions  per  minute,  2.60 

Lister  Comb,  IS  inch  nip,  combing  long  wool,  .68 

Preparer  for  comb,  second  of  five,  fair  average  of  the  set,  .69 

Dandy  roving  frame,  24  spindles,  1300  revolutions  per  minute,  .78 

Six  spindle  way  box,  .68 

Six  spindle  finisher, .56 

Many  patents  have  been  take 
Ught  running  spindles,  but  ther 
spindles  each  that  run  lighter  than  any  frames  that  I  have  seen  elsewhere  ;    these  are  driven  with  5-8 
of  an  inch  belt,  and  can  and  have  been  driven  with  bolts  of  but  1-4  of  au  inch  in  width. 


131 


Test  of  Turbine  and  Power  Required  to  Drive 
Machinery. 


Clyde  Bleaehery,  River  Point,  R.  I. 

To  ascertain  power  required  to  drive  machinery,  the  gate  was  opened  until 
certain  machines  ran  at  speed,  afterwards  the  power  of  the  wheel  was  tested 
with  the  same  gate  opening,  head  and  speed. 

H.P. 
1st  Test.     Gate  open  2  1-2  turns,  15.47 

Driving  shafting  of  mill  and  small  pump. 

2d  Test      Gate  opened  6  turns,  53.18 

One  5  bole  water  mangle,  1  Scotch  starching  mangle,  2  boles,  1  spindle 
calendar,  5  boles,  1  3-bole  calendar,  1  5-bole  calendar  and  1  cloth 
winder. 

3d"Test.    Gate  opened  8  turns,  62.73 

All  the  machinery  i"  the  bleaching  room,  viz  :  3  washing  machines,  10 
feet  log,  2  washing  machines,  6  feet  log,  2  souring  machines,  4  feet 
log,  1  chemic  machine,  4  feet  log,  1  liming  machine,  4  feet  log,  and 
3  squeezers. 

4th  Test.     Gate  opened  in  full,  75.34 

All  the  above,  with  machinery  in  drying  room  additional.     The  latter 
is  1  drying  machine,  11  cylinders  30x120  inches,  1  squeezer,  1  open- 
ing mangle,  2  shearers.  4  sets  knives  each,  and  1  Canroy  winder. 
The  15  47  h.  p.  required  to  drive  shafting  must  be  deducted  from  the  second, 
third  and  fourth  tests  to  get  the  power  required  to  drive  the  machinery  named. 


Memoranda  of  power  required  for  operating  certain  bleaching,  finishing  and 
dyeing  machines,  at  S.  H.  Greene  &  Sous'  Bleach  and  Print  Works,  Kiverpoint, 
R.  I.,  tested  with  Emerson's  Lever  Dynamometer,  April  1874. 

H.P. 

Washing  Machine  with  2  boles — 21  inches  diameter.  10  feet  long  with 
squeezers  attached;  consisting  of  2  boles — 21  inches  diameter,  12  inches 
long,  13.60 

Limer,  brown  sour,  chemic  and  white  sour  machines — 2  boles  each— 21 
inches  diameter,  4  feet  long,  each  required  3.01 

Water  mangle — 5  boles,  11.39 

Friction  mangle— 2  boles,  16.38 

Calendar— 5  boles,  7.53 

Caleudar-3  boles,  5.91 

Calendar— 4  boles,  (one  bole  being  &  4-inch  spindle,)  8.07 

Shearing  machines— 4  sets  knives,  9.98 

Burrows'  patent  dye  beck— 40  ps..  3.86 

Washing  Machine,  Madder  Dye  House,  with  2  boles— 10  feet  long,  20 
inches  diameter,  with  squeezers — 2  boles,  12  inches  long,  attached  with  cloth 
loose  in  water  pit,  7.97 

Hot  water  machines-2  boles,  in  dye  house,  1.79 

Canroy  Winder — for  printing  machines,  6.32 

Power  to  drive  shafting  and  spring  water  pumps  of  bleachery,  drying 

room  and   mangle,  and   finishing  rooms  for  white  work,  18.18 

All  the  above  were  trials  while  the  machines  were  at  work,  cloth  threaded  in. 
A  number  of  trials  were  made.      The  above  give  the   average  in  practical 
work. 

HEKBT  L.  GREENE. 


132 
Tests  of  Various  Kinds  of  Machinery. 


During  the  past  ten  years  I  have  tested  the  power  rcqu 
variety  of  machinery,  but  have  kept  no  record  of  such  un 
such  tests  t'>  others  are  of  but  little  value  unless  the  coudi 
same,  which  is  unlikely  to  be  the  case. 

The  following  were  taken  in  the  mills  named  and  represei 


•ed  to  drive  a  great 
1  recently,  because 
ons  are  exactly  the 

the  power  required 
the  tests  it  will  be 


to  drive  the  machines  while  doing  their  regular  work:  b 
seen  that  the  greater  the  number  of  spindles  in  a  frame,  the  greater  the  number 
<s  likely  to  be  per  horse  power.  It  will  also  be  apparent  that  much  depends 
upon  the  make  of  the  frame. 

DWHillT   JHF'G  CO.,  CHICOPEE,  MASS.     -I.  >» .  Cumnock,  Agent,  Nov.  1878. 

Test  of  Lan  phear  fiame,  128  Rabbeth  spindles. 

To  drive  empty  spindles,  required  1.06  horse  power. 

To  drive  spindle  and  bobbin,  without  connection,  1  14 

Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  required  1  30 

Revolutions  of  driiin  per  minute,  810 

Computed  revolutions  of  spindle  per  minute,  7800 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  72 

No.  of  yarn,  40 

Length  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle  when  at  work,  336  5 

Number  of  spindles  per  horse  power,  08 

Another  Rabbeth  f:ame,  supposed  to  be  exactly  like  the  above  required  more 
power.  Spindles  per  horse  power, 

Lowell  frame,  202  light  lone  spindles  No.  4  mill. 

Mean,  I'rom  empty  t»  full  bobbins,  2.52  horse  power. 

Re-volutions  of  drum  per  minute,  1025 

Coinput  -d  revolutions  of  s-pindles,  7800 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  97 

Length  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches  5% 

Number  of  yarn,  22 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  412 
Spindles  per  horse  power, 

To  drivi:  the  cylinder  and  spindles,  rolls  stopped,  required  1.96  horse  power. 

Lowell  frame  having  208  short  spindles  in  No.  4  mill. 

Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  3  31  horse  power 

Revolutions  of  drum  per  minute,  1025 

Computed  revolutions  of  spindles,  7800 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  97 

Length  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5J£ 

No.  of  yarn,  22 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  525 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  63 

These  spindles  were  reduced  in  weight,  then  required  2.84  h.  p.  or  73.8  spin- 
dles per  h.  p.  To  drive  the  cylinder  and  spindles,  the  rolls  being  stopped, 
re'quired  2.2  horse  power. 

Lowell  frame,  (old)  208  Ions  spindles. 

Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  3.54  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum  per  minute,  1025 

Computed  revolutions  of  spindles,  7800 

Revolutions  of  fr'.nt  roll,  95 

Length  of  trav.  rs  on  bobbins  in  inches  5% 

No.  of  yarn,  22 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  563 

Spindles  per  hor.-e  power,  59 

Whitin  frame,  128  long  spindles,  in  No.  1  mill. 

Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  1.45  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum  per  minute,  720 

Computed  revolutions  of  spindles,  5040 

Revolutions  of  Jront  roll,  82 


133 

Length  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches.  5>£ 

No.  of  yarn,  14 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  375 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  88 

Another  frame,  same  row,  supposed  to  be  exactly  like  the  above,  carried  98 
spiudles  pur  horse  power. 

Bidd  'ford  frame,  144  Ions  spindles,  No.  5  mill. 

Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  1.57  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum  pi-r  minute,  789 

Computed  revolutions  of  spindles,  5523 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  78 

Leiutli  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  V, 

No.  of  yarn,  22 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle  359 

Spiudles  per  horse  power,  73 

Biddeford  frame,  144  Pearl  spindles,  No.  5  mill. 

Mean,  from  empty  to  full  UoWbiiis,  1.91  horse  power, 

({evolutions  of  drum  per  minute,  797 

Computed  revolutions  of  spiudles,  7000 

Revolution  of  front  roll,  92 

Length  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  53£ 

No.  of  yarn,  22 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  439 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  »                               75 

Whitiu  one  rail  frame,  128  Bu;  trick  &  Flanders'  spiudles,  in  No.  1  mill. 
Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  1.16  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum  per  minute.  720 

Computed  revolutions  of  spindles,  6720 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  100 

Length  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  6,'^ 

No.  of  yarn,  14 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  307.5 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  107 

Another  frame  in  the  same  row  supposed  to  be  exactly  like  the  above,  required 
more  to  d  ive  it  only  carrying  94  spiudles  p^r  horse  power. 

Biddeford  one  rail  fram  ,  144  Buttrick  spindles  in  No.  5  mill,  using  Pearl 
bobbins. 

Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  1.77  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum  per  minute, 

Computed  revolutions  of  spiudles,  7300 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  98 

Length  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5)4 

No.  of  yarn,  22 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  405 

Spindles  per  horse  power, 

Biddeford  two  rail  frame  of  144  Buttrick  spindles,  using  Pearl  bobbins. 
Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  1.68  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum  per  minute, 

Computed  revolutions  of  spindles,  7300 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  98 

Length  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5A£ 

No.  of  yarn,  22 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle, 
Spindles  per  horse  power,  85.5 

Lowell  Doubler,  doffing  64  cards.    Required,  4.28  horse  power. 

Howard  &  Bullock  Slasher,  16  inch  fans,  making  1200  revolutions  per  minute. 
Yarn  moving  35  yards  per  minute.  Required,  5  04  horse  power. 

Lowell  Machine  Shop  Looms.  12  on  36-inch  goods,  64  nicks  per  iiv  h.  11  on 
40-inch  troods,  76  pirks  per  inch,  145  picks  per  minute.  Required,  4  08  h.  p.  or 
5.6  looms  per  horse  power. 

Lowell  Coarse  Speeders,  40  spindles,  .36  hank  roving.  Eight  and  half  inch 
space,  12-inch  travers.  1'4  roll,  making  196  revolutions  per  minute.  Flyers, 
625  revolutions  per  minute.  Required,  1.41  h.  p. ,117  foot  Ibs.  per  spindle  or  283 
spindles  per  h.  p. 


Intermediate,  56  spindles.  .90  hank  roving.  6£-incb  space.  9J-inch  travers. 
Front  roll,  1£  inches  in  diameter,  making  200  revolutions  per  minute.  Flyers 
940  revolutions  per  minute.  Required,  1.43  h.  p.,  340  foot  Ibs.  per  spindle  or  89.2 
spindles  per  horse  power. 

Fine,  72  spindles,  5-inch  space,  8)4 -inch  travers,  2-83  hunk  roving.  Diameter 
of  front  roll  IJ-inch,  making  140  revolutions  per  minute.  Flyers  1215  revolu- 
tions per  minute.  Required,  1.68  h.  p.,  783  foot  Ibs.  per  spindle  or  42  spindles  per 
horse  power, 

Two  Drawing  Frames,  3  to  1, 4  deliveries  each.  Roll  \%  inch  diameter,  making 
308  revolutions  per  minute.  Required,  1.09  horse  power. 

Two  Pawtucket  Spoolers,  80  spindle?  each,  or  160  per  pair.  Revolutions  of 
cylinder  165  and  of  spindles  78tS  per  minute.  No.  of  yarn  22,  warp.  Required, 
.74  h.  p.  Spindles  per  horse  power,  217. 

Five  Howard  &  Bullock  Warpers  (English  )  Cylinder  making  45  revolutions 
per  minute.  Width  of  section,  54  inches  Average  No.  of  threads  to  each 
warper,  350.  Required,  .83  h  .  p.,  or  .16  h.  p.  per  warper. 

CHICOPEE  HF'O  CO.,  CUICOPKE  FALLS,  MASS.    George  H.  Jones,  Agent,  NOT.  1878. 

MANUFACTURE    COTTON   FLANNELS,  QUILTS   AND  SUEBTINOS. 

Test  of  frame  having  256  Sawyer  spindles,  in  a  mill  of  that  company. 

To  drive  the  empty  spindles,  required  1.26  horse  power. 

To  drive  bobbins  before  connectioa  with  yarn,  required  1.46 

Mean,  from  empty  to  full  bobbins,  2.09 
Revolutions  of  drum  per  minute, 

Computed  revolutions  of  spindle,  7612 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  88 

No.  of  yarn,  25 
Length  of  travers  on  bobbin  in  inches, 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle  when  at  work,  269.6 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  122 

WARP  MILL,  HOLYOKE,  MASS.    .1.  L.  Burllngame,  Agent,  Dee.  1878. 

-MANUFACTTKK    WAKPS. 

Lowell  Frame,  160  Sawyer  spindles  (old  frame.) 

Mean  power  required  1 .87  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum.  860 

Calculated  revolutions  of  spindles,  7166 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  103 

No.  of  yarn,  18 

Travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5% 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  387 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  85.2 

Another  in  same  mill ;  New  Lowell  Frame,  160  Sawyer  spindles. 

Mean  power  required  1.74  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum,  935 

Calculated  revolutions  of  spindles,  7480 
Revolutions  of  front  roll, 

No.  of  yarn,  28 

Travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5% 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  358 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  92.1 

HADLEY  CO.,   HOLYOKE,  MASS.     William   Grover,  Agent,  Dee.  1878. 


Whitin  Frame,  144  Buttrick  spindles,  ring  1J  inches. 

Mean  power  required  1.5S  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum,  913 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  93 

Calculated  revolutions  of  spindle,  7606 

Travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5if 

No.  of  yarn,  22 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  361 

Spindle  per  horse  power,  91.2 


135 


Whitin  Frame,  144  common  long  spindles,  ring  1%  inches. 
Mean  power  required 
Revolutions  of  drum, 
Revolutions  of  front  roll, 
Cal^alated  revolutions  of  spindles. 
No.  of  yarn, 

Travers  on  bobbin  in  inches, 
Footlbs.  per  spindle, 
Spindles  per  horse  power, 


1.62  horse  power. 
940 
87 
6043 


Two  Whitin  Frames,  160  long  light  spindles  each,  or  320  spindles  per  pair. 

Mean  power  required  2.60  horse  power  < 

Revolutions  of  drum,  941 

Revolutions  of  front,  roll,  68 

Calculated  revolutions  of  spindles,  6761 

No  of  yarn,  40 

Travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  4>£ 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  268 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  123 

Whitin  Frame,  144  Sawyer  spindles,  ring  1%  inches. 

Mean  p  >wcr  required  1.30  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum,  926 

Revolutions  of  front  roll,  78 

Calculated  revolutions  of  spindles,  7408 

No.  of  yarn,  30 

Travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5% 
Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle, 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  111 

Whitin  9-inch  Slubber  of  72  spindles,  hank  roving  one-third. 

Mean  power  required  .59  horse  power. 
Revolutions  of  roll, 

Revoludons  of  spindles,  582 
Footlbs.  per  spindle, 

Spin  lies  per  horse  power,  123 

Whitin  Intermediate  Frame,  120  spindles,  hank  roving  4}^. 

Mea'i  power  required  .47  horse  power. 

One  a  id  one- eighth  inch  rolls.     Revolutions,  96.5 

Revolutions  of  spindles,  850 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  130 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  254 

Whitin's  Jack  Rovinz  Frame,  144  spindles,  hank  roving  15. 

Mean  power  required  .48  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  roll,  7, 'a.    Diameter  of  same  in  inches,  1>2 

Revolutions  of  spindles,  1086 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  110 

Spindles  per  horse  power, 

Whitin's  Drawing  Frame,  16  ends,  4  cans. 

Power  required  -58  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  roll,  280 

Fales  &  Jenks'  Frame,  272  Rabbeth  spindles,  ring  1%  inches. 

Mean  power  required  2.36  horse  power. 
Seven  inch  drum.     Revolutions, 
Revolutions  of  front  roll, 

Cal  mlated  revolutions  of  spindles,  6767 

Travers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5>£ 

No.  of  yarn,  20 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  286 
Spindles  per  horse  power, 

Another  Fales  &  Jeuks'  Frame,  272  Rabbeth  spindles,  ring  1%  inches. 

Mean  power  required  2.15  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  drum  725 
Revolutions  of  front  roll, 
Calculated  revolutions  of  spindles, 


136 

No.  of  yarn,  30 

ffravers  on  bobbin  in  inches,  5>£ 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  261 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  126 

Fales  &  Jenks'  1876,  Twister,  248  Rabbeth  spindles,  two  cylinders. 

Mean  power  required  4.80  horse  P?TMT 

No.  of  yarn,  40-3  ply. 
No.  of  Traveler,  14.    2-inch  ring. 

Diameter  of  drum,  8  inches.    Revolution  ot  same,  750 

Thre  :  inch  roll.     Revolutions  27% 

Diameter  of  whirl,  1  5-16  inch     Revolutions  of  spindles,  4562 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle  639 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  51.6 

Two  cylinders  in  the  same  frame  can  hardly  be  desirable 

Fales  &  Jenks'  1872,  Single  Cylinder  Twister,  144  Rabbeth  spindles. 

Mean  power  required  1.74  horse  powei. 

No.  of  yarn,  40—2  ply. 

No.  of  Traveler,  16 

Seven  inch  drum.    Revolutions.  823 
One  and  one-half  inch  roll.    Revolutions  of  spindle, 

One  and  one-sixteenth  whirl.     Revolutions  of  spindles,  5435 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  400 

Spindles  per  horse  power.  82.5 

Higgins'  Sons  &  Co.  Slubber,  60  spindles 

Revolutions  front  roll,  118J 

Revolutions  of  spindles,  676 

Required  1.02  horse  power 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  68.6 

Hig/ins'  Sons  &  Co.  7-inch  intermediate  frame,  128  spindles,  hank  roving  3^ . 

Mean  power  required  1.58  horse  power 

Diameter  of  roll  1|  inch.     Revolutions  128 

Revolutions  of  spindles,  1118 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  408 
Spindles  per  horse  power, 

Higgins'  Sons  &  Co.  (English)  5>£  inch  Jack  Frame,  144  spindles,  hank  rov. 
ing  11. 

Mean  power  required  1.45  horse  power. 

Revolutions  of  roll,  83.    Diameter  of  same  in  inches,  \% 

Revolutions  of  spindles,  1400 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  333 
Spindles  per  horse  power, 

English  Twister,  286  Rabbeth  spindles,  1%  inch  ring. 

Mean  power  required  3.97  horse  power. 

No.  of  yarn,  36 -2  ply. 

No.  of  Traveler,  15 

Eight  inch  drum.     Revolutions,  600 

Three  inch  roll.    Revolutions,  23.5 

One  and  one-fourth  inch  whirl.     Revolutions,  3840 

Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle,  458 
Spindles  per  horse  power, 

Criffhton  &  Son  (English)  Doubler,  16  ends.  Lap  187  pwt.  to  the  yard. 
Driving  pulley,  making  600  revolutions  oer  minute.    Required,  .55  horse  power. 

Boyd's  (Glasgow)  Spooler  or  winding  machine,  50  spin-lies  or  drums.     Out 
side  winding  from  three  bobbins :   the  other  side  winding  from  three  cops. 
Driving  pulley  and  drums,  making  228  revolutions  per  minute. 

Mean  power  required  .15  horse  power 
Foot  Ibs.  per  spindle, 
Spindles  per  horse  power, 


is1; 


Pair  of  Dobson  &  Barlow  (English)  Mul<  s,  832  spindles  each 
Ten  stretches  in  4  minutes,  25  seconds. 

Diameter  of  front  roll,  1  inch.    Involutions  if  same  nor  minute,  72 

No.  of  yarn,  70.     Calculated  revolutions  of  spindles.  5663 

Maximum  force  required,  7.83  horse  power. 

Spindles  per  horse  power.  212.5 

Pair  of  Mason  Mules,  832  spindles  each. 
Ten  stretches  in  3  minutes.  55  seconds. 

Revolutions  of  from  roll,  78 

No.  of  yarn,  70.     Calculated  revolutions  of  spindles,  6000 

Maximum  force  required,  4.40  horse  power. 

Spindles  per  horse  power  375 

French  Comber  made  by  Hethriugton  &  Sons,  Manchester,  England. 
Making  62  strokes  per  minute.     Required,  .24  horse  power. 

Pl.itt  Bros'  Jack  Frame,  144  spindles,  hank  roving. 

Mean  power  required  .73  horse  power. 

Roll  1}  inch  diimeter.     Revolutions  of  same  61 

Revolutions  of  spindles,  1181 

Footlbs.  per  spindle,  167 

Spindles  per  horse  power,  198 

Kkson  Picker  (changed;  using  Whithead  &  Aiherton's. 
Whipper  beater. 

Diamet  •!•  of  roll,  9  inches.     Revolutions  of  same  per  minute,  8% 

devolutions  of  24. inch  whipper,  1130 

devolutions  of  10-inch  beaters,  1545 
Revolutions  of  fans,                                                              2000  and  1500 


Yards  of  lap  per  minute, 
Maximum  force  required, 


required,  10.24  horse  power. 

Whitebe.d  &  Atheiton's  Picker. 

Diameter  of   Rolls  9  ii  ches      Revolutions  of  same  per  minute,     8:£ 

Revolutions  of  24-inch  whipper,  1070 

Revolution-  of  16-inch  beater,  1380 

Revolutions  of  fans,  1900  and  1340 

Yards  of  lap  per  minute,  6.67 

Maximum  force  required,  9.35  horse  power- 

Kitson' <  2d  Picker  or  Finisher. 

Diameter  of  rolls  9  inch      Revolutions  of  same  per  minute,  7 

Revolutions  of  1st  beater,  16-inch,  1475 

Revolutions  of  2d  be.iter,  16-inch,  1410 

Revolutions  of  fans.  1430.     Yards  of  Lap,  5.5 

Maximum  force  required,  7.8  horse  power. 

Whiteliead  &  Atherton's  '2il  1  ick;r  or  Finisher. 

Diameter  of  rolls,  9  inch.     Revolutions  of  same  per  minute,  7>£ 

Revolu  ions  of  1st  beater,  16-im-h,  1410 

Revolution;  of  2d  beater,  16-inch,  1410 

devolutions  of  fa  ,s,  1374 
Yards  of  lap  per  minute,  5.9 

Maximum  force  required,  0.64  horse  power. 

The  Kitson  picker  had  a  six  inch  belt,  the  Whitchead  &  Atherton  a  four  inch ; 
by  timing  the  two  a:id  weighing  laps,  a  difference  of  more  than  ten  per  cent,  was 
found  in  favor  of  the  Kitson,  but  this  was  done  away  with  by  soapinir  the  pulleys 
an  I  belt  of  the  Whiteliead  &  Alherton  machine.  As  arranged,  for  doing  the 
8ame  amount  of  work,  each  required  the  same  power. 


138 


THE  EVOLUTION  OF  ONE  OF  EMERSON'S  PATENTS. 

We  print  herewith  an  article  from  the  Boston  Advertiser  of  Nov.,  1889, 
describing  a  business  that  originated  with  James  Emerson,  of  Willimansett, 
and  which  was  under  his  control  until  1860.  He  commenced  in  Is52. 

The  windlass  was  so  radically  different  from  all  previous  devices  for  the 
purpose,  that  it  was  laughed  at  by  seafaring  men,  particularly  naval  officers, 
etc.  Four  years  of  persistent  effort  and  a  gift  to  an  impecunious  ship-owner 
gained  the  privilege  of  putting  one  on  a  ship.  The  war  through  the  impro- 
vised battle  ships  from  the  merchant  service  introduced  it  into  the  navy. 
Perhaps  some  of  the  readers  of  this  will  recollect  about  a  year  since  reading 
of  the  "  Gov.  Ames."  a  five  masted  schooner,  being  dismantled  on  the 
'•  Georges  "  and  that  her  salvation  depended  on  her  windlass.  The  patterns 
for  that  windlass  were  made  by  Mr.  Emerson  or  from  his  plans.  A  '2%  inch 
chain  weighs  15  tons  or  40  pounds  to  a  link,  the  two  chains  and  anchors  37 
tons  ;  the  windlass  has  to  sustain  not  only  that  weight  but  the  entire  strain 
the  two  chains  will  hold,  and  such  chains  often  part  and  let  vessels  go  ashore. 
Yet  after  nearly  40  years  of  continued  labor  upon  devices  for  ships,  mills, 
hydraulics,  dynamics  and  steam  heating  devices,  it  is  a  pleasant  thought  that 
of  the  numerous  lives  and  millions  of  property  often  dependent  upon  his 
judgment,  no  life  nor  serious  loss  of  property  has  ever  occurred. 

The  circular  of  Emerson,  Walker  &  Thompson,  of  11  Leadenhall  street, 
London,  Eng.,  of  1885,  claims  to  have  fitted  up  (5000  vessels  with  the  wind- 
lass. 

A  little  more  than  12  years  ago  travelers  across  "  Red  Bridge,"  in  the 
eastern  suburbs  of  Providence,  noticed  a  small  wooden  building  erected  not 
far  from  the  bank  of  the  Seekonk  river.  A  modest  sign  over  the  door  told 
that  this  was  the  new  plant  of  the  American  Ship  Windlass  Co.  The  build- 
ing soon  became  too  small.  In  six  months  a  second  fully  as  large  as  the  first 
went  up  by  its  side.  The  next  year  there  was  another  enlargement  and  the 
next  year  still  another.  Thus,  year  by  year,  the  plant  has  grown,  until,  at 
the  present  time  the  value  of  the  land  and  buildings  of  the  American  Ship 
Windlass  Co.  is  fully  nine  times  that  of  the  original  plant.  Extensions  are 
still  in  progress,  for  the  business  is  still  increasing  rapidly,  and  to-day 
the  sound  of  the  hammer  is  heard  as  a  new  building  is  in  process  of  erection 
upon  the  site  of  the  old.  Its  windlasses  and  capstans  were  well  known,  while 
they  were  manufactured  under  the  old  regime.  As  long  ago  as  1856  the 
Massachusetts  Charitable  Mechanics'  Association*  awarded  a  gold  medal  to 
the  Emerson  patent  windlass.  The  present  American  windlass  is  based  upon 
the  Emerson  patents. 

Since  1856  the  windlass  has  received  many  medals  and  other  awards  from 
fairs  and  expositions  and  has  always  taken  the  highest  award  or  prize  offered 
for  windlasses  whenever  exhibited.  More  than  '20  years  after  the  Emerson 
windlass  received  the  gold  medal  of  the  Massachusetts  Charitable  Mechanics' 
Association,  the  same  society  again  recognized  its  merits  in  a  similar  manner. 
A  gold  medal  was  also  awarded  it  by  the  World's  Industrial  and  Cotton 
Centennial  Exposition  held  at  New  Orleans  in  1884-5.  The  North,  Central, 
and  South  American  Exposition  of  1885-6  granted  to  it  the  first  degree  of 
merit.  The  only  award  given  for  windlasses  and  capstans  at  the  U.  S.  Cen- 
tennial Exposition  was  granted  to  the  American  Ship  Windlass  Co. 

The  best  proofs  of  the  complete  success  of  this  windlass  is  found  in  the  fact 
that  the  finest  steam  and  sailing  vessels  afloat  are  fitted  with  these  machines. 
The  U.  S.  government  has  repeatedly  recognized  their  merit.  The  new  steel 
U.  S.  cruisers,  the  Chicago,  Boston,  and  Atlanta  are  furnished  with  them, 
as  are  also  the  dispatch  boat  Dolphin,  the  Thetis.  Bear,  Baltimore,  Vesuvius. 
Yorktown,  and  Petrel ;  the  coast  survey  vessels  Hassler  and  Blake ;  the 
lighthouse  boats  Haze,  Dahlia,  and  Myrtle,  and  so  great  a  number  of  the  U.  S. 
revenue  cutters  that  to  enumerate  them  would  be  to  write  almost  a  com- 
plete list  of  these  vessels.  Steamers  of  the  Mallory,  Pacific  Mail,  Ward's, 
Ocean,  Clyde,  Morgan,  Old  Colony,  New  Brazil,  Cromwell.  Norwich,  Winsor, 
and  many  other  lines,  transatlantic  and  coastwise,  are  furnished  with  the 
"  American  "  windlasses,  which  have  always  given  the  fullest  satisfaction. 
At  present  at  least  95  per  cent,  of  the  windlasses  made  and  sold  in  the 
American  market  come  from  the  works  of  the  American  Ship  Windlass  Co. 


139 
Ship's  Windlass- 


It  lias  often  happened,  when  low  results  have  compelled  me  to  report  nnfavor- 
bly  of  turbine  plans,  that  the  designers  have  intimated  that  if  I  had  experienced 
the  vicissitudes  of  an  inventor's  life,  more  leniency  would  be  shown.  The  Patent 


Oflice  Reports  will  show  that  quite  a  number  and  variety  of  patents  have  been 
granted  to  me,  and  the  records  of  the  office  will  show  a  still  larger  number  of 
applications  for  others,  some  of  which  were  rejected,  others  granted,  then  aban- 
doned. Two  causes  have  prevented  me  from  realizing  much  pecuniary  benefit 
from  patents.  First,  because  my  inventions  have  been  a  generation  before  the 
age.  Secondly,  because  my  plans  have  been  very  expensive  to  develop.  I  have 
never  cared  to  immortalize  myself  by  the  invention  of  a  mouse  trap,  pie  fork  or 
clothes  pin.  One  patent  I  have  ever  felt  ashamed  of;  it  was  taken  out  under  the 
following  circumstances.  A  lady  friend  as  a  joke  asked  me  to  get  up  a  device  to 
keep  her  husband's  mustache  out  of  his  cofl'ee.  A  plan  was  readily  found, con- 
sisting of  a  peculiarly  shaped  comb  with  guarders  and  nippers.  Two  young 
ladies  asked  to  have  a  patent  taken  out  and  assigned  to  them.  It  was  applied 
for.  The  model  proved  so  attractive  that  it  was  purloined,  and  the  commissioner 
had  to  send  for  another;  in  the  meantime, the  man  for  whom  the  plan  was 
devised  took  his  comb  to  the  Fifth  Avenue  Hotel,  N.  Y.,  and  exhibited  it;  in  less 
than  a  month  several  hundred  dollars'  worth  of  orders  were  received  from  fancy 
goods  dealers.  By  that  time  the  joke  had  become  stale  and  the  matter  was 
dropped  in  disgust,  though  I  believed  then,  and  continue  in  the  same  belief  now, 
that  more  money  could  have  been  made  from  that  than  from  any  other  patent 
granted  me.  It  is  not  my  purpose  to  go  into  a  general  history  of  my  inventions 
but  there  are  several,  now  very  popular  and  lucrative  devices,  patents  of  others, 
that  were  ottered  to  leading  men  thirty  years  since  by  myself ;  the  plans  were 
pronounced  chimerical.  The  self  coupling  for  cars,  steam  brakes  and  heating 
cars  by  steam— the  plans,  almost  identical  with  those  now  so  common,  were 
urged  by  me  upon  the  managers  of  the  several  railroads  as  early  as  1850,  but  in 
vain.  My  experience  in  introducing  the  ship's  Windlass,  herewith  illustrated, 
will  be  sufficient  to  show  my  turbine  friends  that  I  have  known  something  of  an 
inventor's  troubles.  Headers  who  are  not  acquainted  wilh  such  matters,  may, 
by  looking  in  "  Webster's  Unabridged,"  see  an  illustration  of  a  ship's  windlass; 
such  as  was  in  use  on  all  merchant  vessels  of  any  size  forty  years  since.  Such 
windlasses  were  made  of  a  single  oak  log,  varying  in  length  from  six  to  twenty-five 
feet,  according  to  the  size  ot  the  vessel;  three  or  four  turns  of  the  cable  would 
be  wound  around  the  windlass,  the  inner  or  loose  end  of  cable  next  to  the  bitt; 
in  heaving  in,  the  chain,  like  a  nut  or  screw,  would  work  towards  the  middle  or 
pawl  bitt,  so  that  after  a  few  turns  the  cable  would  have  to  be  made  fast  forward 
of  the  windlass,  then  the  three  or  four  turns  of  the  chain  slipped  back  towards 
the  bitt.  The  cables  were  stowed  below  by  the  mainmast  in  order  to  have  a  long 
stretch  of  chain  back  of  the  windlass  to  help  hold  it  from  slipping  whrn  icy  or 


uddy.  Now,  by  considering  that  the  largest  chain  cables  are  made  of  round 
on,  2,'^  inches  in  diameter,  the  links  being  ei^ht  inches  wide  and  twelve  in 
ingth— fifty  pounds  to  each  foot  in  length  of  ch  lin,  each  cable  five  hundred  and 


forty  feet  in  length  with  an  anchor  of  three  tons  in  weight  at  the  end— and  it  will 
readily  be  understood  that  a  crew  had  a  hard  job  to  handle  such  a  cable,  more 
particularly  in  deep  water;  besides,  it  was  often  impossible  to  get  an  anchor 
ivady  to  let  go  before  a  ship  would  be  ashore,  for  it  was  always  necessary  to  haul 
up  sufficient  length  of  cable  from  the  chain  locker  to  reach  bottom  before  the 
anchor  conld  be  let  go;  for  to  drop  a  heavy  anchor  and  chain  in  ten  fai horns,  or 
i.vty  feet  of  water  and  allow  it  to  bring  up  on  the  windlass,  would  endanger  the 


safety  of  cable,  windlass  or  bows  of  the  ship  ;  consequently,  sufficient  length  to 
reach  bottom  had  to  be  ranged  forward  of  the  wiudlissas  a  preliminary  step, 
the  turns  of  the  cable  around  the  windlass  adding  much  to  the  labor.  A  careless 


cord  drew  my  thoughts  to  the  matter,  and  in  1850  some  of  the  plans  in  the  illus- 
trations were  presented  to  seaf.iring  friends,  and  by  them  very  coolly  received  : 
"  What!  Trust  lives  and  such  immense  amounts  of'property  to  cast  iron  gears? 
might  as  well  have  a  glass  windlass.  How  are  you  agoing  to  handle  the  swivels 
and  shackles,  placed  at  every  fifteen  fathoms  of  cable?  "  said  iinother.  A  capi- 
talist offered  to  assist  me,  if  a  certain  old  sea  captain  approved  of  my  plans; 
they  were  submitted  to  him;  he  was  one  of  the  old  school,  a  regular  old  salt. 
He  examined  the  plans,  a  model  in  fact,  worked  it,  hove  in  and  let  go  anchor 
for  an  hour ;  then  got  up,  came  to  me  and  exclaimed :  "  Well,  I  have  seen  a  good 
many  d d  fools,  but  you  seem  to  be  the  biggest  one  of  the  lot.  What!  do  you 


140 


141 


142 


want  to  commit  murder  by  the  wholesale,  with  your  d  -  d  cast  iron  jimcrack? 
Why,  let  a  ship  anchor  in  a  gale,  and  ship  and  crew  would  go  to  h-11  together." 
My  capitalist  declined  to  go  into  the  business.  Finally,  one  was  found  willing  to 
help;  then  the  objection  was  raised  that  the  links  of  cables  varied  in  length 
so  much  that  it  would  be  impossible  to  handle  them  in  the  way  proposed.  My 
plans  were  modified,  and  a  device  designed  and  patented  for  obviat  ug  the  difli- 
culty;  then  an  owner  was  fonud  willing  to  furnish  his  ship  with  chains  of  a  bet- 
ter make  —  the  links  being  sufficiently  equal  in  length  to  work  on  the  grubs  or 
chain  wheels  illustrated.  This,  of  course,  rendered  all  of  the  trouble  and 
expense  of  the  special  plan  patented  useless.  A  windlass,  costing  some  eight 
hundred  dollars  was  constructed,  but  before  being  finished  the  ship  owner  had 
been  frightened  so  that  he  did  not  dare  risk  its  use;  it  was  offered  as  a  gift  to 
Donald  McKay,  Paul  Curtis  and  other  leading  ship  builders  of  Boston,  New 
York  and  other  places.  One  day  while  listlessly  wandering  around,  hoping 
against  hope,  I  met  a  Captain  R.  B.  Forbes,  a  man  who  through  various  causes 
had  been  flattered  until  he  had  got  a  high  idea  of  the  value  of  his  own  opinion. 
Timidly  approaching  him  I  asked  if  he  would  be  so  kind  when  passing  by  as  to 
take  a  look  at  my  windlass,  and  give  an  opinion  of  its  merits.  "Whai!"he 
said,  "  that  bi<*  coffee  mill?  I  have  seen  it  and  can  give  my  opinion  now  ;  which 
is,  that  it  is  worth  nearly  a  cent  per  pound  for  old  iron,  less  cost  of  breaking  it 
up  and  carting  it  to  the  foundry."  Alter  mouths  of  waiting  a  place  was  found 

" 


is  worth  nearly  a  cent  per  pound  for  old  iron,  less  cost  of  breaking  it 
rting  it  to  the  foundry."     Alter  mouths  of  waiting  a  place  was  found 
for  it  on  a  large  ship  being  built  at  Kennebuuk  Fort,  Me.  (  Wm.  Lord,  Jr.)  "When 


the  ship  was  ready  to  sail  the  captain  insisted  that  I  should  go  with  the  ship  to 
St.  John,  N.  B  ,  and  work  tbe  windlass.  The  tide  there  is  strong  and  the  sliip 
had  to  be  moored  in  fifteen  fathoms  of  water  ;  we  arrived  an  hour  before  daylight  ; 
the  morning  dark  and  foggy;  the  pore  captain  came  on  board  and  took  charge. 
Some  one  said:  "Captain,  we  h;ive  a  patent  windlass  and  expect  to  moore 
quick."  "  The  windlass  ain't  worth  a  daum,"  was  the  reply  —  he  supposing  it 
to  be  an  Engli-h  capstan  that  some  one  had  put  upon  a  few  ships.  A  steam  tug 
took  us  to  our  berth,  and  the  order  was  given  to  let  go  starboard  anchor.  In  less 
than  three  minutes  we  were  riding  with  forty-five  fathoms  of  chain  out;  the 
tug  towed  hard  to  port;  the  starboard  chain  was  eased  away  to  eighty  fathoms  ; 
the  port  anchor  was  let  go,  and  in  twenty  minutes  we  were  safely  moored  and 
the  tug  called  alongside  for  the  captain  of  the  port,  who,  before  leaving,  held 
his  lantern  to  my  lace,  grunting  out,  "  d—  ned  yaukee.  saved  me  half  a  day's 
time."  The  captai  i  of  the  ship  congratulated  me  as  being  sure  of  having  made 
my  fortune  by  the  invention.  Hut  prejudice  is  not  so  easily  overcome.  To  ask  a 
builder  or  owner  of  a  ship  to  use  one  of  my  windlasses,  was  certain  to  bring- 
some  sneer  as  to  whether  I  proposed  to  send  an  engineer  or  machinist  with  it. 
Pilots  and  insurance  agents  were  strongly  opposed  to  it;  after  much  timing  one 
was  placed  upoa  the  insurance  agent's  steamer  as  a  gift,  the  old  windlass  to  be 
replaced  if  mine  was  not  liked.  Impecunious  ship  builders,  who  found  it  hard 
to  get  the  old  windlass  upon  credit,  favored  mine,  and  were  ready  to  pay  for  it  in 
large  promises  ,  and  it  was  really  through  such  that  it  gained  a  place.  In  lime, 
the  belter  builders  would  listen,  but  were  still  shy;  an  engineer  was  necessary, 
was  the  cry;  hesid;-s,if  they  lost  their  cables  it  was  generally  impossible  to 
replace  them  with  others  of  the  same  length  of  link.  This  continued  until  the 
convenience  of  the  windlass  had  become  so  apparent  that  commanders  of  ships 
began  to  importune  for  them.  In  the  mean  time,  one  had  been  placed  upon  the 
Pomona,  ship  of  athousan  1  tons,  belonging  to  the  "Dramatic  Line,"  from  New 
•  York  to  Liverpool.  As  those  ships  brought  larire  numbers  of  immigrants,  I  hud 
watched  her  proceedings  closely  because  of  what  had  been  said  about  trusting 
lives  and  property  to  the  sirength  of  cast  iron  gears.  Suddenly  a  rumor  came 


that  tha  Pomona  had  been  lost,  and  that  four  hundred  passengers  liad  gone  do 
.....  n  the 

e  particulars  were  receive 
seems  as  though  I  never  slept.      Four  hundred  lives  were  more  of  a  respoi.sibil 


11  her ;  lirle  was  known,  only  that  she  had  been  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Ireland. 
It  wa<  two  or  three  weeks  before  particulars  were  received,  and  in  that  lime  it 


ity  than  I  felt  capable  of  carrying  in  peace;  but  the  time  named  brought  relief. 
The  ship  struck  before  there" was  thought  of  danger.  It  may  as  wt  11  be  stated 
here,  that  while  I  had  control  of  the  manufacture  of  the  windlass,  no  loss  ever 
occurred  through  its  use;  on  the  contiary,  ships  were  often  saved  through  the 
immense  strain  that  could  be  brought  to  benr  on  the  cables  when  heaving  them 
off  shore.  In  only  a  single  instance  w;is  a  tooth  from  a  gear  broken,  and  that 
was  when  two  boat  crews  from  a  man-of-war  was  added  to  the  ship's  crew  for 
the  purpose  of  heaving  up  the  anchor,  while  it  was  a-foul  of  the  man-of-war's 
anchor;  both  were  hove  up  together.  The  merits  of  tne  windlass  had  become  so 
well  established  previous  to  1860,  that  I  had  furnished  that  and  other  devices  to 


143 


the  Russian  and  Egyptian  governnvnts ;  had  had  orders  f:oin  China,  Spain, 
Italy,  England,  Scotland,  and  throughout  this  country  wherever  ships  were 
built.  The  following  certificates  will  show  the  change  of  opiuion. 

MASSACHUSETTS  CHARITABLE  MECHANIC  ASSOCIATION,  1856. 

Emerson's  Patent  Windlass,  worked  by  slow  or  fast  power  by  a  Capstan  on  the  forecastle.  This 
machine  can  perform  with  four  men,  the  work  usually  requiring  a  dozen,  and  is  a  valuable  element 
in  the  safety  of  lite  and  property,  more  especially  in  these  days  of  "  ordinary  seamen."  To  this 
valuable  machine  the  Committee  award  a  <;ad  Medal. 

R.  B.  FORBKS.  ~\ 

JOHN'  S.  SLEEPER,         | 
BENJAMIX  L.  ALLEN,  S-  Committee. 
JOHN  II.  GLIDDON, 
ELIAS  E.  DAVIDSON",  j 


BOSTON,  April  10,  1860. 

This  will  certify  that  after  a  careful  inspection  of  Emerson's  I'atent  Windlass,  together  with 
some  acquaintance  w ith  its  working  on  th.-  steamer  K.  1!.  Forbes,  we  arc  satisfied  that  it  is  superior 
l<>  any  in'Hlern  1'atent  Windlass  that  we  have  se"ii.  It  lias  great  power  and  can  apparently  be  used 
with  ease  and  safety. 

CHARLES  PEARSON,  1 

EliENE/KK  ItAVIS,     \.Varine  Inspectors. 

RICHAUD  HAK.EK,       ) 


J'.nsTON  PILOTS. 


inder  way  in  heavy  weather,  or  where  there  is  but  little  room,  and  the  improved  leve 
ew  nippers  render  it  perfect  for  bringing  a  ship  to. 

JACOB   K    Lt'NT,  SAMUEL  C.  MARTIV,  JOHN  T.  GARDNER, 

H.  A.  TEWKSBURY,  W.M.   1  -   TEWKriBLKY,  JONATHAN  BRIX'E,  Jr. 

STEPHEN  BUIJROWS,  WM.  CRISPIN,  P.  11.  CHANDLER. 

ALFRED  NASH.  W.  G.  BAILEY,  A.  F.  HAYDEN,  KOBEliT  KELLY. 


BOSTON,  March  28,  1860. 

MR.  EMBBKON:— Recently  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  I  had  many  chances  to  test  the  power  of 
your  patent  Windlass.     As  I  had  both  anchors  down  it  was  often  nccessaiy  to  heave  up  to  clear  the 

chains,  and  1  have  no  hesitation  in  >ayinir.  that  for  powi-  or  >j 'I,  or  t'"r  ir>'iieral  conv      * 

Windlass  is  tar  superior  to  any  other  that  I  have  ever  seen. 


JAMES  HALL,     " 
Bark  Wm.U.  Andcr-un. 


patent  Windlass  on  board  the  Win.  G.' Anderson,      I  can  say  "also,  that  the 
the  bark  Ethan  Allen,  has  been  very  severely  l.-tcd  (the  bark  having  parted  her  largest  chain;  and 
has  Driven  entire  satisfaction.     1  recommend  them  to  ship  owners  with  great  confidence. 
BOSTON,  March  28,  1800.  EDWAliD  BOYXTOX,  Owner. 

BUFFALO,  December  10th,  1867. 

JAMES  AVERKI.L.  DEAU  Sin:— I  have  used  the  Emerson  Windlass  purchased 
thousand  tons),  and  have  always  found  it  wo 
i  and  convenience,  it  cannot  be  excelled.  It; 


for  the  barque  Annie  Voueht  of  Buffalo  (one  thousand  tons),  and  have  always  found  it  work  to  my 

entire  satisfaction.      For  strength,  compactn 


way  of  ranging  chain  before  letting  go  anchor.      With  tha  Emerson  ' 

r'-ady  for  letting  go,  and  as  a  matter  of  great  importance,  can  never  get  foul  on  the  windlass,  which 

our  best  bower  :m  .-h"i  -i.r.'ni  ;.  -mil  •!-  ').  with  IB  fathoms  chain  (  1  :!~i  bur  link).  It  required  only  one 
man  to  let  go  anchor  and  veer  away  diiin.  W.I.T.M*.  with  tlie  olil  style  windlass  it  would  require  ilie 
whole  crew.  And  in  heaving  up,  it  i-quir-d  «tilv  :•',  minutes  till  the  anchor  bruke  ground,  then  ha!< 


up,  it  i- 

sufficient  to  work  the  wiltdlan,  leaving  the  others  free  t 
required.     It  is  superior  to  any  win<Ila«s 


Commodore  Strinjrham  and  Gregory  were  very  fiiendly  and  aided  me  in  many 
ways  as  did  several  of  the  naval  constructors ;  with  others,. John  Leutlial,  chief  of 
the  bureau  of  construction  at  the  navy  department;  but  the  prejudice  was  too 
strong  to  allow  of  the  use  of  my  windlass  on  naval  vessels.  "If  we  should  lose  a 
flisin  in  some  out  of  the  way  port,  we  could  not  replace  it,  perhaps,  with  anything 
near  what  would  be  required."  So  I  weut  to  work  and  trot  up  a  plan  that  would 
take  any  sized  chain,  spending  much  time  and  money  in  doing  it ;  then  carried  it  to 


144 


the  naval  constructor  who  had  been  the  strongest  in  that  objection.  "  By  George ! 
that  is  simple,  I  didu't  think  it  could  be  done;  but,  after  all,  the  other  plan  is 
best;  a  chain  is  not  oi'ten  lost,"  was  his  comment.  Such  was  the  frivolous  treat- 
ment experienced  for  years.  Owing  to  the  war,  many  merchant  vessels  having 
my  windlass  iu  use  were  turned  into  naval  or  war  vessels.  The  following  cer- 
tificate will  show  how  the  windlass  answered  its  purpose  : 

U.  8.  SIEAJIEII  Sot-ill  CAKOLI.NA,  OFF  GALVLSTO.N,  Aug.  20,  1861. 

3  IK:— In  accordance  with  instructions  from  Flagg  Officer  Merviue,  which  direct  me  lo  inform  the 
Department  as  to  the  merits  of  tl,.  -  Km.'rso,,  Windlass,"  now  iu  use  on  board  this  vessel,  1  have 
the  honor  to  report  that  it  has  been  used  by  us  constantly  for  the  past  three  mouths,  and  that  our 
opportunities  for  judging  ofin  utility  have  In-™  amply  sufficient.  We  find  it  certain  and  quick  in  its 
operations,  uot  «ml\-  in  li^ivin^  iu,  but  also  in  veering;  it  is  strong  and  compact,  taking  up  less 
room  than  any  thin-  ..i  th,-  kiml  I  ever  saw.  In  fact,  it  reduces  the  tedious,  old  fashioned,  and  I  may 
say,  often  dangerous  way  of  handling  our  heavy  anchors  and  chain  cables,  to  the  simple  process  [in 
heaving  up]  of  walking  around  with  the  capstan,  the  chain  taking  care  of  itself  as  it  come»  in; 
while  in  veering,  a  small  "  plug"  is  removed,  leaving  the  whole  control  of  the  heaviest  chain  in  the 
hands  of  one  mm,  who  by  the  aid  of  a  "  lever"  on  a  friction  band,  manages  it  with  perfect  e«s«. 
Besides,  it  is  always  readv,  I  have  been  Iving  with  fifteen  fathoms  of  chain  c  ut,  onseveial  occasions, 
and  hive,  without' giving  previous  notice  to  any  one,  been  under  «.it:li  :ind  .-teaming  along  at  the 
rate  of  four  knots,  in  five  minutes  after  the  order  was  given  to  man  the  capstan.  It  will  be  seen, 
therefore,  that  ttie  facility  thus  afforded  for  getting  underweigh  i*  u  positive  saving  of  fuel  in  a 
blockading  steamer,  for  otherwise,  she  might  deem  necessary,  for  entire  efficiency,  to  keep  under- 
weigh  almost  all  the  time.  Kespcctfully,!  am  sir,  your  oh  t  serv't. 

JAMES  ALUKX,  Command  g  U.  S.  Steamer  South  Carolina. 
Hon.  GIDEON  WELLES,  Secretary  U.   S.  Navy,  Washington,  D.  C. 


In  1858  there  was  no  chain  making  in  this  country,  our  cables  all  being  im- 
ported. The  following  circular  will  explain  itself.  The  lengths  named  were 
readily  adopted,  and  I  presume  still  continue  to  be  the  standard  lengths. 

To  CHAIN  MANUFACTURERS-  OF  GRKAT  BRITAIN.  Gentlfintn  : — Being 
engaged  iu  thj  manufacture  of  Windlasses  which  hold  the  chains  by  the  links 
instead  of  by  a  turn  around  thy  windlass,  I  often  find  a  g  eat  difference  inihe 
length  of  links  of  the  different  manufacturers'  chains.  This  seriously  atl'ects  the 
woriiu^  of  the  \viudlass,  and  is  sometimes  very  inconvenient  in  replacing  a  lost 
chain.  As  this  kind  of  windlass  and  capstan  is  fast  taking  the  place  of  the 
wooden  windlass,  it  would  be  much  better  to  have  some  regular  length  of  link 
fir  each  size  chain.  I  herewith  give  a  graduated  scale  of  lengths  for  difli  rent 
sizes,  which  is  very  near  the  same  as  the  scale  of  the  Messrs.  II.  Wood  &  Co.  of 
Liverpool;  it,  however,  is  a  little  more  even  than  theirs.  The  shackle  is  another 
c  iu<e  of  difficulty.  These  should  be  made  so  that  the  inside  of  them,  that  is 
from  the  inside  of  the  bolt  to  the  inside  of  the  other  end.  should  be  the  mine 
length  as  the  inside  of  a  link,  and  then  the  shackle  link  in  the  end  of  the  chain 
which  the  bolt  of  the  shackle  goes  through,  should  be  long  enough  to  make  up 
for  the  butt  of  the  shackle.  There  should  be  a  long  link  at  one  end  only,  of  each 
piece  of  chain,  which  should  be  for  the  bolt  end  of  the  shackle.  There  should 
also  be  a  good  swivel  next  the  anchor  shackle  in  all  cases. 

JAMES  EMERSON. 


Stud  Link. 


Inches. 
1 

1  1  16 

1  1-8 

1  3-16 

1  1-4 

1  5-16 

r  3-8 

1  7-16 

1  1-2 

1  9-16 

1  5-8 

1  11-16 

1  3-4 

1  13  16 

1  7-8 

1  15-16 
2 

2  1.8 


BOSTON.  August,  1858. 


Length. 
5  7-8 
.    6  1-4 
6  1-2 
.    6  3-4 
7  1-8 

Inches        Short  Link.       Length 
1-2      ....        2  3-8 
9-16        .        .        .        .23-4 
5-8      ....        3 
11-16        .        .        .        .31-4 
3-4      ....        3  1-2 
13-16                                      3  7-8 

7  3-4 
.    8  1-8 
81-2 
.    8  7-8 

7-8      ....        4  1-8 
15-16        .        .        .        .43-8 
1               ....        4  5-8 
1     1-16        ....    5 
1    1-8                                        5  3-8 

.     9  5-8 
.      10 

13-8          .        .        .        .53-4 
11-4.        .        .         .        61-8 

.  10  1-4 
.      10  1.2 
.  10  3-4 
.      11  1.8 
.  11  3-4 

Our  views  correspond  with  the  above. 
FEARING,  THACHER  &  Co., 
WHITON,  BROWNE  &  WHEELWRIGHT, 
BAXTER  &  SU.MNER, 

J.  NlCKERSON  &  CO., 

J.  BAKEB  &  Co., 
Imp'ters  of  Chain  Cables,  Ac  chors.&c. 

145 

THE  AMERICAN  SHIP  WINDLASS  COMPANY. 

The  following  nrtirle  copied  from  the  Boston  Commercial  Bulletin  of  August 
2 t,  1878,  will  show  wh  it  Ins  bjcjuae  of  my  windlass:  "The  American  Ship 
Windlass  Company,  of  Providence,  K.  I.,  seems  to  be  a  good  illustration  of  the 
results  which  are  achieved  at  the  present  day  by  division  of  labor,  aud  by  the 
devotion  of  all  the  skill  and  capital  of  an  entire  establishment,  as  far  as  practica- 
ble, to  a  single  branch  of  manufacture.  The  productions  of  this  company,  com- 
prising  windlasses  for  every  size  and  class  of  vessels,  have  attained  a  marked 
degree  of  excellence,  and  at  our  Centennial  Exposition  they  received  the  only 
award  given  for  windlasses  and  capstans. 

The  American  Ship  Windlass  Company  was  established  in  1857  and  incorpor- 
ated in  1800,  and  up  to  the  present  time,  they  have  made  nearly  30CO  windlasses. 
John  R  »ach  &  Son,  of  Chester,  Pa.,  use  their  windlasses  exclusively,  putting 
them  into  all  their  vessels.  Nearly  all  of  the  United  States  revenue  cutters  are 
now  provided  with  them. 

The  company  are  now  '  building  windlasses  for  vessels  which  are  being 
constructed  at  all  of  the  different  points  along  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  for 
the  steamers  "  Niiantonomo,"  ami  "  Puritan,"  which  John  Roach  &  Son  have 
now  in  process  of  construction  at  their  yard,  and  Win.  Cramp  &  Sons,  of  Phila- 
delphia, are  putting  in  the  American  Company's  windlasses  upou  the  steamers 
which  they  h  ive  built  for  the  Russian  Government. 

TJie  windlasses  of  the  American  Company  are  made  to  be  operated  either  by 
hand,  messenger  chains  or  steam,  and  six  different  kinds  of  windlasses  are  man- 
ufactured f  ;r  either  of  these  motors.  The  windlasses  are  also  made  in  eleven  dif- 
ferent sizes,  for  cables  varying  from  V2  inch  to  2>£  inches  in  size;  and  the 
company  are  consequen'ly  able  "to  provide  windlasses  for  the  smallest  yachts  as 
well  as  for  the  largest  ships.  Iheir  works  are  model  o  'cs  and  are  supplied  with 
all  of  tlu  latest  and  most  improved  machinery  and  other  appliances,  including 
many  too's  sped  illy  designed  and  constructed  for  the  company.  They  are  loca- 
ted on  East  Kiver  Street,  near  the  Red  Bridge,  and  are  under  the  active 
management  of  Frank  S.  Mant on,  agent,  and  George  Metcalf,  treasurer;  and 
one  evidence  of  the  executive  ability  of  the  managers  is  the  perfect  system  which 
pervades  the  establishment  throughout. 

Hydraulic  Mortars  and  Cements. 

Certain  limestones,  which  contain  upward  of  10  per  cent,  silica,  possess  the 
property,  when  burned,  of  forming  a  cement  or  mortar  which  hardens  under 
water.  Such  limestone  is  called  hydraulic  lime,  and  the  mortar  is  called 
hydraulic  mortar.  This  stone,  before  burning,  consists  of  a  mixture  of  carbon- 
ate of  lime  aud  silica,  or  a  silicate,  chiefly  a  silicate  of  alumina.  The  latter 
is  insoluble  in  hydrochloic  acid,  hence  remains  undissolved  when  the  stone 
is  treated  with  this  acid,  but  in  burning  this  silicate  is  fluxed  by  the  alka- 
line carbonates  and  becomes  soluble  in  acid,  the  carbonic  acid  being  expelled. 
When  common  lime  is  slacked  it  swells  enormously  and  develops  a  great  deal 
of  heat;  this  is  not  the  case  in  slacking  hydraulic  lime,  which  absorbs  water 
without  any  considerable  increase  of  temperature. 

If  ordinary  lime  be  mixed  witli  a  suitable  quantity  of  silica  or  sand,  an  arti- 
ficial hydraulic  mortar  is  obtained,  to  which  we  apply  the  name  of  cement. 
These  cements  may  be  either  natural  or  artificial.  The  former  are  found  in  vol- 
canic regions,  having  been  produced  by  the  terrestrial  heat.  Pozzuolana,  found 
at  Pozzuoli,  near  Naples,  is  a  natural  cement  of  the  following  composition  : 
Silica,  445;  alumina,  15-0;  lime,  8-8;  magnesia,  4-7;  oxide  of  iron,  12-0  (with 
oxide  of  titanium) ;  potash  and  soda,  5-5;  water,  9-3;  total,  100-8. 

The  quantity  of  lime,  is,  however,  so  small  that  it  requires  to  be  mixed  with 
ordinary  lime  to  form  hydraulic  mortar.  It  was  employed  in  combination  with 
an  equal  quantity  of  lime  in  building  the  Eddystone  Lighthouse. 

Artificial  cement,  also  called  "  Roman  cement,"  has  been  manufactured  in 
England  on  the  Thames  and  in  the  Isles  of  Wight  and  Sheppey,  since  1796.  It 
is  made  by  burning  the  calcareous  nodules  which  overlie  the  chalk  in  that 
country.  A  sample  analyzed  by  Miclmelis  contained  :  lime,  58-38;  magnesia,  5; 
silica,  28.8:5 ;  alumina,  6-40 ;  oxide  iron,  4.80.  When  mixed  with  water  it  hardens 
in  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes,  and  possesses  great  firmness  and  strength. 

Portland  Cement  was  patented  in  England  by  Joseph  Aspdin  in  1824.  He 
took  the  limestone  of  Leeds,  pulverized  and  burned  it,  then  mixed  it  with  water 
and  an  equal  weight  of  clay  to  a  plastic  mass.  When  dry  this  was  broken  up 


146 

and  burned  again  until  all  the  carbonic  acid  was  expelled.  It  was  then  pulver- 
ized and  ready  for  use.  Pasley  made  it  from  chalk  or  limestone  with  Uedway 
river  clay,  which  contains  salt.  Petteiikofer  suggests  that  cement  is  improved 


le,  says  Wagner,  by  making  bricks  of  a 
,  drying  them  in  the  air  and  burning  the 


Portland  cement  is  now  made,  says  Wagner,  bv  making  bricks  of  an  intim 


by  soaking  the  clay  in  salt  water. 

Portland  cement  is  now  made,  sa;          „  .     .    . 

mixture  of  limestone  and  clay,  drying  them  in  the  air  and  burning  them  in  a  tall 
shaft  furnace  from  45  to  100  feet,  J  2  feet  in  diameter,  with  a  strong  grate  4  feet 
from  the  bottom.  It  is  charged  with  alternate  layers  of  coal  and  cement  stone. 
The  properties  of  the  cement  are  largely  dependent  on  the  temperature  em- 
ployed in  burning ;  a  white  heat  is  best,  but  if  the  temperature  is  too  high  it  will 
no  longer  unite  with  water,  and  may  even  be  melted  to  a  glass.  If  the  tempera- 
ture does  not  exceed  a  red  heat  it  unites  readily  with  water  and  gets  hot  like 
ordinary  lime,  but  possesses  very  little  strength.  The  color  changes  with  the 
burning  and  forms  a  criterion  for  judging  the  quality.  In  normal  condition  it 
forms  a  gray,  sharp  powder,  with  a  shade  of  green,  but  not  glassy. 

The  manufacture  of  Portland  cement  is  now  carried  on  in  every  part  of  the 
world  where  limestone  and  clay  are  to  be  found.  In  order  to  obtain  a  good 
cement,  not  only  must  the  proper  heat  be  employed  in  burning,  bu*  the  proper 
proportion  of  clay,  usually  25  per  cent.,  must  be  used,  and  the  clay  must  have 
certain  properties,  such  as  a  large  proportion  of  silica,  must  be  yerv  finely 
divided,  and  must  be  very  intimately  mixed  with  the  limestone.  Analysis  of 
Portland  cement  from  various  sources  show  the  percentage  of  lime  to  vary  from 
55  to  62;  silica,  23  to  25;  alumina.  5  to  9;  oxide  of  iron,  2  to  6;  soda  and  p'ota>h, 
usually  less  than  1  per  cent. 

Horse  Power  and  other  Matters. 


Wnen  Watt  began  to  introduce  his  steam-engines,  he  wished  to  be  able  to 
state  their  power  as  compared  with  that  of  horsts,  which  were  then  generally 
employed  for  driving  mills,  lie  accordingly  made  a  series  of  experinn  nts, 
which  led  him  t  >  the  conclusion  that  the  average  power  of  a  horse  was  sufficient 
to  raise  about  33,000  Ib*.  one  foot  in  vertical  height  per  minute,  and  this  has  been 
adopted  iu  England  and  this  country  as  tlie  general  measure  of  power. 

A  wati-rf.ill  has  one-hors  •  power  for  every  33,000  Ibs.  of  water  flowing  iu  the 
stream  per  minute,  fur  i-ach  foot  of  fall.  To  compute  the  power  of  stream,  there- 
fore, multiply  the  area  of  its  cross  section  in  feet  by  the  velocity  in  feet  per  min- 
ute, and  wo  have  the  number  of  cubic  feet  flowing" along  the  s  ream  per  minute. 
Multiply  this  by  62},  the  number  of  pounds  in  a  cubic  foot  of  water,  and  this  by 
the  vertical  fall  in  feet,  and  we  have  the  fo>.t-pouuds  per  minute  of  the  fall ;  divid- 
ing by  33,000,  gives  us  the  horse-power. 

For  example  :  a  stream  flows  through  a  flume  10  feet  wide,  and  the  depth  of  the 
water  is  4feet;  the  area  of  the  cross  section  will  be  40  feet.  The  velocity  is  150 
foet  per  minute—  40xl50=i5000=the  cubic  feet  of  water  flowing  per  minute.  The 
fall  is  10  feet;  10x375,000=3,750,000=the  foot-pounds  of  the  waterfall.  Divide 
3,750,000  by  3:5,000,  and  we  have  113.63  h.  p.,  as  the  power  of  the  fall. 

The  pow'er  of  a  ste  nn-engine  is  calculated  by  multiplying  together  the  area  of 
the  piston  in  inches  the  mean  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch,  the  length  of 
the  stroke  in  feet,  and  ihe  number  of  strokes  per  minute,  and  dividing  by  33,000. 

Water-wheels  yield  fiom  50  to  91  per  cent,  of  the  water.  The  actual  power  of 
a  steam-engine  is  less  than  the  indicated  power,  owing  to  a  loss  from  friction;  the 
.araou  it  of  this  loss  varies  with  the  arrangement  of  the  engine  and  the  perfection 
of  the  w  irkmanship. 

To  compute  the  number  of  teeth  in  a  pinion  to  have  any  given  velocity.  Multi- 
ply the  velocity  or  number  of  revolutions  of  the  driver  by  its  number  of  teetli  or 
its  diamet-r,  and  divide  the  product  by  the  desired  number  of  revolutions  of  the 
pinion  or  driven. 

To  compute  the  diameter  of  a  pinion,  when  the  diameter  of  driver  and  the 
number  of  teeth  iu  driver  and  pinion  are  aiyen.  Multiply  the  diameter  of  driver 
by  the  number  of  teeth  in  the  pinion,  and  divide  the  product  by  the  number  of 
teeth  in  the  driver,  and  the  quotient  will  be  the  diameter  of  pinion. 

To  compute  the  number  of  revolutions  of  a  pinion  or  driven,  when  the  number 
of  revolutions  of  driver  and  the  diameter  or  the  number  of  teetli  <f  driver  and 
driven  are  given.  Multiply  the  number  of  revolutions  of  driver  by  its  number  of 
teeth  or  its  diameter,  and  divide  the  product  by  the  number  of  teetli  or  the 
diameter  of  the  driven 

To  ascertain  the  number  of  revolutions  of  a  driver,  when  the  revolutions  of 
driven  and  teeth  or  diameter  cf  driver  and  driven  are  given.  Multiply  the  num- 
ber of  teeth  or  the  diameter  of  driven  by  its  revolutions,  and  divide  the  product 
by  the  number  of  teeth  or  the  diameter  of  the  driver. 


147 


WHAT  IS  POETRY  ? 

The  best  explanation  that  occurs  to  me  may  be  found  in  Paine's  Age  of  Rea- 
son; but  what  seems  poetry  to  one  may  seem  trash  to  another.  The  gloomy 
Puritan  liked  that  of  the  "  Hark  froiii  the  tombs"  order,  while  the  unper- 
verted  nature  admires  something  more  human. 

Popularity  h;is  much  to  do  with  the  average  taste  in  poetry  as  it  has  with 
dress. 

We  often  see  in  some  standard  print  an  essay,  say  by  Jonathan  Dubkins, 
bursting  with  admiration  for  the  versatility  of  Shakespeare's  works,  or  of  the 
intense  beauty  of  Milton's  Paradise  Lost;  but  it  is  rare  to  find  a  copy  of  either 


that  seems  much  worn,  while  the  popular  seal  skin  cloak  or  an  imitation  may 
be  seen  upon  ihe  form  of  ev«ry  girl  or  woman  that  can  procure  it,  from  which 
fact  it  would  almost  seem  that  the  pretense  of  admiration  for  those  authors  is 


less  than  elnimed,  and  that  the  purpose  of  such  essays  is  more  to  display  the 
greatness  of  the  inibkinses  than  those  written  of. 

For  myself,  admiration  for  poetry  only  comes  as  it  touches  my  feelings,  and 
it  may  be  found  in  prose  as  well  as  in  verse;  much  of  the  book  of  Job  seems 
poetfy  to  me.  1  would  sooner  be  the  author  of  Pope's  Kssay  on  Alan,  than 
of  any  other  English  work,  because  I  believe  it  to  be  an  inspiration  from  a 
liigher  source,  as  I  also  do  of  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin. 

Ninety-nine  per  cent,  of  the  pretended  admiration  for  Shakespeare,  Tenny- 
son, and  many  other  popular  heroes,  may  justly  be  attributed  to  pure  flunky- 
ism.  It  is  true  that  many  popular  sayings  may  be  found  in  works  of  Shakes- 
peare, and  equally  true  that  the  same  may  be  found  in  works  written  two 
thousand  years  ago.  The  Comedy  of  Errors  is  taken  in  the  lump  from  Plau- 
tus  Comedies.  the  two  Dromios  being  added  to  bring  it  down  to  an  Englishman's 
idea  of  humor.  There  may  be  immense  invention  in  his  works,  but  such  have 
not  caught  my  attention. 

"  "Tis  not  so  deep  as  a  well,  nor  so  wide  as  a  church  door  ;  but  'tis  enough, 
'twill  serve  :  ask  for  me  to-morrow,  and  you  shall  find  me  a  grave  man," 
may  be  witty,  but  certainly  is  not  common  with  those  wounded  to  the  death, 
any  more  than  it  is  for  those  in  deep  sorrow,  as  were  Juliet  anil  her  nurse,  to 
make  puns,  and  dirty  puns  at  that. 

The  author  of  a  dime  novel  would  scorn  the  conception  of  such  wretched 
stuff  as  makes  up  the  Taming  of  a  Shrew. 

Lavinia,  in  Titus  Andronicus,  is  certainly  a  marvelous  creation.  A  young 
lady  of  our  time  having  her  tongue  cut  out  and  hands  cut  oft  would  feel  sick, 
to  say  the  least;  not  so  with  Shakespeare's  maiden,  "Good  uncle  Marcus,  ace 
how  swift  she  comes!  " 

Shylock  has  been  a  butt  for  general  execration,  but  in  excuse  it  should  be 
borne  in  mind  that  for  centuries  his  people  had.  through  superstitious 
prejudice,  been  treated  worse  than  the  dogs  of  the  street,  and  it  is  hardly  to 
be  wondered  at  that  he  turned  upon  one  of  his  oppressors.  The  sagacity  of 
Portia  was  not  phenomenal. 


LISLE  THREAD. 

Lisle  thread  proper  is  prepared  from  pure  cotton — the  finest  staple  that  can 
be  had,  the  best  quality  of  Sea  Island  being  generally  used.  However,  of  late 
years  it  has  been  found  by  observation  and  experience  that  the  softness  and 
pliability  necessary  to  the  easy  and  safe  working  of  this  yarn  or  thread  in 
hosiery  and  glove  frame,  as  well  as  in  the  machinery  making  fine  imitation 
laces  of  it,  are  best  secured  by  the  use  of  South  American  (Pernambuco)  cotton, 
the  latter  being  less  harsh,  softer,  more  elastic  and  regular  in  fiber,  as  well  as 
being  very  fine  in  quality.  The  peculiarity  of  this  thread,  says  the  Economist, 
is  its  hard  finish  and  the  peculiar  twist  or  manipulations  which  it  undergoes 
before  being  ready  for  use.  Kach  thread  or  strand  passes  through  aflame, 
which  divests  it  of  all  attaching  fiber.  This  thread  is  also  more  elastic  than 
the  finest  linen  thread  and  breaks  less.  It  also  gives  the  finished  article  a 
more  brilliant-  appearance,  and  is  less  costly  than  the  latter.  It  derives  its 
name  from  Lisle,  a  town  in  France,  where  it  was  first  manufactured  to  a  large 
extent,  ami,  like  many  of  the  industrial  arts,  was  originally  brought  from  the 
East.  It  is  now  not  only  extensively  produced  in  France,  Belgium,  and  in 


148 


other  portions  of  Continental  Europe,  but  in  Great  Britain  as  well,  and  is 
sometimes  called  "  Scotch  thread,"  when  made  in  that  country,  in  contra- 
distinction to  that  made  on  the  Continent.  It  is  not  only  used  largely  for 
gloves,  hosiery,  and  trimmings,  but  also  quite  extensively  in  the  manufacture 
of  imitation  laces,  embroideries,  etc.  \Ve  believe  some  few  years  ago  a  suit 
was  before  the  United  States  court  of  this  district,  which  involved  the  ques- 
tion of  what  constituted  Lisle  thread  gloves,  and  was  decided  in  favor  of  the 
importer,  who  proved  that  .Lisle  thread  proper  was  made  of  the  purest  and 
finest  cotton,  and  not  of  flax,  as  some  maintained  who  had  not  investigated 
the  subject  of  its  manufacture.  As  far  as  we  can  learn,  none  of  this  thread 
is  made  in  this  country,  although  we  understand  attempts  have  been  made  to 
manufacture  it,  but  from  the  cost  and  light  demand  prevailing  were  aban- 
doned. The  imports  of  it  are  also  light,  being  confined  chiefly  to  a  few  of  our 
hosiery  manufacturers. 

En  passant  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  state  that  all  the  dictionaries  fail  to  give 
a  definition  of  the  word  "  Lisle,"  which  is  not  in  reality  the  proper  word 
after  all,  but  a  corruption  of  L'Isle,  Ryssel,  in  the  French  Netherlands 
(called  the  island,  from  its  standing  in  a  kind  of  lake  formerly  ;  but  the  waters 
are  now  drained  off),  situated  in  east  longitude  3°,  latitude  50"  42",  on  the  river 
Deule,  twenty-five  miles  north  of  Arras,  and  twelve  miles  from  Toun>iiy.  It 
is  a  large,  populous  city,  the  capital  of  French  Flanders,  beautifully  built, 
and  was  once  strongly  fortified.  It  has  been  noted  for  its  silk  manufacture, 
and  fine  linen  or  cambric,  which  have  been  made  to  great  perfection  there,  as 
well  as  for  its  camlets,  which  are  much  admired. 


PROTECTIVE  TARIFF. 

Of  all  the  fallacies  that  ever  became  embedded  in  the  brain  of  an  intelligent 
people,  none  was  ever  greater  than  the  idea  that  high  protective  duties  will 
permanently  help  the  manufacturer  and  employee.  In  all  highly  protected 
countries,  wages  are  low  and  manufactures  primitive.  \Ve  at  times  see  chil- 
dren phenomenally  precocious  in  growth  or  intellect,  but  such  usually  die 
young  or  shrink  below  the  average  ;  so  of  manufactures,  if  the  profits  are 
large,  home  competition  keeps  pace,  each  tries  to  produce  at  the  least  cost 
without  regard  to  real  quality  so  long  as  shoddy  can  be  made  to  appear  fair 
on  the  surface. 

Combinations  are  formed  by  which  the  lowest  class  of  help  can  be  brought 
in  to  compete  with  our  native  Employees.  Through  this  combination  work  men 
are  transported  from  Bremen  or  Liverpool  to  Chicago,  for  ten  dollars.  1  n vent- 
ors,  who  have  done  so  much  in  advancing  the  country's  prosperity,  have 
little  chance  comparatively  under  such  conditions.  Manufacturers  will  not 
bother  with  new  devices  while  their  profits  are  from  twenty-five  to  a  hundred 
per  cent.  Necessity  is  the  mother  of  invention.  Free  competition  is  pro- 
ductive of  efforts  to  excel  in  devices  that  enable  the  production  of  the  best 
goods  at  the  lowest  cost.  If  protection  is  right  for  the  manufacturer,  then 
the  employee  should  be  protected  by  a  high  duty  on  imported  labor. 


FIRE  ESCAPES. 

Constant  travel  with  Its  concomitant  hotel  experience  has  brought  me 
into  proximity  with  many  styles  of  fire  escapes,  but  the  only  kind  I  believe 
to  be  reliable  are  the  balconies  or  towers  with  fixed  iron  stairways  ;  but  such 
stairways  should  never  be  placed  against  windows  through  which  the  tire 
from  the  inside  can  flash  out  upon  them.  I  think  where  there  are  adjoining 
buildings  of  the  same  height  it  will  always  be  well  to  have  stairs  from  the 
upper  stories  of  hotels  and  manufactories  lead  upwards  to  walks  leading 
along  the  roof  to  the  other  buildings  for  the  employees  to  escape  upon. 


149 
TIDE  POWER. 

Tide  power  once  quite  common  in  this  country  when  land  and 
space  was  of  little  account  is  now  hardly  known  though  often  called 
to  mind  by  the  various  trade  papers. 

It  has  seemed  to  me  that  where  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  tides  is 
considerable  large  tanks  as  weights  might  be  made  to  develop  con- 
venient power  for  light  manufacturing  purposes  at  little  expense  if 
properly  suspended. 

MEDDLING  WITH  THE  MAILS. 

I  think  up  to  the  time  of  Postmaster-General  Holt  the  mails  had  been  con- 
sidered sacred,  to  be  used  by  all  unquestioned.  Slavery  had  then  become  ram- 
Cant  and  a  demand  was  made  that  all  matter  inimical  to  that  barbarism  should 
e  searched  for  and  excluded  ;  a  subservient  Korth  yielded.  Since  then 
Anthony  Comstock  iu  the  interest  of  a  hierarchy,  a  twin  barbarism,  has 
insisted  upon  deciding  what  shall  and  shall  not  be  excluded.  Suppose  some 
intelligent  person  should  insist,  as  well  might  be  done,  that  the  Bible,  Shakes- 
peare's works,  and  plenty  others  should  be  excluded.  There  could  only  be 
aftother  travesty  of  trial,  as  in  the  George  Francis  Train  case,  or  the  Bible 
and  many  popular  works  would  have  to  go.  Who  is  to  say  where  the  exclu- 
sion is  to  stop  ? 

The  better  way  is  to  follow  the  Creator,  serve  all  alike  and  allow  no  med- 
dling whatever  with  the  mails. 

Before  trying  to  purify  the  world  by  law,  first  purify  the  law,  so  that  it 
may  not  be  necessary  for  a  coterie  of  old  grannies  at  Washington,  four  years 
behind  their  work,  to  brood  over  the  decisions  of  Alfred  the  Great  or  Edward 
the  Little  in  order  to  ascertain  whether  John  Doe  or  Kichard  Hoe  owns  a 
stray  jackass. 

Blot  out  all  laws  once  in  twenty  years,  re-enact  the  few  necessary,  then 
select  judges  from  the  most  intelligent  men  or  women,  never  from  lawyers. 
Make  the  law  conform  to  the  right;  faugh  !  law  and  plows  of  Edward's  time. 

CHOOSING  ALL  OFFICIALS  BY  THE  PEOPLE. 

Members  of  Congress  are  chosen  and  paid  for  doing  certain  specific  duties. 
Why  are  they  allowed  to  spend  so  much  time  electioneering  for  themselves 
and  others,  and  what  business  have  they  to  meddle  with  appointments? 
What  right  has  a  president  or  other  official  to  appoint  to  an  important  office 
one  who  has  been  rejected  by  his  own  constituents?  We  have  ten  officials 
where  one  would  be  better,  and  nominally  the  highest  are  selected  because 
they  can  be  used  rather  than  for  their  ability— fourth  rate  men.  Who  can 
remember  who  was  governor  of  this  state  three  years  since  ? 

Why  not  elect  all  officials,  from  president  down,  directly  by  the  people, 
elect  yearly,  have  but  few,  and  make  those  responsible?  Have  it  understood 
that  such  officials  are  really  servants  instead  of  masters.  Eschew  lawyers 
generally,  take  business  men,  but  for  merit.  Allow  no  official  consecutive 
re-election,  high  or  low. 

UNDESIRABLE   NAMES   AND    FLUNKYISH 
TITLES. 

Owing  to  fanaticism,  predilection,  interested  motive,  or  lack  of  taste, 
parents  often  load  children  down  with  names  that  prove  an  incubus  through 
life  ;  as  such  children  become  legally  responsible  at  a  fixed  age,  why  not  at 
that  time  make  it  customary  for  children  to  select  names  to  suit?  Think  of 
being  loaded  down  with  Peleg,  Ichabod,  Nehemiah,  etc..  etc. 

Why  has  the  publication  of  a  newspaper  become  so  low  a  business  that  the 
editor  now  prefers  to  be  called  colonel  rather  than  editor? 

Why  does  any  man  of  brains  desire  to  be  known  by  any  prefix  or  suffix  to 
his  name? 

Think  of  Mr.  Washington,  Abraham  Lincoln,  Esq.  or  Ph.D.,  Prof.  Benja- 
min Franklin,  Royal  Lightning  Catcher  to  her  Majesty,  etc.  It  would  seem 
that  the  smaller  the  mind  the  greater  the  desire  for  titles. 


160 


ADULTERATIONS  AND  SHORT  MEASURES. 

Adulteration  of  almost  every  commodity  sold  is  now  so  general  as  to 
hardly  cause  comment.  The  same  is  the  case  with  goods  sold  by  the  piece 
as  so  many  yards,  or  so  many  articles  in  packages. 

Why  not  make  a  law  to  confiscate  all  such  goods  wherever  found? 

THE  REPUBLICAN  PARTY. 

As  I  have  never  desired  office  uiy  vote  has  invariably  been  cast  for  what  to 
me  has  seemed  to  be  for  the  best  result. 

I  voted  for  Fremont,  and  for  Lincoln  twice,  and  still  believe  that  the  latter 
was  the  best  man  ever  elected  to  the  presidency.  The  abolition  of  slavery 
was  caused  by  the  spontaneous  rising  of  the  masses  to  blot  out  an  institution 
of  such  barbarism.  Nominally  it  was  done  as  the  Republican  party,  but  men  of 
all  parties  united  for  that  purpose,  then  withdrew  as  it  was  accomplished  ;  it 
was  then  the  resid  uum  crystallized  into  the  real  Republican  party,  a  party  for 
power  and  plunder.  Its  carpet-bag  governments  were  the  reproach  of  the 
civilized  world. 

The  North  was  quite  as  much  to  blame  for  the  rebellion  as  was  the  South, 
and  the  settlement  should  have  been  magnanimous  and  universal,  instead  of 
which  the  small  minded  leaders  made  heroes  of  Jeff  Davis  and  others. 
Grant  was  nominated  for  president,  not  because  the  party  believed  him  a 
hero,  statesman,  or  republican,  but  because  the  leaders  expected  to  ride  into 
power  on  his  popularity.  And  here  it  may  be  stated  that  a  great  wrong  has 
been  done  to  the  earlier  generals  who  really  took  the  brunt  of  the  fighting,  in 
giving  so  much  credit  to  Grant  and  Sherman,  but  it  is  a  fact  worthy  ol  notice 
that  their  greatest  eulogists  now  were  called  copper-heads  during  the  war. 
From  the  beginning  the  party  has  been  honey-combed  with  corruption  up  to 
the  present  time.  Its  carpet-bag  governments,  its  stealing  of  the  presidency, 
its  outrageous  pension  acts  for  selfish  influence,  its  gerrymandering  of  con- 
gressional districts,  its  favoring  of  monopolies,  its  numerous  commissions  for 
the  centralization  of  power,  the  giving  of  a  cabinet  office  as  a  reward  fora 
corruption  fund,  its  unseating  of  members  and  admissions  of  unpeopled  states 
for  party  purpose  regardless  of  honor,  honesty,  or  the  country's  welfare,  show 
that  the  party  is  under  the  control  of  a  clnss  unworthy  of  respect.  The  selfish, 
downward  tendency  of  the  party  is  well  represented  by  its  known  men. 

Henry  Wilson  went  first  for  Henry  Wilson,  then  for  the  Republican  party, 
leaving  as  residuary  legatee  the  country.  George  D.  Robinson  goes  first  for 
George  I).  Robinson,  second  for  George  D.  Robinson,  and  as  residuary 
legatee,  George  D.  Robinson. 

May  the  shadow  of  the  Republican  party  become  less  and  a  better  take  its 
place. 

THE  NORTH  POLE. 

As  some  years  have  passed  since  any  expedition  has  been  sent  out  to  look 
for  that  long-sought  but  yet  uureached  place,  it  is  likely  some  ambitious  coun- 
try, institution,  or  person  will  soon  be  urging  the  matter  upon  the  notice  of 
the  public,  and  I  will  suggest  a  plan  that  to  me  has  long  seemed  practicable. 

It  is  to  construct  fifty  houses  of  light,  non-conducting  but  strong  material, 
to  be  sent  in  parts  in  ships,  as  far  north  as  possible,  to  be  put  together  on  the 
ice  and  placed  upon  runners.  The  ice  there  is  undoubtedly  rough,  but  boats 
with  few  hands,  and  those  in  feeble  condition,  have  been  moved  long  dis- 
tances. Sledgesfor  the  transportation  of  coal,  food,  clothing,  bedding,  and  oil 
for  lights  should  be  provided  in  plenty,  with  plenty  of  men  to  handle  them. 
A  house  accompanied  by  the  sledges  should  be  started,  and  continue  north, 
then  return  to  repeat  the  operation.  Several  gangs  should  be  employed  so 
as  to  work  and  rest  alternately;  stations  twenty  miles  apart  would  insure 
relief  and  safety  and  give  confidence.  I  believe  road  engines  might  be  made 
to  do  the  leveling  of  rough  ice,  and  drawing  the  houses  and  sledges. 

Of  course  this  would  require  a  million  or  more  of  dollars,  but  there  are 
plenty  of  men  in  the  country  that  could  easily  furnish  all  the  necessary  cash 
and  not  mind  it,  or  the  country  could  easily  do  it.  If  younger,  such  a  job 
would  suit  me  to  a  dot.  Who  of  our  millionaires  will  undertake  it  instead 
of  endowing  some  college  of  which  we  already  have  more  than  are  needed  ? 


151 
EVOLUTION. 

Evolution  is  an  idea  as  old  as  history  and  was  well  considered  in 
Chambers'  "  Vestiges  of  Creation  "  long  before  Darwin  rode  the 
hobby.  That  man  evoluted  from  the  monkey  is  an  old  idea  and 
one  of  the  earliest  that  I  can  remember  to  have  heard  expressed, 
uttered  by  a  hard-shell  Baptist  minister  who  cobbled  shoes  week 
days  and  preached  Sundays  under  the  inspiration  of  rum  and 
molasses. 

"  The  survival  of  the  fittest,"  good  in  itself,  offers  no  proof  of 
evolution  though  it  may  of  progression. 

The  mollusk  of  the  earliest  times  is  the  mollusk  of  to-day.  The 
old  idea  that  man  contains  the  pith  of  every  previous  product  is 
perhaps  correct,  and  to  me  it  seems  reasonable  that  the  spirit  or 
germ  of  life  may  evolute  step  by  step  from  the  lowest  to  the  high- 
est, also  that  man  may  so  stultify  his  intellect  that  at  the  change 
called  death  his  spirit  will  naturally  gravitate  to  the  body  of  a  flea 
in  order  to  find  a  suitable  home.  As  for  physical  evolution  it  will 
oe  time  to  believe  in  that  when  a  single  instance  in  proof  can  be 
offered. 

Progression  will  be  more  rapid  when  the  brawling  multitude 
that  think  but  little  yet  invariably  condemn  everything  out  of  the 
ordinary  rut,  think  more  and  object  only  from  conviction,  and 
less  credit  is  given  to  those  who  brood  upon  eggs  that  never  hatch. 
What  good  ever  came  from  the  brooding  of  an  old  monk  sitting 
in  a  dark  cell  or  cave,  or  a  dervish  sitting  upon  the  top  of  a  column  ? 
Thought,  like  steam  heat,  to  be  useful  requires  ventilation.  There 
are  plenty  who  thus  sit  and  brood,  look  profoundly  wise  and  think 
that  they  think. 

The  prefix  of  professor,  or  any  title  added  to  a  name,  is  more 
than  likely  to  be  the  reverse  of  a  guarantee  of  ability. 


DIET. 

As  it  was  a  rule  in  ancient  times  for  those  who  had  been  sick  to 
publicly  state  how  they  had  been  cured  that  others  might  benefit 
thereby,  I  will  state  how  for  nearly  a  half  century  I  have  lived  with- 
out being  sick. 

First,  my  diet  has  always  been  spare,  at  the  same  time  I  have 
invariably  eaten  anything  that  I  have  desired  and  at  any  time  with- 
out any  regard  to  regular  hours,  often  at  midnight  or  later  if  rest- 
less ;  a  piece  of  mince  pie  or  a  biscuit  well  buttered  soon  brings  sleep 
to  me.  Very  little  meat,  pork  never,  raised  bread  is  an  abomina- 
tion to  me.  Hot  biscuit,  hot  doughnuts,  pies  of  all  kinds,  puddings, 
strawberry  short  cakes,  buckwheats,  fruit,  and  a  few  of  the  ordi- 
nary vegetables  constitute  my  ordinary  meals,  with  hot  tea  or 
coffee,  no  liquor,  beer,  or  tobacco  in  any  form. 

Think  of  firing  a  boiler  three  times  a  day  instead  of  as  required. 


152 


Notes  on  Water  Flow,  &c. 


NOTE  FIRST. 

Water,  like  all  otner  bodies  when  in  motion,  d  slikes  to  change  the  direction  of 
that  motion  and  this  resistance  to  change  increases  with  the  square  of  its  velocity. 
For  instance,  to  turn  a  quarter  circle  fu  a  pipe  which  is  bent  on  a  circle  of  t<  n 
times  its  own  diameter,  requires  addit  pnal  force  or  "head";  when  the  water 
moves  but  one  foot  per  seco.id;  tliis  additional  head  is  but  the  one-thousandth  of 
a  foot,  but  at  a  velocity  often  feet  per  second  the  resistance  is  one-tenth  of  a  foot 
head  ^100  times  as  much),  this  is  an  easier  bend  than  is  generally  found  in  mill 
work;  when  the  circle  is  2.^  times  the  diameter  of  the.  pipe  this  resistance  is  double ; 
and  here  begins  the  heavier  resistance,  for  fiom  this  to  turning  a  square  cornei 
it  has  increased  to  16  times  that  tirst  noted  ;  and  as  will  be  easily  seen,  in  the  case 
of  short  turns  with  high  velocity,  destroys  much  of  its  power. 

One  of  the  commonest  and  easiest  turns  which  we  see  given  to  water  is  in  the 
scroll  of  an  ordinary  wooden  wheel.  Supposing  this  scroll  to  be  72  inches  in  diam- 
eter with  a  12-in>-h  spout  leading  to  it;  that  is,  the  diameter  of  the  scroll  is  6  times 
that  of  the  spout  and  the  velocity  of  water  25  feet  per  second  (=10  feet  head) .  To 
maintain  this  velocity  requires  au  additional  head  of  2^  feet,  but  as  this  loss  is 
hidden  by  the  reduced  velocity  ol  the  water  caused  by  its  impact  on  the  buckets, 
and  also  rapidly  grows  less  with  its  reduced  velocity  as  shown  in  the  first  part  of 
the  note,  it  is  very  generally  ignored  and  sometimes  denied  altogether. 
NOTE  SECOND. 

As  a  corollary  of  note  1st  we  see  that  as  an  abrupt  change  of  direction  requires 
power  to  overcome,  the  less  we  have  of  it  in  the  chutes  which  admit  water  to  the 
wheel,  the  better,  as  any  force  expended  h  re  is  so  much  taken  from  the  amount 
which  can  reach  the  wheel;  while  changing  the  direction  of  the  water  by  the 
form  of  the  wheel  itself,  is  applying  this  force  where  it  does  its  work. 
NOTE  THIRD. 

Loss  of  head  from  insufficient  conduit.  Water  wheel  builders  lay  great  stress  on 
this  and  generally  give  rather  exaggerated  views.  The  error  is  on  the  safe  side, 
and  when  practicable  it  is  well  to  follow  their  suggestions.  It  sometimes  becomes 
necessary,  however,  to  use  trunks  for  supplying  wheels  which  from  original  con- 
struction or  want  of  room  have  less  size  than  would  be  desired.  It  therefore 
becomes  necessary  to  know  what  this  loss  is.  Here  comes  the  mooted  question, 

[uired  veloc- 
thout  enter- 

.^uments  on  the  subject,  some  of  "which  are  rather  more  curious 
than  useful,  it  is  sufficient  to  say  that  but  little  if  any  loss  is  found  to  exist,  except 
that  due  to  the  frictioual  resistance  of  the  conduit,  and  this  is  measurable. 

The  following  table,  abridged  from  "  Beardman's  Manual  of  Hydrology," 
covers  most  of  the  cases  required  in  ordinary  practice. 

Table  of  slope  or  fall  in  feet,  and  cubic  feet  discharged  by  pipe  running  full. 


whether  this  loss  is  that  due  to  the  head  necessary  to  produce  the  required  veloc- 
ity or  only  that  necessary  to  maintain  this  velocity  in  the  conduit.  With 
ing  into  the  argu 


1            Slope 
1  foot  in  52S. 

Slope 
1  foot  in  264. 

Slope 
1  foot  in  150. 

Slope 
1  foot  in  66. 

Size  of  Pipe 
in  inches. 

Vel'y  in  feet 
per  minute. 

Cubic  feet 
per  minute. 

Vel'y  in  feel 
per  minute. 

Cubic  feet 

per  minute. 

Vel'y  in  feet 
per  minute. 

Cubic  feet 
per  minute. 

Vel'y  in  feet 

per  minute. 

Cubic  fee. 
per  minute. 

12 
18 
24 
30 
36 
42 
48 
54 
60 

130 
160 
184 
206 
226 
244 
261 
276 
291 

102 
282 
580 
1.013 
1.59S 
2.350 
3.281 
4.403 
5.731 

196 
226 
261 
292 
319 
345 
369 
391 
412 

155 
399 
820 
1.432 
2.2OT 
3.321 
4.637 
6.223 
8.100 

243 
300 
345 
386 
423 
457 
488 
518 
546 

192 
528 
1.085 
1.895 
2.989 
4.395 
6.137 
8.237 
10.720 

392 
452 
522 
584 
638 
690 
738 
782 
824 

310 
798 
1.640 
2.864 
4.518 
6.642 
9.274 
12.446 
16.200 

From  this  table  the  mill  owner  can  find  what  he  can  do  with  different  sized 
conduits;  making  these  square  instead  of  round  would  be  an  ample  allowance  in 
iize  for  roughness  or  irregularity  of  construction. 

G.  W.  PEARSONS,  C.  E. 


153 
Card  Setting-  Macmne. 


This  machine  holds  the  leather  used  for  the  base  of  card  clothing,  feeds  and 
cuts  the  wire,  bends  it  for  the  teeth,  pierces  the  holes,  places  the  teeth  therein, 
then  clinches  them  tightly.  Yew  machines  so  perfectly  demonstrate  the  pos- 
sibilities of  mechanical  movements  as  does  this;  but,  as  an  invention,  there 
are  many  others  far  superior,  for  the  card  machine  is  a  combination  of  several 
separate  devices.  Aside  from  the  device  for  cutting  and  bending  the  wire  for 
the  teeth,  the  other  movements  are  mostly  of  a  feed  character,  but  the  adjust- 
ments are  so  numerous  that  a  mind  of  great  organizing,  rather  than  inventive 
ability,  was  required  to  bring  them  into  harmonious  operation.  Amos  Whitte- 
more,  of  Cambridge,  Mass.,  obtained  the  patent  for  the  machine,  but  Eleazar 
Smith,  of  Walpole,  Mass.,  claimed  to  be  the  inventor.  It  is  difficult,  however, 
to  obtain  much  information  about  its  early  history,  though  it  has  had  an  immense 
influence  upon  the  textile  manufacture.  Mr.  Kent  has  been  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  the  machine  for  nearly  a  half  century.  lie  informs  me  that 
when  he  commenced,  a  separate  machine,  worked  by  hand  [here  illustrated], 


was  used  to  make  the  teeth,  from  which  it  would  seem  that  the  complete  ma 
chine  was  many  years  in  working  its  way  into  general  use. 


154 
Steam  Engine. 


New,  made  by  Brown  of  Fitchburg,  Mass.  18-inch  cylinder,  42-inch  stroke, 
rated  75  horse-power  with  60  pounds  of  steam;  tested  by  Prony  brake,  steam 
pressure  ranging  from  65  to  70  pounds  during  the  trial;  the  power  varied  from 
60  to  65  h.  p.  according  to  pressure. 


Putnam  Machine  Co.  Engine. 

New  15-inch  cylinder,  3-feet  stroke,  guaranteed  to  give  60  h.  p.  with  60 
pounds  of  steam;"  tested  by  Prony  brake;  gave  44  h.  p.  with  65  to  70  pounds 
steam.  Such  has  been  my  general  experience,  and  I  doubt  whether  a  steam- 
engine  can  be  found  that  realizes  more  than  3-4  of  its  claimed  rate.  Indicator 
cards  may  give  the  pressure  in  cylinder,  but  the  only  way  to  get  the  efficiency  of 
an  engine  is  to  take  it  from  shaft. 


Compound  Engine. 


Steam  working  first  in  a  6-inch  cylinder,  from  that  into  one  of  12  inches,  20  h. 
p.  was  claimed;  dynamometer  on  shaft  showed  7.  Then  it  was  found  that  the 
most  of  the  force  was  used  in  working  the  engine. 


Power  Required  to  Drive  Woolen  Machinery. 

THE  POWER  required  to  drive  sets  of  woolen  machinery  depends  upon  the 
quality  of  goods  and  number  of  sets  in  a  mill;  the  more  sets  the  less  power  in 
proportion  is  required.  I  have  tested  the  power  used  at  many  mills,  but  a  few 
cases  will  show  the  general  average. 

VASSELBORO  WOOLEN  MILLS,  VASSELBORO,  ME.  22-set  mill,  light  cassi- 
meres;  required,  135  horse-power. 

WM.  WALKER  &  Co.,  LOWELL,  MAsa.  4-set  mill,  flannels;  required  or  used, 
30  horse-power. 

JAMES  O.  INMAN,  PASCOAG,  R.  I.  Heavy  doeskin,  pant  goods,  4  sets;  used, 
40  horse-power. 

BEEBE,  WEBBEB  &  Co.,  HOLTOKE,  MASS.  Pant  goods,  eight  sets;  64  horse- 
power. 


Power  Required  to  Drive  Elevators. 


These  elevators  were  in  Boston  stores,  the  belts  when  not  at  work  running  on 
loose  pulleys.  To  operate  the  first  kind  tried,  without  load,  when  running  at  the 
common  sp'eed,  1.89  horse  power.  With  a  load  of  1006  pounds,  3.92  horse  power. 

The  second  was  a  Tuft's  elevator,  ruuniug  at  the  same  speed  as  the  first,  with- 
out load,  2.46  horse  power.  With  a  load  of  1004  pounds,  required  5.29  horse 


Hydro-Extractor. 

Extractors  start  hard  unless  started  very  slowly,  but  lose  their  resistance 
instantly;  three-fourths  of  a  horse  power  would  be  a  liberal  average  for  such  as 
I  have  tested,  though  from  one  to  two  horse  power  may  be  expended  for  a 
moment,  if  started  hastily. 


155 
Noble's  Wool  Comb. 


Woolen  Manufacture. 

The  production  of  wool  and  manufacture  of  woolen  goods  constitute  an  old, 
perhaps  the  oldest,  industry  curried  on  among  us.  The  fabled  search  by  Jason 
for  the  golden  fleece  of  Colchis  typifies  the  esteem  of  the  ancients  for  wool. 
Wherever  we  turn,  in  sacred  or  profane  history,  we  find  the  lamb  the  symbol  for 
tenderness,  and  wool,  the  cherished  product  of  the  sheep,  always  highly  prized 
by  man.  Wild  sheep  are  found  everywhere,  but  all  domestic  breeds  are  derived 
from  the  Asiatic  variety,  which  was  developed  from  the  argah,  or  big  horn  of 
Siberia.  Originally,  all  were  covered  with  long  hair,  and  wool  beneath;  the  hair 
lias  been  bred  out,"  but  appears  when  the  animal  is  neglected.  The  merino  is 
the  most  valuable  of  all,  dating  back  some  two  thousand  years.  The  word 
shows  in  its  own  structure  the  choice  nature  of  this  sheep.  The  Spanish  noun 
means  judge  or  inspector  of  the  transhumance  (pasture-changing)  flocks.  Me- 
rino, the  adjective,  means  wandering  or  the  pasture-changing  and  best  chosen 
flocks.  Thus,  the  word  brings  down  the  process  by  which  the  flocks  were 


156 


selected,  and  also  by  which  they  were  managed  and  developed.  It  is  the  treas- 
ury  of  fine  fibre  for  allvarieties,  ami  was  introduced  here  in  1801-12.  The  Saxon, 
the  finest  variety,  is  too  delicate  for  common  use.  Merino  furnishes  the  best 
clothing  or  card  wool  and  the  fine  or  soft  combing  varieties.  Leicester  devel- 
oped by  Bakewell  in  the  eighteenth  century,  Cotswold  and  similar  coarse,  long, 
bright  English  varieties  yield  the  lustrous  worsted.  The  mauchamp,  a  variation 
from  pure  merino  in  France  half  a  century  since,  has  a  lustrous  fibre  almost 
equal  to  the  silky  Cashmere  goat.  Carpet  wools  arc  long,  rough  and  coarse, 
generally  from  South  America,  East  India  and  the  Mediterranean.  The  great 
pastoral  districts  for  the  merino  and  its  crossing  are  now  Australiasia,  River  La 
Plata  and  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  These  hinds  produced  last  year  nearly  600,000,- 
000  pounds  in  the  grease,  or  2S8,0)0,000  of  pure  wool.  California  produces 
largely  for  us,  rather  more  than  50,000,000  grease  pounds.  The  manufacture 
falls  into  two  great  divisions.  First,  woolens,  which  arc  carded  and  generally 
felted;  second,  worsteds,  named  from  a  village  near  Norwich,  Eng.,  which  are 
combed,  the  lustre  of  the  wool  preserved,  and  are  finished  without  fulling. 
Christopher  Columbus  was  the  son  of  a  wool  comber.  But  it  is  probable  that 
he  combing  of  wool  at  that  time  was  but  a  simple  process  of  carding  or  | 


the  combing  of  wool  at  that  time  was  but  a  simple  process  of  carding  or  getting 
the  wool  ready  for  twisting  into  yarn  upon  the  rude  hand  machines  of  that  " 
It  has  been  the  work  of  later  years  to  perfect  the  art  of  wool  combing  or 


the  wool  ready  for  twisting  into  yarn  upon  the  rude  hand  machines  of  that  day. 
It  has  been  the  work  of  later  years  to  perfect  the  art  of  wool  combing  or  the 
separating  of  the  long  worsted  fibres  or  hairs  of  the  wool  from  the  short  down, 


or  noils,  as  the  combing  waste  is  now  called.  The  wool  of  commerce  is  now 
divided  into  three  distinct  classes— clothing  wools,  worsted  or  combing  wools 
and  coarse  or  carpet  wools. 

In  order  to  fully  understand  the  difference  between  the  ordinary  old-fashioned 
woolen  goods  and  the  more  modern  worsted  fabrics,  turn  for  a  moment  to  the 
yarn  from  which  each  is  woven.  Place  a  bit  of  ordinary  woolen  yarn  under  a 
microscope,  after  untwisting  it.  You  observe  that  the  yarn  was  made  up  of 
numerous  minute  fibres,  running  in  every  direction,  interlaced,  hooked  and 
curled  together  in  such  a  snarl  that  it  would  not  be  possible  to  tell  in  what 
direction  a,  majority  of  the  fibres  run.  Give  a  little  twist  to  the  snarl  and  it  is 
ordinary  yarn  again.  Put  a  bit  of  worsted  yarn  under  the  glass,  after  taking 
out  the  twist  in  the  same  manner  as  before.  You  now  observe  that  the  hairs  or 
fibres  all  run  in  the  same  direction;  that  they  are  all  nearly  straight  or  much 
more  so  than  those  of  the  ordinary  yarn;  that  each  fibre  presents,  instead  of 
a  downy  appearance,  almost  a  transparent  lustre. 

Until  within  a  few  years  the  separating  of  the  worsted  fibres  from  Ihe  short 
wool  or  noils  was  all  done  by  hand,  and  a  very  tedious  and  unsatisfactory  pro- 
cess it  was;  but  by  the  more  recent  invention  of  very  curious  and  almost  life- 
like machines,  an  illustration  of  one  of  which  may  be  seen  at  the  head  of  this 
article,  this  separation  or  combinz  has  reached  such  a  stage  of  perfection  as 
to  have  greatly  increased  the  demand  for  and  consumption  of  goods  made 
of  wool.  The  prices  of  goods  of  the  finest  texture  and  most  beautifullustre  have 
been  reduced  to  within  the  reach  of  people  of  moderate  means. 

ORDINARY  WOOLEN  MANUFACTURING 

Is  carried  on  in  mills  with  machinery  classed  as  "  sets,"  the  cost  of  which  at 
this  time  are  about  $8,000  each.  A  mill  building  50  x  160  feet,  with  four  stories 
and  an  attic,  gives  room  for  ten  "  sets,"  though  this  does  not  include  room  for 
sorting,  washing,  drying,  dyeing,  picking,  and  boiler  for  heating.  Such  a  mill 
driven  by  water-power  would  cost  somewhere  about  $150,000,  or  $15,000  per  set, 
varying  somewhat,  according  to  the  conditions,  cost  of  land,  darn,  &c. 

Setsure  based  upon  the  number  of  cards  used.  These  cards  are  of  various 
lengths,  but  those  of  48-inch  are  used  most  now. 

MACHINES  NECESSARY  TO  MAKE  UP  A  SET  OP  WOOLEN  MACHINERY. 
Wool  and  Waste  Duster  answer  for  six  sets. 
Wool  Mixing  Picker  answers  for  six  sets. 
Cards — three  per  set :  first  and  second  Breaker  and  Finisher. 
Mule — four  hundred  spindles  per  set. 
Spoolers— two  per  set. 

Dresser,  Reel  and  Beamer  answer  for  six  sets. 
Looms — five  broad  or  ten  narrow  per  set. 
Fulling  Mill— two  per  set. 
Washer  answers  for  eight  sets. 
Hydro  Extractor  answers  for  six  sets. 


157 


Gig — two  pi-r  set, 
Shears  answers  for 


Brush  answers  for  four  sets. 
Press  answers  for  six  sets. 

The  manufacture  is  conducted  in  the  following  manner:  The  wool  mu«t  be 
sorted  witli  i-efercnci.  to  weight,  softness,  fineness,  strength,  color  and  cleanness. 
\Voolsol  the  best  kind  are  separated  into  sorts,  technically  called  pickl<i<-kx, 
prime,  choice  and  xitper.  The  first  named  is  the  most  superior,  and  the  others 

Wool  and  Waste  Duster. 


follow  ill  the  order  of  their  gradation  to  the  last,  which  is  the  most  inferior  in 
quality.  Inferior  wools  are  sorted  into  ctoicnrigfits,  seconds,  fififi,  lirn-i/  and  xhort 
coarse.  Seconds  is  wool  grown  on  the  throat  and  breast,  and  livery,  that  grown 
about  the  belly  of  the  animal.  Abb  is  an  inferior  kind  of  seconds,  and  short 
coarse  is  also  derived  from  the  breast.  This  operation  is  performed  by  hand 
and  by  skilled  sorters.  It  is  then  scoured  with  a  weak  aqueous  solution  of  "alkali, 
then  thoroughly  rinsed  in  pure  water  and  dried.  It  then  goes  to  the  dye-vats 
and  is  colored  or  "  dyed  in  the  wool  "  ;  then  oiled,  to  prevent  matting  or  felting; 
then  goes  to  the  Picker,  which  prepares  it  for  carding. 

Wool  carding  bv  machinery  was  first  accomplished  at  West  Ridinir.  Yorkshire, 
England,  about  17S7.  John  and  Arthur  Scholtield,  from  that  vicinity,  came  to 
this  country  in  17'.i:J  and,  a  year  later,  commenced  to  card  wool  by  machinery  in 
a  mill  at  By  field,  near  Xewburyport,  Mass.  At  that  time,  and,  in  fact,  for  many 
years  later,  each  farmer  in  the  New  England  States  kept  a  sufficient  number  of 
sheep  to  supply  his  family  with  clothing,  and  a  spinning-wheel  and  loom  were  to 
lie  found  in  each  family:  indeed,  were  often  a  part  of  the  outfit  of  daughters, 
when  they  were  married,  instead  e*'  the  piano,  now  required.  There  are  many 
now  living  that  can  well  remember  the  processor  carding  wool  by  hand,  and  from 
that  the  practice  of  sending  the  family  supply  of  wool  to  the  carding  mills,  where 
it  was  carded,  and  left  in  rolls  about  two  feet  in  length  to  be  spun  upon  the  old 
spinning-wheels  by  the  farmers' wives,  daughters,  or  the  "hired  girl."  In  th« 


158 
"Wool  Mixing-  Picker. 


earlier  years  of  machine  carding,  the  machines  were  very  crude — merely  strips  of 
card  clothing  nailed  upon  flat  surfaces  beneath  a  single  large  cylinder.  Such 
cards,  however,  were  equal  to  the  spinning-wheels,  but  the.  production  of  the 
spinning-jenny  necessitated  continuous  rolls.  For  a  time  the  short  rolls  were 
pieced  by  children  as  they  were  spun,  the  rolls  being  carried  on  the  left  ami 
joined  by  the  right  hand — an  operation  that  wore  the  skin  from  the  fingers,  and 
often  caused  the  blood  to  flow  therefrom.  A  piecer  commonly  supplied  twenty 
spindles,  so  that  three  were  required  for  each  machine  of  sixty  spindles.  The 
"  Finisher  Card  "  is  the  outcome  of  the  persistent  efforts  made  to  do  awav  with 
the  really  crude,  expensive  and  inefficient  system  of  piecing.  Many  patents  have 
been  granted  for  different  plans,  and  numerous  prejudices  have  had  to  be  over- 
come in  order  to  accomplish  the  purpose. 

The  covering  of  card  cylinders,  known  as  "  card  clothing,"  consists  of  wire 
teeth,  of  suitable  form,  set  ina  base  of  leather  or  its  equivalent,  made  in  many 
degrees  of  fineness,  so  as  to  meet  the  wants  of  carders  of  every  variety  of  wool. 
The  first  breaker  card  has  clothing  made  with  coarse  wire;  the  second  breaker 
has  finer;  the  finisher  card  the  finest.  From  this  card,  the  wool  is  delivered  in 
numerous  continuous  soft  cord-like  rolls  ready  for  spinning.  The  wool  is  weighed 
out  and  spread  upon  a  feed-apron  to  the  first  breaker  card.  The  licker-iu  presents 
it  to  the  main  cylinder,  where  it  is  worked  by  various  devices;  then,  by  what  i> 
called  the  Apperly  feed,  it  is  taken  to  the  second  breaker,  and  from  that  to  tin- 
Finisher  Card. 

From  the  finisher  card,  the  wool  goes  to  the  Mule.  The  illustration  following 
-the  Card  represents  a  Self-acting  Mule,  a  machine  that  would  have  been  looked 
upon  with  wonder  a  century  since,  and  certainly  with  reason,  if  compared  with 
the  spinning-wheel  of  that  period.  A  brief  extract  from  the  builders' circular 
will  give  their  claims  for  the  special  merits  of  their  mule  : 

"This  mule  has  a  low  carriage,  an  improved  acceleration  speed  motion  for 
spindles -for  spinning  warp  or  other  yarn  requiring  much  twist,  and  is  adapted 
for  spinning  all  kinds  of  stock,  and  grades  of  yarn.  It  has  a  patent  adjustable 
draft  scroll,  which  can  be  so  changed  in  a  few  minutes  as  to  adapt  it  for  giving 
any  desired  motion  to  the  carriage  when  running  out,  whether  for  long  draft  or 
for  twisting  yarn  without  drawing  at  all,  whereby  much  time  and  labor  are  saved 
that  would  be  required  to  change  scrolls." 

Messrs.  Johnson  &  B.issett.  nvikc  mule  building  a  specialty.  Their  mules 
usually  have  four  hundred  spindles  each,  or  enough  for  a  set  each. 

From  the  mule,  the  yarn  is  taken  to  the  Spooler,  which  is  lifted  for  transferring 
the  yarn  from  the  bolibins  on  to  jack  or  dresser  spools  for  forming  wool  warps 
and  also  for  doubling  two  or  more  threads  together,  the  twist  being  put  in  on 


159 


1 


160 


161 


Dead  Spindle  Spooler  and  Bobbin  Stand. 


UK;  jack.    A  Dresser,  Reel  and  Beamer  are  next  required,  in  ordet  to  get  the 
yarn  ou  beams  for  weaving. 

Dresser,  Reel  and  Beamer. 


From  the  beamer,  it  goes  to  the  Loom.  For  plain  goods,  the  ordinary  cam 
loom  is  sufficient,  but  the  competition  for  superiority  of  styles  necessitates  looms 
capable  of  producing  new  patterns  at  will.  This  want  seems  to  have  been  met 
by  the  production  of  the  Knowles'  Chain  Loom,  in  which  from  two  to  forty 
harnesses  and  seven  shuttles  may  he  used,  and  of  course  capable  of  weaving 
an  almost  endless  variety  of  styles,  from  plain  to  the  most  elaborate  of  patterns. 
The  illustration  annexed  shows  one  of  their  looms,  with  any  length  of  pattern 
required,  easily  changed  to  any  style  desired  in  a  few  moments,  and  so  con- 
venient as  to  be  likely  to  supersede  the  ordinary  cam  looms  in  future,  though 
for  common  use  the  twelve  to  twenty-five  harness  looms  are  sufficient. 


162 


Twenty-five  Harness,  Open  Shed,  Fancy  Loom. 


From  the  loom,  the  fabric  goes  to  the  Fulling  Mill,  where  it  is  fulled.    It  then 

Rotary  Fulling  Mill. 


goes   to    the    Washer,    where    it  is    soaped,    scoured    and    rinsed.      It    then 


163 
Cloth  "Washer. 


iroes  to  the  Hydro-Extractor,  and  is  dried.    This  machine  is  also  used  in  the 
preliminary  operation  of  drying  the  wool  after  it  is  scoured  and  dvrd. 

Hydro-Extractor. 


164 


From  tin-  hydro-extractor,  it  goes  to  the  Gig,  in  which  the  nap  is  raised  with 
teasels,  the  natural  hooks  of  which  many  attempts  have  been  made  to  equal  by 
mechanical  substitutes;  but,  up  to  this  time,  without  success.  In  this  gig  the 

Quadruple  Acting  Gig. 


cloth  is  acted  upon  at  four  different  points  while  passing  i 
If  a  lustre  like  broadcloth  is  desired,  the.  cloth  is  boiled  or  steamed  to  lay  the 
fibre  of  the  nap.  From  the  gig,  the  cloth  goes  to  the  Shearing  Machine,  which 
has  revolving  blades  working  against  one  that  is  stationary,  or  a  "  ledger  blade." 


Shearing  Machine. 


Brushing  Machine. 


DOUBLE  ACTING. 


In  this  machine  the  i 
the  fabric  is  sent 
sent  to  the  Press 


he  nap  is  made  even  by  shearing  it.  From  the  shearingmachine, 
to  the  Brushing  Machine.  From  the  brushing  machine,  it  is 
,  where  it  is  passed  between  hot  rolls  to  lay  the  nap. 


165 
Press. 


©•"••'  '"» «Xt />' •     ?Vl     /<> 
^ly-^x^v    RL        •"./    /* 


:" 


WlLUKAKaXZT,  MASS.,  May  21,  1881. 

JAMES  DUGDALE,  LOWELL,  MASS. 

Dear  Sir :  I  think  you  have  been  engaged  for  a  number  of  years  in  the 
manufacture  of  worsted  yarn,  and  that  formerly  you  combed  the  wool  by  hand 
on  instruments  or  devices  substantially  the  same  as  the  old  hatehel  used  for 
combing  flax,  and  that  you  now  comb  by  machinery  or  machine  combs.  That 
the  inventive  and  liberal  patent  system  may  lie  compared  with  that  of  the  con- 
servative or  older  method,  will  you  be  so  kind  as  to  state  the  difference  in  cost 
and  ellicienev  of  the  two  iilans,  and  oblige, 

Yours  truly,  JAMES  EMERSOX. 


LOWKLT,,  MASS.,  May  25,  1881. 
JAMES  EMERSOX,  WILLIMAXSETT,  MASS. 

Dear  Sir:  In  reply  to  your  letter  of  21st  inst..  I  have  to  say— The  priee  paid 
for  combing  wool  by  hand  was  governed  by  the  quality  and  length  of  staple.  In 
1863-64,  the  price  paid  in  Lowell  was  17  "cents  per  pound  for  medium  quality. 
A  good  workman  was  able  to  comb  only  from  ten  to  twelve  pounds  per  day — 
about  twelve  slivers  weighing  one  pound.  The  first  cost  of  the  Improved  Wool 
Combing  Machinery  is  very  high;  consequently,  repairs  are  very  expensive. 
Still,  the  averagi-  eo<t  is  about  live  cents  per  pound,  with  the  advantage  of  the 
sliver  weighing  from  twelve  to  sixteen  pounds.  I  shall  be  pleased  to  hear  from 

Respectfully  yours,  .1  A MES  DUGDALE. 


166  / 

Germania  Mills,  Holyoke,  Mass. 


Test,  of  machinery  with  Emerson's  Portable  Dynamometer.      Tables  prepared 
by  A.  M.  Swain. 

WEAVE   ROOM. 


DESCRIPTION  OP  MACHINERY. 

TIME. 

W'GHT. 

SPEED. 

H.  P. 

A.  M. 

6.20 

52 

190 

2.99 

Shaft  136  feet  long,  150  revolutions.    21 
Broad  Crompton  Looms  driven  from  the 
line.    An  average  of  10  looms  were  prob- 

(5.30 
6.45 
7. 

55 
55 
50 

182 
192 
190 

3.03 
3.19 
2.87 

ably    in    operation.      Counted    them  in 

7.15 

60 

190 

3.45 

rapid  succession  over  and   over   again. 

7.30 

53 

190 

3.05 

The  least  number  in  operation  was  5  at 

745 

54 

190 

3.10 

one  time.    The  most  was  15  ;  9,10  and  11 

8. 

60 

188 

3.41 

was  the  usual  count. 

8.15 

55 

188 

3.13 

Goods,  heavy  doeskin  and  cassimeres, 
76  inches  wide,  56  picks  to  the  inch,  26 

8.45 
9. 

50 
60 

192 
192 

2.90 
3.49 

ounces  to  the  yard,  in  a  portion  of  the 
Looms. 

9.15 
9.30 

60 

86 

192 

192 

3.49 

5. 

April  12,  1873. 

1030 
10.35 

80 
60 

190 
192 

4.  fin 
3.4H 

10.36 

65 

193 

3.80 

11.40 

15 

192 

.87 

12.15 

651 

188 

2.90 

TESTS   IN  PICKING  AND  DRYING  ROOMS. 


DESCRIPTION  OK  MACHINERY. 

TIME. 

W'GHT. 

SPEED. 

H.P. 

2  Fim«,  8  vanes  each. 

P.  M. 

.  12.15 

80  11  «. 

180 

4.36 

2  Fans,  8  vanes,  2  Fans,  5  vanes, 

12-J1,              180 

6.68 

4  Fans,  1  Sargent's  Burr  Picker, 
4  Fans,  1  Sargent's  Burr  Picker, 

1.30 
1.45 

230 

222 

181 
180 

12.61 
12.11 

4  Fans,  1  Sargent's  Burr  Picker, 

2. 

230 

180 

12.54 

4  Fans,  1  Burr,  1  Kellosg  Picker, 
1  Sargent's  Burr,  2  Kellojrg  Pickers, 
1  Sargent's  Burr.  2  Kellogg  Pickers, 
4  Fans,  1  Burr,  2  Kellogo-, 

2.05 
2.30 

•J.4.-, 
3. 

Belt 
180 
ISO 
290 

Slipped 

179 
178 

9.76 
9.7fi 
15.64 

4  Fans,  1  Burr,  2  Kellogg, 

3.15 

296 

178 

15.91 

4  Fans,  1  Burr, 

3.45 

231 

178 

12.4fl 

1  Burr, 

4. 

125 

180 

6.81 

1  Burr,  4  Fan*, 

4.15 

235 

179 

12.74 

1  Burr,  4  Fans, 

4.25 

2:14 

180 

12.76 

2  Kellogg  Pickers, 
1  Kellogg  Picker,  large, 
1  Kello-rg  Picker,  small, 
Counter  Shaft  aud  loose  Pulleys  for 

5. 
5.05 
5.10 

65 
40 
30 

182 
181 
181 

3.58 
2.19 
1.64 

above  machinery. 

25 

180 

1.36 

April  9,  1873. 

167 


PAPER  MANUFACTURE. 


Like  the  ordinary  historian,  I  might  draw  upon  my  imagination  for  my  facts, 
and  give  time  and  place  where  the  first  idea  of  paper  was  conceived,  but  the 
reader  will  he  quite  as  well  informed  if  the  truth  is  given  instead;  and  that  is, 
that  I  do  not  know  anything  about  it.  It  is  evident,  however,  that  it  must  have 
been  centuries  upon  centuries  ago.  Writing  would  necessitate  paper  or  a  sub- 
stitute.  Writing,  from  the  nature  of  the  case,  must  have  been  understood  before 
the  commencement  of  history,  for,  without  writing,  there  could  have  been  no 
re/jord.  A  mark  was  placed  upon  Cain  for  the  purpose  of  warning  those  he 
might  meet  that  he  was  not  to  be  molested.  The  statement  plainly  implies  that 
such  mark  or  writing  was  generally  understood,  or  it  would  have  been  useless  ; 
and  it  furnishes  a  plausible  pretext  for  the  Irish  historian's  genealogical  tree 
springing  from  an  Irish  root,  with  Adam  placed  high  among  the  branches,  and 
the  statement  that  the  Irish  had  a  written  language  at  the  time  of  Adam,  all  of 
which  may  be  true ;  but  if  Old  Israel  was  the  son  of  an  Irish  emigrant,  it  would 
be  an  interesting  study  for  the  scientist  to  trace  out  the  cause  of  such  a  radical 
change  in  the  form  of  the  nose.  Evidence  bearing  upon  that  point  might  be 
difficult  to  find;  but  such  would  hardly  be  the  case  about  paper,  for  the  word  is 
derived  from  that  of  papyrus,  and  papyrus  was  paper  essentially  the  same  as 
the  paper  of  to-day,  though  crude  and  coarse,  perhaps,  in  comparison  with  the 
best  now  made  :  the  interior  part  of  a  reed  or  flag  indigenous  to  Egypt,  and 
places  where  papyrus  was  known. 

Its  preparation  for  use  was  similar  to  that  of  paper.  The  part  of  the  reed  to 
be  used  was  selected;  it  was  then  sized  or  glued,  then  subjected  to  heavy 
pressure.  Sheets  of  any  size  desired  could  be  made,  as  is  proved  by  the  fact 
that  it  was  carried  or  kept  in  rolls.  Vellum,  often  mentioned  in  connection  with 
the  early  manuscript  copies  of  Scripture  and  the  printing  of  the  first  books,  was 
white,  finely  prepared  calf-skin.  The  object  of  this  article,  however,  is  more  for 
the  purpose  of  briefly  describing  the  manufacture  of  paper  now  than  to  treat  of 
its  use  in  the  past. 

Until  within  a  generation  past,  paper,  or  the  finer  qualities  of  paper,  has  been 
produced  from  rags,  and  the  pulp  has  been  worked  into  sheets  by  hand.  Forms 
or  sieves  of  the  size  of  sheets  required  were  used  to  take  up  the  pulp;  as  the 
water  drained  out,  the  sheet  formed,  and  when  dried  it  was  pressed.  John  Ames, 
of  Springfield,  Mass.,  now  living,  invented  the  cylinder  paper  machine,  which  is 
still  in  use  in  some  mills  where  a  cheap  grade  of  paper  is  made.  The  Fourdri- 
nier  improvement  has  since  been  added. 

Paper  is  in  such  demand  now  that  constant  investigation  is  going  on  for  the 
purpose  of  discovering  new  fibre  suitable  for  the  purpose.  Many  kinds  of  stock 
are  now  used :  rags,  ground  wood  pulp,  wood  pulp  chemically  prepared,  waste 
of  many  kinds,  old  rope,  hemp,  manila,  fishing  lines,  jute,  jute  butts,  straw,  etc. 
Clay  of  various  kinds  is  used,  but  by  a  neighboring  manufacturer  the  individual 
does  not  do  so. 


168 


169 
Bleach  Boiler. 


was  presented  to  my  sight  Jirt  exceeded  anything  of  Hie  kind  niy  imagination 
had  ever  conceived  of.  It  is  a  blessing  to  the  right  kind  of  a  Yankee  to  travel, 
for  in  many  places  he  can  see  much  to  make  him  thankful  that  he  is  a  Yankee. 
If  he  can  get  rid  of  some  of  his  conceit,  he  will  also  see  much  that  it  is  desirable 
to  learn.  The  manufacture  is  conducted  as  follows  : 

The  rags  for  fine  paper  are  first  dusted  by  running  them  through  the  Bag 
Duster.  The}- are  then  cut  into  pieces,  two  or  three  inches  in  area  of  extent ; 
this  is  done  by  women,  each  one  of  whom  has  the  point  half  of  a  scythe  firmly 
lixed  vcrticaifv  in  a  bench  in  front,  the  edge  of  the  scythe  being  from  her.  With 
this  instrument  she  cuts  large  handmls  of  rags  in  various  directions,  until  the 
mass  is  reduced  into  pieces  the  size  required.  She  has  to  cut  off  buttons,  hooks 
and  eyes,  seams,  hems,  and  everything  objectionable.  After  being  cut,  the  rags 
are  sorted,  and  everything  rejected  that  is  likely  to  injure  the  quality  of  the 
paper,  They  are  then  again  dusted,  and  then  placed  in  the  Bleach  Boiler — a 

Gould's  Improved  Beating-  Engine. 


170 
Rag  Engine. 


horizontal  boiler,  varying  from  live  to  eight  feet  in  diameter,  and  from  fifteen  to 
twenty  feet  in  length.  Lime  is  put  in  with  the  rags.  The  boiler  is  rotated 
slowly  for  twelve  hours,  steam  being  introduced  through  the  hollow  journal?; 
the  pressure  of  steam  being  kept  up  to  sixty  pounds  during  the  whole  time. 
This  is  done  to  soften  and  aid  in  the  disintegration  of  the  rags.  From  the  bleach 
boiler,  the  rags  are  dumped  into  large  boxes  on  trucks,  in  which  they  are  taken 
to  the  Washers,  almost  identical  in  their  operation  and  appearance  with  the 
rag  engine  above.  Indeed,  in  many  mills  the  washing  and  beating  are  done  in 


171 


the  same  engine.  All  the  water  that  can  be  used  is  applied  during  the  process 
of  washing,  out  the  roll  is  not  pressed  down  so  hard  as  it  is  while  beating.  The 
washing  is  continued  from  four  to  eight  hours— usually  about  six,  by  which  time 
the  rags  have  become  soft,  pulpy  stutf,  which  is  then  let  down  into  the  Drainers 
— tanks  with  perforated  bottoms.  Chloride  of  lime  is  added  here  to  bleach  the 
mass  perfectly  white.  From  the  drainers,  the  stuff  is  taken  up  and  put  into  the 
Beating  Engines,  where  it  is  kept  in  constant  motion,  and  continuously  passing 
between  the  heating  or  tearing  knives  and  roll.  Coloring  is  here  added  to  give 
the  paper  the  desired  tint.  The  mass  is  kept  in  the  beaters  until  it  is  reduced  to 
the  condition  required — usually  about  six  hours.  Then  it  is  discharged  into  the 
"Stuff  Chest"  below. 

For  a  long  time — perhaps  a  century,  more  or  less — there  has  been  little  change 
in  the  general  character  of  the  beating  engine,  except  increase  in  si/e.  Recently, 
attempts  at  improvement  have  been  made,  and  now  the  Gould  Engines  are  gain- 
ing favor  from  their  increased  productiveness,  saving  of  labor  and  even  quality 
of  pulp. 

Gould  Beating-  Engine. 


A  charge  for  the  engine  is  about  60  barrels,  which  is  prepared  lor  paper 
machines  in  about  three  hours.  The  centrifugal  force  keeps  the  pulp  in  constant 
motion,  rendering  stirring  by  hand  unnecessary. 

Experiments  made  for  the  Messrs.  Stanwood,  Tower  &  Co.,  at  their  paper  mill 
at  Gardiner,  Me.,  a  four  ton  mill,  manila  paper,  jute  stock.  Regular  speed  of 
Beater  108  revolutions  per  minute,  but  during  a  test  trial  of  12  hours  it  varied 
from  106  to  112,  requiring  55.36  horse-power  as  a  maximum ;  during  the  trial  2400 


172 


!  » "w  .9  §  «  *  fc  S  «'f 

;  =  —  _=  r,  ~  =  ~  -  •"  " 


Bil.sJ^Ilil.s 


£-»-MlfE||:= . 

^i2£3|^lJ 

•Mss.dala 


Illilssi^ll 


^s=^£ 

o^S-J 
S/goDtigar-Ji^SI 


2tJO.B> 


173 


Sheet  Super  Calender. 


These  pucks  are  then  taken  to  the  Drying  I, oft,  separated  into  sheets,  which 
are  hung  evenly  upon  poles  to  dry,  the.  loft  being  kept  hot  by  steam.  When 
dried,  the  r-hcets  are  sent  to  the  finishing  room,  and  arc  passed  between  rolls 
under  great  pressure.  The  proce-i*  is  railed  calendering,  tlic  Sheet  Calender 
being  ii«Ml. 

Ordinary  paper  lor  writing  or  commercial  pnrpo>e  is  cut  into  sheets  known  as 
Flat  Cap,  UxlTi;  Foolscap,  i:;.\lti;  Letter,  10  x  Hi ;  Note,  S  x  10  inches.  These 
sheets  are  counted  into  n  am-  of  4*i>  sheet*  each,  folded,  then  trimmed  in  the 
Trimming  Press.  See  cut,  next  page. 


174 


Trimming  Press,  or  Paper  Cutter. 


kagcs  to  a  pressure  of  several  hundred  tons  in 


175 
Lever  Plater. 


After  pressing,  the  packages  are  boxed,  ready  for  delivery. 

A  finer  grade  of  paper,  used  for  wedding  or  fancy  cards,  and  various  purposes, 
is  calendered  in  the  sheet  calender  :  then  placed  between  metal  plates,  anil  pa<:-ed 
between  the  rolls  of  the  Lever  Plater;  then  cut  into  sheets  the  size  required,  and 
boxed  for  shipment. 

Book  paper,  often  quite  fine  and  nice,  is  of  a  somewhat  inferior  grade— often, 
if  not  generally,  made  of  mixed  stock  :  rags  and  wood  pulp,  sized  with  resin  -size 
in  the  beating  engine,  instead  of  with  animal  size  in  the  paper  machine. 

The  process  in  the  paper  machine  at  the  commencement  is  the  same  as  before 
described,  but  instead  of  being  divided  into  sheets,  it  goes  in  the  web  through 
the  stack  of  Chilled  Rolls,  J,  near  the  right  end  of  the  machine,  which  give 
what  is  called  "machine  finish."  It  is  reeled  or  rolled,  as  represented  on  the 
Kolls,  K.  If  a  finer  finish  is  desired,  it  is  super-calendered.  (See  cut  on  next 
page.)  It  is  then  divided  into  sheets,  the  size  required,  by  rotating  cutters. 

Newspaper  is  made  of  a  cheaper  grade  of  stock:  rags,  ground  wood  pulp, 
straw,  waste  of  various  kinds,  etc. 

Cheap  wrapping  paper  is  al«o  made  of  straw,  or  something  cheaper. 

The  best  nianila  paper  is  made  of  jute,  jute  butts,  old  rope,  hemp,  nianila, 
fishing  lines,  etc. 


176 


Web  Super  Calender. 


Fine  tissue  paper  is  also  made  of  jute,  but  the  process  of  beating  requires 
twenty-four  instead  of  six  hours  in  order  to  disintegrate  the  stock  more  slowly, 
leave  the  fibre  longer,  and  the  product  more  tenacious. 

The  cost  of  a  paper  mill  of  course  depends  upon  circumstances  t<>  a  certain 
extent.  *  The  rough  estimate  of  cost  for  a  one-ton  tine  paper  mill  would  l>c  $75,000 
to  $100,000;  larger  capacity,  in  proportion.  [A  ton  iiiilj  means  one  capable  of 
producing  a  ton  of  paper  per  day.] 


177 


Whiting  Paper  Co.,  Holyoke,  Mass.,  No.  1  Mill. 

4-Ton  Mill,  Fine  Writing  Paper. 

Following  machinery  driven  by  the  mair  wheel,  which  by  test  gave  180  h.  p. 

2  1250  pound  washing  engines. 

2  1200  pound  bcatinir  ensrh:..'  ; 

2  800  pound  beating  engines. 

2  6  inch  Littlelicld  pumps. 

1  Andrews  pump. 

4  rag  dusters  ;  2  rag  boilers. 

1  Elevator,  2  boiler  pumps,  1  engine  lathe,  1  sheet  calendar,  5  rolls,  1  small 

pump,  1  circular  saw  for  box  work. 
Finishing  room  wheel,  ^2.92  h.  p. 

Drives  6  5-roll  calendars,  2  platers.  5  ruling  machines,  3  trimming  presses,  1 
elevator,  1  grind  stone.  _-~~ 

These  two  wheels  do  the  work  named,  but  20  horse-power  additional  would  be 
acceptable  on  large  wheel.  

Test  by  Emerson's  Dynamometer. 

Experiment  upon  an  800  pound  paper  engine  for  rag  stork ;  furnished  with  800 
pounds  of  bleached  stock  in  the  evening  of  March  26,  1875,  at  the  Housaionic 
Mill  of  the  Smith  Paper  Co.  at  Lee.  Mass.  The  roll  was  46  inches  long  by  40 
inches  diameter  Experiment  beuan  with  a  stock  nearly  finished,  which  was 
finished,  discharged  and  the  engine  replenished. 


Time. 

P.  M. 

Rev.  of 
Roll. 

Rev.  of 
Dynamom. 

Weight. 

Horse 
Power. 

7.00 
7.30 
7.35 
7.45 
*9.30 
*9.35 

iii 

124 
124 

124 
124 
124 

284 
294 
300 
288 
274 
274 

165 
131 
135 
131 

184 
184 

14.20 
13.45 
1227 
13.17 

15.27 
15.27 

*Roll  down  and  stock  half  finished. 


Experiments  upon  a  300  pound  paper  engine  for  rag  stock  :  furnished  with  300 
pounds  of  bleached  stock  on  tlie  afternoon  of  March  24,  1875.  at  the  Housatonic 
Mill  of  the  Smith  Pi, per  Co.,  at  Lee,  Mass.  The  Roll  was  33  inches  long  by  28 
inch-  s  in  diameter. 


Time. 

P.  M. 

Rev  of 

Roll. 

Rev.  of 
Dynamom'r 

Weight. 

Horse 
Power. 

3.50 

131 

230 

•28 

1.95 

400 

131 

2.50 

63 

4.39 

4.15 

143 

250 

57 

4.31 

4.20 

149 

260 

73 

5.75 

425 

152 

270 

49 

4.00 

5.00 

166 

291 

93 

8.20 

5.05 

150 

264 

93 

7.44 

5.30 

146 

257 

94 

7.31 

6.00 

143 

250 

95 

7.19 

6.45 

149 

260 

104 

8  19 

700 

144 

252 

107 

8.17 

7.30 

149 

260 

118 

9.26 

8.00 

126 

220 

119 

7.93 

8.15 

133 

233 

122 

8.61 

8.30 

146 

255 

119 

9.19 

8.45 

149 

261 

105 

8.30 

9.00 

123 

215 

105 

6.84 

9.15 

137 

240 

104 

7.56 

9.30 

150 

264 

101 

8.08 

9.45 

137 

240 

101 

7.34 

10.15 

132 

2:12 

100 

7.03 

10.30 

187 

240 

1.89 

178 

Experiment  on  a  62  inch  paper  machine  making  news  print  from  rag  stock. 
This  machine  is  ordinarily  run  with  a  speed  that  will  deliver  the  paper  at  the 
rate  of  90  feet  per  minute ;  but  during  these  experiments  it  delivered  61  ieet  per 
minute  the  first  experiment  and  78  feet  per  minute  during  the  last  experiment. 


Time. 

P.  M. 

Rev.  of 
Dynamom'r 

Weight. 

Horse 
Power. 

II.  Power  ofi 
Pump. 

Table 
Power. 

4  00 
4.20 

200 
230 

101 
104 

6.12 

2.78 
3.56 

8.90 
10.82 

The  main  line  of  shafting  makes  108  revolutions  per  minute  when  90  feet  of 
paper  is  delivered  per  minute.  From  this  main  line  the  agitator,  the  water 
pump  and  the  shaker  at  the  head  of  the  machine  are  drivrn  a  d  are  not  included 
in  the  test  by  the  Dynamometer ;  but  are  calculated  from  the  speed  and  width  of 
belts  by  which  they  are  driven,  on  the  theory  that  a  belt  1  inch  wide,  running 
1000  feet  per  minute  is  a  horse-power. 

The  Shaker  belt  moves  600  feet  and  is  3  inches  wide,  equals  1800,  1 .80 

The  Asritator  belt  moves  329  feet  and  is  4  inches  wide,  equals  1316.          1.32 
The  Pump  belt  moves  251  feet  and  is  6  inches  wide,  equals  1506,  1 .50 

4.12 

But  as  this  pump  is  single  acting,  only  acting  during  one-half  of  the  revolu- 
tion, I  have  called  it  two-thirds  of  the  apparent  power  equals  1.00  h.  p.,  and 
deduct  %  a  h.  p.,  then  leavinsr  4.12  h.  p.  for  the  paper  moving  90  feet  per  minute. 
Then  by  simple  proportion  of  78  to  96  witb  paper  moving  78  feet  p-r  minute 
equals  3.56  hoi-sc  power;  with  paper  moving  61  feet  per  minute  equals  2.78  horse 
power. 

[Copy.]  L.  M.  WEIGHT,  C.  E. 


Holyoke  Paper  Co.,  Holyoke,  Mass. 

Fonr  500  pound  beating  engines  took  thfl  l^ho'e  power  of  a  wheel  that  by  test 
gave  80  horse-power;  even  with  that  power  care  was  required  in  furnishing  or 
they  would  not  run  to  speed ;  after  running  a<i  for  some  years,  the  Beaters  were 
altered  or  put  into  better  condition,  so  that  tl»e  wheel  now  gives  a  large  surplus 
of  power.  Mill  makes  fine  writing  paper. 


Test  of  a  72-Inch  "Wheel  and  Machinery,  Fitch- 
burg,  Mass-, 


These  experiments  were  made  to  determine  power  required  to  drive  Beating, 
engines,  36-inch  rolls,  paper  and  rag  stock.  Before  testing  the  wheel,  the  speed 
of  the  main  shaft  was  taken  under  different  conditions  to  ascertain  the  power 
required  to  drive  machinery  at  the  following  speeds,  the  water  in  the  pond  being 
one  inch  below  the  lowest  part  of  the  crest  of  the  dam. 

1ST  TRIAL.— 3  Engines  beating,  1  washing,  and  all  machinery  attached.  Speed 
of  main  shaft,  120  revolutions  per  minute.  49  h.  p. 

2D  TRIAL.— 2  Engines  beating,  2  washing,  all  machinery  attached.  Speed  of 
main  shaft,  146  revolutions  per  minute,  49  h.  p. 

3D  TRIAL. — 2  Engines  beating,  2  washing  duster  thrown  off.  Speed  of  main 
shaft,  160  revolutions  per  minut.-,  48.3  h.  p. 

During  the  above  trials  the  head  was  about  14  feet.  The  dynamometer  was 
then  applied  to  the  end  of  main  shaft,  and  the  power  of  the  wheel,  at  nearly 
same  speed,  obtained. 

With  the  flush-boards  off,  leaving  13  feet  head,  under  which  the  wheel  was 
designed  to  give  60  horse-power,  its  power  would  have  been  43.16. 

No  attempt  was  made  to  measure  the  water,  it  simply  took  the  whole  river- 
Capacity  of  Beater  450  pounds. 


179 


Paper  and  Shoemaking-  Machinery. 


Report  of  a  test  to   determine  the   powe 
Engines  at  Bacon's  Paper  Mill,  in  North  La> 


required   to  run  one  of  the 
reuce,  Massachusetts. 


Rag 


LOWELL,  December  16,  1870 
J.  A.  Eacon,  Enq.: 

DEAR  SIB:— I  have  worked  up  carefully  the  tests  made  yesterday  with 
Emerson's  Dynamometer,  at  your  mill  in  North  Lawrence.  When  the  engine 
roll  mad"  145  revolutions  per  minute,  the  dial  hand  of  the  Dynamometer  made 
3.8  revolutions  per  minute.  I  have  estimated  the  speed  of  the  roll,  upon  the  sup- 
position that  it  varied  during  the  different  tests  in  the  same  proportion  as  the 
speed  of  the  dial  hand.  I  give  the  results  obtained,  in  the  order  in  which  the 
tests  were  made. 


Number 
of 
Test. 

CONDITION  or  THE  ENGINE. 

Revolutions 
of  Roll 
per  rniuute. 

Ilorse-Power 
indicated 
by  Dynamometer. 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 

No  paper  in  

137 
149 
141 
153 
145 
147 
144 
145 
153 
148 
149 
147 
149 
149 

2.5 
7.26 
3.36 
4. 
4.03 
4.41 
4.57 
5.19 
5.2 
4.71 
5.08 
5.02 
5.08 
3.9 

«t           ti 

(i           ti 

"      

a           tt 

.<           « 

c;              (t 

Brushing  the  paper  

While  the  paper  was  being  put  in,  the  power  indicated  gradually  rose  from  2.5 
horse-power  to*7.  2(5  horse-power.     It  stood  at  7.26  horse-power  for  about  three 

minutes,  after  which  it  gradually  fell  to  3.36  horse-power.  Fr.m  test  4  to  test  8, 
the  roll  was  gradually  set  down  harder  and  harder.  At  test  No.  7,  the  roll  was 
down  as  hard  as  is  usual  in  making  paper.  At  test  No.  8,  the  ri,ll  was  down 
harder  than  is  common. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 
(Signed,)  CHANNING  WHITAKER, 

Mechanical  Engineer. 

Report  of  a  test  to  determine  the  power  required  to  drive  Shoemaking  Machin- 
ery, at  the  State  Prison,  in  Charlestown,  Massachusetts. 

LOWELL,  July  13th,  1871. 
Rodney  S.  Tay,  Esq.,  Treasurer  Tucker  Mf'gCo.,  Boston  : 

DEAR  SIR:— On  the  13th  inst.,  I  made  a  test  with  Emerson's  small  Dj-na- 
mometer.  of  the  power  required  to  drive  Mr.  Blanchard's  Shoemaking  Machinery 
at  the  State  Prison,  in  Charleslown.  In  Mr.  Blanchard's  lower  room  there  are, 
besides  the  counter-shafting,  12  sewing  machines,  2  peggers,  2  skivers.  1  heel 
trimmer,!  bottom  roller,  1  buffer,  1  roller,  1  splitter.  All  of  the  machinery  is 
not  in  use  at  any  one  time.  But  making  such  allowance  for  this  fact  as  seems  to 
be  fair,  there  is  required  for  driving  the  machinery  and  counter-shafting  in  this 
room,  4.9  horse-power.  In  Mr.  Blanchard's  upper  room,  there  are,  besides  the 
counter-shafting,  2  brushes  and  4  buffers.  There  is  required,  for  driving  the 
machinery  and  counter.shaftin^  in  this  room,  '2.3  horse-power.  Making  a  total 
of  7.2  horse-power  used  by  Mr.  Blanchard. 

Very  respectfully  yours, 

CHANNING  WHITAKER, 

(Signed,)  Mechanical  Engineer. 

*I  tested  an  ordinary  -I.M)  pound  Beater  in  same  mill  that  took  something  over  13  horse  power. 


180 

[From  American  Engineer.] 

A  Man  of  Courage. 

We  publish  elsewhere  a  communication  from  Mr.  James  Emerson  giving 
some  further  facts  in  regard  to  warming  of  railway  cars.  Mr.  Emerson  has 
given  the  last  five  years  of  his  life  to  this  work,  and  so  far,  as  we  believe,  he  is 
the  only  man  who  has  made  extended  experiments  in  heating  by  steam.  He 
is  well  known  as  an  hydraulic  engineer.  What  he  accomplished  in  that  depart- 
ment of  engineering  is  well  told  by  a  writer  in  the  December,  1885,  number  of 
the  Milling  Engineer.  The  writer  says  :  — 

It  will  be  sixteen  years  on  April  1st  next,  since  James  Emerson,  an  inventor, 
of  Lowell,  Mass.,  issued  a  small,  one-page  circular,  saying  that  he  had  purchased 
of  the  Swain  Turbine  Company  their  testing  flume,  built  for  the  purpose  of 
privately  testing  their  own  water-wheels,  and  that  he  was  about  to  open  a 
series  of  public  competitive  tests.  It  marked  the  commencement  of  an  era  of 
wonderful  progress  in  turbines. 

Mr.  Emerson  was  a  man  of  irreproachable  integrity.  He  could  not  be 
bribed.  He  was  too  independent  to  be  held  as  the  tool  of  any  one.  He  was 
fearless  in  his  criticisms,  and  many  a  poor  miller  who  had  been  defrauded  by 
some  unprincipled  water-wheel  agent,  rejoiced  to  find  that  at  last  a  man  had 
arisen  who  know  and  was  not  afraid  to  publish  the  truth.  When  he  attacked  a 
certain  water-wheel  builder,  who  circulated  most  elegant  pamphlets,  and  who 
loudly  claimed  that  his  wheel  was  the  best  in  the  country,  and  that  it  had  an 
efficiency  of  90  per  cent.,  although  in  reality  it  was  worthless,—  when  Mr. 
Emerson  drove  him  out  of  hydraulics  into  the  patent  medicine  business,  the 
whole  fraternity  of  water-wheel  users  rejoiced.  When  he  stated  that  the 
wheels  of  several  loud  talking,  ignorant  men  had  so  passed  out  of  use  that 
they  were  more  likely  to  be  found  at  the  junk-shop  than  anywhere  else,  and  of 
a  certain  inventor,  who  claimed  his  wheel  gave  135  per  cent.,  that  he  had  no 
doubt  of  his  sincerity,  but  he  had  much  doubt  of  his  intelligence,  there  was 
great  popular  sympathy  with  a  man  who  could  so  fearlessly  say  what  he  thought. 
The  influence  of  his  tests  was  marvelous.  Nine-tenths  of  the  water-wheels 


brought  to  him  that  first  year  only  gave  three-fourths  of  the  power  which  their 
builders  claimed  and  represented  that  they  would  give.  At  the  present  time 
all  the  leading  water-wheels  honestly  give  the  power  they  claim,  and  the 


until  they  gained  records  of  over  90  per  cent.  A  similar  impr 
made  by  Stout,  Mills  &  Temple,  T.  H.  Eisdon  &  Co.,  the  Holyoke 
and  many  others.  The  effect  of  his  tests,  in  the  introduction 


reason  is  because  Mr.  Emerson  taught  builders  to  estimate  power  correctly. 
Then  nearly  all  the  leading  firms  claimed  and  published  that  their  turbines 
possessed  the  same  economy  of  water  at  every  stage  of  gate.  None  of  them 
claim  it  now. 

The  influence  of  these  tests  was  beneficial  to  every  honest  builder.  The  first 
wheel  tested  by  the  Stilwell  &  Bierce  Manufacturing  Co.  only  gave  68  percent., 
although  they  honestly  believed  it  could  be  relied  upon  to  give  85.  When  they  dis- 
overed the  truth  they  commenced  experimenting  and  improving  their  wheels 

provement  was 
ke  Machine  Co., 
ction  of  the  best 

forms  of  water-wheels,  was  also  remarkable.  The  attachment  of  a  plate  to  a 
cylinder  gate  to  raise  and  lower  with  the  gate  and  to  form  the  top  of  the 
stationary  water  course  was  then  used  by  no  builder  of  prominence.  Now 
every  firm  building  a  cylinder  gate  wheel  uses  it  to  obtain  good  results  at  the 
part  gate.  He  was  the  first  to  establish  the;  fact  that  the  discharge  of  water 
through  a  wheel  of  a  given  diameter  could  bo  increased  to  double  the  amount 
then  customary,  without  injuring  the  efficiency  of  the  wheel,  and  now  there  is 
hardly  a  prominent  builder  in  the  country  who  is  not  making  use  of  that  dis- 
covery. 

Ihave~not  written  this  article  as  an  eulogy  of  James  Emerson,  but  because 
his  name  is  inseparably  linked  to  the  recent  progress  of  water-wheel  science. 
Like  every  other  prominent  man,  he  was  not  perfect.  The  time  had  come 
when  a  better  water-wheel,  and  more  accurate  information  about  the  weakness 
and  excellencies  of  the  various  systems  in  use,  was  demanded.  Mr.  Francis' 
valuable  formate,  upon  which  the  whole  system  depended,  were  a  locked-up 
mystery  of  little  benefit  to  the  majority  of  water-wheel  builders.  Location. 
experience,  and  remarkable  fitness  to  the  requirements  of  that  special  work 
made  Mr.  Emerson  the  means  of  creating  such  an  improvement  in  a  certain 
class  of  machines  as  few  men  have  ever  accomplished. 


181 


Water  Wheels. 

In  treating  of  water-power,  means  for  its  utilization  is  an  important  feat- 
ure to  be  considered.  As  a  motor,  running  or  falling  water  was  used  back 
in  the  earliest  aires  of  which  we  have  authentic  history;  and  the  various 
devices  employed  for  transmitting  its  power  were  hardly  more  crude  than 
many  that  are  patented  for  the  same  purpose  at  the  present  time.  Volumes 
would  be  required  to  illustrate  and  describe  the  multitudinous  plans  that 
have  been  devised,  but  a  very  few  pages  would  suffice  for  describing  the 
principles  of  all.  Our  country  is  lavishly  supplied  with  this  natural  motive 
power;  and,  as  might  be  expected  from  a  race  so  energetic,  many  devices 
have  been  produced  for  utilizing  it  advantageously.  I  have  before  me  the 
copy  of  a  patent  granted  to  Benjamin  Tyler,  grandfather  of  John  Tyler,  of 
the  well  known  Tyler'wheel,  which  reads  as  follows: — 
By  the  President,  TITO.  JEFFERSON. 

JAMKS  MADD1SOX,  Secretary  of  State. 
City  of  Washington— To  wit : 

I  DO  HEREBY  C'KKTIFY,  that   the  fore-going  Loiters  Patent  were  del 
on  the  twelfth   day  ut  M.in-li  in  the  year  cl  cmr   Lord  one  thousand  eight 

tour  to  be  examined;  Hint  I  have  examined  the  same  and  find  th •oiit'ormal 

and  I  do  herehy  return  the  same  to  the  Secretary  of  Stale,  within  lit'leeii  da; 
date  aforesaid,  to  wit:— on  this  nineteenth  clay  of  March  in  the  year  aforesaii 
LEVI  LINCOLNT,  Atty-den.  of  the  United  States. 

THE  SCHEDULE  referred  to  in  these  Letters  Patent  and  making  a  part  of 
the  same,  containing  a  description  in  the  words  of  the  said  Benjamin  Tyler 
himself,  of  the  Wry  Fly,  which  may  be  applied  by  wind  or  water  to  various 
machines,  viz. :  dfist  mills,  Hulling  mills.  Spinning  mills,  Fulling  mills, 
Taper  mills,  anil  to  the  use  of  Furnaces,  etc. 

The  Wry  Fly  is  awheel  which,  built  upon  the  lower  end  of  a  perpendicular 
shaft  in  a  circular  form,  resembling  that  of  a  tub.  It  is  made  fast  by  the 
insertion  of  two  or  more  short  cones,  which,  passing  through  the  shaft, 
extends  to  the  outer  side  of  the  wheel.  The  outside  ot  the  wheel  is  made  of 
plank,  jointed  and  fitted  to  each  other,  doweled  at  top  and  bottom,  and 
hooped  by  three  bands  of  iron,  so  as  to  make  it  water-tight;  the  top  must 
be  about  one-fifth  pari  larger  than  the  bottom  in  order  to  drive  the  hoops, 
but  this  proportion  may  be  varied,  or  even  reversed,  according  to  the 
situation  of  place,  proportion  of  the  wheel,  and  quantity  of  water.  The 
buckets  are  made  of  winding  timber,  and  placed  inside  of  the  wheel,  made 
fast  by  strong  wooden  pins  drove  in  an  oblique  direction;  they  are  fitted 
to  the  inside  of  the  tub,  or  wheel,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  form  an  acute 
angle  from  the  wheel,  the  inner  edge  of  the  bucket  inclining  towards  the 
water,  which  is  poured  upon  the  top,  or  upper  end  of  it,  about  twelve  and 
a  half  degrees;  instead  of  their  standing  perpendicular  with  the  shaft  of 
the  wheel  they  are  placed  in  the  form  of  a  screw,  the  lower  ends  inclining 
towards  the  water,  and  against  the  course  of  the  stream,  after  the  rate  of 
forty-five  degrees;  this  however  may  be  likewise  varied,  according  to  the 
circumstances  of  the  place,  quantity  of  water,  and  size  of  the  wheel ;  over 
this  wheel,  and  exactly  fitted  to  the  top  of  it,  is  a  cup,  or  short  cylinder, 
made  fast  and  immovable  by  timbers  connected  with  other  parts  of  the 
building.  Said  Wry  Fly  may  be  used  with  or  without  said  cylinder. 

P. i:\.IAMIN  TYLER. 
P.  HENDERSON, 
SAMI-EI,  HITCHCOCK, 


Witnesses. 


From  the  description  of  the  Wry  Fly  it  will  be  seen  that ,  except  the  chutes, 
it  contained  the  principal  features 'of  the  modern  turbine,  the  merits  of 
which  are  due  to  many  minds:  while  still  irreater  skill  is  required  to  bring 
it  to  that  state  of  perfection  it  is  undoubtedly  destined  to  attain.  The 
increasing  importance  of  the  manufacturing  *  interest  necessitated  the 
improvement  of  devices  for  utilizing  to  the  greatest  possible  extent  the 
water-power  of  the  country.  An  article  suggested  by  the  change  of  wheels 
at  Lowell,  Mass.,  is  here  quoted  from  the  Courier  of  that  citv  published  in 
1871. 

"  The  removal  of  the  last  in  the  city  (except  two  or  three  on  the  Concord 
River)  of  the  old-fashioned  and  unwieldy  breast-wheels  suggests  to  us  that 
a  chapter  of  information  on  the  hydraulic  motors  now  in  use  here,  and 
the  history  of  their  improvement  and  adoption,  may  prove  of  interest 


182 
Devices  of  the  Past. 


183 

to  all  the  readers  of  the  Courier  v/ho  take  a  just  pride  in  whatever  aids  Lowell 
to  substantiate  her  claim  to  the  title  of  "  the  first  manufacturing  city  in  Amer- 
ica." And  first,  let  us  glance  at  the  old  style  of  wheels,  of  which  those  now 
being  removed  from  the  mills  of  the  Lawrence  and  Prescott  companies  are  fair 
examples.  These,  generally  known  as  "  breast-wheels,"  are  dependent  for  their 
useful  effect  simply  upon  the  weight  of  the  water,  admitted  to  the  buckets  near 
the  top,  and  retained  as  long  as  possible,  or  until  nearly  at  the  bottom  of  the 
wheel,  where  its  force  is  spent  and  it  is  discharged.  These  wheels  have  in 
Lowell  been  constructed  of  wood,  and  o;  great  size,  varying  in  diameter  from  13 
to  30  feet,  and  usually  about  12  feet  Long.  Wheels  of  this  class  are  still  in  use  to 
a  great  extent,  and  in  rare  instances  reach  the  enormous  size  of  70  feet  in  diame- 
ter. From  the  starting  of  the  first  mill  (Merrimack)  in  182:3,  up  to  the  year  1845, 
when  the  number  of  spindles  was  about  one-half  that  present  running,  the  breast- 
wheels  alone  were  in  use,  and  were  considered  the  most  perfect  in  all  respects 
of  the  kinds  generally  known.  But  although  held  in  such  high  estimation,  they 
were  very  extravagant  in  the  use  of  water;  for  although  the  proportion  of  the 
useful  effect  given  by  the  wheel  to  the  power  expended  sometimes  reached  as 
high  as  75  per  cent.,  the  average  performance  fell  far  below  this  point,  being  only 
about  60  per  cent.  And  the  importance  of  overcoming  this  radical  defect  becom- 
ing more  and  more  obvious,  improvements  were  gradually  devised  which 
resulted  finally  in  the  invention  of  a  class  of  wheels  known  as  turbines. 

The  word  turbine  is  derived  from  the  Latin  turbo,  which  means  among  other 
things,  a  top ;  and  also,  the  whirling  or  spinning  motion  of  a  top.  The  name, 
though  sometimes  given  a  wider  range  of  meaning,  is  properly  applied  to  a 
re-action  wheel  with  vertical  axis.  The  wheel  itself  is  a  Krench  invention,  dat- 
ing back  to  1830,  or  thereabouts;  and  it  was  introduced  into  this  couutiy  several 
years  later  by  an  eminent  engineer  of  Pennsylvania,  Mr.  Ellwood  Morris,  who 
built  and  put  in  operation  two  of  these  wheels,  and  published  the  results  of  his 
experiments  upon  them  about  the  year  1843.  The  advantages  of  the  turbine 
were  found  to  be  mainly  these;  a  greater  economy  in  the  use  of  water;  adapta- 
tion to  any  fall;  greater  velocity,  compactness  and  durability,  and  that  it  was 
not  obstructed  by  backwater.  Since  Mr.  Morris'  experiments  there  have 
appeared  before  the  public  almost  innumerable  varieties  of  turbines,  each  inven- 
tor claiming  for  his  wheel  some  advantage  over  all  its  predecessors;  and  up  to 
the  present  time  several  hundred  patents  have  been  granted  in  this  country  alone 
for  modifications  and  alleged  improvements  of  the  turbine  as  first  invented. 
Many  of  these  wheels  are  quite  popular,  and  are  in  use  in  small  establishments 
all  over  the  country;  but  being  roughly  and  cheaply  made,  none  of  them  have 
yet  been  found  to  compare  with  the  original  Fourneyron  turbine  as  improved  by 
the  inventions  of  Uriah  A.  Boyden,  whose  name  is  familiar  to  every  one  who  is 
at  all  acquainted  with  the  history  of  our  city. 

In  1844  Mr.  Boyden  designed  a  75  horse-power  tmbine  for  the  Appleton  Com- 
pany's Picker-house,  introducing,  as  has  been  said,  several  changes  of  his  own 
deviling.  This  wheel  was  tested  immediately  after  its  completion,  and  found  to 
give  a  useful  effect  of  78  per  cent,  of  the  power  of  the  water.  Encouraged  by 
this  success.  Mr.  Boyden  proc  eded  in  1846  with  the  construction,  for  the  same 
company,  of  three  more  turbines  of  190  horse-power  each,  which  upon  being 
similarly  tested  gave  the  remarkable  result  of  a  useful  effect  of  88  per  cent.  In 
experiments  since  that  time  results  have  been  obtained  as  high  as  92  percent.; 
but  it  is  considered  that  a  fair  average  for  these  wheels  is  about  75  per  cent, 
against  60  for  the  breast-wheels  as  above  stated.  From  the  date  of  the  Apple- 
ton  Company's  adoption  of  turbines,  they  have  come  rapidly  into  use ;  being 
substituted  for  the  clumsy  affairs  first  used  as  fast  as  the  latter  became  unser- 
viceable from  wear  and  decay. 

One  of  the  advantages  of  the  turbine,  as  already  stated,  lies  in  the  fact  of  its 
occupying  so  much  less  space,  in  proportion  to  the  power,  than  any  other  wheels. 
And  this  will  be  more  fully  realized  when  it  is  considered  that  there  are  in  actual 
use  for  manufacturing  purposes  turbines  of  only  6  inchfs  diameter  ;  and  though 
these,  it  must  be  owned,  are  rare,  those  of  10  and  12  inches  are  not  unfrequently 
met  with ;  usually  operating,  however,  in  localities  where  the  amount  of  water 
is  limited,  while  the  fall  is  considerable.  Of  the  70  powerful  turbines  in  use  in 
the  mills  of  Lowell,  the  smallest  has  a  di  imeter  of  5*,  and  the  largest  of  11  feet, 
and  the  capacity  of  a  single  wheel  reaches,  in  several  cases,  675  horse  power. 

»At  the  lime  the  foregoing  was  written  there  were  many  turbines  in  use  at  Lowell  of  less  diameter 

'-  --  'Lat  time  the  large  companies  there 
)  gives  the  origin  of  the  Fourncy- 
claim  as  inventor,  unclerstandingly. 


184 


185 

The  whole  power  given  by  the  fall  of  the  Merrimack  at.  Lowell,  of  33  feet,  is 
estimated  at  about  10,000  norse-power,  the  entire  amount  of  which  is  already 
leased  to  the  corporations.  In  iiddition  to  this,  there  are  in  the  mills  31  steam- 
engines,  furnishing  5ooo  horse-power  additional ;  and  besides  toese  sources  there 
are  the  three  falls  of  Concord  Itiver,  the  power  of  which  we  have  no  means  of 
estimating. 


'Fourneyron  Wheel. 

[Extract  from  a  Treatise  on  the  power  of  water,  by  Joseph  Glynn.] 

M.  Fourneyron,  who  betr'an  his  experiments  in  1823,  erected  his  first  turbine  in 
1827,  at  I'o.it'sur  1'Ognon,  in  France.  The  result  far  exceeded  his  expectations, 
but  he  had  mucli  prejudice  to  contend  with,  and  it  was  not  until  1834  that  he  con- 
structed another,  in  Frai.che  Comte  at  the  iron-works  of  M.  Carun,  to  blow  a 
furnace.  It  was  of  7  or  8  horse-power,  and  worked  at  times  with  a  fall  of  only 
!»  inches.  Its  performance  was  so  satisfactory  that  the  same  proprietor  had  after- 
wards another  of  50  Inv-e-power  erected,  to  replace  2  water-wheels,  which 
tugether,  were  equal  to  30  horse  power. 

The  fall  of  water  was  4  feet  '•>  inches,  and  the  useful  effect,  varied  with  the 
head  and  the  immersion  <  f  the  turbine,  65  to  8j  per  cent. 

Several  others  were  now  erected  :  2  for  falls  01  7  feet :  1  at  Inval,  near  Gi«ors, 
for  a  fall  of  (i  feet  0  inches,  the  power  being  nearly  40-horse,  on  the  river  Epic, 
expending  35  cubic  feet  of  water  per  second,  the  useful  effect  being  71  per  cent, 
of  the  force  employed. 

One  with  a  fail  of  63  feet  gave  75  per  cent. ;  and  when  it  had  the  full  head  or 
column  for  which  it  was  constructed— namely,  70  feet — its  useful  effect  is  said  to 
have  readied  S7  per  (rent,  of  i  he  power  expended. 

Another,  with  126  feet,  gave  81  per  cent. ;  and  1  with  144  feet  fall,  gave  80  per 
cent. 

At  the  instance  of  M.  Arago,  a  commission  of  inquiry  was  instituted  by  the 
Government  of  France,  for  examining  the  turbine  of  Inval,  near  Paris,  the  total 
fall  of  water  being  6  feet  6  inches,  as  has  been  before  mentioned.  By  putting  a 
dam  in  the  river,  below  the  turbine,  so  as  to  raise  the  tail  water,  and  diminish  the 
head  to  3  feet  9  inches,  the  effect  was  still  equal  to  70  percent.;  with  the  head 
diminished  to  '2  feet,  the  effect  was  04  per  cent. ;  and  when  the  head  was  reduced 
to  10  inches,  it  gave  58  per  cent,  of  the  power  expended,  notwithstanding  the 
great  immersio.i  of  the  machine. 

In  the  year  1S37,  M.  Fourneyron  erected  a  turbine  at  St.  Blaster  (St.  Blai'e,) 
in  the  Black  Forest  of  Baden,  for  a  fall  or  column  of  water  of  72  feet  (22  metres). 
The  wheel  is  made  of  cast-iron,  with  wronght-inm  buckets ;  it  is  about  20  inches 
in  dianift'  r,  and  weighs  about  105  pounds;  it  is  said  to  be  equal  to  50  horse- 
power, and  to  give  an  useful  effect  equal  to  70  or  75  per  cent,  of  the  water  |  ower 
employed.  It  drives  a  spinning-mill  belonging  to  M.  d'Eichtal  A  second  tur- 
bine, at  the  same  establishment,  is  wo.ked  by  a  column  of  water  of  10H  metres, 
or354  fi-et  high,  which  is  brought  into  the  machine  by  cast-iron  pipes  of  IN 
inches  diameter  of  the  local  measure,  or  about  16  ' •',  inches  English.  The  diame- 
ter of  the  water-wheel  is  14'4,  or  about  13  inches  English,  and  it  is  said  to  expei  d 
a  cubic  foot  of  water  per  second;  probably  the  expenditure  may  be  somewhat 
more  than  this. 

The  wid  h  of  the  water- whoel  across  the  pier  is  .22"),  nr  less  than  a  quarter  of 
in  inch.  It  ni.ikes  from  2200  to  2:JOi)  revolutions  per  minute ;  and  on  the  end  of 

*The  Fourneyron  wheel  receives  the  waler  from  the  inside,  discharging  it  outwards.  The  gate,  n 
thill  hoop  somewhat  deeper  than  the  wheel,  is  placed  between  the  chutes  and  wheel,  and  is  opened 
bv  being  raised  With  such  an  ftnungemetU,  economical  part  gate  reaolts .are  iiuposiilMe;  and  M. 

Kpumeyron  and  mam-  others  have  made  the  wheel  with  division,  in  the  buckets  as  shown  in  the, 
MacAdam  plan.  The  "quarter  turn"  of  tie-  H,,iy,,ke  Machine  Co.  is  the  invention  of  Mr.  Boyden. 
MacAdam  places  the  wheel  at  the  small  end  of  a'  vertical  cone-shaped  lube.  Valentine  and  others 
have  placed  it  in  scroll  and  various  kinds  of  curbs.  It  has  been  constructed  so  as  to  receive  the 
water  from  below  by  many  parties.  It  has  been  made  with  register  gate  in.ide  of  chutes,  between 
chutes  and  whee),  and  in  one  rase  in  mv  experience,  with  t  \\  o  resist  er  ^rales.  one  insM<-  of  chutes,  the 
other  outside  of  wheel.  It  has  been  made  with  short  straight  chutes,  also  long  curved  ones.  It  has 
been  suspended  by  Ihe  upper  end  of  its  shaft  in  various  ways,  instead  of  resting  upon  a  step  It 
has  been  made  of  iron  in  the  coarse*  and  el,,.ap.-»t  style,  and  of  bronze  at  an  enormous  cost.  It  has 
proved  as  variable  in  uselul  effect  us  any  of  the  other  klfldj  of  turbines. 


186 


The  Boydcn  turbine  is  highly  recommended  by  its  builder,  and  is  much 
admired  by  the  corporation  superintendent,  in  kids,  whose  responsibility  is 
remote;  but  the  practical  manufacturer,  who  has  his  own  bills  to  pay,  Ids  it 
severely  alone.  As  may  be  seen  by  the  diagrams,  wheels  constructed  upon  any 
of  the  popular  plans  represented  "in  this  work,  may  be  made  far  superior  in 
every  respect,  at  one  half  its  cost.  Its  continued  use  is  owing  solely  to  the  low 
state  of  intelligence  in  milling  engineering.  It  is  idle  to  expect  perfection  or 
any  constant  efficiency  in  turbines  until  purchasers  become  sufficiently  awake 
to  their  own  interests  to  be  willing  to  pay  a  fair  price,  and  then  to  insist  upon 
knowing  exactly  what  the  very  wheel  that  is  to  be  purchased  will  do  before 
accepting  it.  The  same  quality  of  workmanship  will  make  any  other  kind  of 
turbine  as  durable  as  the  Boyden. 


187 

the  spindle  or  upright  shaft  of  the  turbine  is  a  bevelled  pinion,  of  19  teeth,  work- 
ing into  two  wheels,  on  the  right  and  left,  each  of  which  has  300  teeth.  These  give 
motion  to  the  machinery  of  the  factory,  and  drive  8,000  water  spindles,  roving 
frames,  cardinir  engines,  cleansers  and  other  accessories.  The  useful  effect  is 
reported  to  be  from  80  to  85  per  cent,  of  the  theoretical  water-power.  The  water 
as  filtered  at  the  reservoir  before  it  enters  the  conduit  pipes;  and  it  is  important 
to  notice  this,  since  the  apertures  of  discharge  in  the  wheel  are  so  small  as  to  be 
easily  obstructed  or  choked. 

The  water  enters  the  buckets  in  the  direction  of  the  tangent  to  the  last  element 
of  the  guide-curves,  which  is  a  tangent  to  the  first  element  of  the  curved  buck- 
ets. The  water  ought  to  press  steadily  against  the  curved  buckets,  entering 
them  without  shock  or  impulse,  and  quitting  them  without  velocity  ,  in  order  to 
obtain  the  greatest  useful  efl'ect;  o.herwise  a  portion  of  the  water's  power  must 
be  wasted  or  expended,  without  producing  useful  effect  on  the  wheel. 

It  is  difficult  to  imagine  that  a  machine  so  small  as  this  can  give  motion  to  (ho 
works  of  a  cotton  mill  on  so  large  a  scale.  Professor  Kuhlmann  says,  that  win  n 
he  saw  it  actually  doing  so,  he  could  not  for  some  time  credit  the  evidence  of  his 
senses;  and,  although  he  went  purposely  to  examine  it,  his  astonishment 
prevented  him  from  comprehending,  in  the  first  instance,  that  the  fact  was  really 
as  it  appeared. 


The  Jonval  Turbine 


[From  J.  E.  Stevenson's  Circular.] 

By  referring  to  our  certificate  on  another  page,  it  will  be  seen  that  it  is  impossi- 
ble to  construct  a  turbine  greatly  to  exceed  in  useful  effect  a  "Jonval,"  when 
properly  constructed  and  well  finished;  and  by  reference  to  the  table  of  experi- 
ments here  inserted,  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  efficiency  of  the  Jonval  turbine 
depends  not  upon  the  name  "Jonval,"  neither  upon  the  simple  fact  that  one 
wheel  is  placed  above  another — as  from  6  Jonvals  tested,  but  ONE  gave  WO  77  per 
cent.,  that  being  the  one  made  by  us ;  wherea-s  one  other  gave  only  50.34  per 
cent.,  the  lowest  of  all  tested.  And  why  this  difference?  Simply  because  one 
builder  knew  what  he  was  doing,  and  the  other  did  not.  There  are  many  partic  s, 
purporting  to  manufacture  the  Jonval  turbine,  who  state  in  their  circulars  that 
"  at  a  trial  of  turbine  wheels,  at  Fairmouut  Water  Works,  at  Philadelphia,  in 
1809  and  1860,  the  Jonval  wheel  gave  the  highest  percentage  of  all  tested;" 
and  they  would  have  the  public  believe  that  with  their  rough,  unfinished  cast- 
ings, guide  and  bucket  curves,  of  whatever  form  they  may  happen  to  be,  they 
give  this  wonderful  result,  when  none  of  them  possess  more  than  one  feature  of 
the  Jonval  turbine;  and  these  experiments  show  that  a  "Jonval,"  made  by  a 
man  of  experience,  and  tested  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances,  gave  the 
poorest  result  of  all,  simply  because  he  failed  in  the  application  of  the  principles 
embodied  in  its  construction. 

The  following  is  a  table  of  the  experiments  at  the  Fairmount  Water  Works,  at 
Philadelphia,  in  1859  and  I860,  as  taken  from  the  report  of  the  Chief  Engineer. 
The  table  explains  itself. 


At  a  irial  of  water  wheels,  at  Fairmount  Works,  by  order  of  the  Select  and  Common  Council  of 
the  City  of  Philadelphia,  a  Jonval  turbine,  made  by  "  J.  E.  Stevenwin,"  of  Paterson,  New  Jersey, 
was  tested  March  9th,  1860,  and  produced  a  co-efficient  of  Metal  effect  of  .8777  per  cent,  under  the; 
following  circumstance  :  'Jij  pounds  « -ere  raised  25  feet  by  70.2S  cubic  teel  of  water  under  a  head 
and  fall  of  (J  feet.  To  this  must  be  added  the  frielion  of  the  transmitting  machinery,  estimated  at 
o  per  cent.,  making  a  total  useful  effect  of  .1)077  of  the  power  employed. 

(SEAL    OF    CITY.) 


itestation  of  the  above  signatures  of  O.  H.  P.  Parker  and   Henry  I>.  M.  Birkinbine,  I  set  my 
nd  .-titix  the  seal  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia,  this,  :ird  day  of  April,  1860. 
ALEXANDEK  HENRY, 

Mayor  of  Philadelphia. 


188 


Jonval  Wheels,  with  Variations. 


HOUSTON.  CURTIS.  DEI.PHOS. 


VANDEWATER-BURNHAM. 


189 


Table  of  Experiments. 


NAME  OF  WHEEL. 

Kind  of 
Wheel. 

Per  cent. 

<.r  i'!i-,.(.t. 

3  per  ct. 
added 
for 

Where  Built. 

Stevenson's  2nd  wheel  
Geveliu's  2nd  wheel  

Jonval.. 
Jonval.. 

Spiral... 
Jonval.. 

Spiral... 
Spiral.  .  . 
Spiral... 
Jonval.. 
Scroll... 
Scroll 

.8777 

.821  'J 

.SIM; 
.7(572 

.7591 

.7569 
.7467 
.7:',:;.-. 
.7169 
.7123 
.6799 
.6726 
.6412 
.6324 
.6205 
.6132 
.5415 
.5359 
.4734 

.9077 
.8510 

.8497 
.T9T2 

.7891 
.7869 
.7767 
7635 
.7469 
.7423 
.7099 
.7026 
.6712 
.6624 
.6505 
.6432 
.5715 
.5659 
.5034 

Paterson,  X.  J. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Bernville,  Pa. 
Troy,  X.  Y. 

Bernville,  Pa. 
Heading,  Pu. 
Reading.  Pa. 
Paterson,  N.  J. 
East  Pepperell,  Mass 
West  Lebanon,  N.  II. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Reading,  Pa. 
Guilf-.rd,  N.Y. 
Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Bernville,  Pa. 
Salmon  River,  N.  Y. 
Austin,  Texas. 
Worcester,  Mass. 
Troy,  N.  Y. 

Andrews  &  Kalbach's  3rd 
wheel 

Collins'  2nd  wheel  
Andrews  &  Kalbach's  2nd 
wheel  
Smi'h's  Parker's  4th  trial.... 
Smith's  Parker's  3rd  trial  ... 
Stevenson's  1st  wheel  
Blake  
Tvler 

Geveliu's  1st  wheel 

Jonval  .  . 
Spiral.. 
Scroll. 
Scroll... 
Spiral... 
Scroll  .. 
Spiral... 
Scroll... 

Smith's  Parker's  £nd  wheel  . 

Andrew's  1st  wheel  
Rich  ' 

Littlepage  

Collins'  1st  wheel  

Turbine  builders  may  object  to  my  classification  of  the  various  wheels  repre- 
scntcd  upon  the  opposite  pa^e;  but  because  M.  Jonval  defined  certain  lines  for  a 
turbine,  he  no  more  proved  that  those  lines  covered  the  principle  than  he  would 
have  proved  that  the  o:  ly  place  to  walk  upon  a  street  is  exactly  three  feet  from 
its  cjntre  on  a  line  parallel  therewith,  had  lie  defined  such  a  line.  The  wheel 
itself  was  common  and  known  as  the  Tub  wheel.  Two  wheels  made  upon 
the  Wry-Fly  specification,  placed  one  above  the  other,  would  have  covered  the 
plan  of  M.  Jonval;  placing  a  fixed  wheel  above  the  wheel  proper  would 
have  little  originality  unless  done  before  any  otlu  r  builder  had  made  an  applica- 
tion of  chutes  to  turbines.  The  experiments  of  D.  P.  Blackstone,  show  plainly 
that  the  vertical  part  of  the  buckets  of  the  Vandc  water- Burnham  wheel,  repre- 
sented with  the  others,  is  of  little  practical  utility;  indeed,  the  vertical  part  of 
such  buckets  have  often  been  proved  to  be  decidedly  injurious.  Wheels  con- 
structed in  that  way,  however,  render  it  more  convenient  to  apply  the  water 
economically  at  part  gate.  Many  plans  for  gates  have  been  tried  with  the 
Jonval,  but  none  that  has  not  in  some  way  proved  objectionable.  Many  have 
been  made  without  any  gate,  simply  letting  the  water  on  from  the  head  gate  of 
flume.  Geyelin  of  Philadelphia  has  a  telescopic  tube  below  the  wheel,  the  bot- 
tom thereof  being  lowered  to  the  apron  beneath,  in  order  to  stop  the  water. 
Wicket  gates  have  also  been  tried  in  a  tube  below  the  wheel,  but  both  plans 
cause  an  extravagant  use  of  water,  unless  the  wheel  inns  at  whole  gate.  "  Out- 
side  register  gates  "  are  the  most  commnn ;  these  also  render  it  impossible  to 
economize  water  at  part  gate.  The  inside  register,  like  that  of  Gates  Curtis  is 
far  better  in  that  way,  buL  like  the  otlr  r  register  gates  it  works  hard.  Down- 
ward discharge  wheels  were  objected  to  because  they  were  supposed  to  press 
heavily  upon  the  step ;  such  au  idea  could  only  have  gained  a  place  through 
very  superficial  reasoning,  for  if  75  or  80  per  cent,  of  the  weight  of  the  water 
forced  the  wheel  ahead,  the  balance  of  the  weight  could  only  press  down  upon 
the  step,  whether  downward,  central  or  outward  discharge. 


190 


Perpetual  Motion. 


For  ages  past  the  above  idea  has  been  the  constant  dream  of  a  certain  class  of 
minds,  and  is  as  prevalent  to-day  as  in  the  past.  To  save  such  minds  from  the 
trouble  of  re-inventing  for  the  thousandth  time  the  same  old  wornout  devices,  a 
few  of  the  m<'St  common  are  here  sufficiently  illustrated  to  show  tliose  engaged 
in  sucn  effjits  that  their  plans  are  old.  It  is  rath'  r  singular  that  such  hydraulic 
geniuses  almost  invariably  select  the  poorest  kind  of  wheels  to  be  combined,  in 
order  to  get  175  per  cent,  from  a  double  use  of  the  water.  The  plan  of  Mr. 
Jones  only  contemplated  increased  capacity  for  diameter  and  part  gate  economy, 
but  his  plans  have  long  been  abandoned  by  more  intelligent  builders. 


Little  Giant. 


George  H.  Jones,  Auburn,  N.  Y. 


"Oar  wheel  discharges   its  water  inward,  downward   and  outward,  and  dis. 


charges  as  much  inward  as  any  central  discharge  wheel  of  same  diameter;  as 
much  outward  as  a  Fourneyron,  and  downward  as  much  as  any  Jonval,  &c.,  &c." 
There  is  not  the  slightest  reason  to  doubt  the  ability  of  such  devices  to  discharge 
an  abundance  of  water,  but  years  of  experience  and  demonstrations  by  decisive 
tests  prove  beyond  chance  for  dispute  that  all  double  arrangements  are  less 
effective  than  simple  single  turbines.  Various  kinds  have  been  tested  and  inva- 
riably with  the  same  results  ;  the  sincrle  wheel  has  proved  the  best  in  every  way. 
The  Leffel  turbine  has  been  continued  in  its  orieinal  form  simply  because  all  the 
claims  hinge  upon  the  use  of  the  double  wheel,  and  to  give  up  tnat  would  invali- 
date  the  whole  patent. 


191 
Double  Wheels. 


DEVICE  BROUGHT  FROM  MEX- 
ICO. Barker  Will  discharging 
into  a  Fourneyron  wheel;  con- 
nected by  gears  same  as  Wyn- 
koop ;  small  ge;ir  on  rim  of  tl>« 
funnel. 


Same  device  used  in  a  tanning 
lill.    See  Wdsbach. 


The  Plan  Represented  below  has  caused  the  Expenditure 
of  much  Time  and  Money. 


The  plan  consists  simply  of  placing  several  Jonval  wheels  in  a  tube,  one  above 
another,  each  pair  rotating  in  opposite  directions.  H.  Twitchell  of  Pulaski,  N. 
Y,  furnished  a  set  lor  trial,  three  wheels;  the  upper  one  stationary,  acting  as 
chutes ;  the  two  beneath  i  otating  in  opposite  directions,  being  connected  together 
by  gears,  hollow  and  solid  shaft,  arranged  the  same  as  those  connecting  Wynkoop 
wheels.  First  test  was  with  upper  wheel,  lower  wheel  removed. 


Test  of  upper  wheel  with  lower 
win  el  removed. 


Test  of  the  two  wheels  connect 
by  gears. 


Head. 
18.59 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Head. 

II.  P. 

(.  ubic 
feet. 

325.12 

Per 

Cent. 

.4486 

6.96 

353.04 

.5615 

|     18.49 

4.97 

192 
Ii.    ID.    WlTZDsTIKOOIP'S 

Double  Power  Water  Wheel 


Patented  January  3O,  1866. 


In  this  improvement  we  have  a  device  for  combining  wheels  driven  by  the 
force  of  running  water,  and  also  by  the  weight  of  the  fluid,  both  acting  in  the 
same  direction,  and  the  latter  using  the  water  which  has  already  given  power 
to  the  former. 

Fig.  1  shows  the  external  appearance  of  the  case  of  the  wheel,  and  Fig.  2 
the  two  motors  with  their  gearing.  The  stream  is  received  at  A.  Fig.  1,  and, 
by  the  spiral  form  of  the  case,  is  forced  to  receive  a  rotary  motion  as  in  the 
common  Turbine.  This  water  acts  directly  on  the  buckets,  B,  Fig.  2,  which 
radiate  from  the  center.  They  are  connected  to  a  hollow  shaft,  which  carries 
the  large  bevel  gear,  C,  gearing  into  the  pinion,  D,  on  the  liorixontal  shaft. 

Passing  through  the  inside  of  this  main  shaft  is  the  shaft.  E,  to  which  the 
scroll  wheel,  F,  is  secured  at  the  bottom,  and  a  bevel  gear,  smaller  than  C,  at 
the  top.  This  gear  meshes  with  the  pinion,  G,  on  the  liorixontal  shaft.  After 
the  water,  by  its  rotary  force,  has  done  its  work  on  B,  it  falls  and  operates  F, 
giving  it  twice  the  speed  of  B.  By  this  combination  we  claim  that  this  device 
has  twice  the  power  of  an  ordinary  wheel  with  the  same  weight  and  force  of 
water.  It  has  been  tested  by  practical  men  with  even  greater  results.  There 
is  now  one  of  these  wheels  in  successful  operation  in  the  machine  shop  of 
Messrs.  CLAPP  &  HAMBLIN'S,  of  this  City,  who  have  the  exclusive  right 
for  the  manufacture  of  the  same  in  this  State,  and  the  public  are  invited  to 
call  and  test  it  for  themselves.  The  proprietors,  1..  I).  Wynkoop  and  S.  P. 
Stone,  are  now  prepared  to  negotiate  with  any  responsible  parties  for  the 
right  to  manufacture  the  same  in  any  State  of  the  Union.  In  offering  this  to 
the  public,  we  are  aware  that  the  cry  of  humbug  will  be  made,  but  we  guaran- 
tee all  we  claim  for  it,  and  we  wish  no  one  to  engage  in  it  until  he  is  satisfied 
that  what  we  claim  is  true.  Any  inquiries  addressed  to  the  proprietors,  at 
Owosso,  Mich.,  will  be  promptly  attended  to. 

L.  D.  WYNKOOP. 
S.  P.  STONE. 

We  the  undersigned  have  seen  the  Wynkoop  Wheel  in  operation  and  be- 
lieve it  to  be  all  the  inventor  claims  for  it. 

J.  B.  BARNES,  Mayor,  JAMES  W.  STEDMAN, 

A.  BARTLKTT.  City  .Marshal,  P.  M.  ROWELL, 

E.  D.  GREGORY,  J.  H.  CHAMPION, 

C.  W.  CLAPP  &  CO.,  EDWARD  SMITH.  Machinist, 

D.  R.  STONE,  A.  J.  PATTERSON, 
N.  MoBAIN,                                                C.  A.  BALDWIN, 
GREEN  &  LEE,  Editors  "Press,"        E.  SALSBURY, 
DANIEL  LYON.                                         H.  S.  GALUSHE, 
WILLIAM  FLETCHER,  C.  OSBURN. 


CERTIFICATE  : 

JglP'From  the  experiments  performed  with  the  Wynkoop  Wheel  in  the 
Foundry  of  Messrs.  Olapp  &  Hamblin  of  this  city,  I  find  it  to  utilize  more  than 
175  per  cent,  of  the  absolute  weight  of  water  used;  probably  nearer  200. 
This  I  regard  as  no  violation  of  the  principle  laid  down  in  our  natural  philos- 
ophy, viz:  that  no  wheel  can  be  invented  which  will  utilize  100  per  cent.,  as 
the  wheel  in  question  is  not  a  single  one,  but  such  a  combination  of  wheels, 
as  can  not  fail  to  give  a  vast  increase  of  power. 

I.  C.  COTHRAN.  Principal  of  Owosso  Union  School. 

HENRY  GOULD,  Millwright,  Owosso  City. 


193 
WYNKOOP'S 


POUB;LE 


EFFICIENCY  CLAIMED  IS  TABLES. 


EFFICIENCY  OBTAINED  BY  TEST. 


Head  in 
feet. 

15 

Horse 
Power. 

36.18 

Cubic  ft. 

Disrh'd. 

(U4 

Percent-  i 

_!:!iJ 

135 

Head  in  1    Horse 
feet.        Power. 

l.i.12     :     S6.51 

Cubic  ft. 
Disch'd 

2318  23 

Percent- 
age. 

.5513 

The  debut  of  this  wheel  furnished  ample  proof  tint  "  Perpetual  Motion  "  the- 
ories  take  as  readily  with  those  ranking  with  the  learned,  as  with  those  having 
little  knowledge  of  books.  Several  College  Professors,  (one  at  the  head  ot  a 
State  Board  of  Education,)  endorsed  the  claims  of  Mr.  Wynkoop,  furnished 
means  to  develop  the  merits  of  his  device;  and  were  present  at  its  test  and 
quietus. 


194 


The  Economy  Water  Wheel. 


COMPLETE  AND    BEADY  FOB  8ETTINS  UP. 

We  offer  a  challenge  of  $1000  to  the  country  to  pro. 
duce  a  Turbine  Water  Wheel  of  same  diameter  and  under 
same  fall  that  will  furnish  one-half  as  much  power  as  our 
wheel. 

Fulton,  Myers  &.  Co., 

80LK  MAXtFACTURERS, 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 


The  Great  Compound  I.-X.-L.— 
Turbine  Water  Wheels. 


JOSEPH  HOUGH,  Sole  Patentee, 

BrcKixcHAM  r.  O.,  BUCKS  Co  ,  PA. 


My  father  was  a  practical  miller  and  a 
thorough  millwright;  he  contended  that 
there  was  no  water  wheel  then  in  existence 
that  utilized  but  a  little  over  half -the  power 
of  the  water  that  passed  over,  under,  or 
through  any  water  wheel  in  use  ;  and  how  to 
utilize  this  lost  power  was  a  difficult  p:ob- 
lem  to  an  Inventive  mind  to  solve;  neverthe- 
less, perseverance  and  a  determinaiion  to 
conquer  all  obstacles  in  the  way,  1  finally 
invented  and  completely  overcame  this  great 
difficulty,  the  utilizing  of  this  otherwise  1,,M 
power  of  water.  1  will  give  a  contpl.  le 
description  of  the  construction  and  action  ot 
the  water  on  my  Double  Light  and  Lett 
Reacting  Turbine  Water  'Vheels  1  he  one- 
half  diameter  of  their  !K  nic  Mocked  ,  , 

a  tapering  centre,  a  su'i.Yble  height  above  the 
chutes,  to  spread  all  around  from  the  inlets 
above,  striking  every  bucV.ot  at  the  same 
time,  at  the  furthest  part  from  l'ie  wheel's 
centre,  at  the  point  of  the  vthrel  where  the 
water  exerts  the  greatest  lone  and  power. 
The  chutes  and  a  so  the  bmi.ets  of  both 
water  wheels  are  straight  blades,  cet  at  nn 
angle  of  4,-,  degrees  that  the  c-urrcnt  of  water 
from  the  chutes  id)  ve  ay  strikj  the  buckets 
of  the  upper  wheel  squarely  at  right  angles, 
and  as  these  buckets  i  rede  fro:  i  the  force  ot 
the  current,  the  water  escaT>06  oft*  these 
blades  with  still  greater  toree  "?:>•  adding  the 
second  wheel  of  the  same  c''-n, --sions.  imme- 
diately under  the  first,  th  blades  set  alf  3  at 
4o  degrees  in  an  oppoclte  direction  to  again 
receive  this  otherwise  lost  force  of  the  cur- 
rent of  water,  turning  tcid  wheel  to  the  left 
hand.  This  is  the  important  feature  in  my 
great  Improvement  on  all  single  turbines,  by 
utilizing  this  otherwise  lost  force,  utilizing 


the  \ 


wire 


Smith's  Upper  Sprinff  Tallfy  Mills. 
This  is  to  certifv,  that  the  undeiMpned, 
millers  and  millwright  of  BucUacbUB,wen 
present  at  the  Ccstin-  trial  of  J.  Hough's 
Grcr.'  Compound  I.-X.-L.  Double  Right  and 
Left  Heaetin-  Turbine  Water  Wheels,  and  we 
are  free  to  s:iv,  ihev  :'ir  exceeded  our  most 
sanguine  expectations  by  doing  one-third 
more  work  with  the  BUM  amount  of  • 
It  takes  for  the  old  ordinary 
water  wheel.  This 


ry  single  turhine 
s  eve  witnesses  to. 


195 


Efficiency  of  Turbines. 


In  reporting  the  efficiency  of  the  many  water  wheels  brought  to  be  tested  dur- 
ing- the  past  ten  years,  it  has  been  a  very  difficult  matter  to  suit  all  that  have 
been  interested,  yet  no  builder  has  ever  expressed  a  d^ubt  that  any  other  builder 
has  ever  received  a  less  favorable  report  than  he  deserved;  but  in  their  own  par- 
ticular case  something  a  little  more  favorable  should  have  been  said,  or  some- 
thing unfavorable  left  unsaid.  Thousands  have  asked  my  advice  in  turbine 
matters,  and  many  hundreds,  if  not  thousands  of  turbines  hare  been  selected 
upon  the  advice  given;  yet  not  a  single  complaint  has  ever  been  made  that  the 
wheel  recommended  proved  unworthy  of  the  recommendation,  nor  in  the  ten 
years,  has  a  wheel  that  I  have  reported  poor,  proved  by  practical  use  to  be  pood. 
Time  will  de:erminc  whether  my  opinions,  statements  and  reports  relative  to 
turbine  matters  have  been  well  founded,  and  to  that  decision  I  am  willing  to 
trust. 

In  making  up  the  following  reports,  my  purpose  has  been  more  to  aid  builders 
in  selecting  the  best  plans  than  to  sell  wheels  constructed  upon  any  of  those 
now  existing;  to  do  so.  requires  a  knowledge  of  the  lowest  as  well  as  of  the 
highest  results  obtained  by  test  of  each,  and  such  are  given. 

The  extreme  variations  in  the  results  obtained  from  every  kind  tested,  should 
convince  purchasers  that  there  is  no  certain  way  of  procuring  a  good  turbine 
o  hcrwise  than  by  testing,  before  acceptance,  as  they  would  do  if  purchasing  a 
horse. 

The  wheel  of  B.  J.  Barber  might  properly  have  been  placed  in  the  group  with 
the  Wynkoop  and  others  of  that  class— not  that  Mr.  Barber  believed  in  perpe'- 
ual  motion  or  175  per  cent,  wheels ;  hut  he  believed  that  an  unexpended  force 
remained  in  the  water  discharged  by  any  single  turbine,  and  that  that  force 
could  be  utilized  by  adding  a  second  wheel  below  the  first.  His  plan,  however, 
catried  out  as  shown,  simply  produces  the  ordinary  downward  discharge  wheel. 
Mr.  Barber  erred  in  using  the  central  discharge  at  all  for  much  better  results  are 
possible  with  the  plain  downward  discharge  than  can  be  obtained  from  the  cen- 
tral, or  his  combination. 

The  other  wheels  with  double  discharge,  reported  in  the  following  pages,  such 
as  the  Swain,  Leffel,  Eclipse,  Angell,  Walsh  and  others,  were  so  constructed, 
under  the  expectation  of  obtaining  increased  capacity  for  a  given  diameter, 
but  a  comparison  with  the  capacity  of  recent  plans  will  show  that  such  expecta- 
tions were  not  well  founded. 


196 


A.  M.  Swain,  North  Chelmsford,  Mass. 


SWAIN    TURBINE. 


One  of  the  earlier  high  class  wheels,  made  with  many  buckets  and  small  op<  n- 
ings,  placed  in  "  quarter  turn"  or  "flume  curb."  Mr.  Swain  had  much  to  do 
about  starting  the  testing  system.  Quite  a  number  of  these  wheels,  ranging  in 
size  from  18  to  42  inches  in  diameter  have  been  tested. 


Test  of  a  21-inch. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.  per 
minute. 

II.  P. 

Cubic 
fuel. 

PYr 

Cent. 

17  91 

300 

281 

25  55 

936  55 

807' 

Part  Gate  

18.25 

275 

2*J.5 

2354 

8'U  94 

.7902 

18.34 
18.44 

230 

165 

2805 
241.5 

19.55 
12.08 

742.22 
562.20 

.7611 
.6175 

198 


C.  B.  Walsh's  Double  Turbine,  Waupaca,  Wis 


Test  of  a  35-inch  wheel. 


Test  of  a  13-iuch 


Head. 

BL-V. 

11.  P. 

Cub.  ft.  P.rCt. 

Head.  1   Rev. 

11.  P.  |Cub  ft.  (Per  Ct. 

17.97 
18.03 
18.22 
18.33 
18.43 
1857 
18.68 

106 
154.5 
151.5 
1565 
151 
154.5 
152 

61.19 
56.18 
44.76 
35.56 
24.02 
17.55 
10.36 

2298 

1980 
1564 
1291 
935 
755 
523 

.784 
.830 
.833 
.800 
.786 
,663 
.562 

18.18 

18.28 
18.37 
18.41 
1851 
18  52 
18.56 

368.5 
410 
377 
394 
420 
409 
410 

9.49 
9.93 
8.00 
8.09 
6.36 
6.20 
5.59 

508 
443 
355 
346 
275 
271 
257 

.544 
.049 
.650 
#72 

.661 
.656 
.618 

Wetmore  Wheel,  Upham  Machine  Co.,  Claremont,  N.  H. 


Test  of  a  36-inch,  Sept.  17. 


Head. 

17.94 
17.98 
18.09 
18.18 
18.28 

Weight. 

810 
650 
450 
320 
150 

Rev.  per 
minute. 

146 
143  5 
151 
141 
143.5 

H.  P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

wisTeT 

17'J4  63 
1441.34 
1201.11 
94ti.7ti 

Per 

Cent. 

.829T 
.6959 
.6270 
.4975 
.2970 

Whole  Gate,  

53.76 
42.40 
30.88 
20.51 
9.78 

"       '*        

Test  of  an  18- 

nch,  Sept.  29,  1876. 

Whole  Gate,  

18.69 
18.71 
18.79 
18.82 

150 
120 
75 
60 

303 
307 
305 

292.5 

13.77 
11  16 
6.93 
5.31 

501.32 
423.66 
304.45 
262.16 

.7781 
.7454 
.6414 
.5699 



Same  wheel,  buckets  having  been  chipped. 


Whole  Gate,  

18.71 
18.87 
1890 

150 
80 
55 

320.6 
304 
313.5 

14.57 
7.46 
5.22 

507.41 
323.50 
26318 

.8125 
.6632 
.5577 

Test  of  a  24-inch,  Oct.  2,  1876. 

Whole  Gate  

18.34 
18.58 
18.66 

350 

185 
135 

228 
230 
229.5 

24.18 
12.89 
9.35 

HG0.21 
582.25 
483.83 

.7270 
.6300 
.5611 

Second  test  of  same,  buckets  having  been  chipped. 

Whole  Gate,  
Part  Gate  

18.30 
18.49 
18.67 

360 
225 

100 

249.5 
234.5 
237  5 

15!98 
7.20 

91)3.51 
671.85 
424.49 

.8170 
.6810 
.4810 

Test  of  a  48-inch,  Oct.  5,  1876. 

Whole  Gate  

10.15 
11.06 
10.63 
11.02 

1350 
1100 
700 
400 

83.5 
80.5 
83 
82 

51.23 
40.25 
26.41 
14.90 

371  :;.(•>:. 
3201.64 
23.Vl.2l 
1827.39 

.7195 
.6018 
.5588 
.3834 

« 

109 
Perry  Turbine. 


Perry  &  Taylor,  Bridgton,  Maine. 


Downward  discharge,  with  inside  register  gate.  Messrs.  Perry  &  Taylor  har« 
provided  themselves  with  apparatus  ibr  testing  their  wheels liefore  delivery,  and 
guarantee  the  results  furnished  at  each  sale. 


Sept.  1,  1877. 

Head. 

1312 
13.12 
13.12 
13.13 

Kev'u 
Per  Min. 

271 
247.3 
274 
303.7 

Horse 
Power. 

6.15 
6.18 
6.22 
6.21 

Cubic 
feet. 

300.65 
302.70 
300.65 
299.29 

Per 

Cent. 

.8288 
.8223 
.8382 
.8382 

Whole  Gate,  

(C                     K 



13.22 
13.31 
13.33 

261 
248.5 
280.5 

4.74 
3.38 
3.18 

246.85 
191.31 
184.13 

.7703 
.7039 
.6871 

"       "      

SECOND   WHEEL. 

Whole  Gate  

11.80 
11.78 
11.77 
11  76 

162.5 
158 
154 
151 
145.7 
141.5 

19.94 
20.11 
20.30 
20.59 
20.53 
20.58 

1086.89 
1093.57 
1090.23 
1103.25 
1110.30 
1115.34 

.8246 
.8280 
.8390 
.8440 
.8351 
.8343 

"          "       

It                  U 

11.74 
11  73 

•  <        «      

12.13 
11.98 
1206 
12.23 
12.36 
12.42 

150 
164 
150.5 
151.5 
148 
139 

10.52 
11.18 
11.97 
8.60 
6.39 
4.73 

709.16 
762.55 
780.61 
628.50 
525.33 
464.96 

.6486 
.6492 
.6589 
.5887 
.5221 
.4341 

*.          t( 

Cl               « 

«f          « 

"     "     

200 


0.  G.  Mullikin,  Lansing,  Iowa. 


Test  of  wheel,  28  inches  in  diameter, 
the   buckets  extending  to  edge  of  the 
crown  plate,   aid  tilling  bore  of  curb. 
(The  first  test  in  all  of  the  tables  is  at 
whole  gate;    the  others  at  part  pate.) 
The  following  results  were  obtained. 

Buckets  cut  to  line  3,  third  test. 

Head. 

Riv. 

II.  P. 

Cub.  ft. 

Per'tge 

1802 
18.28 

18.32 
18.46 
18.62 
18.48 

135.5 
136.5 
138.5 
136 
132 
133 

63.71 
62.04 
56.65 
43.27 
30.60 
19.64 

2389 
2276 
2075 
1«71 
1319 
MB 

.7837 
.7919 
.7891 
.7448 
.6594 
.5809 

Head. 

Bev. 

H.P.  jCub.ft. 

Per'tge 

18.54 
18.55 
18.59 
18.65 
18.73 
18.83 
18.96 

178.5 
188 
189.3 
182.5 
183.5 
181.8 
186 

30.32 
29,64 
28.65 
2472 
20.69 
14.71 
9.90 

10S"i.39 
1038  32 
960.35 
818.23 
689.91 
513.39 
358.68 

.7950 
.8141 
.8492 
.8569 
.8470 
.8049 
.7702 

30-inch  wheel,  buckets  on  lino  1. 

Head. 

Rev. 

H.P.  |Cub.  ft.  Per'tge 

18.65 
18.65 
18.70 
18.77 
18.84 

194.5 
199.2 
196.5 
190.5 
193 

32.71 
28.97 
25.42 
19.48 
15.35 

1188 
1081 
965 
811 
799 

.7824 
.7621 
.7740 
.6772 
.5399 

The    next  trial    was    with    a  44-inch 
wheel,  with  buckets  of  different  curve 
or  pitch  from  those  of  the  28-inch. 

Head. 

1816 
18.27 
18.37 
18.48 
18.67 

Rev. 

II.  P. 

Cub.  ft. 

1'er'tge 

Buckets  chipped  to  line  2,  re-tested. 

Head. 

Rev. 

H.  P. 

Cub.  ft. 

1218 
982 
699 
549 

Per'tge 

125 
127 
121.5 
120 
125 

48.00 
40.41 
33.13 
23.45 
11.36 

19«4 
1735 
1504 
1187 
764 

.7157 
.6754 
.6353 
.5660 
.4125 

18.74 
18.58 
18.70 
18.77 

205 
200 
199 
202 

37.27 
26.36 
15.82 
10.55 

.8fi46 
.7649 
.6405 
.4941 

The  buckets  were  then    cut  away  to 
Hue  marked  2,  and  again  tested. 

Buckets  of  28-inch  chipped  to  line  2,  and 
again  tested. 

Head. 

Rev. 

11.  P. 

Cub.  ft. 

Per'tge 

Head 

Rev. 

II.  P. 

Cub.  ft.  Per'tge 

18.06 
18.07 
1817 
18.29 
18.44 
18.58 

133.5 
137.5 
131.5 
13i.5 
136.3 
137.5 

63.71 
60.93 
53.79 
44.33 
30.47 
20.00 

2435 
23-26 
204S 
1759 
1370 
1021 

.7670 
.7676 
.7652 
.TJ'.Ti 
.6490 
.5594 

1848 
18.50 
18.53 
18  60 
18.68 
18.80 

171 
179 

178 
175 
172.5 
179 

30.70 
29.23 
28.31 
24.59 
17.66 
10.67 

11  si).  57 
1184.49 
1074.58 
934-59 
729.08 
498.86 

.7393 
.7077 
.7489 
.7489 
.6865 
.5967 

201 
Collins'  Wheel. 


Manufactured  by  J.  P.Collins  &  Co., Norwich, Conn. 


[FROM  anr  FOURTH  ANITOAL  RKPOBT.] 

Is  local  in  reputation  and  only  made  to  order.  A  24-inch,  brass  bucket,  nicely 
finished  wheel  in  a  curb  similar  to  the  above  was  sent  to  me  to  be  tested.  The 
sender  stated  that  $900,  had  been  paid  for  it  and  that  Mr.  Collins  had  sold  it  as 
the  very  best  he  could  make.  Mr.  Collins  was  notified  of  the  matter  wiih  the 
time  fixed  for  the  trial.  Two  days  in  advance  he  put  in  an  appearance,  very 
plea-antly  remarking :  "  I  acknowledge  the  right  of  every  purchaser  to  ascertain 
by  actual  trial  the  value  of  an >/  wheel  purchased;"  he  further  stated,  that  he 
had  brought  his  overalls  in  order  to  put  the  wheel  in  order  if  it  was  not  in  good 
condition.  Indeed,  he  was  very  genial,  and  one  may  judge  of  my  surprise  the 
next  morning  when  just  as  the  wheel  was  deposited  at  my  flume,  Mr.  Col- 
lins, accompanied  by  sheriff,  three  or  four  appraisers,  and  other  appurtenances  of 
the  law,  stepped  in  with  a  writ  of  replevin  and  demanded  the  wheel.  As  I  knew 
the  purchaser  had  offered  to  sell  it  for  a  third  of  its  price,  I  thought  it  an  excel- 
lent sale,  and,  of  course,  made  no  unnecessary  objections,  but  recalled  to  Mr. 
Collins  his  acknowledgement  of  the  right  of  purchaser,  to  ascertain  the  value  of 
wheel  pu  chased;  and  was  met  with  the  statement  that  that  particular  wheel  was 
not  his  present  wheel  at  all ;  that  he  d  d  not  make  such  now ;  that  he  had  no 
objection  to  his  regular  wheel  being  tested,  &c..  &c.  Now,  at  the  Philadelphia 
test,  1860,  Mr.  Collins  produced  the  wheel  that  gave  the  lowest  result  of  all,  or 
about  47  per  cent.,  as  reported  there,  and  as  the  wheel  sent  here  was  made  some, 
where  about  two  j  ears  since,  it  becomes  a  rather  interesting  point  to  ascertain 
when  he  commenced  to  make  good  wheels. 


202 
American  Turoine. 


203 


Stout,  Mills  &  Temple,  Dayton,  Ohio. 


Test  of  a  36-inch  Dayton  wheel,  Nov.  20, 1872. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.prr 

Mill. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Pei- 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

19.00 
19  11 

750 
615 

144 
140  3 

49.09 
39  22 

1780.14 
1350  0* 

.768 

19  ">l 

5uO 

••    "    : 

19.30 

350 

1465 

23.31 

888.29 

.719 

November  13, 1873,  36-inch  wheel. 


Whole  Gate  
Part  Gate,  

18.26 
18.36 

630 
600 

146.5 
137.5 

42.01 
37  50 

1025.77 
1440.20 

.7503 
.7501 

*      <« 

18  46 

450 

148 

30  27 

1174  92 

7400 

"      "     

18.66 

290 

137.5 

18.12 

790.83 

.6496 

June  11, 1873,  48-inch  wheel. 


Whole  Gate  
Part  Gate  

18.10 
18.18 

1530 
1320 

107.7 
109 

99.86 
87  20 

3068  46 

.8314 
8280 

18.41 

1130 

109  5 

74  99 

9647  48 

«c      i« 

18  60 

880 

108  2 

57  71 

"•'DO  ^'1 

"      "     

1886 

640 

108.7 

42.16 

1772.46 

.6<H14 

Test  of  48-inch,  January  29,  1874. 


Whole  Gate  

17  65 

1320 

107.8 

8624 

341811 

7598 

Part  Gate  

17  66 

1100 

110  3 

73  53 

3010  79 

7316 

17  76 

960 

104 

60  51 

"      "     

18.16 

500 

106 

32.12 

1690.47 

.5548 

September  23,  1873,  42-inch  right  hand. 


Whole  Gate  

17.93 

1200 

112.5 

61.  ?6 

2569  85 

7095 

Part  Gate,  

17.98 

990 

118  5 

53  32 

2918-55 

7094 

18  30 

650 

120 

14-V  "•' 

•«      "     

18.45 

440 

119.5 

23.90 

1213.58 

.5666 

October  1,  1873 ,  42-iuch,  left  hand. 


Whole  Gate,  

17.90 
18  00 

1100 
980 

118 
120 

59.00 
53  45 

•2W,.u-2 
2275  17 

.6882 
6946 

18  13 

8^ 

121 

45  10 

1918  04 

6884 

"    

18.43 

420 

116.5 

22.24 

1160.60 

.5479 

November  11, 1873.  2o-inch  wheel. 


Whole  Gate  
Part  Gate  

18.23 
18  30 

300 
260 

212 

207 

28.91 
24  46 

li:>8.:>4 
983  53 

.7244 
7185 

18  39 

220 

205 

90  16 

880  49 

6565 

»      «     

18.60 

110 

208 

1040 

555.69 

.5323 

3vembcrl2,  1873.  20-inch  wheel. 


Whole  Gate  
I'artGate  

18.85 
18.55 

130 

110 

253.5 
243 

14.97 
12.15 

606.54 

528.55 

.6938 
.6536 

18.63 

90 

244 

9.98 

448.93 

.6313 

"      "     

18.77 

50 

225.5 

5.13 

285.15 

.5072 

204 


Rotary  Engine,  or  Water  Wheel. 

John  Lueas,  Hastings,  Minn. 

A  slight  examination  of  this  device  renders  It  obvious 
that  it  will  utilize  the  full  power  of  the  water  used, 
less  loss  from  friction  and  leakage.  Ju  case  E  the  Piston 
wheel  B,  works  in  bearings  in  the  cast,  on  shaft  A. 
Wheel  and  shaft  are  slotted  through  the  center ;  in  this 
slot  hangs  on  its  pivot  C,  the  Piston  D,  which  oscillates 
in  line  with  shaft  A,  as  the  Piston  wheel  is  rotated  by 
the  passing  water  or  steam.  US.M!  as  a  water  wheel  It 
does  not  need  packing,  consequently  seems  likely  to 
prove  durable,  particularly  as  It  does  best  when  run- 
ning very  slow.  In  testing  one,  12  inches  in  diameter 
at  my  flume  under  18  feet  head,  it  wa»  found  that  the 
percentage  increased  rapidly  as  the  speed  decreased ; 
the  screw  for  tightening  the  brake  was  so  coarse  that 
the  speed  could  not  be  got  below  326  revolutions  per 
minute  without  stopping  it;  at  that  speed  it  gave  87 
per  cent.  For  driving  sewing  machines,  church  organs, 
printing  presses  and  other  light  machinery  where  a 
high  head  is  available  it  seems  to  be  the  best  device  yet 
produced,  as,  unlike  the  turbine,  i  t  requires  but  a  small 
supply  or  discharge  pipe,  it  is  noiseless,  runs  slow  and 
utilizes  the  full  power  of  the  water  used  whether  work- 
ing at  the  maximum  or  minimum  of  its  capacity.  It 
may  be  placed  upon  the  shaft  of  the  sewing  machine 
and  driven  by  a  supply  through  a  small,  flexible  pipe 
connected  to  the  link  faucet,  or  other  convenient  place. 
One  the  size  of  the  illustration  herewith  would  be 
it  in  capacity  under  the  ordinary  eity  pressure. 


205 


Success  Turbine,  S.  M.  Smith,  York,  Pa. 


Downward  discharge.  Only  one  wheel  tested.that 
tested  several  times  ;  first  .as  it  came  to  the  flume,  then 
it  was  taken  to  machine  shop,  put  in  proper  condi- 
tion and  ajjain  tested. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 

minute. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

18.22 
18.32 
18.43 
18.56 

330 
300 
240 
175 

197 
198 

204.5 
193.7 

29.55 
27.00 
22.61 
15.41 

1137 

1022 
877 
662 

.7-  =64 

.7647 
.7419 
.6653 

Sf;eond  Test  of 


Head. 

Weight. 

340 
315 
220 

1  ti() 

Rev.per 
minute. 

H.P. 

Cub  c 
feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

18.30 
18.35 
18.55 
18.64 

1985 
203.7 
202.5 

•20-2  5 

30.67 
29  16 
2025 
14.72 

1095 
1025 
742 
593 

.8119 
.8198 
.7800 
.7064 

Bellinger  Turbine,  O.  J.  Bellinger,  York,  Pa. 


Central  Discharge. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
minute. 

II.  P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per' 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  
Part  Gate,  

1821 

18.24 

370 

340 

193 

187.5 

32.45 

28.97 

1343.25 

1196.20 

.7034 
.7042 

18.40 
18.58 

250 
160 

190 
193.5 

21.59 
14.07 

948.11 
678.43 

.6577 
.5784 

Delphos  Turbine,  Delphos,  Ohio. 


Test  of  a  24-inch  Wheel. 


Head. 

Weight. 

280 
205 
115 
55 

Rev  per 
minute 

H.P. 

21.04 
15.31 
8.65 
3.40 

Cubic 
feet. 

786  52 
696.78 
54057 
373.06 

Per 

Cent. 

18.38 
18.43 
18  60 
18.76 

248. 
2465 
248'5 
204 

.7726 
.6329 
.4567 
.2582 

Another  24-inch  Wheel. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate 

18  38 

275 

246.6 

20.55 

806  70 

7350 

18  42 

235 

238 

16  94 

750  58 

6498 

18.47 
18.56 

170 

95 

246.5 
247 

12.69 
7.11 

654.01 
505.31 

.5570 
.4025 

Test  of  a  36-inch  Wheel. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 

minute. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

18.18 

700 

IT:. 

55  68 

2069  54 

.7856 

Part  Gate  

18.25 

510 

173.5 

4022 

17S5.56 

.6552 

«  •«    ::::::.::::::::: 

is.tss 

18.54 

320 
120 

376 
173 

25.60 
9.24 

1483.77 
1041.36 

.4983 
.2540 

200 


National  Water  Wheel  Co.,  Bristol,  Conn. 


J.  T.  CASE  WHEEL. 

Made  with  sixteen  chutes,  in  groups  of  four 
each,  as  shown  in  cut.  Thin  outside  register 
gate,  so  arranged  that  four,  eight,  twelve,  or  the 
whole  sixteen  may  be  closed  as  desired,  in  order 
to  utilize  one-fourth,  one-half,  three-fourths  or 
the  whole  discharge  advantageously.  The  wheel 
has  central  and  downward  discharge,  ai-d  is 
claimed  to  be  like  the  Swain,  but  in  reality  has 
little  resemblance  to  that  wheel.  The  Company 
have  had  about  a,  dozen  different  wheels  tested 
at  my  flume ;  the  results  may  be  found  below 
and  on  next  page.  The  "part  gates"  revolu- 
tions are  those  that  gave  the  highest  results. 
Test  of  30-inch,  Aug.  19,  1872. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Itc  'V.  per 
minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate 

18.35 
18.61 
18.78 
18.19 

500 
265 
150 
65 

133 
153 
154.S 

141 

30.23 
18.43 
10.83 

4.16 

1477.64 
900.34 

588.99 
330.80 

.610 
.583 
.505 
.377 

12  chutes  opened  

4  chutes  opened  

Test  of  20-inch,  August  22,  1872. 

Whole  Gate,  

18.63 
1903 

18.88 
18.80 

187.5 
30 
95 
160 

237.2 
249 
247 
237.5 

20.78 
3.39 
10.36 
17.67 

773.98 
215.66 
492.99 
700.59 

.763 

.438 
.590 
.712 

8  chutes  opened,  
12  chutes  opened,  

Another  20-inch,  in  same  ci; 


ith  different  shaped  buckets. 


Whole  Gate,  

4  chutes  opened,  
8  chutes  opened  ,  
12  chutes  opened,  

18.63 
1907 
1886 
18.70 

180 
275 
80 
130 

249 
242.5 
248.5 
252 

20.37 
3.03 
9.04 
14.89 

7*15.  5!) 
218.16 
424.76 
610.48 

.758 
.386 
.599 
.692 

Another  20-inch,  different  from  the  others,  same  curb. 


Whole  Gate  
12  chutes  opened,  

18.61 

18.81 

155 
110 

342.5 
254.5 

17.08 
12.42 

700.80 
545.32 

.695 
.642 

8  chutes  opened,  

18.95 

75 

247 

8.34 

386.29 

.604 

4  chutes  opened,  

19.12 

25 

242.5 

2.75 

199.21 

.383 

Another  wheel  in  same  curb,  but  with  compound  register  gate. 


12  chute-<  opened,  

19.05 

70 

249 

7.92 

373!37 

.591 

8  chutes  opened  ,  
4  chutes  opened  

19.13 
19.28 

40 
20 

248 
197.5 

4.31 
1.79 

257.32 

.464 
.327 

Test  of  a  24-inch  wh  •.-!  in  shape  like  the  Houston,  Sept.  27,  1872. 


Whole  Gate,  

18.84 

180 

175 

1431 

8*3.14 

r.'Hi  47 

.477 
456 

Part  Gate,  

18  99 

95 

178  5 

7°71 

544  45 

395 

He-ad  -Reduced,  Whole  Gate, 

12.43 

100 

655.1 

7.52 

647.55 

.495 

Another  of  the  same  kind  and  shape. 


Head  Reduced,  Whole  Gate, 

12!25   !       110 

139.5 

6.97 

865.89 

.453 

Test  of  a  40-inc 

i,  January  21st,  1873. 

Whole  Gate,  
12  chutes  opened  
8  chutes  opened  
4  chutes  opened,  

17.76 
18.40 
18.85 
19.26 

6)0 
450 
245 
65 

163.5 
158 
158 
156 

48.30 
32.31 
17.59 
4.61 

1974.81 

151078 
1031.50 
61824 

.729 
.616 
.479 
.205 

207 

J.  T.  CASE  WHEEL 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 

Minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  1  ... 
2... 

17.85 

1782 

600 
620 

174 
178 

47.42 
50.16 

1.046 
1.050 

2038.74 
2050.56 

.689 
.726 

3... 

17.78 

650 

168.5 

49.78 

1054 

2061.36 

.719 

"          4... 

17.75 

675 

165 

50.62 

1.057 

2070  Si 

.729 

5... 

1773 

700 

162.5 

5170 

1.064 

2092.16 

.737 

6... 

17.70 

Z2&- 

160 

52.72 

1.070 

2110.10 

.747 

750 

157 

53.52 

1.074 

2122.10 

.754 

»'.'.'. 

17167 

775 

15^ 

54.60 

1.080 

2140.06 

.764 

"          9... 

17.63 

800 

153 

55.63 

1.084 

2152.08 

.776 

10... 

17.62 

825 

150 

56.25 

1.088 

2163.51 

.781 

11... 

17.62 

850 

146 

5641 

1.088 

216351 

.783 

12... 

17.61 

875 

144 

57.27 

1.090 

2170.14 

.793 

"         13... 

1760 

900 

142 

55.09 

1.096 

2188.26 

.774 

"         14... 

17.58 

925 

132 

55.50 

1.100 

220036 

.759 

15... 

1758 

950 

123 

5311 

1.104 

2212.48 

.722 

Head  Reduced. 

Whole  Gate,17... 

12.15 

650 

111 

32.79 

.972 

1825.86 

.782 

18... 

12.14 

625 

117 

33.24 

.970 

1819.74 

796 

"         19... 

12.15 

600 

118.5 

32.32 

.968 

1814  02 

.776 

20... 

12.17 

575 

122.5 

32.01 

965 

1805.47 

.771 

21... 

12.15 

615 

117 

32.71 

1B16.97 

.784 

22... 

12.14 

635 

115 

33.19 

1972 

1825.86 

.792 

Head  Reduced. 

Whole  Gate  24... 

674 

350 

84 

13.36 

.802 

1361.90 

.770 

25.  .  . 

671 

360 

80.8 

13.22 

.803 

1364.51 

.765 

26... 

670 

370 

77.5 

18.00 

.805 

1369.84 

.749 

27... 

6.73 

340 

86 

13.29 

.801 

1359  39 

28... 

675 

330 

87 

13.0? 

.800 

1356.78 

'.754 

Part  Gate, 

12  p  tsop'n,  30.  .  . 

17.84 

800 

132.6 

48.22 

.944 

1743.95 

.820 

8     '       "     31... 

1804 

400 

134 

24.36 

.730 

1173.98 

.609 

8     '        "32... 

1841 

350 

142 

22.48 

.712 

1129.28 

.560 

8     '        "     33... 

18.32 

500 

120 

27.27 

.749 

1221.74 

.646 

'     '        "34... 

1894 

150 

139 

9.48 

.612 

670.49 

.395 

Test  of  50  inch,  Aug. 

1873. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Ucv.per 
minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 

Feet. 

4627.66 
4721.55 
4801.70 
4836.17 
4840.00 
4874  55 

Pel- 
Cent. 

.7242 
.7381 
.7356 
.7422 
.7486 
.7415 

Whole  Gate  

16.39 
16.37 
16.37 
16.35 
16,34 
16.35 

1500 
1600 
1700 
1800 
1000 

2600 

114 
111 
10.3.6 
101.5 
97 
92 

103.63 
107  03 
108.80 
110.72 
111.70 
111.50 

t, 





At  Unionvillc,  Conn.,  Platner  &  Porter  Ml'g  Co.,  I  tested  the  power  of  one  of 
the  latest  style  Nation  il  wheels;   it  was  far  below  its  tabl  d  rate  for  power,  and 
so  extraordinarily  extravagant  in  the  use   of  water  that  it  was  immediately 
removed  to  make  room  for  one  of  a  better  kind. 

208 


Angell  Wheel,  Providence,  E.  I. 

Double  discharge,  gates  similar  to  Leffel,  though  each  alternate  piece  forming 
side  o*  chutes  is  stationary,  as  represented  in  the  diagram.  Buckets  bolted  to 
hub  ^i  wheel,  and  often  shear  off. 


TEST  OP  A  36-INCH  WHEEL. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
Min. 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Mav,  1873,  Whole  Gate  

17.96 

880 

147.3 

68.92 

2328.86 

.7451 

3/         ««          *     * 

18  29 

18  47 

475 

140 

30  22 

136°  77 

6366 

%  •«  .....:....:.::::::.. 

18.48 

370 

142 

23.85 

1179.99 

.5786 

A  30-INCH  WHEEL  SENT  TO  BE   TESTED. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
Min 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Nov.  3,  Whole  Gate  

18.27 
18  31 

520 
490 

184 
184 

43.50 
40  98 

1475.36 
1398  86 

.8539 

8465 

8114 

v    *<     * 

18  54 

270 

187 

22  95 

90'7  1  7 

7260 

7.16"     

18.65 

190 

]845 

14.25 

677.38 

.5968 

On  report  of  results,  a  wheel  of  the  same  size  and  made  in  same  lot  was  sold 
to  Otto  Troost,  of  Winona,  Minn.,  sent  to  me  to  be  tested  for  verification. 
Results  are  here  gi 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 
Mill. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

.7579 
.7479 
.7465 
.7285 

Dec.  15,  Whole  Gate,  

18.40 
18.43 
18.42 
18.47 

520 
§00 
480 
650 

176.6 
1806 
186.5 
167 

41.74 
41.04 
40.66 
41.11 

1583.40 
1575.21 
1564.21 
1616.24 

Of  course  the  wheel  was  rejected ;  then  the  wheel  tested,  Nov.  3,  was  repur. 
chased  by  the  Angell  Company,  and  returned  to  fill  the  order.  It  was  placed  in 
the  flume,  and  found  to  run  so  hard,  that  I  at  once  refused  to  test  it  until  put  in 
order  ;  it  was  taken  out  and  reset  some  five  or  six  times,  but  could  never  be  got 
in  condition  to  run,  so  that  it  would  not  require  thirty  or  forty  pounds  to  start  it. 
where  ten  should  have  done  so,  and  the  wheel  was  returned  to  the  ihop  for 
Inspection. 


'209 


January  14,  1874,  a  48  inch  wheel  was  sold  conditionally  to  take  the  place  of  a 
Leffel,  where  at  least  80  per  cent,  average  useful  effect  was  required;  it  was  sent 
to  be  tested,  and  gave  the  following  results  : 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.per 

JVlin. 

Horse 

Power. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

17.62 

1450 

108 

94  90 

3802  70 

.7667 

Part  Gate  

17  88 

1180 

108  2 

77  38 

3158  70 

ISA'S 

IK  n-' 

1000 

105  4 

63  88 

6780 



18.21 
18  42 

750 
500 

108 
10° 

49.09 
30  90 

2271  .:,S 
1698  00 

.6279 
52''8 



18.48 

450 

108.2 

29.50 

]7<Ui  !•> 

.4947 

TEST  OF  A  40-INCH  W&EEL,  AT  FITCHBUBG,  MASS.,  JULY  2,  1872. 


Head  in 

Feet. 

Weir. 

Rev.  per 

Minute. 

Weight. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic  ft. 
Discharg'd 

Percent- 
age. 

21.  SO 

10.85 

240 

260 

28.36 

1757  47 

.3999 

21  63 

11.18 

215 

310 

30.29 

1837  70 

.4034 

20.99 

14.00 

156 

510 

36.16 

2555.08 

.3502 

about 

about 

Tabled  rate,  same  head,     280 

103 

2800 

.9000 

Flenniken  Brothers,  Rockford,  111. 


Test  of  a  20-inch  wheel. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Kev.  per 

minute. 

Horse 

Power. 

Cubic 

feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate  
Part  Gate,  

18.37 
18.49 

110 
90 

342 
315 

17  10 

12.88 

605.44 

524.43 

.8083 
.7025 

18.53 
18.63 
18.72 

60 
35 
20 

321 

351 
280 

875 
5.58 
2.54 

448.92 
362.70 
278.14 

.5566 
.4368 
.2244 

Gardiner  Cox,  Ellsworth,  N.  Y. 

Furnished  a  wheel  that  he  called  double ;  it  consisted  of  a  hub,  with  a  Jonval 
wheel  around  its  lower  end,  the  buckets  above  being  continued  by  sheet  iron 
spirals  to  the  top  of  the  hub,  forming  a  twelve  threaded  screw,  the  pitch  being 
twelve  degrees  from  Hue  of  rotation. 


210 


T.  H.  Bisdon  &  Co.,  Mount  Holly,  N.  J. 


Mr.  Bisdon  seems  to  have  a  passion  for 
the  turbine  business,  and  has  continued  to 
experiment  for  many  years  to  an  almost 
unlimited  extent;  his  first  experiment  at 
my  flume  was  in  1871,  with  a  30-inch  Vande- 
water  wheel  in  a  curb  here  represented. 
It  gave  a  useful  eff.  ct  of  .7714  per  cent. 
He  then  tried  a  36-inch  of  the  same  kind, 
which  gave  .7871  per  cent.  His  next 
effort  was  with  a  wheel  of  his  own  de- 
signing:; (see  next  page,  Fig.  2;)  but  in  a 
curb  similar  to  that  used  by  the  National 
Water  Wheel  Co.,  of  Bristol,  Conn.  The 
test  is  given  in  full  in  the  second  table 
below.  As  maybe  seen,  the  part  gates 
were  not  proportionally  good,  while  the 
rim  of  the  curb  was  so  nearly  divided  by 
the  ports  that  it  was  too  fragile  for  dura- 
bility, consequently  it  was  abandoned  and 


a  new  one,  represented  by  cut  B  wa 
structed;    in  that,  the   following 


suits 


were  obtained   by  the  test  of  a  43-inch 
wheel. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.permin. 

H.  Power. 

Cubic  feet. 

Percentage. 

17.91 

1200 

151 

82.36 

2664.03 

.9132 

1200 

148 

80.72 

2676.91 

.8897 

17  !  !92 

1200 

148.3 

80.89 

2680  14 

.8910 

17.90 

1250 

144.5 

82.10 

2689.82 

.9021 

17.98 

1150 

146.5 

76.58 

2469.92 

.9121 

18.00 

1200 

137.5 

75.00 

2495.13 

-8834 

18.17 

1000 

147 

66.82 

2258.84 

.8613 

18.29 

850 

150 

57.95 

2012.62 

.8331 

18.30 

700 

138.6                44.10 

1686.07 

.7559 

18.43 

650 

148           :        43.72 

1686  07 

.7459 

No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 

Feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  1... 

18.25 

700 

163.5 

52.02 

1.193 

1749.33 

.863 

2... 

18.25 

750 

151.5 

61.65 

1.201 

1766.64 

.850 

3... 

18.28 

705 

162.5 

52.07 

1.196 

1755.81 

.859 

4... 

18.28 

710 

162 

5  -'.28 

1.196 

1755.81 

.863 

5... 

18.30 

715 

160 

52.00 

1.199 

1762.29 

.854 

6... 

18.32 

720 

159.6 

52.20 

1.199 

1762.29 

.856 

7... 

18.34 

725 

158.6 

52.26 

1.200 

1764.47 

.854 

8... 

18.33 

730 

157.6 

52.29 

1.201 

1766.64 

>65 

9... 

18.32 

735 

1565 

52.29 

1.202 

1768  81 

.854 

10... 

1832 

740 

155.5 

52.30 

1.201 

1766.64 

.856 

11... 

18.34 

745 

155 

52.48 

1.202 

1768.81 

.857 

12... 

18.32 

750 

153 

52.16 

1.203 

1770.98 

.832 

13... 

18.34 

760 

149.5 

51.65 

1.203 

1770.98 

.842 

14... 

18.34 

690 

167 

52.37 

1.199 

1762.29 

.858 

15... 

18.34 

680 

169 

52.24 

1.198 

1760.13 

.857 

16... 

18.35 

670 

171.5 

52.22 

1.197 

1757.97 

.858 

IPt.  closed,  18... 

18.51 

560 

154 

39.20 

1.047 

1442.53 

.779 

'         19... 

18.51 

545 

158 

39.14 

1.045 

1438.45 

.778 

2Pts.  losed.21.. 

18.85 

190 

162 

13.99 

.723 

831.05 

.473 

Whol  Gate,22... 

18.37 

745 

154.6 

52.35 

1.200 

1764.47 

.855 

211 


T.  H.  Risdon  &  Co.,  Mount  Holly,  N.  J. 


RISDON'S    WHEEL. 

Of  the  many  Risdon  wheels  tested  by  me,  quite  a  number  of  them  have  ranged 
along  in  the  seventies  in  percentage,  but  through  some  slight  change  after  a  first 
trial  every  wheel  tested,  (except  two  or  three  of  the  20-inch  size)  has  been  made 
to  return  a  useful  effect  of  over  eighty  per  cent,  before  delivery  to  purchaser, 
quite  a  number  from  eighty-five  to  ninety,  and  a  few  even  higher  than  ninety. 
Fioure  3  represents  the  curb  Mr.  Risdou  now  considers  the  best,  but  he  also  fur- 
nishes wheels  in  the  register  gate  curb,  represented  at,  the  head  of  the  opposite 
page. 


Test  of  a  20-inch. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Hev.per 
minute. 

II.  P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Ga'e,          

18  58 

175 

235  5 

1ft  67 

640  26 

7131 

1'art  Gate  

18.62 

165 

300 

15.00 

593.93 

.7175 

18.67 
18.68 

165 
140 

272.5 
308 

13.62 
13.06 

540.42 
532.32 

.7143 
.6936 

212 


Tyler's  New  Scroll  Wheel. 


Scroll  wheels  are  passing  away,  still  there  are  many  places  yet  where  they  may 
be  advantageously  used;  of  the  many  plans  devised  for  this  class  of  wheels, 
John  Tyler  of  Claremont,  N.  H.,  has  undoubtedly  produced  the  very  best,  and 
decidedly  so. 

Test  of  a  30-inch,  Sept.  19,  1873. 


Whole  Gate. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.pei 
minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

(-•ubic 

feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate 

18  30 

385 

189 

33  07 

Part  Gate  

1832 

330 

196  5 

29  78 

11  '1  64 

7674 

18  41 

200 

187 

17  00 

900  47 

5433 

.( 

18  50 

60 

192 

"         

18.54 

17.5 

183 

1.46 

680.58 

.0612 

Wheel  reset  aud  made  to  run  easier,  then  re-tested,  Sept.  23,  1873. 


Whole  Gate,  

1848 
18  55 

390 
330 

191 
195  5 

33.86 
29  33 

1188.49 

.8164 

18.62 
18  65 

250 
200 

191 
197  5 

21.71 
17  95 

9o4  50 

892  °8 

.6469 

"     

18.72 

100 

185 

8.41 

730.75 

.3256 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.  per 
minute. 

Hoise 
Powor. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Gate  opened  13J  inches  
"            "       9  inches  
"           "       8  inches  
"           "       7  inches  

18.47 
18.52 
18.59 
18.65 

360 
300 
225 
150 

202.2 
204 
201.5 
193.3 

33.08 
27.81 
20.61 
13.17 

1179.66 
1074.91 
927.18 
795.14 

.8050 
.7407 
.6421 
.4709 

213 


Tyler's  Flume  "Wheel  and  Curb. 


John  Tyler,  Claremont,  N.  H. 


This  curb  has  an  insid 
chute  rim;  the  other  pa 
the  same  whether  used 


ide  register  gate,  one  side  of  each  cliute  being  cast  in 
rt  is  bolted  to  the  register  hoop  or  gate.  The  wheel  is 
iu  scroll  or  flume  curb. 


Flume  wheel. 


April  20,  1876. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.  per 
minute. 

II.  P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

18  43 

375 

168  6 

28  72 

1245  64 

6618 

Part  Gate,  

18.44 

360 

169.2 

27.68 

1207.50 

.6677 

18.65 

185 

167.5 

1408 

722.18 

.5530 

Buckets  were  chipped  back.    Re-tested  April  21. 


Whole  Gate,  

18.65 
18.62 

375 

325 

202 
196,5 

34.43 
29.01 

1226.55 
1094.45 

.7970 
.7531 

18.84 

190 

202 

17.45 

755.40 

.6487 

Buckets  chipped  back  more  and  gate  opening  enlarged.      Again  tested  April  22 


Part  Gate,  

18.60 

325 

215 

31.76 

1037.38 

.8709 

18  67 

275 

212  5 

26  56 

914  01 

8234 

((      (| 

18  76 

220 

213  5 

21  35 

764  49 

7880 

•<      tt 

1885 

160 

215 

15  63 

602.53 

.7280 

«t      «* 

18  93 

105 

213  5 

10  18 

465  71 

6109 

«•  "  

19.01 

60 

197 

5.37 

334.25 

.4471 

Chipping  the  buckets  threw  the  wheel  out  of  balance  so  that  it  was  returned 
to  builders,  where  it  WMS  balanced  by  drilling  holes  on  heavy  side  and  filling 
them  with  wood ;  the  wheel  was  smoothed  up  generally,  then  sent  to  Centennial 
test,  then  sent  to  me  for  re-test ;  on  trying  it  again  it  was  found  that  some  change 


214 


had  been  made  that  rendered  it  almost  impossible  to  control  it  with  brake.    lie- 
tested  Feb.  13, 1877. 


Uead. 

Weight. 

Sinute'i  "ower. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

18."S 

375 

221     |    37.67 

1318.42 

.8242 

The  wheel  was  taken  to  machine  shop,  altered  and  re-tasted  four  times,  but 

without  material  change  in  results. 
Oct.  13, 1877,  tested  42-inch  Tyler  Flume  wheel. 

Whole  Gate |    18.10  |    1000     |    146        |    66.36     |  2619.73  |    .7409 

Taken  to  machine  stop  and  alterations  made,  then  re-tested. 


Part  Gate  

18.15          800 

152 

55  27 

2181  25 

.7391 

18  25          725 

144 

47.45 

1917  22 

.7181 

"      "       

18.27   1      750 

130.5 

44.48 

1843.14 

.6992 

A.  N.  Wolf's  Turbine. 


Manufactured  by  Barber  &  Sons,  Allentown.  Pa. 


The  first  Wolf  wheels  sent  to  be  tested  gave  exceeding  good  results  and  were 
reported  accordingly,  which  caused  manufacturers  to  order  others;  as  these 
were  sent  to  be  tested  they  were  found  to  be  not  only  less  efficient,  but  also  not 
well  made.  The  48-inch  wheel  reported  on  next  page  was  ordered  for  the  Newton 
&  Ramage  Paper  Co.  of  Holyoke ;  it  was  so  poorly  made  that  while  handling  it  in 
order  to  lower  it  into  testing  flume  it  came  apart  and  the  wheel  dropped  to  the 
bottom;  it  was  sent  to  machine  shop  and  put  into  much  better  condition  than 
when  first  received.  The  edges  of  the  buckets  were  left  by  the  builders  square, 
varying  in  thickness  from  one-half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch ;  these  were  par- 
tially  rounded,  then  the  wheel  was  tested,  giving  the  results  reported.  Mr. 
Wolf  took  the  wheel  out  and  chipped  the  buckets  to  an  edge,  made  it  run  easier 
then  had  it  tested  again,  obtaining  the  results  reported  of  second  48-inch  wheel. 
In  examining  the  wheel  and  curb  I  found  the  casting  to  be  so  thin  as  to  be  hardly 
safe  for  the  pressure  of  the  24  feet  head  for  which  it  was  ordered;  the  crown 
plate  or  cover  was  five  feet  in  diameter.  Mr.  Barber  insisted  that  it  was  three, 
fourths  of  a:i  inch  iu  thickness,  but  on  drilling  through,  it  was  found  to  be 
but  three-eighths;  it  was  rejected. 


215 


Test  of  24-inch. 


Multiply  revolutions  of  wheel  by  10  1"*  get  speed  for  comput 
ing  power. 


Head.  1  Weight. 

Rev.  per 

Min. 

Horse 

Power. 

32.87 
29.09 
24.37 
18.86 
10.65 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

.843<T 
.8416 
.8202 
.8003 
.6777 

Whole  Gate,  

18.21 
18.29 
18.41 
18.55 
18.69 

425 
400 
325 
250 
150 

255.3 
240 
247.5 
249 
234.5 

1134.57 
1002.07 
853.76 
(373.63 
445.86 

Part  Gate,  

"      "     

Test  of  a  second  24-inch.     Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Whole  Gate,  
Part  Gate  

18.45 
18.50 

420 
350 

255 
252 

32.45 
26.72 

1166.27 
1004.33 

.7997 
.7626 

18.55 
18  73 

175 

250 
251.5 

22.72 
13  33 

884.27 
628  87 

.7374 
.6001 

'«       "       

"  18.83 

80 

248 

6.01 

445.39 

.3018 

Test  of  a  third  21-inch.     Multiply  revolutions  by  15. 


Whole  Gate  
Part  Gate  

18.23 
18.32 
18.41 
18.47 

280 
220 
190 
150 

253.5 
262.2 
261.5 
262.5 

32.26 
26.22 
2253 
17.89 

1164.28 
1001.40 
891.93 
755.83 

•8078 
.7578 
.7275 
.6796 

Test  of  a  fourth  24-inch. 

Part  Gate,  

18.24 

270 

243 

29.82 

1093.77 

.7910 

18  38 

220 

241    ' 

24  10 

922  11 

7700 

«        K 

18.45 

170 

251.3 

19.41 

791.52 

.7033 



18.70 

75 

235.5 

8.92 

470.67 

.5376 

Test  of  a  30-inch.     Multiply  revolutions  by  15. 


Whole  Gate  
Parl'Gate  

17.86 
18.01 
18.06 
1843 

500 
435 
400 
230 

183.5 
182.5 
180.5 
1825 

41.70 
36.08 
32.81 
19.07 

1547,74 
1325.98 
1233.06 
819.71 

.8000 
.8011 
.7814 
.6850 

«<      «     

Test  of  a  36-inch.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15. 

Whole  Gate,  

18.03 
18.02 
18.12 
18.27 
18.49 

825 
825 
700 
550 
300 

160.7 
161.5 
160 
149 
157.2 

60.26 
60.25 
50.91 
37.25 
21.42 

2308.08 
22.J8.75 
1958.80 
1507.43 
983.49 

.7665 
.7699 
.7594 
.7161 
.6228 

ii      tt 

"      "     

Test  of  a  18-inch.     Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Whole  Gate,  
Part  Gate  

18.38 
18.50 

165 
160 

304 

15.20 
13.91 

517!71 

!7702 

18.55 
18  59 

135 
105 

291.5 
267 

11.92 
9  30 

454.00 
357  42 

.7506 
7425 

«'      "     

18.61 

80 

315 

7.63 

338.38 

.642C 

Test  of  a  48-inch.      Sent  to  machine  shop  for  alterations.      Multiply  revolutions 
by  20. 


Whole  Gato.. 
Part  Gate,..., 


17.47 
17.65 
18.01 


1525 
1000 
600 


90 
121 
111.5 


83.18  I  3618.81  |  .6982 
73.33  3110.36  .7088 
40.54  2127.43  .5615 


Test  of  the  4S  a  second  time.     Rejected  by  intended  purchaser. 


Whole  Gate,  
partGate  

17  60 
17.71 
17.80 
17.94 
18.17 

1300 

1050 
875 
700 

117 

117 
118 
117.3 
1143 

92  18 
81  54 
75.09 
62.20 
48.49 

3640.50 
3263.49 
2953.76 
2566.52 
2112.31 

.7630 
.7482 
.7562 
.7165 
.6701 

•<      (« 

«      «     

Test  of  a  54-inch. 

Rejected  by  intended  purchaser.     Multiply  revolutions  by  20 

Whole  Gate  



17.24 
17.42 
17.73 

1700 
1600 
1000 

112.6 
106.3 
112 

116.01 
103.07 

67.87 

4841.07 
4201.41 

3107.58 

.7373 
.7469 
.6686 



216 


Clark  &  Chapman,  Turner's  Falls,  Mass. 


COLEMAN  WHEEL. 


Have  had  several  of  the  kind  tested, and  the  results  given  herewith,  obtained 
•om  the  test  of  a  30-inch,  represent  the  general  characteristics  of  the  wheel. 


March  31,  1874. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rey.per 
minute. 

176.8 
173 
174.5 
171.5 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

1297.40 
114455 
963.24 
687.60 

Per 

Cent. 

.7584 
.7935 
.7687 
.5696 

Whole  Gate  

18.45 
18.57 
18.71 
18.66 

425 
370 
830 
175 

34.15 
29.09 
26.18 
13.63 

Part  Gate  

"       "       

Wm.  F.  Mosser  &  Co.,  Allentown,  Pa. 


Two  36-inch  wheels.     Results  below.     First  wheel  had  chutes  and  gate  simi- 
lar to  Stout,  Mills  &  Temple  curb ;  wheels  downward  discharge. 


Head. 

~.80 

Weight. 

770 
680 
580 
460 
300 
220 

Hev.per 
minute. 

155  5 
156.5 
157.5 
156 
169 
157.5 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 

Cent, 

.75*5 

.7708 
.7610 
.7195 
.6709 
.5(324 

Whole  Gate,  

54.32 
4837 
41.52 
32.62 
23.00 
15.41 

2148.20 
1S66.51 
1611.01 
1331.37 
1047.20 
S02.SH 

Part  Gate,  

17.87 

•7.  (Mi 

18.10 
18.21 
18.10 

(( 

tl 



Test  of  Second  Wheel,  Inside  Register  Gate. 


Whole  Gate  
Part  Gate  

1804 
18.10 

725 
650 

176.5 
164  6 

58.44 
48.64 

2i75.:;i 
191699 

.7879 
.7415 

18  21 

520 

164  5 

38  88 

1591  18 

.7100 

K 

18  34 

375 

163  5 

27  84 

1-'M4  S-' 

6>702 

"             

18.45 

245 

165 

18.40 

1008.06 

.6284 

"Excelsior,"  Roland,  Benedict  &  Co.,  Reading,  Pa. 


Test  of  a  42-inch  Wheel. 


Head. 

Weight 

Rev.  per 
minute. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

18.48 

460 

149.5 

31.26 

1130.34 

.7880 

18  64 

160 

160 

11  60 

3692 

"         

18.72 

50 

164 

3.12 

785.7S 

.1123 

218 
B.  J.   BARBER,   BALLSTON   SPA,   N,   Y. 


[From  my  Report  of  1871.] 


Test  of  a  30  inch. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Ri;v.  per 
Minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 

Yeet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Wholesale  

18.80 
18.84 

380 

I98.fi 

34.28 
34.80 

1.081 
1.085 

1279.46 

128d!49 

56 
60 

u         !  !  ! 

40 

105'" 

l.i  wi 

88 

0) 

191.5 

•M'.jji 

1.091 

1297.07 

"83 

102 

1.088 

78 

**          '.'.'. 

4K 

189 

:;vj.-, 

1.IK- 

UOK77 

78 

**        T'.  '.'.'.. 

421 

IN;.:, 

86.63 

1.0SW 

1205.30 

88 

"            8  

18Jil 

19 

440 

a* 

85.47 
86.20 

l.l.0_' 
1.0SW 

888 

77 

-88 

10  !  .'!.'! 

450 

177 

88.W 

1.09« 

1.WJ.44 

88 

11  

ls'.:,:i 

445 

178 

36.04 

1.0B8 

130.5.90 

88 

"           12  

18.58 

488 

181.5 

85.89 

1.094 

l.'ii  12.30 

88 

"           13  

18.60 

425 

185 

,-!5.73 

1.093 

.775 

14  

18.61 

415 

188.5 

85.66 

1.088 

i2»i.n 

.787 

15  

18.61 

405 

191  ^ 

35.25 

1.085 

1286.49 

.779 

HEAD  REDUCES. 

Whole  Gate,  16  

12.32 

315 

136 

10.47 

.M2 

1074.49 

.778 

17  

1  2.32 

."211 

131.5 

10.10 

.it*  14 

107.S..S-; 

.7(10 

12.:!! 

380 

128.5 

10.27 

11*5.51 

.761? 

10  !  '.'.'.'. 

310 

137.5 

19.37 

iflffl 

11174.40 

.775 

"            20  

12:32 

305 

139 

16.27 

1072.15 

.772 

Unreliable,     21  

12.32 

2*7  5 

154.3 

20.22 

!'J56 

10C5.49 

.816 

HEAD  REDUCED. 

Wholesale,  22  

8.91 

200 

128 

11  .63 

.844 

884.00 

.781 

"           24.  '.  '.  '.  '. 

11 

228 

250 

1  14.5 

10:; 

12.01 
11.71 

,85j 
.868 

901.38 
918.85 

.797 

.7152 

,  HEAD  REDUCED. 

Whole  Gate,  25  

i 

il 

110.5 
117.5 

7.33 
7.75 

.7ft; 
.788 

Wri 

.748 
J68 

27  !'.!'.! 

1.50 

111.5 

JJK 

.775 

77V:4"l' 

.764 

Part  Gate,      28  

12*57 

225 

154.5 

15.80 

.858 

90J.97 

.798 

12.77 

150 

154.8 

7-J3.45 

ao!  '.  '.  '.  '. 

18.03 

93 

150 

8.47 

Ml 

528.59 

!497 

"               81  

12.52 

25 

161 

1.81 

.446 

340.59 

-V17 

HOLYOKE,  MASS.,  September  30, 1872. 


JAMES  EMERSON. 


219 
Humphrey  Turbine. 


Manufactured  by  the  Humphrey  Machine  Co.,  Keene,  N.  H. 

Of  all  the  turbine  builders  extant,  perhaps  excepting  J.  P.  Collins  of  Norwich. 
Ct.,  there  is  no  oth  -r  probably  that  can  be  nain  d,  so  immensely  scientific  and  so 
boiling  over  with  theories  as  is  Mr.  Humphrey.  The  tests  below  will  aid  the 
reader  to  judge  whether  such  theories  are  practically  beneficial.  In  placing  the 
21-iuch  wheel  reported  below,  a  Collins' brass  bucket  wheel  was  n  moved,  and 
advantageously  so,  i  believe,  it  was  admitted.  The  Humphrey  wheel  has  down- 
ward and  outward  di-chargc,  register  gate.  Tests  of  three  of  the  wheels 
for  Rawitser  &  Brother,  Statt'ord  Springs,  Conn.,  Nov.  1878.  These  wheels 
were  manufactured,  fitted  for  their  positi  >ns,  set  by  the  Humphrey  Machine  Co., 
and  have  been  in  use  but  a  f-.-w  months.  A  weir  was  constructed  for  each  ol 
the  wheels.  These  weirs  were  of  less  capacity  than  desirable,  but  if  there  were 
any  errors  in  measurements  through  this  hick  of  capacity,  such  errors  would  be 
entirely  in  favor  of  the  wheels.  Each  wheel  was  thoroughly  cleaned,  previous 
to  its  test. 

Test  of  42-inch  wheel,  Nov.  13, 1878. 


• 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 

Horse 
Power. 

Wtir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per- 
centage 

Whole  Gate,  

5.00 
5.00 
5  30 

375 
400 
225 

64 
62  5 

7.72 
7.75 
4  26 

1.005 
1.000 
.755 

1167.34 
1167.34 
766  65 

.7000 
.7020 
.555 

5.45 

63 

6.40 

.870 

944.59 

.6582 

Test  of  24-inch  wheel,  Nov.  15, 1878. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per- 
centage 

Whole  Gate  
Part  Gate,  

29.00 
29.00 
29.00 
29.00 
20.50 
23.50 

135 
150 
175 
200 
150 
115 

820 
310 
291 
265 
293 
270 

13.09 

i  t.oa 

15.43 
1606 
13.31 
9.41 

1.028 
1.030 
1.032 
1.077 
.921 
.750 

589.98 
591.60 
593.26 
629  84 
497  26 
269.86 

.4051 
.4348 
.4748 
.4655 
.4803 
.4566 

Test  of  21-iuch  wheel,  Nov.  17, 1S7S 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Fe.-t. 

Per- 
centage 

Whole  Gate,  
Part  Gate,  ...  '.'. 

47.00 
47.00 
47.00 
4700 
47  00 
47.00 
47.00 
47.00 

350 
300 
275 
250 
225 
200 
125 
85 

379 
403 
424 
435 
455 
462.5 
446.6 
416.6 

40.20 
36.63 
35.33 
3295 
31.02 
2803 
16.91 
10.73 

1.300 
1.290 
1.284 
1.272 
1.242 
1.230 
.994 
.852 

824.72 
815.49 
800.42 
798.99 
773.00 

554.55 
444.61 

.5491 
.5060 
.4972 
.4646 
.4520 
.4139 
.3434 
.2718 

In  the  mill  where  the  24-inch  wheel  is  used  the  main  line  of  shaffins  is  designed 
to  run  100  revolutions  per  minute:  the  gears  connecting  the  wheel  are  one  to 
three,  consequently  Mr.  Humphrey  prepared  the  wheel  to  run  300  revolutions 
p.T  minute  under  32  feet  head. 

The  main  shaft  in  mill  where  the  21  inch  wheel  is  used  is  arranged  in  connec- 
tion with  the  machinery  used  to  run  at  100  revolutions  per  minute.  This  shaft  is 
connected  to  the  wheel  by  gears,  one  to  three,  consequently,  the  wheel  was  pre- 
p  ired  to  run  at  a  velocity  of  480  revolutions  per  minute.  It  will  be  seen,  how- 
ever, by  the  tests,  that  Mr.  Humphrey  was  very  wild  in  his  calculations  for 
speed. 

Mr.  Humphrey  took  a  very  active  interest  in  the  hydrodynamic  experiments 
made  by  the  Holyoke  Water  Power  Co.,  and  promised  distinctly,  several  times, 
to  furnish  one  of  his  wheels  for  trial,  but  failed  to  do  so. 


220 


Stilwell  &  Bierce  Manufacturing  Co., 

DAYTON,  OHIO. 


This-turbine  to  be  properly  classed  must  be  placed  with  the  '•  Hercules"  under 
the  head  of  the  New  Departure,  established  by  the  production  of  that  wheel. 

As  may  be  seen  by  the  cuts,  the  Victor  turbine  is  very  simple  in  construction, 
having  but  few  pieces,  and  those  unlikely  to  get  out  of  order;  its  inside  register 
gate,  so  far  as  my  experience  goes,  works  with  rapidity  and  ease,  its  long,  pecu- 
liarly shaped  buckets  may  be  framed  or  cast  into  the  rims  nf  the  wheel,  as  may 
be  deemed  advisable.  Its  capacity  for  its  diameter,  to  be  fully  realized,  must  be 
compared  with  that  of  other  turbines  that  were  popular  but  a  few  years  since, 
when  Swain,  Houston  and  Leffel  &  Co.,  each  claimed  to  construct  wheels  of 
greater  capacity  for  their  diameter  than  those  of  any  other  make,  and  iu  suppor 


221 
Victor  Turbine. 


i 


222 


of  their  claims,  published  tables  at  least  fully  up  to  the  capacity  of  their  wheels, 
the  tables  of  Swain  and  Houston  being  computed  upon  a  supposd  useful  effect; 
of  80  per  cent,  of  the  water  used;  those  of  the  Leffel  ut  88.  Under  18  feet  head, 
the  Swain,  U^  inch,  is  tabled  to  give  13.'^  h.  p. ;  tue  Houston,  15  inch,  8>£  ;  and 
the  Leffel,  15'4  inch,  11.1  h.  p.;  while  tlxe  Victor,  15  incb,  as  may  be  seen  by  the 
test  herewith  annexed,  under  18.34  head,  actually  gave  29.36  h.  p  ,  and  a  us.ful 
eff'Ct  of  .8808  per  cent. 

There  can  be  us  question  but  what  the  Victor,  with  the  exception  of  the  Her- 
cules,  ha$  taken  a  position  in  advance  of  all  other  turbines — not  because  the  same 
efficiency  of  useful  effect  may  not  be  obtained  by  other  wheels,  but  because  at 
the  same  cost  no  other  wheel  can  be  made  to  transmit  the  same  amount  of  power. 
Instead  of  acting  the  part  of  Mrs.  Partingtou  in  Opposing  the  inevitable.it  will 
be  well  for  turbine  builders  to  accept  the  fact  and  strive  to  do  s.ill  better,  for  the 
turbine  is  a  I'.ng  way  from  being  tlu-  perfect  engine  it  may  be  made.  The  tests 
will  show  that  Mr.  Stilwell  has  steadily  improved,  showing  conclu  ively  that  the 
wild  variations  of  other  builders  are  owing  to  tlie  lack  of  settled  plans.  At  part 
gate  the  Victor  is  ab.mt  as  good  as  the  average,  but  it  would  be  well  for  Mr.  Stil- 
well to  try  a  thinner  shell  next  his  wheel  so  that  the  gate  opening  may  be  as  near 
ai  possible  to  the  wheel.  The  sugges  ion  will  be  best  understood  by  observingthe 
filling  of  a  bottle,  or  what  is  better,  the  filling  of  a  canal  through  a  small  head 
gate,  where  the  river  may  be  several  feet  higher  than  the  surface  of  the  canal; 
yet  the  power  due  that  difference  is  used  up  by  passing  through  the  small  head 
gate,  or  in  the  inertia  of  the  water  in  the  canal,  so  that  the  part  mite  efficiency 
of  a  wheel  must  be  somewhat  in,  proportion  to  thj  size  of  the  chamber  inside 
of  the  gate. 

Test  of  a  25-iuch  wheel,  July  25,  1877. 


Whole  Gate,.  .. 
Part  Gate  

Head. 

18.07 
18.04 
18.13 

WeighT 

6-25 
600 
500 

Revolu- 
tions. 

Horse 
Power. 

56.81 
54.1.0 
47.27 

Cubic  ft. 

2214.55 
2208.44 
1964.67 

Percent- 
age. 

.7533 
.7192 
.7042 

200 
198 
208 

Test  of  a  20-inch  wheel,  July  26, 1877. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Eevolu- 
tions. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic  ft. 

Percent- 
age. 

Whole  Gate,.... 

18.33 

500 

246 

37.27 

1387  27 

.7777 

Part  Gate  

18.41 

425 

269 

34.64 

1284.30 

.7774 

fc*                 »<           

18.43 

390 

246 

29.07 

1145.59 

.7305 

*'                 **          

7.97 

75 

246 

5.59 

757.93 

.4911 

Test  of  a  2J-inch  wheel,  Feb.  21,  1878. 


Head.     I  Weight. 

Revolu- 
tions. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic  ft. 

Percent- 
age. 

Whole  Gate,... 

18.01 

480 

266.5 

38.76 

1362.39 

.8363 

Part  Gate  

18.08 

415 

265 

33.32 

1242.03 

.7853 

18.28 

310 

266 

24.98 

1014.03 

.7134 

1C                 (t 

18.40 

240 

263 

19.12 

870.79 

.6310 

"        "     

18.68 

100 

271.5 

8.33 

602.23 

.3941 

Test  of  a  15-inch  wheel,  March  26,  1878. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Revolu- 
tions. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic  ft. 

Percent- 
age. 

Whole  Gate,.  .. 

IS.  34 

300 

323 

29.36 

974 

.8705 

Part  Gate  

18.10 

300 

321.5 

29.32 

970 

.8808 

*<        ««     

18.39 

100 

326.5 

15  83 

755 

.6035 

"        "     

18.74 

100 

320 

9.09 

492 

.5220 

223 


Test  of  a  25-inch  wheel,  Oct.  28,  1878. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Revolu- 

Horse 

Power. 

Cubic  ft. 

Percent- 
age. 

Whole  Gate,.... 
Part  Gate  

17.96 
17.93 
18.00 
18.25 
18.37 

700 
650 
450 
350 
175 

209 
208 
200 
205 
211.5 

08.62 

61  45 
40.90 
32.61 
1681 

2356.54 
2237  .00 
17H2  (U 
1567.18 
1180.27 

.8584 
.8112 
.6710 
.6036 
.4098 

Test  of  a,  30-inch  wheel,  Oct.  29.  1878. 

Whole"  Gate,  ... 
Part  Gate,  

Head. 

Weight. 

800- 
675 
600 
450 
300 

Revolu- 
tions. 

144.5 
136.5 
142.5 
145 
144.5 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic  ft. 

Percent- 
age. 

!8676 
.7663 
.7392 
.6648 
.5316 

11.65 
11.78 
11.92 
11.83 
12.10 

52.54 
41.88 
38.87 
29.65 
19.70 

2751.87 
2456.38 
2335.58 
1996.36 
1621.84 

Eclipse  Double  Turbine,  Manufactured  by  the  same  Co. 


Test  of  a  30-inch  Eclipse  wheel. 


Head. 

1879 
W.93 

19.10 
19.10 
19.18 

He  v.  pei- 
minute. 

184.5 
170 
173.5 
163 
166.6 

fl.P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

J280 
JMSfl 

.5786 
.4779 

3385 
31.66 
2444 
18.00 
12.11 

1253 
1214 
1026 
862 
699 

224 


Waldo  Whitney,  Leominster,  Mass. 


Wheel  downward,  and  central  dischargr,  similar  to  the  Swain,  but  with  fewer 
buckets.  Inside  register  gate,  the  chutes  and  outer  rim,  R,  being  stationary; 
the  thin  hoop  or  gate  T,  rotating  sufficiently  to  open  or  close  the  ports.  After 
my  report  of  the  test  at  the  top  of  next  page,  Mr.  Whitney  sent  three  other 
wheels"  for  verification,  that  he  had  sold  with  guarantee  that  they  should  be  as 
good  as  the  one  reported,  and  he  undoubtedly  believed  them  to  be  so  until 
tested. 

First  wheel  reported,  tested  January  10,  1873. 


WALDO  WHITNEY,   LEOMINSTER,   MASS. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 
per 
M  inute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  1... 

18.48    '     400 

195 

35.45 

.765 

1283.41 

.791 

2... 

1*.48        410 

192 

35.78 

.768 

1291.09 

.793 

3... 

18.47         420 

188.5 

35.99 

.771 

1-.98  77 

.794 

'            4... 

18.46        430 

18<5 

36.35 

.775 

13f9.03 

.796 

'            5... 

18.46    !     440 

184 

36.80 

1311  fl 

.804 

6... 

18.50 

450 

181 

37.00 

'.779 

1316.77 

.803 

7... 

18.50 

480 

_178 

37.21 

.781 

1321.93 

.805 

8... 

18.50 

470 

175.5 

37.49 

.784 

1332.23 

.805 

9... 

18.51 

480 

173          37.74 

.786 

1337.39 

.807 

1           10.. 

18.5(1        490 

171          38.09 

.790 

1347.76 

.806 

11... 

18.49 

500 

168          38.18 

.792 

1352.96 

.807 

12.. 

18.49 

510 

166 

38.48 

.19:! 

1355.76 

.812 

13... 

18.48    !     520 

163 

38.52 

.796 

1371.19 

.804 

'«       14... 

18.47        530 

162 

39.00 

.800 

1373.78 

.813 

15... 

1848        540 

159.5 

39.15 

.802 

1379.00 

.813 

'          16... 

18.46 

550 

155 

38.75 

>r4 

1383.22 

.803 

17... 

18.45 

560 

149 

37.92 

.£06 

1338.44 

.783 

H*ad  Reduced. 

Whole  Gate,  19... 

12.67 

350 

i3i 

20.84 

.706 

1137.50 

.765 

20... 

12.63 

370 

123 

20.68 

.710 

1159.69 

.747 

21... 

12.61 

390 

116 

20.56 

.718 

1166.53 

.740 

22... 

12.62 

360 

128          20.94 

'  .709 

1157.22 

.759 

23.  .  . 

12.63 

340 

13::          20.55 

.702 

1139.94 

.755 

"        24.  .  . 

1264 

330 

137          20.55 

1120.31 

.768 

"        25... 

12.65 

320 

141 

20.61 

.695 

1110.51 

.772 

Head  Reduced. 

Whole  Gate,27  .. 

6.81 

150 

111.5 

7.60 

.F54 

785.43 

.752 

"         2S... 

6.77 

160 

105 

7.61 

.558 

792.53 

.750 

29... 

6.75 

170 

99 

765 

.564 

807.72 

.742 

30... 

6.72 

180 

98.5 

8.06 

.567 

814.66 

.779 

"         31... 

6.70 

190 

88 

7.60 

.573 

8?5.68 

.727 

32.  .  . 

6.66 

200 

86.5 

7.83 

.580 

841.31 

.739 

Part  Gate, 

%           34... 

18.51 

450 

163 

3334 

.731 

119748 

.796 

%           35.  .. 

1«.74 

390 

162 

28.72 

.660 

1024.16 

.792 

%           36... 

19.20 

200 

157 

14.27 

.500 

666.34 

.590 

K            37... 

19.45 

50 

211 

4.79 

.378 

460.83 

.282 

X           38... 

19.45 

50 

142 

3.22 

.310 

342.70 

.255 

Whole  Gate. 

Head. 

Weigh 

Rev.pe 

'  minute 

r    Horse 
.  Power 

Cub.  ft. 

Per 
Cent. 

2d  wheel,  June  25,  1873,  .  . 

.      18.40 

4-M) 

174 

35.59 

1345 

.762 

18.39 

480 

163 

35.56 

1374 

.746 

18.39 

500 

154.5 

30.11 

1389 

.728 

3d  wheel.  July  17,  1ST3  

.      1824 

450 

16(5.5 

34.51 

1342 

.747 

18  22 

480 

158.5 

34.58 

1370 

.734 

18.22 

440 

169 

33.80 

1332 

.738 

4th  wheel,  Aug.  16,  1873,  .. 

•      17.91 

400 

184.3 

33.51 

1317 

.753 

17.90 

450 

168 

34.36 

1348 

.75i 

17.88 

480 

161 

35.11 

1371 

.759 

226 

HOLYOKE    MACHINE    CO., 
Holyoke,   Mass. 


22? 


229 


Holyoke  Machine  Company,  Holyoke,  Mass, 

Tills  company  build  the  Boyden  and  Hercules  turbines,  the  latter  invented  by 
John  B.  McC'ormick,  of  Brookville,  Pa.  Of  the  former,  it  is  unnecessary  to  say 
anything  here,  as  its  merits  are  given  on  several  other  pages  of  this  work. 

THE  HERCULES. 

In  March,  1876,  several  of  the  above  named  wheels,  24  inches  in  diameter, 
each  differing  somewhat  from  the  others,  were  brought  to  Holyoke  to  be  tested. 
All  gave  remarkable  results :  one,  87  per  cent,  useful  effect^  and  a  power  so 
extraordinary  that  the  wheel  was  taken  up  and  examined.  A  few  changes  were 
made,  then  'it  was  reset  and  again  tested,  when  the  following  results  were 
obtained  : 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

ttev  per 
minute 

Horse 

Cubic 

Per 

Whole  Gate  

18.02 
18  04 

217 
206 

70.58 
70  52 

2478.60 
2466  04 

.8361 
8386 

Parttate,    . 

18.06 

214 

70.03 

2391.04 

.8579 

(«                 (( 

18.17 

214.5 

6435 

2167.29 

.8644 

It                 (( 

18  23 

213  5 

64  05 

2083  ''5 

8922 

«                 U 

18  26 

212 

57  81 

1944  50 

8612 

18.34 

210 

53.45 

1820.13 

.8470 

((                 ««              

18.38 

209.5 

48.56 

1690.89 

.8267 

'*                 "               

18.5  J 

211 

32.12 

1250.50 

.-7291 

As  high  useful  effect  at  whole  gate  had  been  obtained  by  several  builders,  but 
no  such  average  at  all  stages  of  gate  opening.  In  capacity,  however,  the  Her- 
cules took  a  stand  so  entirely  above  that  of  any  turbine  ever  before  produced, 
that  it  seemed  a  good  starting  point  for  bringing  all  builders  into  harmony  for 
their  own  and  the  public  good.  I  immediately  opened  a  correspondence  with 
the  best  builders  of  the  country,  urging  the  abandonment  of  inferior  wheels  and 
the  advantage  of  uniting  upon  the  phins  of  the  Hercules,  paying  the  patentees  a 
small  rovalty,  and  each  builder  striving  to  excel.  The  idea  was  favorably 
received.  In  the  meantime  the  patentees  hastily  disposed  of  their  right  to  build 
for  the  Western  States.  This,  of  course,  ended  the  chance  for  a  union  of  build- 
ers. The  contract,  however,  was  soon  canceled;  then  the  patentees  offered  the 
Holyoke  Machine  Company  certain  exclusive  rights  in  their  patent.  I  opposed 
the  negotiations,  b  .-cause  I  believed  then,  and  continue  to  believe,  that  it  would 
be  better  for  all  to  have  a  union  of  the  best  builders,  instead  of  a  continuance  of 
the  ruinous  competition  of  the  past  upon  inferior  plans,  which  only  serves  to 
hinder  the  perfection  of  the  best.  Turbine  building  is  not  sufficiently  under- 
stood to  allow  of  its  being  considered  a  science  ;  it  is  simply  "  cut  and  try."  I 
know  of  no  builder  that  with  certainty  can  make  two  turbines  that  will  give  the 
sam  •  results,  even  nrulc  from  the  same  pattern.  Until  that  can  be  done,  the 
in  mut'act in-ing  interest  must  suffer,  unless  manufacturers  use  the  greatest 
c.ire  in  the  selection  of  turbines.  What  is  almost  invariably  needed,  is  a  wheel 
that  will  economize  w  iter  at  any  stage  of  gate'  opening,  so  that  either  the  abund- 


ance  of  the  spring  and  fall  months,  "or  the  scarcer  quantity  of  summer,  may  be 
in  full.     To  do  this,  turbine  builders  must  be  able  to  produce  turbines 
that  will  give  their  b;-st  percentage  at  either  one-half,  five-eighths,  three-fourths 


utilized  i 


seven-eighths,  or  whole  gate,  as  may  best  adapt  each  for  the  place  where  it  is  to 
be  used.  Such  a  wheel  should  be  good  at  any  stairc  of  gate  opening,  and  when 
such  can  be  produced  with  certainty,  then  turbine  building  may  properly  be 
considered  a  science  and  not  before,"  for  such  wheels  are  possible.  Our  rivers 
and  streams  are  all  extremely  variable  in  supply  of  water—  that  of  the  sum- 
mer months  often  beinar  less  than  one-fourth  of  what  it  is  for  the  rest  of  the 
year;  and  three-fourths  of  the  larger  quantity  i«  almost  invariably  allowed  to 
run  to  waste,  because  wheels  of  sufficient  capacity  to  utilize  the  maximum 
have  generally  proved  to  be  incapable  of  transmitting  any  power  from  the  use 
of  the  minimum  supply. 

I  have  tested  about  eighty  of  these  wheels,  and.  as  may  be  seen  by  the  dia- 
grams, the  variations  have  been  great,  and  there  are  no  good  reasons  for  believing 


230 


that  they  will  be  less  so  in  the  future.  Many  of  them  are  sent  to  purchasers 
without  flanges  on  gate.  In  such  case,  in  my  opinion,  the  Victor  would  he 
preferable.  That  the  company  desire  to  do  an  honorable  business,  may  be  seen 
bv  the  following  extract,  taken  from  second  edition  of  this  work  : 

""  From  our  experience  we  are  satisfied  the  interest  of  the  purchaser  requires 
that  wheels  should  be  tested  before  acceptance,  and  hereafter  we  shall  furnish 
tested  wheels  when  desired  to  do  so;  and  if  a  purchaser  desires  to  have  his 
wheel  tested  after  it  is  set  in  his  mill,  we  will  make  the  test  there,  if  the  pur- 
chaser will  pay  the  extra  expense  incurred  thereby.  And  we  believe  the  safest 
and  most  economical  way  to  furnish  mills  with  power,  is  to  first  ascertain  exactly 
what  is  required,  and  we  will  send  an  engineer  at  the  expense  of  the  purchaser, 
to  any  mill,  who  will  consult  with  the  proprietor,  make  examinations,  using  suit- 
able instruments  when  deemed  necessary,  ascertain  the  quantity  of  water  avail- 
able, etc.,  etc.,  and  then  furnish  wheels  that  we  will  guarantee  to  do  the  work  in 
an  economical  manner  and  to  give  the  maximum  of  power  promised  by  us ;  but 
it  must  be  plainly  understood  that  we  do  not  promise  to  furnish  a  given  amount 
of  power  with  a'  less  quantity  of  water  than  fixed  upon  at  the  time  of  making 
the  examination,  or  that  our  wheel  or  wheels  will  run  the  mill  if  additional 
machinery  is  added. 

"HOLYOKE  MACHINE  COMPANY. 
"  November  20,  1875." 

The  constant  variations  of  the  wheels,  and  a  lack  of  appreciation  of  purchas- 
ers,  caused  an  abandonment  of  the  the  plan  suggested  in  the  card,  and  now  the 
wheels  are  sent  away  without  any  knowledge  of  their  efficiency. 


D.  P.  Blackstone's  Wheel,  Berlin,  Wis. 


The  Blackstone  wheel  has  been  tested  in  the  Elmer  curb  represented  : 
in  theLeflel;  also,  the  Stout,  Mills  &  Temple. 

Test  of  a  40-inch,  in  Elmer  curb. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.  per 
minute. 

n.  P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

17  60 

925 

158 

66  73 

2416  89 

8313 

Part  Gate  

17.69 
17  88 

800 
520 

157 
156 

5757 

36  87 

2184.17 

'643") 



18.20 

240 

156.5 

17.07 

1261.62 

.3940 

Another  40-inch,  in  Leffrl  curb. 


Head. 

Weight 

Rev.per 

minute. 

H.P. 

Cubic 
feet 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

17.75 

17  87 

1000 
900 

172 

78.18 

3143.27 

.7424 



18.29 

450 

175 

35.79 

Ki-.21.44 

.6394 

231 


CHASE   WHEELS,   FURNISHED  BY   THE    ORANGE  TURBINE  CO.. 
ORANGE,   MASS. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.  per 
Minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

42-inch  Wheel 

Whole( 

t 

54 

Whole 

Gate,    1  

a.!!!.".'"!"! 

'             4  
'             5  
6  
'             7  
8  

-inch  Wheel. 

Gate,  11  

15.17 
15.17 
15.17 
15.17 
li.17 
15.17 
15.17 
1517 
15.17 

15.00 
15.00 
1500 
15.00 
15.00 
15.00 
15.00 
15.00 
15.00 
15.00 
15.00 

500 
700 
750 
800 
850 
90 
950 
1050 
1100 

500 
600 
700 
1000 
1000 
1050 
1100 
ll'OO 
1500 
1800 
2000 

194 
161.5 
158 
149 
143 
135 
128 
116 
104 

148 
141 
138 
117 
120.G 
118 
117 
112 
100 
90 
82 

44.09 
51.17 
53.86 
54.18 
55.25 
55.22 
55.27 
55.36 
52.00 

33.63 

38.38 
43.91 
53.20 
54.82 
56.32 
58.50 
61.09 
68.18 
73.63 
74.55 

12  
'            13 

'            14  
'            15  
'           16 

17  
18  
'           19 

20  
'           21 

The  54-inch  wheels  were  tabled  and  were  geared  to  run  at  138  revolutions  per 
minute,  to  give  112  horsepower;  actual  results  obtained,  43.91,  while  tho  per- 
centage of  useful  eflect  from  the  water  u-ed  could  not  have  exceeded  25  per 
cent.,  but  at  82  revolutions  itmisrht  have  reached  35  or  40. 

The  water  i  i  the  race  below  the  mill  was  30  inches  average  depth.  29  feet  In 
width,  its  velocity  being  so  gr>  at  as  to  cause  it  to  break  white,  the  fall  being  at 
least  one  foot  iu  a  hundred. 


232 


TESTS   OF   A   36-INCH   AND    OF   A   48-INCH    TUTTLE   WHEEL    AT 
SMITH  &  MEADER'S  MILL,  WATEHV1LLE,  ME. 


36-inch. 

Kev. 
l»er 
Minute. 

Weight 
in 
Pounds. 

Horse 
Power. 

Head 
in 

Feet. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet 
Disch'd 

Per 
Cent. 

No.  of  Test. 

Whole  Gate,!... 

190.8 
162.6 

4,i 

36.86 
44.32 

15.85 

15.84 

1.438 
1.450 

2746.83 
2779.65 

.4479 

..•>a^6 

12'.  !  ! 

161. 

615 

45.01 

15.79 

1.446 

2768.70 

.5572 

Part  Gate,  13.  .. 

175 

325 

25.82 

16.58    ;    1.250        2-227.83 

.3698 

"          14... 

168 

130 

9.93 

17.22 

.963 

1489.98 

.2066 

48-inch. 

Whole  Gate,  1... 

148.4          900 

60.71 

14.53 

1.634 

4135.02 

.5243 

"          8... 

140 

1000 

63.63 

1447 

1.630 

4145.97 

.5612 

"           9.  .  . 

13*.5 

1025 

64.53 

14.45 

1.630 

4145.97 

.5&31 

"        lo.  .  . 

137 

1050 

65.38 

1448 

1     •','»'•* 

414962 

.5625 

11... 

130 

1100 

65.00 

14.48 

1  630 

414=5.97 

.572 

"          12... 

125 

1150 

66.33 

14.48 

1.632 

4149.62 

.57' 

ya  Gate,       13.  .  . 

161 

425 

31.11 

15.73 

1.312 

2992.99 

.34!, 

TESTS  OF  A  42-INCH  TYLER,  AND  A  42-INCH  REYNOLDS  WHEEL, 
AT  VASSALBORO'  WOOLEN  MILLS,  VASSALBORO',  ME. 


Tyler. 

Rev. 
per 
Minute. 

Weight 
in 
Pounds. 

Horse 
Power. 

Head 
in 
Feet. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet 
Disch'd. 

Per 
Cent. 

No.  of  Test. 

Whole  Gate,!... 

168.6 
164.4 

700 
750 

53.65 
56.05 

27.21 
27.21 

1.264 
1.282 

2609.50 
2664.84 

.3999 
.4089 

"       3.  !  ! 

160.8 

800 

58.47 

27.21 

1.282 

2664.84 

.4260 

4... 

144.6 

1100 

72.30 

27.21 

1.297 

2776.10 

.50(53 

Reynolds. 

Part   Gate,   1... 

139 

800 

50.54 

28 

1.210 

2436.82 

.3918 

168.5 

750 

57.44 

28 

1.210 

2436.82 

.4453 

"          3.  .  '. 

172.5 

775 

57.74 

1.210 

2436.82 

.4477 

4... 

173.5 

800 

63.09 

28 

1.210 

2436.82 

.4X92 

"           5... 

1«1 

850 

6220 

V8 

1.210 

2436.82 

.4823 

"           6... 

149.6 

900 

61  20 

28 

1.210 

243682 

.4745 

Whole  Gate,  7... 

106 

1000 

75.45 

2S 

1.297 

2776.10 

.4683 

8... 

161.6 

1100 

80.80 

28 

1.297 

2776.10 

.5015 

This  certifies,  that  <m  the  8th  and  9rh  of  this  month  I  tested  two  42-inch 
water-wheels  at  the  Vassalboro'  Woolen  Mills,  Vassalboro',  Me.,  George 
Wilkins,  Agent. 

The  first  was  called  a  Tyler  wheel,  though  not  made  or  furnished  by  Mr. 
Tyler.  Regulator  speed  of  wheel  170  revolutions  per  minute.  The  test  proved 
that  it  was  run  at  a  velocity  much  too  high  to  utilize  its  greatest  effectiveness. 

Second  wheel,  a  "  Reynolds."  Testing  first  with  gate  open  the  same  as 
when  running  all  the  machinery  attached  to  it,  six  tests;  then  the  gate  was 
opened  in  full;  with  1100  pounds  on  the  scale  beam  the  wheel  ran  very  un- 
steadily, so  much  so  that  it  was  considered  unless  to  try  it  with  more  weight. 

Weir  10  feet  in  length,  sectional  area  approaching  weir  25  feet  in  width, 
depth  below  crest  2.6  feet. 
Aoril  15,  1872.  JAMES  EMERSON. 


233 
Boyden  Turbine, 


In  the  purchase  of  this  turbine,  more  ignorance  is  displayed  than  a  well-wisher 
of  his  race  likes  to  ac  aio^-ledge  lies  d  >rmant  in  the  average  business  man  of 
the  times;  in  purchasing  any  other  kind  of  turbine  the  pui chaser  almost  inva- 
riably makes  inquiries  in  order  to  got  the  best;  the  Boyden  seeker  makes  no 
inquiries  except,  perhaps,  us  to  capacity  and  cost,  supposing  all  to  be  alike  as  to 
efficiency,  whether  made  by  an  expert  mechanic  or  the  veriest  botch.  1  here  is  no 
reason  to  doubt  but  what  at  whole  gate  an  outward  discharge  wheel  may  be 
ma  le  to  give  a  high  useful  effect,  b-it  every  intelligent  turbine  builder  knows 
that  of  all  wheels  the  outward  discharge  is  the  most  difficult  to  get  just  light ; 
also,  that  good  part  gate  results  are  impossible  with  such  discli»i>-e.  There  are 
vague  rumors  of  remarkable  results  cbtainrd  by  Mr.  1  oychn,  as  there  are  oj 
the  Hu  np'irey  and  every  oth  r  turbine,  but  such  results 'are  rarely  confirmed 
when  the  wheels  arc  test  d  bv  competent  disinterested  engineers.  Of  four  Boy- 
den wheels  f-stod  in  a  Connecticut  mill,  three  were  found  to  be  givii  g  46  per 
cent,  useful  effect,  the  fourth  gave  47.  'At  Unionville,  Coi  n.,  Phitner  <S  Porter 
Mf'g  iJo.,  a  test  of  one  gave  01  per  cent.  The  wheel  was  built  by  the  Ames  Mf'g 
Co.,  of  Chicopci',  and  is  named  in  a  recent  circular  of  that  Company  in  commrn- 
dation  of  that  styl  •  <>f  turbine.  A  nice  brass  b  >cket  wheel,  made  by  the  s;>me 
Company  in  187  f,  72  inches  i  i  diameter,  51  openings,  each  7.26  inches  in  height, 
1 's  inches  in  width,  rated  to  discharge  6160  cubic  feet  of  water  under  24  feet 
head,  at  98  revolutions  per  minute,  and  to  five  217  horse  power,  was  tested  at 
the  Dwight  Xo.  7  mill,  Chicopee,  Mass.,  Nov.  6,  1878.  Tl.e  tests  at  its  geared 
speed  are  -riven  bel-iw  : 


Head  iu 

Feet. 

Weight. 

Kevolu- 

li  <ns. 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic  ft. 

Percent- 
age. 

Whole  Gate,... 

22.1 

3730 

97 

219.2 

7141.70 

.7353 

Part  Gate  

2320 

2000 

98 

118.78 

5446.80 

.4977 

23.50 

1000 

96.4 

58.43 

4341.98 

.3031 

234 


From  the  time  of  the  Philadelphia  turbine  tests  in  1850-60,  up  to  the  present, 
Mr.  Ilisdon  has  continued  an  almost  unbroken  series  of  experiments  Cor  the  pur- 
pose  of  perfecting  the  turbine;  yet  the  lines  above  show  decided  variations  in 
useful  effect.  If  such  is  the  case 'with  wheels  constructed  by  one  so  skillful,  how 
must  it  be  with  those  turned  out  by  machine  companys  merely  as  a  business,  with- 
out other  supervision  than  that  of  the  ordinary  foreman?  The  54-inch,  repre- 
sented above,  was  put  together  by  the  Holyoke'MachlnC  Co.,  though  Mr.  Itisdon 
furnished  plans  and  core-boxes  for  forming  the  buckets.  M«uy  more  of  the  IIol- 
yoke  made  wheels  were  tested  than  those  made  wholly  by  Mr.  Ilisdon.  As  a 
general  thing  the  wheels,  when  first  tested,  were  rather  low  in  efficiency  ;  but,  after 
making  alterations  suggested  by  such  tests,  the  results  were  often  very  high  at 
whole  gate,  and  the  tests  proved  conclusively  that  purchasers  who  accept  untested 
turbines,  generally  do  so  at  a  loss  of  from  ten  to  twenty  per  cent,  of  what  they 
might  have  with  more  care. 


THOMPSON   &  HOLCOMB  WHEEL 

This  certifies  that  a  Water  Wheel,  30  inches  in  diameter,  made  of  cast  iron, 
fly-trap  gates— downward  discharge, — in  form  somewhat  like  the  Houston, 
known  as  the  Thompson  Turbine,  was  sent  to  the  Holyoke  Testing  Flume  by 
A.  P.  Holcomb  of  Silver  Creek,  N.  Y .,  to  be  tested.  The  figures  showing  the 
results  obtained  by  me,  may  be  found  below.  During  the  test,  the  scale  beam 
was  attached  to  the  brake  at  a  point,  which,  if  revolving,  would  describe  a 
circle  fifteen  feet  in  circumference,  consequently  the  revolutions  of  the  wheel 
must  be  multiplied  by  fifteen  to  obtain  the  correct  speed. 

Length  of  Weir 6  feet. 

Temperature  of  Water, 32o  Fall. 

Weight  of  Water,  per  cubic  foot 62.375. 

Correction  for  Leakage,  18  feet  head, 13.10  cubic  feet. 

Correction  for  Leakage,  12  feet  head, 11.10  cubic  feet. 

Correction  for  Leakage,  <i  feet  head 9.10  cubic  feet. 

A  second  trial  of  the  sam«  wheel  to  ascertain  the  effect  of  short  extensions 
added  to  the  outer  end  of  chutes,  for  the  purpose  of  rounding  or  flaring  them 
when  open.  These  extensions  prevented  the  gates  from  being  opened  quite 
as  wide  as  without  them,  consequently  less  water  was  discharged.  The  partial 
gate  at  first  trial  gave  best  percentage,  but  owing  to  a  breakage  of  the  gates 
by  the  ice  at  the  second  trial,  no  part  gate  tet-ts  could  be  taken. 

The  wheel  run  very  steady,  was  easily  regulated,  and  from  its  high  speed  is 
a  favorite  with  those  who  have  it  in  use;  its  gates,  like  the  l.effel  and  all  oi 
that  class,  would  be  likely  to  become  leaky. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weipht 

Mln'utc1 

Horse 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate,   2.  .  .     . 

18.44 

390 

220  ', 

89.09 

1.226 

15J7.76 

.725 

"            8.  ... 

18.45 

400 

220" 

40.00 

1.243 

.726 

"            5.  '.  '.      '. 

]8.4> 

-111) 
420 

2"'l 
218 

41.18 
41  .62 

1  .''54 
1.262 

}':MM 

1C14.«7 

i 

is!.39 

So 

215 

42.02 

1.2TiO 

ien.20 

18.SS 

4)0 

211 

42.20 

1.258 

J5B 

41        si.'! 

18.3S 

450 

207.5 

42.44 

1.261 

]i;i:;  let 

.757 

41            9  '  !  ' 

ISA) 

160 

203 

42.42 

1.260 

Hll/jfl 

.7«9 

10  '.  ;  ;  ;  .' 

18.26 

205.3 

41.99 

1.860 

1611.20 

HEAD  REDUCED. 

Whole  Gate,  11  
"           14  

12.19 
12.18 

coo 

270 

LS3 

17S 

21.62 
21.84 

IJSB 

12W.96 
J289.4T 

786 

||           13  

12.18 

280 

172 

81.89 

l.OS.'i 

.{34 

170 

22.40 

1.0KS 

!."'i«u'« 

*745 

"           17*!  '.  '.  '.  '. 

161.5 

21  .!« 

l.Olll 

.731 

itiir 

310 

156.7 

l.OHl 

1  f).'/S(l 

.735 

**        UK  '.  '.  '.  '. 

12.18 

169.5 

'*M!fi 

].0>7 

I21KV7 

.785 

"           20  

12.18 

293 

164 

21.'99 

1.088 

l.'iOO  03 

.731 

HEAD  REDUCED. 

Whole  Gate,  23  

6.00 

MO 

1A9 

8.34 

.K7S 

940.26 

.711 

24  

i;.69 

135 

lit; 

t.2I 

.878 

948.28 

.695 

»     S::::: 

(1.58 
6..5S 

140 

145 

13-1.5 

8.43 

8.43 

jR 

8£!S 

Jnly  12th. 

Test  of  the  same  wheel 
before    extensions 

were  added. 

Whole  Gate,  28  

18.10 

460 

20fi 

43.07 

1.174 

171S.41 

.787 

29  

6.41 

160 

IOBJI 

7.53 

974.88 

Par^Gate,      SO  

1S.25 

400 

2«i 

36.60 

1*040 

14.3.3.27 

18.33 

208 

30.70 

!98S 

12SH..-.2 

"      82  '.'.'.'.'. 

18.44 

1004.A4 

«<           as  

18.50 

200 

207  5 

18's6 

*720 

880.88 

.651 

"               34  

6.60 

125 

102' 

&26 

'.669 

747.68 

.678 

HOLYOKE.  MASS  ,  December  18, 1872 


JAMES  EMERSON. 


23C 


Rodney  Hunt  Machine  Co., 


,  :M:.A.SS. 


THIS  certifies  that  a  WATER  WHEEL,  thirty  inches  in  diameter, 
made  of  cast  iron,  central  and  downward  discharge,  known  as  the 
Hunt  Double  Action  Turbine  was  sent  to  the  HOLYOKE  TESTING 
FLUME  by  the  Rodney  Hunt  Machine  Co.,  of  Grange,  Mass.,  to 
be  tested.  The  date  of  each  test  and  the  figures  showing  the  exact 
results  obtained  by  me,  may  be  found  on  the  following  pages.  Dur- 
ing the  test  the  scale  beam  was  attached  to  the  brake  at  a  point, 
which,  if  revolving,  would  describe  a  circle  fifteen  feet  in  circum- 
ference, consequently  the  revolutions  of  the  wheel  must  be  multiplied 
by  fifteen  to  obtain  the  correct  speed.  Data  for  one  minute : 

Length  of  Weir, 6  feet. 

Temperature  of  Water, 40°  Fah. 

Weight  of  Water,  per  cubic  foot 62.373. 

Correction  for  Leakage,  18  feet  head,  .  .  .  14.20  cubic  feet. 
Correction  for  Leakage  12  feet  head,  .  .  12.20  cubic  feet. 
Correction  for  Leakage,  6  feet  head,  .  .  .  10.20  cubic  feet. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 
per 
Minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 
Cent- 
age. 

Whole  Gate, 

lx.34 

18.3C 

650 
525 

125.5 
177.5 

~3T08 

42.36 

1.1U2 
1  179 

1473.94 
1460.17 

.7245 
.8388 

12... 

18.35 

540 

171 

41.06 

1  180 

1401.99 

.81X7 

13... 

18.35 

550 

1685 

42.12 

1.184 

1469  30 

.8275 

14... 

18.34 

560 

166 

42.25 

1.187 

1474  80 

.S260 

15... 

18.34 

530 

176  R 

42  .f  ,2 

1.181 

1463.82 

.8386 

16... 

18.35 

520 

180.5 

42.66 

1.178 

1458.34 

.8433 

17... 

18.36 

510 

183 

42.42 

1.173 

1449.23 

.8425 

18... 

1835 

500 

185 

42.04 

1.170 

1443.77 

.8409 

Part  Gate,  19.   . 

20.    . 

1837 

475 

190 

41/2 

1.1F8 

142200 

.8306 

21.    . 

18.38 

490 

1X6 

4142 

1.160 

1425.62 

.8374 

22.    . 

1836 

f-00 

183 

41.59 

5.163 

1427.43 

.8395 

23     . 

18.42 

440 

182.7 

3654 

1123 

J3J.9.02 

7722 

24.    . 

18.40 

450 

185.5 

3794 

1.125 

1362.62 

.8055 

"            25.    . 

1*.40 

400 

176.6 

36.02 

1.128 

1368.59 

.7756 

2«.    . 

18.61 

250 

179 

20.34 

.932 

1030.04 

.5613 

27.   . 

18.60 

235 

185 

19.76 

.927 

1022.66 

.5495 

«'             28. 

18.86 

75 

176.2 

6.01 

.727 

710.80 

.2376 

Head  Reduced. 

30... 

1224 

2nO 

1733 

19.69 

.983 

111788 

.7630 

81... 

12.20 

275 

165 

2".62 

.<95 

1138.16 

.7856 

32... 

12.19 

300 

157.5 

2147 

1.007 

1158.65 

.804 

as.  .  . 

12.17 

320 

151 

21.96 

1.018 

1187.33 

.804 

"            84.   . 

12.15 

3(0 

146 

22.41 

1.027 

1192.77 

.8199 

"            35.   . 

12.13 

350 

141  5 

2251 

10.32 

1201.37 

.817 

"            36.   . 

12.13 

360 

137 

22.41 

1.036 

1208  27 

.8089 

37.   . 

12.13 

370 

1345 

22.62 

1.037 

1209.09 

.8172 

12.13 

380 

129 

22.2« 

1.037 

1109.93 

.803 

"            39!  .' 

1213 

390 

124 

21.98 

1.040 

1215.17 

.7888 

237 


Hunt's  Double  Action  Turbine  Wheel. 


The  cut  at  the  left  represents  the  Hunt  curb,  with  the  downward  and  outward 
discharge  wheel  which  gave  the  results  reported  in  tlie  second  table  below;  the 
other  cut  represents  the  wheel  generally  used  by  the  Hunt  Machine  Co.,  (the 
Swa'n) ;  and  the  one  giving  the  results  reported  in  the  first  table  below,  also, 
those  upon  the  opposite  page. 


Test  of  a  48-inch  Hunt-Swain  \vl 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.  per 
minute. 

II.  P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  
Part  Gate  

It  71 
11.89 

1500 
1275 

83 
86.5 

56.59 
50.13 

3454.74 

:!-J.->2.:.51 

.757 
.681 

<•  »  .::::::::::::::::: 

12.30 
12.61 

850 
200 

8").  5 
87.7 

33.03 

7.97 

2713.01 
1617.18 

.524 

.254 

Test  of  a  Hunt-Flint  wheel,  downward  and  outward  discharge;    see  bottom  of 
buckets  in  curb  above. 


Head. 

Weight. 

Rev  per 
minute. 

11.  P. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  

18.31 
18.31 
1  8.33 
18  53 

675 
575 
500 
200 

176.3 
176.5 
175 
175 

54.09 
46.13 

15J1 

1732.10 
1672.7-2 
1504.  OS 
1067.10 

•9050 
.7992 
.7361 
.4215 

Part  Gate,  

"      "         

Test  of  a  Hunt  wheel,  downward  discharge,  in  the  same  curb  as  the  one  above. 


Head. 

Weight. 

RMmCr 

Horse 
Power. 

Cubic 
feet. 

Por 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

18.28 

860 

ISO 

54.40 

1800.73 

.8789 

1832 

525 

178 

42.47 

1681.87 

.7314 

((             (( 

270 

181 

22  21 

V4">  4S 

5184 

18.63 

150 

188 

12.  SI 

870.44 

.4082 

238 


Gates  Curtis,  Ogdensburg,  N.  T. 


CURTIS  TURBINE. 


This  wheel  is  diagonal  n>  shape,  like  the  Houston,  but  has  an  Inside  Registt 
talc. 

Test  of  a  47-inch  wheel. 


Wht.    Bev.    H.P, 


1150     115 

1IKPO        11.'-.-. 

850  111.5 
570  1165 
450  107 

400  I  114 


8&i 


Mr.  Curtis  also  makes  the  wheel  with  open 
chutes,  omitting  gate,  allowing  the  wheel  to 
run  at  full  gate  at  all  times,  regulating  speed 
by  head  in  fori-bay,  using  a  wicket  gate 
between  flume  and  forebay.  A  25-inch  made 
in  that  way,  tested  at  my  flume  gave  the 
following  results 


Whole  Gate, 

Whole  Gnte, 
2  chute*  Mopped, 

1  i-liutes  stopped, 

Whole  Gate, 
Part  Gate, 

Head. 
18.21 

Wht. 

500 

~- 

H.P 

:::.:;:; 

Cubic 
Feet 

1095.93 

P.O. 

.8842 

Same  wheel  in  another  st 

t  of  chutes. 

1820 

IS  L'.l 

18.37 

465 
400 
300 

223.2 
213 
214 

31.45 

2.vs: 

l'J.75 

1099.41  1   8322 
957.63    .7801 
816.29   .6973 

Same  wheel  tested  in  u  curl)  with  gate. 

18.40 
18.42 
18.51 

31 

415 

360 

US 

165 

224.5  |  28.23 
211.3]  23.05 
209.5     18.41 
213     J1387 
199.2  i    9.96 

1(117.27 
886.22 
751.00 
615.70 
491.65 

.7984 
.7510 
.7012 

ma 

.5742 

239 


Humming  Bird  Wheels. 

48-inch  wheels,  sent  by  Willis  Read,  Danbury,  Conn. 

Through  some  peculiarity  of  construction,  which,  without  illustration,  is  inde- 
scribable,  these  wheels  keep  up  a  constant  humming  sound  while  running;  hence 
their  name.  Mr.  Read  was  promptly  on  hand  with  his  wheel,  which  was  tested 
Sept.  6.  From  information  obtained  by  the  test,  he  took  a  new  departure  and 
constructed  another  wheel,  which  was  tested  Oct.  15.  The  results  of  each  may 
bo  found  below.  The  workmanship  of  the  wheels  would  hardly  cause  mai.u- 
facturers  to  look  for  machinery  in  Danbury. 


Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  20. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Pei- 
Cent 

Wliole  Gate  

17.95 
18.02 
18.02 
18.00 

1550 

750 
775 
800 

000 
103 
1  2 
100  5 

000 
46.81 
47.91 

48.72 

2187.30 
2211.71 
2218.70 

000 
.6287 
.6366 
.6473 

(( 

18  00 

825 

982 

49  60 

2232  70 

6533 

| 

17.98 

850 

97.5 

50.22 

2246.73 

.6581 

1               

17.98 
17  97 

875 
900 

96 
95 

50.90 
51  81 

2260.77 
2271  33 

.6620 
6720 

Part  Gate. 

17.95 
17.94 
18  40 

925 
950 
425 

93.5 
90 
98  3 

52.42 
51.82 
24  03 

2306.62 
2338.53 
1210  67 

.6702 
.6537 
5734 

18.41 
18.45 
13.41 

400 
400 
420 

100 

92 
96.7 

24.24 
22.30 
24.78 

1196.08 
1089.69 
1255.49 

.5828 
.5872 
.5670 

:;    :     :  :  :  :  : 

18.40 
18.34 
18.32 
18.18 
18.16 
18  13 

500 
600 
600 
700 
750 
775 

91.5 
88.5 
91 
96 
93.2 
93.5 

27.72 
32.18 
33.09 
40.72 
42.36 
43.94 

1269.56 
1398.88 
1472.63 
1827.76 
1887.49 
1944.34 

.6283 
.6640 
.6493 
.6488 
.6541 
.6598 

••     

18.22 

650 

95 

37.42 

1732.81 

.6275 

Tested  October  15. 


Whole  Gate  

17.81 

17.85 
17.85 
17  84 

1600 
800 
850 
900 

000 
107.5 
103 
95.8 

000 
52.12 
53.06 
52  25 

2042.89 
2474.90 
2485.76 
2551.18 

COO 
.6246 
.6331 
.6078 

Part  Gate.         ..... 

17.83 
17.83 
17.85 
18.06 
18.02 
18.04 
18.20 
18.18 
1832 
18  34 

825 
850 
875 
700 
675 
650 
500 
525 
400 

10(5 
103.3 
99.6 
97.3 
1003 
102.6 
101.2 
103.2 
95.6 
103 

53.00 
53.21 
52.78 
41.27 
41.03 
40.41 
31.57 
32.83 
23.17 
21  90 

2503.88 
2514.77 
2.-.54.8S 
2042.38 
2035.56 
2035.56 
1683.73 
16S0.51 
1328.2» 
1301  28 

.6286 
.6283 
.6127 
.5923 
.5922 
.58--G 
.5454 
.5(589 
.5041 
4S47 

,, 

18  57 

200 

93  5 

11  94 

908.29 

3760 

"            

18.44 
18  06 

250 
650 

105 
106 

11.59 
41.75 

1079.87 
1981.13 

.3081 
.6192 

(i 

18  20 

500 

106  8 

32  36 

1651.78 

.569!> 

Whole  Gate.     .'.... 

18.35 

17.84 

350 
850 

100 
107.5 

22.48 
55.38 

1277.42 
2532.96 

.5078 

.648'.) 

HOUSTON  WHEEL. 

This  certifies,  that  a  Water  Wheel  50  inches  in  diameter,  made  of 
cast  iron,  cast  whole,  Register  gate,  known  as  the  Houston  Water 
Wheel,  was  sent  to  the  Holyoke  Testing  Flume  by  O.  E.  Merrill  & 
Co.,  Beloit,  Wisconsin,  to  be  tested. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 
per 
Minute. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  1... 

18.00 

1500 

112 

101.80 

1.555 

3660.33 

.817 

2... 

17.96 

1600 

106 

102.78 

1.545 

3625.01 

.836 

"         3.  .  . 

1K.22 

1650 

106.G 

106.60 

1.554 

3656.  *5 

.848 

1807 

1700 

1036 

106.72 

1.56!) 

3710  12 

.842 

18.08 

1725 

102 

10660 

1.671 

3720.80 

.838 

18.06 

1620 

111 

108.95 

1.565 

369\88 

.8635 

1804 

16-10 

109 

107.68 

1.566 

3099.44 

.8536 

18.04 

1640 

110 

109.33 

1.565 

3695  88 

.8675 

18.04 

1660 

108 

108  65 

15"0 

3713.66 

.858 

10"' 

18.04 

1610 

113 

110.25 

l.sro 

3678.12 

.8HO 

Part  Gate,    13... 

18.05 

1400 

113 

95.88 

1  520 

3fri6.99 

.797 

13.. 

18.10 

1240 

117 

87.92 

1.494 

3411.39 

.721 

"           14... 

1820 

1040 

119 

75.01 

1.400 

3123.62 

.556 

"            15... 

1840 

800 

109 

52.85 

1.30(1 

2823  8i 

.538 

16... 

18.58 

675 

110 

38.33 

1.126 

2240.12 

.539 

17.. 

18.70 

875 

112 

18.66 

.960 

1749.84 

.802 

Second  Day, 

Flaring 

Extensi 

ons  to 

chutes 

off'. 

Whole  Gate,28... 

17.95 

1550 

109 

102.39 

1535 

368972 

.818 

29... 

17.95 

1590 

'   105 

101.18 

1.537 

3596.78 

.829 

30... 

17.97 

1535 

113 

105.12 

1.525 

a-55454 

.8716 

31... 

17.97 

1515 

111 

101.31 

1.525 

35.5454 

.840 

Part  Gate,    33... 

18.02 

1300 

116 

91.39 

1.490 

3362.90 

.798 

"            34  .. 

18.15 

1140 

115 

79.45 

1.400 

3123.62 

.741 

"   -        36  .. 

18.25 

looo 

110 

5667 

1.315 

2840.26 

.6HC 

36  .. 

18.48 

800 

103 

49.9J 

'..146 

2301.59 

.621 

18.62 

500 

105 

31.81 

1.C30 

1952.16 

.163 

"            38   -  . 

18.91 

200 

102 

12.36 

.H50 

1445.74 

.240 

Previous  to  the  trial  of  this  wheel  it  had  been  frozen  solid  in  ice  at 
the  bottom  of  the  flume  for  two  weeks ;  to  clear  it,  crowbars,  blocks 
of  wood,  axes  and  other  implements  were  used,  some  of  which  en- 
tered the  wheel  with  a  crash  when  it  first  started,  probably  throwing 
it  out  of  center,  for  it  required  the  strength  of  two  men  applied  to 
the  rim  of  the  brake  (six  feet  in  diameter)  to  turn  the  wheel  when 
the  gate  was  closed. 


241 


E.   L  SMALL,   URBANA,  OHIO. 


The  results  obtained  may  be  found  below. 
• 


consists  in  its  gates  and  buckets,  the  gates  bein 
buckets  are  like  shallow  boxes,  —  Mr.  Small  " 


jurves  for  surfaces. 


The  peculiarity  of  the  wheel 

mi'    ' 
levl 


imply  large  faucets.    The 
eving  angles  better  than 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev.  per 
Minute. 

roT. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  (Gate,   1.  ... 

18.39 
18.40 
18.29 

480 
% 

181.6 
70 
149 

39.62 
41.72 
38.61 

ill 

1658.40 

1656.28 
Ki.Vi.28 

s 

.675 

4  .  .  '.  '. 

18.29 

580 

47 

38.75 

1.147 

16.56.28 

.677 

5.  ... 

<>.... 

18.28 
18.28 

535 

540 

li!l 
69 

%% 

L148 
1.148 

1658.40 
16.58.40 

.720 
.724 

18.28 

545 

6.5 

40.88 

1.148 

165S.40 

.714 

a  .  .  .  . 

18.28 

550 

165 

41.25 

1.148 

1638.40 

.718 

Head  Reduced. 

Gates  Reversed. 

Wholesale,  10  

11.95 

12.03 
12.03 

225 
310 
320 

1, 

15.96 

19.34 
19.56 

.916 

.962 

1188.55 

I276.MS 
1*76.38 

.595 
.667 
.U74 

Head  Reduced. 

Whole  Gate,  14  ... 

6.53 

165 

100 

7.50 

.776 

934.87 

.688 

15.     .  . 

6.55 

155 

105 

7.40 

915.44 

.654 

3-4(Gnte.        17  .     .  . 

18.52 

330 

170 

25.50 

i'.ttii 

1227.15 

.594 

1-2  Gate,        21  .'     .'  .' 
"                  22  . 
4Uatescl's'd,24.      .  . 

18.51 

18.52 
18.72 
18.60 
18.51 

325 
.'340 
150 
180 
270 

i, 

171 
170 

25.70 
26.27 
11.60 
13.68 
20.66 

.937 

12A09 

I2:l5.:n 
840.00 
828.45 
1043.90 

.599 
.564 

I 

J.  W.   UPHAM,  WORCESTER,  MASS. 

Mr.  Upham  has  been  in  the  Water  Wheel  business  for  many  years,  and  Is 
known  for  his  sterling  integrity.  The  wheel  he  now  builds  is  one  similar  to 
the  Houston  Wheel  inverted.  It  has  a  register  gate  that  works  very  easily,  as 
it  is  on  the  inside  at  the  top  and  small.  The  figures  below  were  obtained  from 
trials  at  my  Lowell  Flume.  The  two  last  sets  of  figures  are  given  to  show  the 
jpeed  at  which  it  may  be  run,  and  produce  good  power. 

J.  E. 


Whole  Gat«.   1  . 


15.43 

15.468 

15.42 

£g 

15.4-J5 


w-  &E  AS 


275 

s; 

310 


no..-, 
1711.5 
2Hi..> 


27.10 
SS 


L'7.1.1! 
16.47 

L'7.1  <  i 


18.11 
25.76 


8 

;i«2 

.928 

:.|i> 


Cubic 


.737 
.781 

.774 
.7711 


ffiSft 


E.  G.  Libby,  Medford,  Mass. 


The  wheel,  illustrated  in  the  Upham  report  above,  was  designed  by  Mr.  Libby, 
who  has  recently  applied  the  water  to  the  same  kind  of  wheel,  but  through 
chutes  i-imilar  to  those  of  the  Hercules.  A  25-inch  wheel  so  arranged  was 
tested  by  me,  Aug.  5,  1878,  giving  the  following  results: 


Head. 

\Veight. 

Rev.  per  min. 

Horse  Power 

Cubic  feet. 

Per  Cent. 

*   18.23 

860 

298 

47.40 

2101  35 

.8652 

18.35 

250 

288.5 

33.92 

1847.54 

.5297 

18.38 

200 

293 

26.63 

1688.39 

.4543 

18.48 

100 

309.5 

14.06 

1393.52 

.2890 

N.  F.  BURNHAM,  YORK,  PE.NN. 


No.  of  Test. 

Head. 

Weight. 

Rev. 
Mimite. 

Horse 
Power. 

Weir. 

Cubic 
Feet. 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate,  1... 

18.09 

750 

166 

53.18 

1.308 

1994.52 

.78U4 

'           2... 

18.12 

800 

151 

54.91 

1.30!) 

1996.77 

.787 

3... 

18.10 

810 

150 

55.22 

1.311 

2(101  27 

4... 

18.10 

820 

148 

65.10 

1.312 

2003.F3 

!807 

5... 

18.10 

830 

147 

55.46 

1.313 

2005.78 

.810 

6... 

18.09 

840 

143.5 

52.25 

1.316 

2012.56 

.761 

2  chutes  stopped,, 
with  blocks,    7... 

18.30 

680 

146.4 

45.25 

1.200 

1755.97 

.747 

3  chutes  stopped 
with  blocks,    8... 

18.30 

615 

146.4 

40.93 

1.147 

1(342.74 

.722 

4  chutes  stopped 
with  blocks,    9... 

18.22 

500 

147.2 

33.47 

1.062 

1464.92 

.666 

6  chutes  stopped 
with  blocks,  10... 

18.49 

365 

147 

24.39 

.919 

1180.30 

.579 

WholeGate.il... 

18.11 

830 

146.4 

55.23 

1327 

2037.41 

.794 

Part  Gate,    12... 

18.20 

680 

147.4 

45.56 

1.226 

1812.58 

.733 

Without  bl'ks,  13... 

18.26 

615 

145 

40.53 

1.178 

17C8.50 

.689 

Whole  Gate,  14... 

18.29 

500 

146 

33.18 

1.082 

1505.95 

.639 

15... 

18.37 

365 

146 

24.35 

.959 

1262.11 

.667 

Head  Reduced, 

Whole  Gate,  17.  . 

12.14 

450 

137 

28.02 

1.120 

1586.21 

.772 

18.  . 

12.15 

475 

133.5 

28.82 

1.127 

1600.96 

.778 

"          19.    . 

12.13 

500 

1285 

29.21 

1.134 

1615.71 

.773 

20. 

12.13 

525 

123.5 

29.47 

1.139 

1626.29 

.792 

"          21.   . 

12.11 

560 

117 

29.25 

1.143 

1634.77 

.784 

"          22.   . 

12.09 

675 

115 

50.05 

1.161 

1651.76 

244 
Patent  Curbs. 


Designed  to  Economize  Water  at  Part  Gate. 


Thi?,by  W.  S.  Davis,  War- 
ner,  N.  II  ,  has  16  chutes  or 
gates  that  open  successively, 
two  at  a  time,  tested  May, 
1871.  Wheel  a  rough  imita- 
tion of  the  Swain. 

16  chutes  open,  perc'tge,  .6346. 
14  chutes  open,  pero'tge,  .4765. 
10  chutes  open,  perc'tge,  .3955. 
6  chutes  open,  perc'tge,  .2968. 


J.  T.  Case,  Bristol,  Conn. 


National  Water  Wheel  Company. 
See  Report  of  Tests  for  thut  Company. 


John  L.  Stowe,  Newark, 
New  Jersey. 


Test  of  a  24-inch,  April,  1878. 


Il.'a.l.  \V'ht.    Rev.    H.  P. 


Cubic!  Per- 
fect.    Cent 


•217. :>     2s  id    1005.12   .807.~> 


22.58  I  854.33   .7599 
15.02  I  607.23   .7054 


The  Davis  and  Case  chutes  are  closed 
af  their  outer  ends,  while  the  Stowe 
plan  closes  them  at  their  inner  end. 


245 


246 


List  of  Wheels  Tested. 


Those  having  a  star  placed  before  name  are  specially  reported, 

*  AMERICAN,  Stout,  Mills  &  Temple,  Dayton,  Ohio.  The  best  of  the  early 
wheels. 

*ANGELL,  Providence,  B.  I.  Double  discharge,  central  and  down.  Buckets 
cast  separate,  then  bolted  to  hub,  very  apt  to  shear  ofl.  Fly  trap  gates,  very 
leaky;  is  steadier,  gives  more  power  and  higher  useful  effect  with  central  dis- 
charge  stopped. 

ARROWSMITH,  Lockport,  N.  Y.  Central  discharge  with  sheets  of  steel 
extending  the  inner  edge  of  buckets  until  they  met  like  the  sides  of  a  wedge 
upon  the  supposition  taut  at  part  gate  the  pressure  of  water  would  regulate  the 
opening,  and  produce  high  percentage  at  any  stage  of  gate.  The  plan  was  a  fail- 
ure. Highest  useful  efiect,  68  per  cent. 

*BUBNHAM,  York,  Pa.    Downward  discharge.    Outside  register  gate. 

*BOTDEN  FOURNEYRON.  Made  at  Chicopee,  Holyoke  and  other  places.  Out 
ward  discharge.  Poor  at  part  gate  and  of  small  capacity  for  diameter.  Useful 
effect  of  those  I  have  tested  has  varied  from  46  to  85  per  cent. 

BUZZELL,  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt.  Scroll.  Downward  discharge.  So  arranged 
that  proportionally  it  gives  good  part  gate  results.  Highest  percentage,  56  per 
cent. 

BASTION,  Canton,  N.  Y.  Similar  to  the  Curtis,  but  I  think  not  manufactured 
now.  Tested  one  with  wicket  gate  in  draft  tube  below  the  wheel,  which  proved 
the  plan  to  be  bad.  With  register  gate,  highest  useful  effect,  70  per  cent. 

BEE,  Lancaster,  Mass.  Downward  discharge.  Babbitted  in  the  upper  bear- 
ing,  and  became  bound  while  being  tested,  so  that  58  per  cent.,  the  highest 
result  obtained,  was  no  indication  of  what  the  wheel  would  have  done  if  it  had 
been  in  a  proper  condition. 

BRYANT  BRO'S.,  Westchesterfield,  Mass.  Downward  discharge.  Gave  65  per 
cent. 

BRYSON  TURRETT,  Miles  Greenwood,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Down  and  central. 
75  per  cent.  Not  manufactured  now. 

BLAKE,  Pepperell,  Mass,    Scroll.    Obsolete.    50  per  cent. 

*BARBBR,  Ballston  Spa,  N.  Y.    79.29  per  cent. 

*BLACKSTONE,  in  Elmer,  Lcffel  and  American  curbs.    See  special  reports. 

BODINE  JONVAL,  Mount  Morris,  N.  Y.    If  made  at  all.    76  per  cent. 

*BOLLINGER,  York,  Pa.    Central  discharge.    70  per  cent. 

*C'ox,  Ellsworth,  N.  Y.    Double,  downward  discharge.    70  per  cent. 

*CASE,  National  Water  Wheel  Co.,  Bristol,  Conn.    See  special  report, 

*CHASE,  Orange,  Mass.    See  report. 

CUSHMAN,  Hartford,  Conn.    Scroll.    50  per  cent.    Discharge  up  and  down. 

*COLEMAN,  Turner's  Falls. 

*CUBTIS,  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 


247 

COOK,  Lake  Village,  N.  II.  Has  had  several  kinds  tested,  but  builds  upon  a 
different  plnn  now.  Highest  useful  effect  of  those  tri.  d,  .Tt'i'2  per  cent. 

CHAPMAN,  Clark  &  Chapman,  Turner's  Falls,  Mass.  Highest  efficiency ,52  per 
cent. 

*ECLIPSE,  Stihvell  &  Bierce  Manf 'g  Co.,  Dayton,  Ohio. 

GROW,  Dubuquc,  Iowa.    69  per  cent. 

GILLESPIE,  Turner's  Falls,  Mass.  Two  wheels  upon  horizontal  shaft.  Four- 
neyron  wheels.  54  per  cent. 

GBEEN,  Juda,  Wis.    50  per  cent. 

GEYLINE,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  Jouval  wheels.  Telescopic  gate  below  wheels. 
56  per  cent. 

HOLMAN,  Adams,  N.  Y.    47  per  cent. 

HUMMING  BIRD,  Willis  Read,  Danbury,  Conn.  Two.  One  central,  one  down- 
ward  discharge.  62  per  cent. 

*HOUSTON,  Beloit,  Wis.  Ha^  had  many  wheels  tested.  Useful  effect,  ranging 
from  .774  to  .9006  per  cent.  G.Ue  works  very  hard,  and  is  poor  at  part  gate. 

*HERCULES,  Holyokc,  Mass.    Sou  special  report. 

*HpLYOKE  MACHINE  Co.,  Holyoke,  Mass.    See  special  report. 

*HUNT,  Orange,  Mass.    See  special  report. 

*HUMPHREY,  Humphrey  Machine  Co.,  Keene,  N.  II. 

KINDLEBERGER,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.    .6246  per  cent. 

KNOWLTON,  Saccarappa,  Maine.    59  per  cent.    Abandoned. 

LEAVITT,  Lebanon,  N.  H.    .637  per  cent. 

LUTHER,  Iowa.    Scroll.    70  per  cent. 

*LEFFEL,  Springfield,  Ohio.  Have  tested  many  of  them.  Useful  effect  varied 
from  40  to  79  per  cent. 

*LUCAS,  Hastings,  Minn.    See  special  report. 

*LIBBY,  Medford,  Mass.    See  special  report. 

LESNER,  Fultonville,  N.  Y.  Central  discharge.  Central  discharge  wheels  are 
behind  the  age. 

*MULLIKIN,  Lansing,  Iowa.  See  special  report.  The  wheel  is  very  poorly 
made. 

*MossER,  Allentown,  Penn.    See  spc  cial  report. 

MALLERY,  Dryden,  N.  Y.    .769  per  cent, 

*NATIONAL,  Josiah  Buzzby,  Crosswicks,  N.  J.  .676  per  cent.  Complicated 
gates. 

*NATIONAL,  Bristol,  Conn.    See  special  report  of  the  Case  wheel. 

*PERRY,  Bridgton,  Maine.    See  special  report. 

PLATT,  New  Brighton,  Pa.  Two  wheels  upon  a  horizontal  shaft.  .585  per 
cent. 

HANKY,  New  Castle,  Pcnn.  Became  bound  in  its  stuffing  box  while  being 
tested,  so  that  the  test  was  no  indication  of  what  it  would  have  done  if  it  had 
been  well  constructed.  Useful  effecr,  per  test,  .667  per  cent. 

*RISDON,  Mt.  Holly,  New  Jersey.    See  special  report. 

REYNOLDS,  Oswego,  N.  Y.    Scroll.    50  per  cent. 

REASER,  Milwaukee,  Wis.  Flutter  wheel  placed  on  end  between  plates; 
would  not  run  its  own  weight  to  speed. 

SHERWOOD,  Independence,  Iowa.  A  Fourueyron,  03  per  cent.,  and  a  down' 
ward  discharge.  .761  per  cent. 

*SWAIN,  North  Chelmsford,  Mass.     See  special  report. 

*SMITH,  York,  Pa.    See  special  report. 


248 

STEVENSON,  New  York  City.  Two  Jonvul  wheels  placed  together,  one  d's- 
charging  downward  the  o:hcr  upwards,  the  upper  discharge  passing  into  a  dome 
"  or  vacuum,"  then  downward  in  an  annular  tube,  as  shown  in  the  Fulton  & 
Myers'  plan,  which  is  illustrated  in  the  group  of  perpetual  motion  inventions. 

*SMALL,  Urbana,  Ohio.    See  report. 

STETSON,  Fitchburg,  Mass.  Central  and  downward  discharge,  register  gates, 
not  manufactured  now.  .793  per  cent. 

*STOWE,  Newark,  New  Jersey. 

STAPLES,  Boston,  Mass.  Central  discharge,  three  divisions,  with  a  cylinder 
gate  raised  by  a  screw  similar  to  that  of  tlie  Hercules;  the  object  of  the  three 
divisions  of  the  wheel  was  to  ga:n  high  part  pate  results,  as  it  was  supposed  that 
either  division  would  give  as  high  results  as  the  whole  combined.  Highest 
results  obtained,  77  per  cent. 

TRULLINGER,  Oswego,  Oregon.  Discharge  down  and  up  into  a  vacuum  like 
Stevenson's.  70  per  cent. 

TYLER,  Claremont,  N.  H.  Old  scroll,  useful  effect  ranged  from  50  to  67  per 
cent. 

*TTLEE.    New  scroll  and  flume  wheels.    See  special  reports. 

TELLER,  Fort  Plain,  N.  Y.  Wheel  in  divisions  like  the  Staples  and  for  the 
same  purpose.  Useful  effect,  .645  per  cent. 

TERRY,  Terryville,  Ct.  Boyden  or  Fourneyron  with  two  register  gates,  one 
inside  of  chu:es,  the  other  outside.  58  per  cent.  Abandoned. 

*TUTTLE,  Waterville,  Maine.    58  per  cent. 

TICE,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Re-invention  of  the  old  Schiele  wheel,  illustrations  of 
it  may  be  found  in  Wiesbach's  or  almost  any  other  work  treating  of  turbiiu  s 
twenty  years  since. 

THOMPSON,  Springfield,  Mo.,  and  Silver  Creek,  N.  Y. 

*TWTTCHELL,  Pulnski,  N.  Y.    See  und;  r  the  head  of  Perpetual  Motion. 

UPHAM,  Worcester,  Mass.  Central  discharge,  tried  in  scroll,  also  in  flume 
curb.  72  in  scroll.  68  per  cent,  in  flume  curb.  Abandoned. 

*UPHAM  &  LIBBT.    See  special  report. 

*VICTOR,  Stihvell  &  Bierce  Manfg  Co.,  Dayton,  Ohio. 

VANDEWATER,  Rochester,  N.  Y.  Downward  discharge,  cylinder  gate.  .778 
per  cent.  Wheel  struck  bad  in  curb  while  being  tested. 

WATSON  JONVAL,  Paterson,  N.  J.    Old.    49  per  cent. 

*  WALSH,  Waupaca,  Wis. 

*WHITNEY,  Leominster,  Mass.  Old  plan  in  flume  and  scroll  curbs  abandoned. 
Percentage  of  scroll,  old  wheel,  40  per  cent.  Flume,  72.  For  new  plan,  see 
special  report. 

WAGNEB,  Chicago,  111.     Foolishly  complicated  in  discharge  and  limited 
capacity.    Highest  useful  effect,  .738  per  cent. 

WHEELER,  Berlin,  Mass.  Central  and  downward  discharge;  but  did  best 
every  way  with  central  discharge  stopped  with  blocks.  Discharged  the  same 
quantity  of  water  after  b'.ocking  central  discharge.  .745  per  cent.  Not  manu- 
factured now. 

*WYNKOOP.    See  special  report. 

*WKTMORE,  Clarcmout,  N.  H.    See  special  report. 

*WoLF,  Allentown,  Pa.  In  taking  one  of  the  make  apart,  a  few  days  since, 
many  small  pieces  were  found  that  were  used  for  blocking  up  gate  suspension. 
Such  pieces  are  very  liable  to  get  lost  and  might,  with  little  trouble,  be  rendered 
unnecessary,  by  casting  projecting  pieces  on  the  surfaces.  "Patchwork"  is 
objectionable  in  turbine  building.  See  special  report  fur  efficiency, 


CHABIA. 


Miss  CHAKLA  A.  ADAMS. 


A  Green  Mountain  girl,  receiving  three  months'  schooling  in  the 
summer  and  occasional  spells  in  the  winter.  At  thirteen  away  to 
the  Lowell  mills,  graduating  from  there  at  nineteen  as  mathema- 
tician of  my  testing  work,  and  as  I  had  never  owned  a  schoolbook 
until  buying  them  for  my  children,  it  will  readily  be  conceived  that 
we  were  not  handicapped  by  the  Massachusetts  school  system. 

Without  exception  Charla  was  the  most  expeditious  mathema- 
tician and  best  adapted  for  the  purpose  of  any  one  I  have  ever  known, 
engaged  in  the  work. 


250 


Weight  of  a  Cubic  foot  of  Pure  Water  at  Differ- 
ent Temperatures. 


Degrees. 

Weight. 

Degrees. 

Weight. 

Degrees. 

Weight. 

Degrees. 

Weight. 

32 

62.375 

45 

62.378 

59 

62.336 

73 

62.249 

33 

62.377 

46 

62.376 

60 

62.331 

74 

62.242 

34 

62.378 

47 

62  375 

61 

62.326 

75 

62.234 

35 

62.379 

48 

62.373 

62 

62.321 

76 

62.225 

36 

62.380 

49 

62.371 

63 

62.316 

77 

62.217 

37 

62.381 

50 

62.368 

64 

62.310 

78 

62.208 

38 

62.381 

51 

62.365 

65 

62.304 

79 

62.199 

39(max) 

62.382 

52 

62.363 

66 

62.298 

80 

62.190 

39.38 

62.382 

53 

62.359 

67 

62.292 

81 

62.181 

40 

62.382 

54 

62.356 

68 

62.285 

82 

62.172 

41 

62.381 

55 

62.352 

69 

62.278 

83 

62.162 

42 

62.381 

56 

62.349 

70 

62.272 

84 

62.152 

43 

62.380 

57 

62.345 

71 

62.264 

85 

62.142 

44 

62.379  !      58 

62.340 

72 

62.257 

86 

62.132 

%  HTable  of  Inches  and.  Sixteenths  Reduced  to  Decimals 
g    j                                                    of  a  Foot. 

5 

I 

0         1 

2 

3 

_f_     5 

6 

7 

S 

9 

10 

11 

A 

.000  .083 

.167 

.250 

.333 

.417 

.500 

.583 

.667 

.750 

.833 

.917 

* 

.005 

.089 

.172 

.255 

.339 

.422 

.505 

.589 

.672  .755 

.839 

.922 

A 

.010 

.094 

.177 

.260 

.344 

.427 

.510 

.594 

.6771.760 

.844 

.927 

A 

.016 

.099 

.182 

.266 

.349 

.432 

.516 

.599 

.682 

.766 

.849 

.932 

ft 

.021 
.026 

.104 
.109 

.187 
.193 

.271 
.276 

.354 
.359 

.437 
.443 

.521 
.526 

.604 
.609 

.687 
.693 

.771 
.776 

.854  .937 
.859  .943 

A 

.031 

.115 

.198 

.281 

.365 

.448 

.531 

.615 

.  698  !.  781 

.865 

.948 

ft 

.036 

.120 

.203 

.286 

.370 

.453 

.536 

.620 

.703 

.786 

.870 

.953 

•A 

.042 

.125 

.208 

.292 

.375 

.458 

.542 

625 

.708 

.792 

.875 

.958 

V 

.047 

.130 

.214 

297 

.380 

.464 

.547 

.630 

.714 

.797 

.880 

964 

ji 

.052 

.135 

219 

302 

.385 

.469 

.552 

.635 

.719 

.802 

.885 

.969 

is 

.057 

.141 

.224 

307 

.391 

.474 

.557 

.641 

.724 

.807 

.891 

.974 

-f 

.062 

.146 

.229 

312 

.396 

.479  .562 

.646 

.729 

.812  .896 

.979 

* 

.068 

.151 

.234 

318 

.401 

4841.568 

.651 

.734 

.818  .901 

.984 

i    I 

.073 

.156 

240 

323 

.406 

.490  .573 

.656 

.740 

.823  .900 

.990 

>; 

.078 

.Ifil 

.241 

828 

.411 

.495 

.578 

.661 

.745 

.828i.91l 

.995 

251 


The  Emerson  Weir  Tables, 

For  weirs  with  end  contractions,  were  computed  for  me  by  Miss  Charla 
A.  Adams,  some  20,000  quantities ;  these  have  done  much  towards  reducing 
the  cost  of  water  wheel  tests  and  water  measurements,  at  the  same  time 
producing  far  greater  accuracy. 

These  were  computed  by  the  Francis  formula,  from  zero  up.  The  experi- 
ments upon  which  that  formula  was  prepared  were  not  extended  below  a 
depth  of  .500  of  a  foot,  but  it  is  often  necessary  to  use  it  at  a  much  less  depth  ; 
and  experience  proves  it  to  be  sufficiently  accurate  for  all  practical  purposes. 

The  computations  are  per  minute.  If  the  weir  is  properly  constructed 
there  is  no  need  of  correction,  if  nor  properly  constructed  a  correction  is 
mere  guess-work  or  conjecture. 

The  Francis  tables  for  the  one  foot  weir  are  calculated  for  weir  without 
contraction ;  consequently,  by  using  those  in  connection  with  the  others, 
by  adding  to  or  subtracting  from,  the  quantity  flowing  over  a  weir  of  anv 
length  may  readily  be  found. 


Depth 
W^i, 

LENGTH  OF   THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

2  Feet. 

.'i  Feet. 

i  Feet. 

6   Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

l(i  Feet. 

20Feet. 

.001 

.013 

.019       .025 

.038 

.044 

.051 

.063 

.076 

.101 

.127 

.002 

.045      .067       .064 

.134 

.154 

.179 

.224 

.268 

.358 

.475 

.003 

.077      .115,      .103 

.230 

.264 

.307 

.385 

.460 

.615 

.823 

.004 

.109      .163:      .142 

.326 

.374 

.435 

.547 

.653 

.872 

1.171 

.005 

.141 

.212|      .281 

.424 

.494 

.565 

.709 

.847 

1.130 

1.410 

.006 

.194 

.2891      .384 

.542 

.674 

.775 

.966 

1.157 

1.543 

1.927 

.007 

.247 

.3661      .487 

.661 

.854 

.981 

1.223 

1.467 

1.956 

2.444 

.008 

.301 

.443!      .591 

.780 

1.034 

1.188 

1.481 

1.777 

2.369 

2.967 

.009 

.355 

.521       .695 

.899 

1.214 

1.375 

1.739 

2.087 

2.782 

3.478 

.010 

.409 

.599 

.799 

1.018 

1.397 

1.598 

1.997 

2.397 

3.196 

3.515 

.011 

46 

.74 

.93 

1.24 

1.87 

1.86 

2.33 

2.79 

3.71 

4.66H 

.012 

.52  i       .83 

1.06 

1.47 

2.10 

2.21 

2.67 

3.19 

4.22 

5.33 

.013 

.59 

.92      1.19 

2.34 

2.40 

3.01 

3.59 

4.74 

6.00 

.014 

.66 

1.01 

1.32 

L95 

2.57 

2.67 

3.35 

3.99 

5.25 

6.67 

.015 

.73 

1.10 

1.46 

2.20 

2.84 

2.94 

3.69 

4.40 

5.87 

7.34 

.016 

.81 

1.21 

1.62 

2.43 

3.06 

3.25 

3.94 

4.87 

6.50 

8.13 

.017 

.89      1.33 

1.78 

2.66 

3.28 

3.56 

4.45 

5.34 

7.13 

8.92 

.018 

.97 

1.45 

1.94 

2.90 

3.50 

3.87 

4.84 

5.81 

7.76 

9.97 

.019 

1.05 

1.57 

2.10 

3.14 

3.72 

4.19 

5.24 

6.28 

8.40 

10.50 

.020 

1.13 

1.69 

2.27 

3.38 

3.95 

4.51 

5.64 

6.76 

9.04 

11.30 

.021 

1.22 

1.82 

2.44 

3.65 

4.26 

4.87 

6.09 

7.29 

9.75 

12.19 

.022 

1.31 

1.95 

2.61 

3.92 

4.57 

5.23 

6.54 

7.83 

10.47 

13.09 

.023 

1.40 

2.08 

2.78 

4.19 

4.88 

5.59 

6.99 

8.37 

11.19 

13.99 

.024 

1.49 

2.22 

2.95 

4.46 

5.20 

5.95 

7.44 

8.91 

11.91 

14.89 

.025 

1.58      2.36 

3.12 

4.73 

5.52 

6.31 

7.89 

9.45 

12.63 

15.79 

.026 

1.67 

2.51 

3.32 

5.02 

5.86 

6.70 

8.38 

10.05 

13.42 

16.78 

.027 

1.77 

2.66 

3.52 

5.32 

6.20 

7.10 

8.88 

10.65 

14.21 

17.77 

.028 

1.87 

2.81 

3.72 

5.62 

6.53 

7.50         9.38 

11.25 

15.00 

18.76 

.029 

1.97 

2.96 

3.93 

5.92 

6.90 

T.iMt         9.88 

11.85 

15.80 

19.75 

.030 

2.07 

3.11 

4.14 

6.22 

7.25 

8.30       10.38 

12.46 

16.60 

20.75 

.031 

2.17 

3.27 

4.37 

6.52 

7.63 

8.74       10.91 

13.10 

17.46 

21.83 

.032 

2.28 

3.4.3 

4.60 

6.82 

8.01 

9.181      11.45 

13.74 

18.32 

22.91 

.033 

2.39 

3.59 

4.84 

7.13 

8.39 

9.62 

11.99 

14.39 

19.18    23.99 

.034 

2.50 

3.75 

5.08 

7.43 

8.77      10.07 

12.53 

15.04 

20.05    25.17 

.035 

2.61 

3.91 

5.22 

7.84 

9.15J     10.52 

13.07 

15.69 

20.92    26.15 

252 


Depth 
We?, 

LENGTH   OF  THE   WEIK. 

Feet. 

2  Feet 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

«  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

Id  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20Feet. 

.036 

2.72 

4.08 

5.45 

8.18 

9.55 

10.97 

13.64 

16.38 

21.84 

27.31 

.037 

2.83 

4.25 

5.68 

8.53 

9.95 

11.42 

14.21 

17.07 

22.77 

28.47 

.038 

2.95 

4.42 

5.91 

8.88 

10.35 

11.87 

14.78 

17.76 

23.71 

29.63 

.039 

3.07 

4.60 

6.14 

9.23 

10.76 

11.32 

15.35 

18.46 

24.64 

30.79 

.040 

3.10 

4.78 

6.38 

9.58 

11.17 

12.77 

15.93 

19.16 

25.56 

31.95 

.041 

3.31 

4.96 

6.62 

9.94 

11.60 

13.26 

16.55 

19.90 

26.54 

33.18 

.042 

3.43 

5.14 

6.86 

10.31 

12.03 

13.75 

17.17 

20.64 

27.53 

34.41 

.043 

3.55 

5.32 

7.11 

10.68 

12.47 

14.25 

17.80 

21.38 

28.52 

35.05 

.044 

3.67 

5.51 

7.36 

11.05 

12.91 

14.75 

18.43 

22.12 

29.51 

36.89 

.045 

3.80 

5.70 

7.61 

11.42 

13.35 

15.25 

19.06 

22.88 

30.50 

38.13 

.046 

3.93 

5.89 

7.87 

11.81 

13.80 

16.70 

19.71 

23.66 

31.54 

39.43 

.047 

4.06 

6.08 

8.13 

12.20 

14.25 

16.28 

20.36 

24.44 

32.58 

40.73 

.048 

4.19 

6.27 

8.39 

12.511 

14.70 

16.80 

21.01 

25.22 

33.62 

42.03 

.049 

4.32 

6.47 

8.66 

12.98 

15.15 

17.32 

21.66 

26.00 

34.67 

43.154 

.050 

4.45 

6.67 

8.93 

13.38 

15.69 

17.84 

22.32 

26.78 

35.72 

44.65 

.051 

4.58 

6.87 

9.20 

13.79 

16.09 

18.39 

23.00 

27.60 

3(5.81 

46.02 

.052 

4.71 

7.07 

!».47 

14.20 

16.57 

18.94 

23.68 

28.42 

37.90 

47.39 

.053 

4.84 

7.28 

9.74 

14.61 

17.05 

19.49 

24.36 

29.24 

39.00 

48.76 

.054 

4.9!) 

7.49 

10.01 

15.02 

17.53 

20.04 

25.05 

30.06 

40.10 

50.14 

.055 

5.13 

7.70 

10.28 

15.43 

18.01 

20.59 

25.74 

30.90 

41.20 

51.52 

.056 

5.27 

7.91 

10.56 

15.86 

18.51 

21.16 

26.45 

31.76 

42.35 

52.95 

.057 

5.41 

8.12 

10.84 

16.29 

19.01 

21.73 

27.17 

32.62 

43.50 

54.38 

.058 

5.55 

8.33 

11.12 

16.72 

19.51 

22.30 

27.89 

33.48 

44.71 

55.81 

.059 

5.69 

8.55 

11.41 

17.15 

20.01 

22.87 

28.61 

34.34 

46.86 

57.24 

.060 

5.84 

8.77 

11.71 

17.58 

20.52 

23.45 

29.33 

35.20 

46.95 

58.69 

.061 

5.98 

8.99 

12.00 

18.02 

21.04 

24.04 

30.07 

36.09 

48.16 

60.18 

.062 

6.13 

9.11 

12.30 

18.46 

21.56 

24.64 

30.81 

36.99 

49.37 

61.68 

.<Mi3 

6.28 

9.33 

12.60 

18.91 

22.08 

25.24 

31.56 

37.89 

50.58 

63.18 

.064 

6.43 

9.56 

12.90 

19.36 

22.61 

25.84 

32.31 

38.79 

51.79 

64.68 

.065 

6.58 

9.89 

13.20 

19.81 

23.14 

26.44 

33.0(5 

39.69 

53.00 

(56.18 

.066 

6.73 

10.12 

13.50 

2(1.27 

23.68 

27.06 

33.83 

40.62 

54.23 

67.73 

.067 

6.88 

10.35 

13.81 

20.74 

24.22 

27.62 

34.61 

41.55 

86.46 

69.28 

.068 

7.03 

10.58 

14.12 

21.21 

24.76 

28.24 

35.39 

42.48 

56.09 

70.83 

.069 

7.19 

10.81 

14.43 

21.68 

25.30 

28.86 

36.17 

43.41 

57.92 

72.39 

.070 

7.a!> 

11.04 

14.74 

22.15 

25.85 

29.55 

36.95 

44.35 

59.15 

73.95 

.071 

7.51 

11.28 

15.06 

22.63 

26.41 

30.19 

37.75 

45.31 

60.46 

75.55 

.072 

7.67 

11.52 

15.  8 

23.11 

26.97 

30.83 

38.55 

46.281     61.77 

77.15 

.073 

7.83 

11.76 

15.71 

23.59 

27.53 

31.47 

39.36 

47.25      63.0s 

78.75 

.074 

7.99 

11.98 

16.03 

24.07 

28.10 

32.12 

40.17 

48.22 

(54.38 

80.36 

.075 

8.15 

12.2.~, 

16.35 

24.56 

28.67 

32.77 

40.98 

49.19 

(15.00 

81.97 

.076 

8.31 

12.49 

16.68 

25.05 

29.25 

33.43 

41.81 

50.18 

00.9:; 

83.(54 

.077 

8.47 

12.74 

17.03 

25.55 

29.S3 

34.09 

42.64 

51.18 

68.26 

85.31 

.078 

8.63 

12.99 

17.38 

26.05 

30.41 

84.78 

43.47 

52.18       69.59 

86.99 

.079 

8.80 

13.24 

17.73 

2(1.55 

30.99 

35.42 

44.30 

53.18      70.92 

88.67 

.080 

8.97 

13.49 

18.01 

27.05 

31.67 

36.09 

45.14 

54.18      72.26 

90.35 

.081 

9.14 

13.74 

18.35 

27.56 

32.17 

36.77 

45.99 

55  20      73.03 

92.00 

.082 

9.31 

13.99 

18.09 

2S.07 

32.77 

37.45 

46.85 

56.23!     75.00 

93.78 

.083 

9.48 

14.24 

19.03 

28.511 

33.  37 

38.14 

47.71 

57.20       7C..37 

95.50 

.084 

9.65 

14.49 

19.37 

29.01 

33.97 

38.83 

48.57 

5S.29      77.74 

97.22 

.085 

9.82 

14.75 

19.72 

29.62 

34.58 

39.52 

49.43 

59.32      79.13     98.94 

.086 

9.99 

15.01 

20.07 

30.15 

35.19 

40.22 

50.31 

60.38      80.54   100.71 

.087 

10.16 

15.27 

20.42 

30.6S 

35.81 

40.92 

51.19 

61.44 

81.95    102.48 

10.153 

15.54 

20.77 

31.21 

36.43 

41.63 

52.07 

62.50 

83.87    104.28 

!089 

10.51 

15.81 

21.12 

31.74 

37.05 

42.34 

52.95 

63.56      84.79   106.02 

.090     10.69 

16.08 

21.48 

32.27 

37.67 

43.05 

53.84 

64.63      86.21    107.80 

.091!    10.87 

id.:;.-) 

21.84 

32.81 

3S.30 

43.77 

54.75 

(55.72       S7.00 

109.62 

.092      1  1  .05 

16.62 

22.  20 

33.35 

38.93 

44.50 

55.66 

66.81  j     89.11 

111.44 

.093     11.23 

16.89 

22.56 

33.89 

39.57 

45.23 

56.57 

67.90      90.57   113.26 

253 


Dep^th 
Weir. 

LK> 

Feet. 

2  Feet. 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet.    12  Feet. 

1C  Feet.    20  Feet. 

.094 

11.411    17.16 

22.92 

34.44 

40.21 

45.96 

57.48        68.99 

92.031    115.08 

.095 

11.58     17.44 

23.29 

34.99 

4(1.85 

40.09 

58.39,       70.09 

93.49     116.90 

.096 

11.76     17.77 

23.60 

35.55 

41.50 

47.43 

59.:!2          71.21 

94.98!    118.78 

.097 

11.94     17.99 

24.03 

36.11 

42.15 

48.17 

60.251       72.33 

96.47 

120.66 

.098 

12.13    18.27 

24.40 

36.67 

42.M 

48.92 

61.18 

73.45 

97.96 

122.54 

.099 

12.32     18.55 

24.77 

37.23 

42.45 

49.67 

62.12 

74.57 

99.46 

124.42 

.100 

12.51 

18.83 

25.14 

37.78 

44.11 

50.42 

63.06 

75.69 

100.96 

126.30 

.101 

12.69 

19.11 

25.52 

3*.:  55 

44.77 

51.18 

64.01        76.84 

102.49 

128.20 

.102 

12.88 

19.39 

25.90 

38.92 

45.43 

51.94 

64.96        77.99 

104.02 

130.10 

.103 

13.07 

19.67 

26.2S 

39.49 

46.10 

52.70 

65.91        79.14 

105.55 

132.00 

.104 

13.26 

19.96 

26.66 

40.06 

46.77 

53.47 

66.87        80.29 

107.08 

133.90 

.105 

13.45 

20.25 

27.04 

40.64 

47.44 

54.24 

67.83!       81.44 

108.62 

135.81 

.106 

13.64 

20.53 

27.43 

41.2? 

48.12 

55.02 

68.81]       82.61 

110.17 

137.77 

.107 

13.83 

20.81 

27.82 

41.79 

48.80 

55.80 

69.79        83.78 

111.73 

139.73 

.108 

14.02 

21.10 

28.21 

42.38 

49.49 

56.58 

70.77        84.95 

113.29 

141.69 

.109 

14.21 

21.39 

28.60 

42.97 

50.18 

57.36 

71.75        85.12 

114.85 

143.65 

.110 

14.41 

21.71 

29.00 

43.57 

50.87 

58.15 

72.73        87.30 

116.41 

145.62 

.111 

14.60 

22.00 

29.39 

44.17 

51.57 

58.95 

73.73        88.50 

118.07 

147.62 

.112 

14.80 

22.30 

29.78 

44.77 

52.27 

59.75 

74.73        89.70 

119.67 

149.63 

.113 

15.00 

22.60 

30.11 

45.37 

52.97 

60.55 

75.73        90.90 

121.27 

151.64 

.114 

15.20 

22.90 

30.58 

45.97 

53.07 

61.35 

76.73         92.11 

122.88 

153.65 

.115 

15.40 

23.20 

30.98 

46.57 

54.37 

62.15 

77.74 

93.32 

124.49 

155.66 

.116 

15.60 

23.50 

31.39 

47.18 

55.0S 

0±  96 

78.76 

94.55 

126.13 

157.71 

.117 

15.80 

23.80 

31.80 

47.79 

55.71  1 

63.78 

79.78 

95.78 

127.77 

159.76 

.118 

16.00 

24.10 

32.21 

48.40 

50.5U 

64.50 

80.80 

97.01 

129.41 

161.81 

.119 

10.20 

24.41 

32.02 

49.01 

57.22 

65.32 

81.82 

98.25 

131.05 

163.86 

.120    16.41 

24.72 

33.02 

49.03 

57.91 

06.24 

82.85 

99.49 

132.69 

165.91 

.121     16.61 

2.->!o3 

33.43 

50.25 

58.67 

67.07 

83.89 

100.74 

134.36 

168.00 

.122     16.81 

25.34 

33.84 

50.87 

59.40 

67.90 

84.95 

102.09 

136.03 

170.09 

.123    17.01 

25.65 

34.26 

51.49 

60.17 

68.74 

85.98 

103.34 

137.70 

172.18 

.124     17.22 

25.97 

34.68 

52.11 

60.90 

69.58 

87.03 

104.59 

139.38 

174.27 

.125    17.43 

26.27     35.119 

52.75 

01.59 

70.42 

88.08 

105.74 

141.06 

176.38 

.126    17.64 

26.58;   35.51 

53.38 

02.33 

71.27 

89.14 

107.02 

142.76 

178.51 

.127,    17.85 

26.89'    35.93 

54.02 

63.07 

72.13 

90.20 

108.30 

144.47!    180.64 

.128     18.06 

27.21     36.36 

54.66 

63.81 

72.99 

91.27 

109.58 

146.18     182.78 

.129    18.27 

27.53    36.79 

55.30 

64.5.5 

73.K5 

92.34 

110.86 

147.89     184.91 

.130     18.48 

27.85i    37.22 

55.94 

65.30 

74.71 

93.41 

112.14 

149.60 

187.06 

.131     18.69 

28.171    37.65 

56.59 

66.06,    75.57 

94.49 

113.44 

151.34 

189.23 

.132     18.90 

28.49    38.06 

57.24 

66.82    76.44 

95.57 

114.70 

153.08 

191.40 

.133:    19.11 

28.81     38.49 

67.58 

77.31 

96.66 

116.04 

154.82 

193.58 

.134     19.33 

29.13!   38.92 

5S>>4 

68.34 

78.18 

97.75 

117.35 

156.56 

195.76 

.135    19.55 

29.46!    39.37 

59.19 

69.11 

79.05 

98.84 

118.66 

158.30 

197.94 

.136     19.76 

29.78    39.81 

59.85 

69.KX 

79.92 

99.94 

119.98 

160.07 

200.15 

.137     19.97 

30.11    40.25 

60.51 

70.65 

80.79 

101.04 

121.31 

161.84 

202.37 

.138,    20.19 

30.44    40.69 

61.17 

71.42 

81.67 

102.14 

122.64 

163.61 

204.59 

.139;   20.41 

30.77!    41.13 

61.84 

72.19 

82.55 

10.-i.25 

123.97 

165.38 

206.81 

.140     20.63 

31.101    41.57 

62.51 

72.97 

83.43 

104.37 

125.30 

167.16 

209.03 

.141     20.85 

31.43     42.01 

63.18 

73.75 

84.33 

105.49 

126.65 

168.96 

211.28 

.142;    21.07 

31.76    42.45 

63.85 

74.53 

85.23 

106.61 

128.00 

170.76 

213.53 

.143    21.29 

32.09    42.90 

64.52 

75.32 

86.13 

107.74 

129.35 

172.57 

215.79 

.144!   21.52 

32.43 

43.35 

65.19 

76.11 

87.03 

108.87 

131.70 

174.37 

218.05 

.145;   21.74 

32.77 

43.80 

65.87 

76.90 

87.93 

110.00 

132.06 

176.19 

220.31 

.146    21.96 

33.11 

44.25 

66.55 

77.70 

88.81 

111.14 

133.43 

178.02 

222.60 

.147,    22.18 

33.45 

44.71 

67.23 

78.50 

X9.75 

112.28 

134.80 

179.85 

224.90 

.148    22.40    33.79 

45.17 

67.91 

79.30 

90.07 

113.42 

136.18 

181.69 

227.20 

.149    22.63    34.13 

45.03 

68.60 

80.10 

91.59 

114.57 

137.56 

183.53 

229.50 

.150    22.86 

34.4" 

46.09 

69.29 

80.90 

92.51 

115.72 

138.94 

185.37 

231.80 

.151    23.08 

34.81 

46.55 

81.71 

93.43 

116.88 

140.33 

187.23 

234.13 

254 


Depth 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

2  Feet. 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet 

6  Feet. 

r  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet.  12  Feet.  16  Feet.  IzO  Feet. 

.152 

23.31 

35.15 

47.01 

70.67 

82.52 

94.36 

118.04 

141.73     189.09    236.46 

.153 

23>>4 

35.50 

47.47 

71.37 

83.33 

95.29 

119.21     143.17 

190.96     238.79 

.154 

23.77 

35.85 

47.93 

72.07 

84.14 

96.22 

120.38 

144.57 

192.83    241.13 

.155 

24.00 

36.20 

48.39 

72.77 

84.96 

97.15 

121.5- 

145.931   194.70    243.47 

.156 

24.23 

36.55 

48.85 

73.47 

ib.78 

98.09 

122.73 

147.35    196.59    245.86 

.157 

24.46 

36.80 

49.3. 

74.18 

86.6  1 

99.04 

123.91 

148.77 

199.48     2482.- 

.158 

24.60 

37.25 

49.79 

74.89 

87.44 

99.99 

125.09 

150.19 

201.38 

2.50.64 

.159 

24.1):: 

37.60 

50.26 

75.60 

88.27 

100.94 

126.27 

151.61 

203.2S 

253.04 

.160 

25.17 

37.96 

50.73 

76.31 

89.10 

101.89 

127.46 

153.03 

204.18 

255.;M 

.161 

25.40 

38.31 

51.20 

77.02 

89.93 

102.85 

128.66 

154.47 

206.10    267.75 

.162 

25.63 

51.68 

77.74 

90.77 

103.81 

129.81 

155.91 

208.03     260.17 

.163 

25.S6 

:!!uii' 

52.16 

78.46 

91.61 

104.77 

131.06 

157.3.5 

209.96     262.59 

.164 

26.10 

39.37 

52.64 

79.18 

92.45 

105.73 

132.21 

158.80 

211.89     265.01 

.165 

26.34 

39.73 

53.12 

79.90 

93.29 

106.69 

133.47 

160.25 

213.82     L67.38 

.166 

26.57 

40.09 

53.60 

80.63 

94.14 

107.6( 

134.69 

161.71 

215.76    269.82 

.167 

26.81 

40.45 

54.08 

81.36 

94.99 

108.6; 

135.91 

163.17 

217.70    272.26 

.168 

27.05 

40.81 

54.56 

82.09 

95.84 

109.6( 

137.13 

164.64 

219.65    274.71 

.169 

27.  2!  • 

41.17 

55.05 

82.82 

96.69 

110.58 

138.35 

166.11     221.60    277.16 

.170 

27..-,;; 

41.53 

55.54 

83.55 

97.55 

111.56 

139.57 

167.58;  223.65    279.61 

.171 

27.77 

41.88 

56.03 

84.28 

98.41 

112.54 

140.85 

169.06 

225.62     282.C19 

.172 

28.01 

12.23 

56.53 

85.02 

99.27 

113.53 

142.09 

170.54 

227.:,9    284.57 

.173 

28.25 

42.59 

57.02 

85.76 

100.14 

114.52 

143.33 

172.03 

229.56     287.05 

.174 

28.49 

42.95 

57.51 

86.50 

101.01 

115.51 

144.57 

173.52 

231.54 

289.54 

.175 

28.74 

43.31 

57.99 

87.24 

101.88 

116.50 

145.76 

175.01 

233.52 

292.03 

.176 

28.  !»S 

43.68 

58.48 

87.99 

102.75 

117.50 

147.01 

176.49 

2::5..54 

294.54 

.177 

29.22 

44.05 

58.98 

88.74 

103.62 

118.5* 

148.26 

177.98 

237.51 

297.06 

.178 

29.47 

44.43 

59.48 

89.49 

104.50 

119.50 

149.51 

179.47 

2:,9.rs 

299.58 

.179 

29.72 

41.81 

59.98 

90.24 

105.38 

120.50 

150.77 

180.96 

241.61 

302.10 

.180 

29.97 

45.19 

60.48 

91.00 

106.26 

121.51 

152.03 

1*2.55 

243.62 

304.62 

.181 

30.21 

45.57 

60.98 

91.76 

107.14 

122.52 

153.31 

184.07 

245.65 

307.17 

.182 

30.45 

45.95 

61.48 

92.52 

108.03 

123.53 

154.5! 

185.60 

247.68 

309.72 

.183 

30.70 

46.33 

61.  9S 

93.28 

108.92 

124.54 

155.88 

187.13 

249.71 

312.27 

.184 

30.95 

46.71 

62.49 

94.04 

109.81 

125.55 

157.17 

188.66 

251.74 

314.82 

.ia5 

31.21) 

47.10 

(13.00 

94.80 

110.70 

12(1.57 

158.43 

190.19 

253.78 

317.38 

.186 

31.45 

47.48 

63.51 

95.57 

111.60 

127.6(1 

159.71 

191.74 

255.S5 

319.% 

.187 

31.70 

47.86 

(11.02 

96.34 

112.50 

128.63 

160.99 

193.29 

257.92 

322.55 

.188 

31.95 

48.24 

111.53 

97.11 

113.40 

129.67 

162.27 

194.84 

259.9!) 

325.14 

.189 

32.21 

48.02 

U5.01 

97.88 

114.30 

130.71 

163.55 

196.39 

262.  06 

327.73 

.193 

32.47 

49.01 

65.56 

98.65 

115.20     131.75 

164.84 

197.94 

264.13 

330.32 

.191 

32.72 

49.39 

(1(1.07 

99.43 

116.11      132.79 

166.14 

199.51 

2(16.22 

332.93 

.192 

32.97 

4!».7T 

66.58 

100.21 

117.02 

133.83 

167.45 

201.08 

268.31 

335.55 

.193 

33.22 

50.1(1 

67.10 

100.99 

1  17.93 

134.87 

168.7(1 

2'  12.65 

-70.40 

338.17 

.194 

33.47 

50.55 

67.62 

101.77 

118.84 

ia->.92 

170.07 

204.22 

272.50 

340.79 

.195 

33.73 

5(1.91 

68.14 

102.56 

119.76 

1311.97 

171.38 

205.79 

274.60 

343.41 

.196 

33.98 

51.33 

68.66 

103.35 

120.68 

138.02 

172.70 

207.37 

276.72 

346.06 

.  .197 

34.24 

51.72 

69.18 

104.14 

121.60 

139.07 

174.02 

21.8.96 

278.84 

.'348.72 

.198 

34.50 

52.11 

69.70 

104.93 

122.52 

140.13 

175.34 

210,55 

280.96 

35J.38 

.199 

34.76 

52.50 

70.23 

105.72 

123.45 

141.19 

176.66 

212.14 

283.<  X 

354.04 

.200 

35.02 

52.89 

70.76 

10C.51 

124.38 

142.25 

177.99 

213.73 

2K5.22 

356.70 

.201 

35.2* 

53.28 

71.29 

107.31 

125.31 

143.32 

179.33 

215.34 

287.36 

359.38 

.202 

35.51 

53.67 

71.82 

107.81 

126.24 

144.39 

180.67 

216.95 

2X9.51 

362.07 

.203 

35.811 

.54.07 

7  2.:  15 

108.61 

127.17 

145.46 

182.01 

218.56 

291.66 

364.76 

.204 

36.06 

54.47 

72.88 

109.41 

128.11 

146.53 

183.:!5 

220.17     293.81 

367.45 

.205 

36.33 

54.87 

73.42 

110.51 

129.05 

147.60 

184.69 

221.78    295.96 

370.14 

.206 

36.59 

55.27 

73.95 

111.32 

130.00 

148.68 

186.04 

223.40  1  298.13 

372.86 

.207 

36.  S5 

55.67 

74.48 

112.13 

130.95 

149.76 

187.3!) 

225.03 

300.30 

375.58 

.208 

37.11 

5.1.07 

75.02 

112.94 

131.90 

150.84 

188.75 

226.66 

302.47 

378.30 

.209 

37.37 

,56.47 

75.56 

113.75 

132.85 

151.92 

190.11 

228.29 

304.65 

381.02 

255 


Depth 

LENGTH   OF  THE   WEIR. 

Feet. 

2  Feet. 

:)  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

.210 

37.64 

56.88 

76.10 

114.56 

133.81 

153.01 

191.47 

229.92 

3C6.83 

383.75 

.211 

37.90 

57.28 

76.64 

115.37 

134.76 

154.10 

192.84 

231.56 

:;<)9.03 

386.30 

.212 

38.17 

57.68 

77.18 

116.19 

135.72 

155.1!) 

194.21 

233.21 

311.23 

389.05 

•213f  38.44 
.2141  38.71 

58.08 

58.48 

77.72 
78.26 

117.01 
117.83 

136.68 
137.64 

156.29 

157.3!) 

195.58 
196.95 

234.86 
236.51 

313.43 
315.63 

391.80 

394.55 

.215i  38.98 

5S.89 

78.81 

118.65 

138.60 

158.49 

198.33 

238.16 

317.84 

397.51 

.216    39.24 

79.36 

119,18 

139.56 

159.5!) 

199.71 

239.82 

320.06 

400.2!) 

.217    39.51 

59  j  i 

79.91 

120.31 

140.52 

160.6!) 

201.09 

241.49 

322.28 

403.07 

.218!  39.78 

60.12 

80.46 

121.14 

141.48 

161.70 

202.48 

243.16 

324.57 

405.8(5 

.219'  40.05 

60.53 

81.01 

121.97 

142.45 

162.81 

203.87 

244.83 

326.80 

408.65 

.220'  40.32 

60.94 

81.56 

122.80 

143.41 

164.03 

205.26 

246.50 

328.97 

411.44] 

.221!  40.59 

61.35 

82.11 

123.63 

144.38 

165.15 

206.C6 

248.18 

331.22 

414.23 

.222    40.86 

61.76 

82.66 

124.47 

145.36 

166.27 

208.07 

249.86 

333.47 

417.02 

.223    41.13 

62.17 

83.21 

125.31 

146.34 

167.39 

209.48 

251.55 

335.72 

419.82 

.224    41.40 

62.59 

83.17 

126.15 

147.32 

168.50 

210.89 

253.24 

337.97 

422.62 

.225    41.68 

63.01     84.33 

126.!)!) 

148.30 

J69.63 

212.30 

254.93 

340.22 

425.52 

.226    41.95 

63.41  !    84.89 

127.83 

149.29 

170.76 

213.71 

256.63 

342.49 

428.36 

.227    42.22 

63.821    85.45 

128.67 

150.28 

171.89 

215.12 

258.33 

344.76 

431.21 

.228  1  42.50 

64.23     86.01 

129.52 

151.27 

173.02 

216.53 

260.03 

347.04 

434.06 

.229;  42.78 

64.65 

86.57 

130.37 

152.26 

174.16 

217.95 

261.73 

349.32 

426.91 

.230 

43.06 

65.08 

87.14 

131.22 

153.26 

175.30 

219.37 

263.45 

351.60 

4c9.76 

.231 

43.33 

65.50 

87.70 

132.07 

154.26 

176.44 

220.80 

265.17 

353.90 

442.65 

43.61 

65.92 

88.27 

132.!  12 

155.26 

177.58 

222.23 

266.89 

356.20 

445.53 

!233 

43.89 

66.35 

88.84 

133.78 

156.26 

178.72 

223.67 

268.61 

358.50 

448.41 

.234 

44.17 

66.78 

89.41 

134.64 

157.26 

179.87 

225.11 

270.33 

360.80 

451.29 

.235 

44.45 

67.21 

89.98 

135.50 

158.26 

181.02 

226.55 

272.06 

363.11 

454.15 

.236 

44.73 

67.63 

90.55 

136.38 

159.27 

182.17 

227.99 

273.80 

365.43 

457.06 

.237 

45.01 

68.  1).-, 

91.12 

137.22 

160.28 

183.36 

229.44 

275.54 

367.73 

459.97 

.238 

45.29    68.48 

91.69 

138.08 

161.29 

184.48 

230.89 

277.28 

370.08 

462.88 

.239 

45.57 

68.91 

92.26 

162.30 

185.64 

232.34 

279.02 

372.43 

465.79 

.240 

45.85 

69.34 

92.84 

13!)!s2' 

163.31 

186.80 

233.79 

280.77 

374.74 

4C8.70 

.241 

46.13 

69.77 

93.41 

140.71 

164.33 

187.96 

235.24 

282.52 

377.09 

471.65 

.242]  46.41 

70.20 

93.99 

141.58 

it;.-,.:r, 

189.13 

236.69 

284.28 

379.44 

474.60 

.243   46.69 

70.63 

94.58 

143.31 

166.37 

190.30 

237.14 

286.04 

381.79 

477.55 

.244 

46.98 

71.06 

95.17 

144.18 

167.39 

191.47 

238.59 

287.80 

384.14 

480.51 

.245    47.27 

71.49 

95.73 

144  19 

168.42 

192.64 

241.05 

289.56 

386.49 

483.40 

.246    47.55 

71.92 

96.33 

145.07 

169.45 

193.82 

242.54 

291.33 

388.86 

-186.:;? 

.247    47.83 

72.35 

96.91 

145.95 

170.48 

195.00 

244.03 

293.11 

391.23 

489.34 

.248    48.12 

72.7!) 

97.49 

146.83 

171.51 

196.18 

245.52 

294.89 

393.60 

492.31 

.249    48.41 

73.24 

98.07 

147.71 

172.54 

197.36 

247.01 

296.67 

395.97 

-195.28 

.250!  48.70 

73.67 

98.65 

148.60 

173.58 

198.55 

248.50 

298.45 

398.35 

498.25 

.2511  48.98 

74.11 

99.24 

149.49 

174.62 

199.74 

249.99 

200.24 

401.74 

501.25 

.252    49.27 

74.55 

99.8:3 

15(1.38 

175.66 

200.!):; 

251.48 

302.03 

404.14 

504.25 

.253:  49.51 

74.99 

100.42 

151.27 

176.70 

202.12 

252.97 

203.82 

406.53 

507.25 

.254;  49.85 

75.43 

101.01 

152.16 

177.74 

203.31 

254.46 

305.62 

408.92 

510.25 

.255    50.14 

75.87 

101.60 

153.06 

178.73 

204.51 

255.95 

207.42 

410.33 

513.25 

.256  1  50.43 

76.31 

102.19 

153.1  '5 

179.83 

205.71 

257.46 

3C8.23 

412.75 

516.27 

.257 

50.72 

76.75 

102.78 

154.85 

180.88 

206.91 

258.97 

310.04 

415.17 

519.30 

.258 

51.01 

77.19 

103.38 

155.75 

181.93 

208.11 

260.48 

311.85 

417.59 

522.;;:: 

.259    51.30 

77.63 

103.98 

156.65    182.98 

209.32 

262.02 

313.66 

420.01 

525.:  (i 

.260',  51.60 

78.08 

104.58 

157.55    184.04 

210.53 

263.51 

316.48 

422.44 

528.2-9 

.261 

51.89 

78.52 

105.18 

158.4.- 

185.10 

211.74 

265.03 

318.31 

424.88 

531.44 

52.18 

78.97 

105.78 

159.36 

180.K 

212.95 

266.55 

320.14 

427.32 

684.60 

.26^ 

52.47 

106.:  '.s 

160.27    187.22 

214.16 

268.07 

321.97 

429.76 

?37.£6 

!26^ 

52.71 

7!)'.87 

161.18.   188.28 

215.38 

269.59 

323.80 

432.20 

540.62 

.265 
.266 

53.01 
53.3.- 

80.32 

80.77 

107.58 
108.18 

162.09,  189.35 
163.00    190.42 

216.60 
217.82 

271.11 

272.68 

325.63 
327.47 

434.65 
437.11 

543.CS 

546.76 

.267 

53.64 

81.22 

108.78    163.92    191.49    219.04 

274.22 

329.31 

439.58 

549.84 

256 


Depth 
We?, 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

2  Feet 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

C  Feet.    7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

1C  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

.268 

53.94 

81.67 

109.39 

164.84   192.56 

220.27 

275.76 

331.16 

442.05 

552.93 

.269 

54.24 

82.12 

110.01 

105.70    193.1-,:; 

221.50 

277  30 

333.01 

444.52 

550.02 

.270 

54-54 

S2.57 

110.01 

100.08    194.70 

222.73 

278.80 

334.80 

440.99 

559.11 

271 

54.84 

83.02 

111.22 

107.00 

195.78 

223.911 

280.34 

336.72 

449.47 

502.22 

!272 

55.14 

83.47 

111.83 

108.52 

190.8<; 

225.20 

281.89 

338.58 

451.95 

505.33, 

.273 

55.44 

83.93 

112.44 

109.44 

197.94 

220.  H 

283.44 

340.44 

454.43 

508.44 

.274 

55.74 

81.39 

113.05 

170.37 

199.02 

227.68 

281.9!) 

342.31 

456.91 

571.56 

.275    56.04 

84.85 

113.67 

171.30 

200.11 

228.92 

280.54 

344.18 

459.43 

574.08 

.276    56.34 

85.31 

1  14.28 

172.23 

201.20 

230.20 

288.10 

346.06 

461.94 

577.84 

.277    56.64 

85.77 

114.89 

173.10 

202.29 

231.51 

289.00 

347.94 

464.45 

581.00 

,278    56.94 

80.23 

1  15.51 

174.09 

203.38 

232.70 

291.22 

349.82 

406.97 

584.16 

.279    57.24 

80.69 

116.13 

175.  02 

204.47 

234.01 

292.79 

351.71 

419.49 

587.33 

.280 

57.54 

87.15 

110.75 

175.90 

20.-..50 

235.ll! 

294.30 

353.00 

472.01 

590.40 

.281 

57.81 

87.61 

1  17.37 

170.90 

200.00 

230.12 

295.94 

355.49 

474.54 

593.57 

.282 

58.14 

88.07 

1  17.99 

177.84 

207.70 

237.<S 

297.52 

357.38 

477.07 

596.74 

.283 

58.44 

88.53 

118.01 

178.78 

208.81! 

2:,  8.  91 

299.10 

359.27 

479.60 

599.91 

.284 

58.75 

88.9!) 

1  19.23 

179.72 

209.90 

240.20 

300.i;8 

361.16 

481.93 

603.08 

.285 

59.00 

89.46 

119.80 

18'>.00 

211.00 

241.40 

302.20 

303.00 

484.00 

000.25 

.286 

59.36 

89.  9J 

120.48 

181.01 

212.17 

242.7:', 

303.X5 

364.96 

487.21 

609.45 

.287 

5!».6li 

90.38 

121.11 

182.56 

213.28 

244.00 

31:5.44 

300.87 

489.76 

012.05 

.288 

59.97 

9J.85   121.74 

183.51 

214.39 

245.27 

307.03 

368.78 

492.31 

(515.85 

.289 

60.28 

91.32 

122.37 

184.46 

215.50 

240.54 

308.02 

370.69 

494.87 

619.05 

.290 

lilt..-,!) 

91.79 

123.00 

185.41 

210.01 

247.81 

310.22 

b72.60 

497.43 

022.25 

.291 

00.8!) 

92.20 

123.03 

180.30 

217.72 

249.09 

311.82 

o74.51 

500.00 

025.47 

.292 

61.20 

92.73 

121.20 

187.31 

218.84 

250.37 

313.42 

W6.42 

£02.58 

028.09 

.293 

61.51 

93.20 

124.89 

188.27 

219.90 

251.05 

315.02 

378.34 

505.16 

631.91 

.291 

61.82 

93.67 

125.52 

189.23 

221.08 

252.!)3 

310.03 

S80.20 

507.74 

035.14 

.295 

62.13 

94.15 

120.10 

190.19 

222.20 

254.22 

318.24 

382.18 

510.32 

038.37 

.296 

62.44 

94.62 

120.79 

191.15 

223.32 

255.51 

319.80 

384.14 

512.92 

641.62 

.297 

62.75 

95.09 

127.43 

192.11 

224.45 

250.80 

321.48 

386.10 

515.52 

644.87 

.298 

63.06 

95.56 

128.07 

193.07 

225.58 

258.1,9 

323.10 

388.06 

518.53 

648.12 

.299 

63.47 

98.04 

128.71 

194.04 

220.71 

25!).:  8 

324.72 

390.02 

520.72 

051.28 

.300 

63.69 

9:5.52 

129.35 

195.01 

227.81 

200.07 

320.34 

392.00 

523.32 

0.54.04 

.301 

64.00 

90.99 

129.99 

195.98 

228.97 

261.97 

327.97 

393.95 

525.94 

(557.92 

.302 

64.31 

97.47 

130.03 

195.95 

230.11 

203.27 

329.00 

395.90 

628.58 

001.20 

.303 

64.02 

97.95 

131.20 

197.92 

231.25 

204.57 

331.23 

397.80 

531.18 

00.1.  i  8 

.304 

64.93 

98.43 

131.91 

I9S.99 

232.  39 

205.87 

332.80, 

399.82 

533.80 

667.76 

.305 

(55.25 

98.91 

132.57 

199.87 

233.53 

207.18 

334.49 

401.78 

536.42 

671.04 

.306 

65.50 

99.39 

133.21 

2IIH.85 

231.07 

268.49 

330.13 

403.76 

539.00 

074.34 

.307 

65.87 

99.87 

133.80 

201.83 

235.81 

209  Sil 

337.77 

405.74 

541.70 

677.64 

.308 

00.19 

100.35 

134.51 

202.  si 

230.90 

271.11 

339.42 

407.72 

544.34 

080.94 

.309 

66.51 

loo.  s.3 

135.10 

203.79 

238.11 

272.42 

341.01 

409.70 

540.98 

C84.24 

.310 

66.83 

101.31 

135.81 

204.77|  239.26 

273.74 

342.72 

411.69 

5-19.03 

087.57 

.311 

67.141  101.79 

130.40 

205.75i  240.41 

275.00 

344.37 

413.68 

552.29 

690.86 

.312 

67.46 

102.27 

137.11 

200.74    241.50 

270.38 

340.03 

415.67 

554.95 

094.19 

.313 

67.78 

102.70 

137.70 

207.7:! 

242.72 

277.71 

3,17.1.9 

417.66 

557.61 

697.52 

.314 

68.10 

103.25 

138.41 

208.72 

243.88 

279.04 

349.35 

419.65 

5C0.27 

700.75 

.315 

68.42 

103.74 

139.07 

209.71 

245.04 

280.30 

351.01 

421.65 

502.94 

704.18 

.316 

68.74 

101.23 

139.72 

210.70 

240.20 

281.09 

352.68 

423.I-5 

505.02 

707.55 

.317 

69.06 

104.72 

140.38 

211.69 

247.30 

283.02 

354.3,5 

425.05 

508.30 

710.92 

.318 

105.21 

141.04 

212.09 

218.52 

284  [35 

350.02 

427.66 

570.98 

714.29 

.319    69.70 

105.70 

141.70 

213.09 

219.0s 

285.09 

3,57.0!! 

429.67 

573.66 

717.66 

.320    70.02 

100.19 

142.36 

214.09 

2511.85 

287.03, 

3,5!).  30 

431  .69 

570.30 

721.04 

.321    70.34 

100.0* 

143.02 

215.09 

252.02 

288.37 

301.04 

4a3.71 

579.00 

724.42 

.322    70.66 

107.17 

14:i.08 

210.11! 

25:  ;.19 

289.71 

3,02.72 

435.73 

581.76 

727.80 

.323    70.98 

107.66 

144.34 

217.09 

254.30 

291.05 

304.40 

137.75 

584.47 

731.19 

.324    71.30 

107.85 

145.01 

218.70 

255.541  292.39 

3,00.09 

439.78 

587.18 

I'.'A.iX 

.3251  71.63 

10*.  or, 

145.67 

219.71 

256.72 

293.74 

307.78 

441.82 

589.891    737.97 

1 

! 

1 

257 


Depth 

LENGTH   OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

2  Feet. 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet.     16  Feet. 

20  Feet 

.326 

71.95 

109.14 

146.33 

220.72 

257.90 

295.09 

369.47 

443.86 

592.61 

741.37 

.327 

72.27 

109.63 

147.00 

221.73 

259.08 

296.44 

371.11 

445.90 

595.33 

744.77 

.328 

72.59 

110.13 

147.67 

222.74 

260.26 

297.79 

372.87 

447.94 

598.06 

748.18 

.329 

72.92 

110.63 

148.34 

223.75 

261.44 

299.15 

374.57     449.98 

600.79 

751.59 

.330 

73.25 

111.13 

149.01 

224.76 

262.63 

300.51 

3,76.27      452.02 

603.52 

755.09 

.331 

73.57 

111.63 

149.68 

225.77 

263.82 

301.87 

377.97     454.07 

606.26 

758.44 

.332 

73.89 

112.13 

150.35 

226.7s 

265.01 

303,.  L'", 

378.68 

456.12 

609.00 

761.88 

.333 

74.22 

112.63 

151.02 

227.  Ml 

266.20 

3114.611 

380.39 

458.18 

611.75 

765.32 

.334 

74.55 

113.13 

151.69 

22S.X2 

267.39 

305.97 

282.10 

460.28 

614.50 

768.76 

.335 

74.88 

1  13.63 

152.37 

229.X  4 

26S.r,!l 

307.34 

384.81 

462.30 

617.25 

772.21 

.336 

75.20 

114.13 

153.04 

230.X6 

'-Mi'l  78 

308.71 

386.53 

464.36 

620.01 

775.66 

.337 

75.53 

114.63 

153.71 

231.  XX 

270JIX 

310.08 

288.25 

466.42 

622.77 

779.12 

.338 

75.86 

115.13 

154.39    232.91 

L'I  L'.OS 

311.45 

889.07 

468.49 

625.52 

782.58 

.339 

T6.19 

115.63 

155.07     23,3.94 

273.28 

312.82 

391.69 

470.56 

628.31 

786.04 

.340 

76.52 

116.14 

155.75    234.97 

274.58 

314.19 

393.42 

472.63 

631.08  789.50 

76.85 

116.64 

156.43    236.00 

275.78 

315.57 

395.15 

474.71 

633.86  792.99 

!:;42 

77.18 

117.14 

157.'  1    237.03 

276.99 

316.95 

396.88 

476.79 

636.64   796.48 

.343 

77.51 

117.6.-, 

157.79 

238.06 

278.20 

318.33 

398.61 

478.88 

639.42  799.97 

.344 

77.84 

118.16 

158.47 

239.09 

279.41 

319.72 

400.34 

480.97 

642.20  803.46 

.345 

78.18 

118.67 

159.16 

240.13 

2X0.62 

321.11 

402.08 

483.06 

644.99 

806.96 

.346 

78.51 

119.18 

159.84 

241.17 

2X1.  x.", 

322.50 

403.82 

485.15 

647.79 

810.46 

.347 

78.84 

119.69 

160.52 

242.21 

2X3.04 

323.89 

405.56 

487.25 

650.59 

813.96 

.348 

79.17 

120.20 

161.20 

213.25 

2X4.26 

325.28 

407.31 

489.35 

653.39 

817.47 

.349 

79.50 

120.71 

161.90 

244.29 

285.48 

326.6> 

409.06 

491.45 

656.19 

820.98 

.350 

79.84 

121.22 

162.59 

245.33 

286.70    328.08 

410.81 

493.55 

659.00 

X24.49 

.351 

80.17 

121.73 

163.28 

246.37 

287.92    329.48 

412.57 

495.66 

661  .83 

828.03 

.352 

80.50 

122.24 

163.97 

247.41 

289.14 

330.XS 

414.33     497.77 

664.66 

as  1.57 

.353 

80.83 

122.76 

164.66 

248.46 

290.361  332.28 

416.09     499.89 

667.49 

835.11 

354 

81.17 

123.28 

165.35 

249.51 

291.59;  334.28 

417.85     501.01 

670.33 

838.66 

•335 

81.51 

123.7:i 

166.04 

250.56 

292.821  335.08 

419.61 

504.13 

673.17 

842.21 

.356 

81.84 

124.:  10 

166.73 

251.61 

294.05 

336.1! 

421.38 

506.25 

676.01 

845.771 

.357 

82.18 

124.81 

167.42 

252.66 

21I.VJX 

337.90 

423.15 

508.38 

678.83 

849.33; 

.358 

82.52 

125.32    168.12 

253.71 

296.51 

339.31    424.92 

510.50 

681.71 

852.89 

.359 

82.S6 

125.84'  168.82 

254.77 

297.75 

340.73   426.69 

512.63 

684.56 

856.46 

.360 

83.20 

126.36    169.52 

255.S3 

298.  Oil 

342.15 

42X.4C 

514.77 

687.41 

860.03 

.361 

83.54 

126.88 

170.22 

256.89 

300.2.", 

343.57 

430.24 

516.91 

690.27 

863.61 

.362 

83.88 

127.40 

170.92 

257.95 

301.47 

344.99 

432.02 

519.05 

693.13 

867.19 

.363 

84.22 

127.92 

171.62 

259.01 

302.71 

346.11 

433.80 

521.19 

695.99 

870.78 

.364 

84.56 

128.44 

172.32 

260.07 

303.95 

3,47.83 

435.58 

523.34 

698.85 

874.37 

.3,65 

84.90 

173.02 

261.14 

305.20    349.25 

487.38 

525.49 

701.72 

877.96 

.366 

85.24 

l'>9  4*- 

173.72 

262.20 

306.45    350.68 

439.17 

527.64 

704.60 

881.57 

.367 

85.581  130.00 

174.42 

263.27 

307.70 

352.11 

44096 

529.80 

707.48 

885.18 

.368 

85.92    13,0.52 

175.13 

264.3,4 

308.95 

3,53.54 

442.7' 

531.96 

710.37 

888.80 

.369 

86.26 

131.05 

175.84 

265.41 

310.20 

3,54.97 

444..V 

534.12 

713.26 

892.42 

.370 

86.60 

131.58 

176.54 

266.48 

31  1  .45 

356.41 

446.3.- 

536.28 

716.15 

896.04 

.371 

86.94 

132.10 

177.25 

267.5.- 

312.71 

357.85 

448.15 

538.45 

719.05 

899.67 

.372 

87.28 

132.621  177.96 

26X.62 

313.97 

359.29 

449.95 

540.62 

721.95  903.30 

.373 

87.62 

133.14    178.67 

269.6! 

315.23, 

360.73 

451.76 

542.80 

724.86 

906.93 

.374 

87.97 

133.67    179.38 

270.77 

3,16.49 

362.17 

453.57 

544.98 

727.77 

910.56 

.375 

88.32 

134.20!  180.09 

271.85 

317.76 

363.62 

455.38 

547.16 

730.68   914.20 

.376 

88.66 

134.73;  180.80 

272.9: 

3,19.02 

3,65.06 

457.19     549.34 

733.60  917.86 

.377 

'    89.00 

135.26!  181.51 

274.01 

320.28 

366.51 

459.0li     551.52 

736.52;  921.52 

.378 

,    89.34 

135.79;  182.22 

275.09 

321.54 

3,67.96 

460.83      553.70 

739.44;  925.18 

.3791    89.69 
.3801    90.04 

136.32    182.93 
136.85    183.65 

276.17 

277.21 

322.80   369.41 

324.061  370.86 

462.65 
464.47 

555.89 
558.08 

742.36   928.84; 
745.29   932.50 

.381 

90.39 

137.38    184.36 

278.34 

325.331  372.32 

466.27 

560.28 

748.23 

936.18 

.382 

!    90.74 

137.91    185.08 

279.4: 

326.60 

373.78 

468.10 

562.48 

751.1" 

939.86 

.383  1    91.09   138.44    185.80 

280.52 

327.87 

375.24 

469.93 

564.68     754.11 

943.54 

258 


Depth 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

2  Feet 

3  Feet  !  4  Feet. 

6  Feet 

7  Feet    8  Feet.   10  Feet 

12  Feet.  16  Feet 

20  Feet 

.384 

91.4o 

138.97   186.52 

281.61 

329.15   370.7* 

471.7(1    568.8," 

757.0.- 

947  •>: 

.385 

91.8 

139.5 

I    1*7.24 

282.7     330.43 

378.16    47:1.61    56!  1.0." 

7tid.  (M 

95o!92 

.386 

92.15 

140.0 

t    1*7.!M1 

283.79 

331.7 

379.62   475.45!  571.21 

762.91 

954.62 

.387 

92.49 

140.5 

'    188.68 

284.x, 

332.!»! 

381.01 

477.30    573.5 

765.9L 

958.32 

.388 

92.  a 

141.1 

189.40 

285.!  18 

334.2- 

382.51 

479.15  575.7^ 

768.8,- 

962.02 

.389 

93.18 

141.6. 

)   190.12 

287.  OX. 

335.5. 

384.0: 

481.00   577.9c 

771.84 

966.71 

.390 

93.5: 

142.1< 

)   190.83 

2*8.  IX 

336.8- 

3X5.51 

482.86   980.17 

774.81 

969.44 

.391 

93.88 

142.7. 

191.57 

289.28 

386.97 

484.70 

582.3! 

777.7* 

973.  1  7 

.392 

94.2: 

143.2' 

192.39 

29,1.3.- 

339.4? 

388.45 

486.5.- 

5xl.c 

7*o.7(i 

.393 

94.5S! 

143.8 

193.12 

291.4* 

340.71 

389.93   488.4C 

586.X4 

7*:;.7I 

98o!63 

.391 

91.9: 

144.3.' 

193.85 

292.  .18 

341.99 

391.41    490.2c 

5X9.07 

7X6.72 

984.37 

.395 

95.2X 

144.8! 

194.48 

293.6! 

343.2* 

392.89 

492.11 

591.31 

7X9.70 

988.11 

.3961    93.63 

145.4: 

195.21 

2!)  4.7! 

344.51- 

394.37    493.!* 

593.54 

792.C.9 

991.92 

.397     95.98 

145.97 

195.94 

293.9! 

345.88 

395.861  495.82 

595.7* 

795.09 

995.67 

.3981    96.33 

146.5 

196.67 

297.01 

347.18 

397.35 

497.68 

598.02 

999.42 

.399!    96.68 

147.06 

197.40 

298.12 

348.48 

398.  X  4 

499.54 

600.21 

SO  I  ]  69 

1003.17 

.400 

97.04 

147.61 

198.14 

2:)9.23 

34!».78 

400.::: 

501.41 

(102.51 

804.69 

1006.87 

.401 

97.39 

148.1.- 

198.83 

300.34 

351.  (IX 

401.  XL 

503.28 

om.7< 

807.70 

1010.34 

.402 

97.74 

148.6S 

199.5(1 

301.15 

352..".!l 

505.1 

(107.02 

810.71 

1014.42 

.403 

98.10 

1  19.2: 

2IMI.29 

:!02.57 

.",53.70 

404^8! 

507.0 

6(19.2* 

813.72 

1018.20 

.404 

98.54 

149.77 

201.03 

303.  (19 

.",55.01 

406.3( 

611.54 

xld.74 

1021.98 

.405 

9S.X2 

150.31. 

201.81 

304.  XI 

35(1.32 

407.8' 

510.7 

(113.80 

*19.77 

1025.76: 

.406 

99.17 

150.8. 

202.55 

30.5.93 

357.63 

409.31 

512.6 

(11(1.14 

*22.80 

1029.56 

.407 

99.52 

151.41 

203.29 

307.05 

358.94 

410.81 

514.5 

618.4( 

825>3 

1033.36 

.408 

99.88 

151.9." 

204.03 

308.17 

360.75 

412.3! 

51(1.4 

620.66 

XLX.,-6 

KI47.K1 

.409 

100.24 

152.51 

-'04.77 

309.29 

.".61.  .56 

413.81 

518.3 

622.92 

KM  .90 

1050.96 

.410 

100.60 

153.05 

205.51 

310.42 

362.87 

415.32 

52(1.2 

625.13 

834.94 

1044.7(1 

.411 

100.96 

153.61 

20(1.25 

311.54 

.".64.  1* 

416.a3   522.  li 

627.41 

R37.99     1048.58. 

.412 

101.32 

154.15 

206.9H 

312.67 

365.49 

418.34    524.0 

•  129.69 

*l  I.I  14       1o.52.40 

.413 

101.68 

154.70 

207.73 

313.80 

3ii(l.x() 

419.85!  525.92 

X44.09      1056.22 

.414 

102.04 

155.2" 

208.48 

314.93 

36X.11 

421.37    5L-7.XL 

(134!  26 

847.151     10(10.05 

.415 

102.40 

155.X1 

209.23 

316.06   369.42 

422.89   529.72 

(136.55 

X50.21       10113.x,- 

.416 

102.76 

209.97 

317.19   370.76 

424.41    531.63 

6::x>i 

8.53.28      1067.72 

.417 

103.12 

15(13(1 

-'10.72 

318.32 

372.10 

425.93  533.54 

641.14 

856.35      1071.56 

.418 

103.48 

157.47 

211.47 

319.45 

37:;.ll 

427.46   535.45 

643.44 

a59.42      1075.40 

.419 

103.84 

158.03 

212.22 

320.59    374.7* 

42*.!>7    537.31 

645.74 

862.50      1079.25 

.420 

104.20 

158.58 

212.97 

321.73    37(1.12 

430.50  1  539.27 

648.04 

X65.5X       K.S3.10 

.421 
.422 
.423 

104.56 
104.92 

105.28 

1  5!».  13 
159.70 

1(10.29 

213.72 

214.47 
215.22 

322.87    377.45 
324.01    378.78 
325.16    380.12 

432.03   541.19 

433.5(1    543.11 
435.09!  545.03 

6:50.34    X.1X.06      10X6.97 
652.65   871.74      109084 
(154.9(1    874.82      1094.71 

.424 

105.64 

160.8* 

215.97 

326.30    381.46 

436.62    546.0" 

(157.17 

877.!K) 

1098.58 

.425 

106.01 

161.37 

216.73 

"27.44    3,*2.*0 

43*.  15    5I.-..-X 

l>  .V.I    .    S 

880.99 

1102.45 

.426 
.427 

106.37 

106.73 

161.93 

162.49 

217.48 

218.23 

328.58    384.16 
329.73    385.50 

439.69    550.81 
441.231  552.75 

(1(11.9(1 
664.22 

8*4.10 
887.21 

1106.34 
1110.23 

.428 

?07.10 

1(13.05 

330.88;  386.84 

442.77 

554.6! 

66(1..  54 

WHI.32 

1114.12 

*    .429 

107.46 

163.61 

21  9!  75 

332.03;  388.19 

444.31 

556.6: 

(-68.87 

*93.43 

1118.01 

.430 

107.83 

164.17 

220.51 

333.18'  389.52 

445.86 

558.5: 

671.20 

*96.55 

1121.90 

.431 

108.19 

1(14.7", 

221.27 

334.  33   390.87 

447.40 

560.47 

673.54 

899.07 

1125.81 

.432 

108.55 

1(15.29 

222.03 

335.48   392.25 

44X.95 

562.41 

675.88 

902.7!) 

1129.72 

.433 

108.92 

1I15.X5 

222.79 

336.&3   393.60 

450.50 

564.:  15 

678.22 

905.92 

1133.63 

.434 
.435 

109.29 
109.66 

KllUI 

223.55  337.79  394.95 
224.31    :::WS.95   396.27 

452.05 
453  60 

.566.29 
568.24 

180.56 
1X2.90 

909.65 
912.18 

1137.55 
1141.47 

.436 

110.02 

1(17.'54 

225.07, 

340.11    397.62 

455.16 

570.19  6£5.25 

915.32!    1145.40 

,437 

110.39 

168.10 

225.83 

341.27  398.98 

4.56.72 

572.14  687.61 

918.46     1149.33 

.438 

110.76 

168.67 

226.59 

342.43  400.34 

458.2* 

574.09!  689.97 

921.60     1153.27 

.439 

111.13 

169.24 

227.36 

343.59  401.70!  459.84 

57(1.05    (192.33 

924.71      1157.21 

.440 

111.50 

1I19.S1 

228.13 

314.75    103.06   461.40 

578.01 

1194.111 

927.89     1161.15 

.441 

111.86 

170.37 

228.89  345.91   404.43  462.96 

579.97  697.00 

931.05     1165.10 

250 


Depth 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

2  Feet. 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

C  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet 

20  Feet. 

.442 

112.23 

170.94 

229.66 

347.08 

405.80 

464.52 

581.93 

699.36J    934.21 

1169.06 

.443 

112.6" 

171.51 

230.43 

348.2.- 

407.17 

466.08   583.89 

701.68     937.37 

1173.02 

.444 

112.97 

172.08 

231.20 

349.42 

4(  is.  54 

467.64 

5S5.SI 

704.04 

940.53 

1176.98 

.445 

113.34 

172.65 

23  1.97 

350..,! 

409.91 

469.21 

587.8: 

706.46 

943.70 

1180.94 

.44(> 

113.71 

173.22 

232.74 

351  .70 

411.28 

470.78 

589.  SI 

708.8: 

946.8" 

1184.92 

.447 

114.08 

173.79 

233  .51 

352.93 

412.65 

472.35 

591.77 

711.21 

950.0- 

1188.9* 

.448 

114.45 

174.36 

2:  11.2.x 

354.  1C 

414.02 

473.92 

593.74 

713.59 

953.2L 

1192.88 

.449 

114.82 

175.13 

2:i5.05 

355.  2.s 

415.39 

475.49 

595.7L 

715.97 

956.40 

1196.86 

.450 

115.20 

175.51 

235.83 

356.16 

416.77 

477.07 

597.71 

718.35 

959.58 

1200.84 

.451 

115.57,  176.08 

23i;.(i! 

357.63 

418.15 

47875 

,-,1)9.  6X 

720.73 

962.77 

1204.84 

.452 

115.94   176.65 

237.3X 

358.  XI 

419.53 

lxo.3:' 

601.67 

723.11 

965.91 

1208.84 

.451! 
.454 

116.311  177.22 
116.68  177.80 

23X.I6 

23X.9I 

359.99 
361.J7 

420.91 

422.21) 

481.91 
4X3.51 

603.61 
605.6.- 

725.4! 
727.88 

969.  1( 

972.31 

1212.84 
1216.84 

.455 

117.06   178.38 

23!  1.71 

.-,62.35 

423.67 

4X4.99 

607.64 

730.27!    975.56 

1220.85 

.451) 

117.43i  178.95  240.50 

368.53 

425.06 

486.58 

609.6: 

732.67;    978.77 

1224.X7 

.457 

117.80!  179.53  241.30 

:-;<;i.  TI 

426.46 

488.17 

611.  6L 

735.07:    981.98 

1228.91 

.458 

118.18,  1811.11 

242.10 

365.90 

427.86 

489.71 

613.61 

737.47!    985.19 

1232.9: 

.459 

118.56!  180.69 

21LV.III 

367.09 

429.26 

491.35 

615.61 

739.88 

988.4( 

1236.!)* 

.41)0 

118.94   181.27 

243.(ill 

368.2S 

430.61 

492.94 

617.61 

742.  L! 

991.  62 

1240.99 

.461 

119.31 

181.85 

244.38 

369.17 

432.00 

494.54 

619.61 

744.71 

994.8f 

1245.0.' 

.402 

119.68 

1X2.13 

245.16 

37(Ui6 

433,40 

499.14 

621.61 

747.11 

998.08 

1249.07 

.4(53 

120.06!  183.01 

245.94 

371.S5 

434.  SO 

497.74 

623.6L 

749.51 

1001.31 

1253.11 

.464 

120.44 

1S3.59 

246.72 

373.nl 

436.20 

499.34 

625.6: 

751.SIL 

1004.54 

1257.16 

.465 

120.82   184.17 

247.50 

374.23 

437.  60 

500.94 

627.64 

754.3f 

1007.77 

1261.  If 

.466 

121.19]  184.75 

248.29 

375.  12 

439.06 

502.54 

629.61 

756.7" 

1011.01 

1265.2;- 

.467 

121.57   185.33 

249.0S 

37IL62 

440.40 

504.14 

631  .CX 

759.2! 

1014.2;- 

1269.31 

.468 

121.95!  185.91 

249.87 

377.X2 

441.80 

505.75 

633.71 

76I.7L 

1017.5* 

1273..  'IX 

.469 

122.33 

186.49 

250.66 

379.02 

442.20 

507.36 

635.72 

764.  ir 

1020.7- 

1277.45 

.470 

122.71 

1X7.  IIS 

251.46 

380.22 

444.60 

50S.97 

637.75 

766.4! 

1024.0* 

1281.52 

.471 

I23.0X 

187.06 

252.25 

381.42 

446.00 

510.57 

639.77 

7*8.9: 

1027.21 

1285.61 

.472 

1  2:;.  17 

188.24 

253.04 

382.  Ii2 

447.41 

512.21 

641.7! 

771.37 

I030.5L 

1289.7* 

.473 

123.85 

ixx.s.-, 

253.83 

3X3.X;; 

448.81 

513.85 

643.82 

773.81 

1033.78 

1293.7! 

.474 

124.231  189.42 

254.62 

3X5.01 

•149.62 

514.49 

645.xr 

776.2;- 

1*137.04 

1297.88 

.475 

124.60 

190.01 

255.42 

3X6.21 

451.64 

517.17 

647.88 

778.71 

1040.31 

1301.9*, 

.476 

124.9X 

l!lll.59 

256.21 

3S7.45 

453.05 

518.83 

649.91 

781.16 

1043.58 

1306.06 

.477 

125.36 

191.18 

257.0(1 

888.66 

454.47 

520.1! 

651.94 

783.61 

1046.86 

1310.17 

.478 

125.74 

191.77 

257.XO 

3X9.X7 

455.X!) 

522.16 

053.!)X 

7X6.01 

1050.1- 

1314.28 

.479 

126.12 

192.31! 

25X.60 

3!  H.  OX 

457.31 

523.83 

6.V..02 

7XS.51 

1053.44 

1318.39 

.480 

126.51 

192.95 

259.40 

:;92.29 

45X.73 

525.18 

658.01 

7!)0.9( 

1056.73 

1322.50 

.481 

I26.S9 

193.54 

260.1!) 

:;93.5o 

460.15 

526.  XI 

660.10 

793.4: 

1060.02 

1326.63 

.4X2 

127.27 

194.13 

260.99 

394.71 

461.  5S 

528,44 

662.15 

795.91 

1063.31 

1X30.76 

.483 

127.65 

194.72 

261.79 

395.93 

463.01 

530.07 

664.20 

7!)8..-,7 

1066.61 

1334.89 

.484 

12S.05 

195.1:; 

262.59 

397.18 

464,4  1 

531.70 

666.25 

800.X4 

1069.90 

1339.03 

.485 

l2X.li' 

195.911 

26:;.  39 

398.37 

465.87 

533.:;:; 

668.3(1 

803.31 

1073.20 

1343.17 

.486 

I2X.XII 

196.49 

264.19 

399.59 

467.29 

534.97 

670.36 

805.78 

io7<;.5  1 

1347.32 

.487 

129.18 

197.0X 

261.99 

400.81 

469.71 

536.61 

672.42 

808.21 

1079.S2 

1351.47 

.488 

129.56 

197.6S 

265.79 

402.03 

471.14 

53S.25 

674.4X 

810.74 

1083.13 

13,55.62 

.489 

129.95 

19S.2S 

266.59 

403.25 

472.57 

539.89 

676.51 

813.22 

10X6,15 

1359.77 

.490 

130.34 

19X.XX 

267.41 

404.471  473.00 

541.53 

678.60 

815.7( 

10X9.70 

1363.92 

.491 

130.72 

199.47 

26X.21 

405.69   474.44 

543.17 

680.66 

81  8.  IX 

K)!i:;.o4 

1368.09 

.492 

131.10 

200.06 

269.01 

406.92    475.  XX 

.544.81 

682.7:! 

820.66 

1096.39 

1372.26 

.493 

131.49 

200.60 

209.S2 

408.15   477.32 

546.45 

OXl.XO 

82.-,.  14 

109!).74 

1376.43 

.494 

131.8« 

201.26 

270.63 

409.38  478.76 

54X.IO 

086.87 

825.62 

1103.09 

1380.60 

.495 

132.27 

201.  xi; 

271.44 

410.61 

4X11.20 

549.75 

688.94 

828.10 

1106.44 

1384.78 

.496 

132.66 

202.  1C 

272.25 

411.84 

4X1.64 

551.41 

691.02 

830.60 

1109.92 

1388.97 

.497 

133.05 

20:  1.0! 

273.06 

413.07 

1X3.0X 

553.07 

693.10 

833.10 

1113.40 

1393.16 

.498 

133.44 

203.61 

273.87 

414.30   484.52 

554.73 

695.18 

835.60 

1116.88 

1397.35 

.499 

133.83 

204.2* 

274.68 

415.54 

485.97 

556.3!) 

697.26J  838.11 

1120.36 

1401.54 

260 


QUANTITIES   OF   WATER,   IN   CUBIC  FEET   1'ER  MINUTE,  FLOWING   OVER 
WEIRS  OF  DIFFERENT  LENGTHS,  WITH  VARYING  DEPTHS  OF  WATER. 


Depth 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

2  Feet. 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

-Feet 

8  Feet 

10  Feet 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

.500 

134.22 

204.86 

275.50 

416.78   487.42 

558.06 

699.34 

810.62 

1123.18 

1405.74 

.601 

134.61 

205.41 

276.31 

418.01    488.87 

559.  7  L 

701.42 

843.13 

1126.54 

1  109.95 

.502 

135.IH 

200.01 

277.12 

419.25 

49,).:;-. 

561.3* 

7o:i.5l 

815.64 

112!).!)! 

1111.16 

.503     135.39 

206.66 

277.li:, 

420.49    491.77 

563.ll 

705.IK 

8)8.15 

ii:;:;.2* 

1418.37 

.504     135.78 

207.26 

278.74 

421.7:1    49:i.2L 

564.7 

707.6! 

850.6*.; 

il:;6.*iL 

1422.58 

.505     136.16 

207.  SI 

279.57 

422.97    494.117 

566.38 

709.7* 

*5:l.l* 

1139.9! 

1426.80 

.506     136.55 

2os!  |i 

280.38 

424.21 

496.1: 

568.0.- 

711.87 

85.-,;  70 

1143.37 

1431.03 

.507 

136.94 

2011.0: 

2*1.20 

125.4.- 

497.5! 

569.72 

713.97 

8.1*.  22 

1146.7.r 

14:'5.27 

.508 

1  37.3.-{ 

209.67 

2*2.02 

42(1.7* 

499.0- 

571.3! 

716.07 

860.7.-, 

1150.1: 

14:19.51 

.509     137.72 

210.28 

2*2.84 

427.9." 

51)0.57 

57:i.0< 

718.17 

8'i:i.  28 

1153.51 

144:  1.75 

.510 

1  .'18.1  2 

210.89 

28.3.66 

429.2( 

501.97 

574.74 

720.27 

865.81 

115*1.8! 

1447.91 

.511     13S.51 

2)1.511 

211.71 

4:Kl.4r 

503.4: 

57(1.41 

722.:;* 

8i;8.:;i 

11  60.L* 

145.-i.20 

.512     138.90 

212.11 

212.5:; 

431.71 

501.8! 

57*.0! 

724.49 

*7i»8 

1163.67 

1  !58.46 

.51:;     139.29 

212.71 

213.35 

432.9- 

506.3- 

579.77 

72(1.60 

87.-l.42 

1167.07 

1  162.72 

.514     139.68 

213.32 

214.17 

431.21 

507.8L 

581.4.- 

728.71 

875.98 

1170.47 

1  166.46 

.515      140.0K 

213.92 

2*7.76 

435.4- 

509.2! 

583.13 

7--10.  82 

878.50 

1173.87 

1  :i'9.2! 

.516     140.47 

214.5:; 

2SS.5S 

436.7( 

510.71 

581.81 

7:-2.9:; 

8.81.05 

1177.2* 

1174.51 

.517      140.81! 

215.14 

289.40 

137.  9.- 

512.2: 

58(1.41 

7.15.05 

8*:  I.IKI 

11*1.6! 

I  178.78 

.518     141.25 

215.75 

2:i0.2:; 

4:19.21 

513.70 

588.0! 

737.17 

886.15 

1181.11 

1-583.06 

.519     141.61 

2io.::*i 

21)1.(  :6 

440.47 

575.17 

589.7* 

739.29 

888.70 

11*7.5: 

r*7.:i4 

.520     142.05 

216.97 

291.  *!» 

441.73 

510.6.- 

591.57 

741.41 

891.25 

1191.91 

1  19.1.62 

.521     142.45 

217.58 

2112.71 

442.99 

518.13 

59:1.2* 

74:5.54 

893.81 

1191.31 

14!»}.91 

.52.'      142.*5 

218.19  293.54 

444.25 

519.61 

591.95 

745.67 

896.37 

1197.7!! 

1  199.20 

.5l'3     143.25 

218.80  294.37 

132.95 

521.09 

59:;.6- 

*!)*.  9:i 

1201.22 

150.S.49 

.524     143.65 

219.41 

295.20 

434.20 

522.57 

B98.3J 

7l:V:i:i 

901.49 

1201.65 

15,;7.79 

.525     144.03 

220.03  296.03   448.04 

524.0.- 

(loo.o.- 

752.06 

901.06 

120,8.08 

1512.09 

.526     144.43 

220.U1 

296.86   449.30 

525.53 

601.75 

754.19 

9()6>,3 

1211.52 

1516.40 

.527     144.83 

221.2:, 

297.69   450.57 

527.01 

00:1.4- 

756.33 

909.20 

1214.96 

1520.71 

.528     145.23 

221.  Ml 

298.52  451.84 

528.49 

605.1.- 

758.47 

911.77 

1218.40 

1525.0:; 

.529     145.60 

222  17 

299.36!  453.11 

429.9* 

606.8.- 

760.61 

914..'54 

1221.*-, 

1529.:i5 

.530     146.01 

22:1.10 

300.20  454.38 

631.47 

608.01 

762.75 

!)i«;.9.i 

1225.:  10 

1533.67 

.531     146.41 

22:?.72 

301.03 

455.11.-, 

5:i2.9t; 

610.27 

764.  8!t 

919..-.1 

1228.78 

!.-,::*.(  10 

.532     146.81 

224.31 

301.86 

450.92 

534.45 

611.98 

767.04 

922.0!l    12/.2.12 

1512.:;:; 

.533  j  147.21 

221.'.i.; 

:  1:12.70 

458.19 

535.94 

613.69 

769.19 

921.6* 

12:15.58 

154f,.66 

.584 

147.61 

225.58 

303.54 

459.  17 

5:,7.1:i 

615.40 

771.:i4 

927.27 

12:,9.0-4 

1551.00 

.535 

148.01 

22(1.  Ill 

.'504.  :5s 

46(1.75 

538.9:  s 

617.12 

77.-J.49 

929.8(1 

1242.60 

1555.34 

.533 

148.41 

226.81 

305.21 

1(12.02 

54o.4:i 

618.*:; 

775.64 

932.45 

1246.07 

1559.69 

.537 

148.81 

227.  13 

306.05 

463.30 

,541.93 

620..") 

777.80 

9:15.05 

1249.54 

1561.0-1 

.533 

149.21 

22XJI5 

306.89 

464.58 

543.43 

(122.27 

779.96 

937.65 

125:1.02 

1568.40 

.539 

149.61 

228.67 

307.73 

465.86 

544.9:1 

623.99 

782.12 

910.25 

1256.50 

1572.76 

.540 

150.01 

22:i.2!i 

308.57 

467.14 

5-16.43 

625.71 

781.28 

942.85 

125!).!)* 

1577.12 

.511 

150.41 

229.91 

309.41 

468.42 

517.9:; 

627.4:1 

7*6,44 

945.45 

1263.47 

1581.49 

JA-> 

150.81 

230.53 

310.25 

4(19.70 

549.43 

629.15 

788.61 

948.06    1266.96 

1585.S6 

.543 

151.21 

2:il.l.-, 

311.09 

470.98 

550.9:! 

6:10.88 

79.1.78 

950.67    1270.45 

1590.2:1 

.544 

151.61 

231.77 

311.94 

472.27 

552.44 

6:12.61 

7  1  12.95 

95:1.22    127::.9( 

1591.61 

.545 

152.01 

2:  12.  -10 

312.79 

173.5(1 

55:;.95 

634.34 

795.12 

955.89 

1277.44 

1.7.1*.  99 

.546 

152.41 

2:1:1.0:; 

313.63 

475.  S5 

555.4(1 

636.07 

797.29 

958.51 

1280.!)5 

ICO.-!.:;* 

.547 

152.81 

233JSH 

314.47 

477.14 

556.97 

637.80 

799.46 

9111.1::    1284.46    1607.77 

.548 

1.53.21 

2:14.20 

315.32 

47S.43 

558.4* 

6:;9.5:; 

801.64 

9ti:i.75    1287.97    1612.17 

.549 

153.61 

2:si.!>2 

31(1.27 

47H.72 

BB9.99 

(141.27 

8ii:i.82 

966.:i7    1291.48 

1*116.57 

.550 

1.54.03 

2.r,.5M 

317.02 

480.01 

561.51 

613.01 

80)1.00 

969.00    1294.99 

1620.97 

.551 

154.4:5 

2:111.  K; 

317.87 

481.30 

5ii:;:o2 

644.75 

808.18 

971.6:1    1  298.51     1625.:i8 

.552 

151.83 

2:111.70 

318.72 

4*2.50 

5.11.51 

C,i(l.l9 

810.  :16 

974.261  l:;o2.o:i    1629.71 

.553 

155.  2.". 

2.17.42 

319.57 

48::.8<j 

566.06   648.23 

S12.54 

976.89    1:105.55    16.-S4.12 

.554 

155.6.3 

238.05 

320.42 

485.19 

567.58  649.97 

814.72 

979.52    1309.H7     163K.54 

261 


Depth 

LENGTH   OF   THE   WEIR. 

Feet. 

2  Feet. 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

0  Feet.    7  Feet 

8  Feet.   10  Feet 

12  Feet 

16  Feet 

20  Feet. 

.555 

156.05 

258.  61 

321.2" 

486.49    569.1 

651.71     816.9: 

982.K 

1312.6C 

1643.04 

.556 

1.56.4 

25!  (.2! 

322.1 

487.7!)    570.6 

655.46     819.12     984.8 

1516.1. 

1647.47 

.557 
.558 

156.8 
157.28 

239.91 
240.5- 

522.il 
525.8 

489.09    572.1 
490.39    573.6 

655.25    821.51 
657.00  1  823.5i 

987.4 
990.1 

I5l9.tr 
1525.2 

1651.90 
1656.33 

.559 

157.61 

241.18 

324.6 

491.69    575.2 

658.75    825.75: 

992.7 

1526.7 

1660.77 

.560 

158.08 

241.81 

525.5 

493.00    576.7 

660.46 

827.91 

9!  15.  5 

1550.2! 

1665.21 

.561 

.562 

158.4! 
158.01 

212.4 
245.07 

526.5' 
527.2- 

494.30    578.2 
49,50,,    579.7 

662.21 

665.91 

850.11 
832.51 

998.0 
1000.0 

1555.8 
1557.5! 

166!).  66 
1674.11 

.563 

158.41 

243.71 

52S.1I 

496.91    581.3 

665.72 

834.51 

1005.5 

1540.9 

1678.56 

.564 

158.81 

244.:;: 

52s.  91 

498.21 

582.S 

667.18 

856.7: 

100.5.  9 

1541.51 

1685.02 

.565 

160.  ll 

24  4.!  17 

529.81 

499.5: 

584.3 

669.24 

858.94 

1008.6 

1548.01 

1687.48 

.566 

160.5. 

245.61 

550.68 

500.84 

585.  y 

671.0( 

841.1- 

1011.5 

1551.6: 

1691.95 

.567 

1611.9 

210.2.- 

351.54 

502.1- 

587.4. 

672.71 

843.5( 

1015.9 

1555.21 

1696,12 

.568 

161.3; 

246.8! 

332.41 

50.,.  it 

588.99 

67  1.52 

845.58 

1016.5 

1558.77 

1700.89 

.569 

161.71 

247.54 

504.77 

590.5; 

676.28 

847.80 

I019.2 

1562.27 

i705.ro 

.570 

162.lt 

21  s.|! 

351.1; 

506.0! 

592.0- 

078.1)5 

850.01 

I02I.9S 

1505.91 

1709.84 

.571 

162.57 

248.82 

554.!)! 

507,41 

595.6 

079.82 

852.24 

1  024.  6. 

1569.4! 

1714.33 

.572 

162.98 

219,1.5 

535.x- 

508.72 

595.1: 

OS  1.5! 

854,  It 

1  027.3; 

1575.07 

718.82 

.573 

163.31 

25H.OS 

356.71 

510.04 

596.6! 

685.56 

856.68 

I050.0 

1576.61 

1723.31 

.574 

163.81 

250.71 

337.68 

511.36 

598.2 

685.15 

858.9! 

1032.69 

1580.2.- 

1727.80 

.575 

104,21 

251.53 

338.45 

512.08 

599.7! 

086.91 

801.14 

1055.5- 

1585.84 

73,2.  50 

.576 

164.42 

251.95 

559.31 

514.00 

601.54 

68S.cs 

865.57 

058.01 

1587,11 

1736.81 

.577 

164.8: 

252.55 

340.17 

515.52 

602.8! 

690.46 

865.01 

040.75 

391.0-1 

741.32 

.578 

165.24 

255.15 

341.04 

516.64 

604.44 

692.24 

867.83 

045.44 

594.04 

1745.83 

.579 

165.6.- 

253.73 

341.91 

517.!)! 

605.!)! 

694.02 

870.07 

016.1: 

59S.24 

750.54 

.580 

166.27 

251.55 

542.7s 

519.2! 

607.54 

695.80 

872.51 

048.81 

1401.84 

754.86 

.581 

166.6! 

255.17 

545.6.- 

52;).  61 

609.0! 

697.58 

874.55 

051.51 

-105.45 

75'.!.:,  9 

.582 

167.11 

255.81 

511.52 

521.94 

610.65 

699.36 

876.79 

054.21- 

409.06 

764.92 

.583 

167.53 

256.45 

545.5! 

525.27 

612.21 

701.1.5 

879.03 

056.92 

412.67 

769.45 

.581 

107.9.- 

257.0!! 

346.26 

524.60 

613.77 

702.94 

881.27 

059.61 

116.28 

773.98 

.585 

168.34 

2.57.74 

347.1.1 

525.95 

615.55 

701,75 

885.52 

002.5? 

419.91 

777.51 

.586 

168.76 

258.38 

348.00 

527.26 

016.89 

706.52 

885.77 

O6l.o; 

423.  5  i 

782.05 

.587 

169.18 

259.02 

348.87 

528.59 

618.45 

708.31 

88S.62 

066.71 

427.17 

786.60 

.588 

169.60 

25!  1.66 

549.74 

529.92 

020.01 

710.10 

8!  Ml.  27 

009.4: 

430.80 

791.15 

.589 

070.02 

260.51 

350.62 

551.26 

621.87 

711.8!) 

892.52 

072.11 

454,45 

795.70 

.590 

170.41 

260.96 

351.50 

532.60 

625.14 

713.69    894.78 

075.SS 

158.07 

800.25 

.591 

170.83 

261.60 

352.37 

553.!  15 

624.71 

715.49 

897.04 

078.60 

441.71 

804.81 

.592 

171.25 

262.21 

155.25 

5:  15.27 

026.  l'x 

717.29 

899.30 

OS  1.52 

1  15.55 

809.38 

.593 

171.66 

262.89 

-,54.15 

556.61 

027.8.5 

719.0!) 

901.56 

081.04 

448.!)!) 

814.95 

.594 

172.08 

263.54  355.01 

557.95 

629.42 

720.8!) 

905.82 

086.76 

452.05 

819.52 

.595 

172.49 

264.19!  355.89 

559.29 

050.99 

722.69 

9116.0!) 

089.49 

456.29 

823.09 

.596 
.597 

172.91 

173.33 

264.83J  356.77 
265.48  357.65 

540.63 
541.97 

632.56 
654.10 

724.49 

726.50 

908.36 

910.6:; 

092.22 

094.95 

459.95 
465.61 

1827.07 
1852.20 

.598 

173.7,5 

266.13  358.53 

543.:!  1 

655.  6,8 

728.11 

912.90 

097.68 

167.27 

856.85 

.599 

174.17 

266.78 

359.41 

544.66 

657.26 

729.92 

91.5.17 

100.42 

470.93 

1841.44 

.600 

174.57 

267,4:; 

:  160.2!) 

540.01 

658.87 

751.75 

917.44 

io5.it; 

474.60  1846.05 

.601 

174.99 

268.  os 

361.17 

547.50 

640,!.-, 

755.5; 

919.72 

105.80 

478.27 

850.6:; 

.602 

17.5.41 

268.75 

562.05 

548.71 

642.05 

735.55 

922.00 

108.54 

481.94 

1855.2;: 

.603 

175.85 

269.38 

550.06 

645.61 

757.10 

924.28 

1111  .28 

485.61 

859.84 

.604 

176.26 

270.05 

363^82 

551.41 

645.19 

73,8.98 

920.50 

1114.03 

189.29 

864.45 

.605 

176.67 

270.09 

564.71 

552.76 

646.78 

740.80 

928.84 

1116.88 

192.97 

869.06 

.606 

177.09 

271.54 

365.58 

554.11 

648.30 

712.02 

951.12 

1119.05 

196.66 

1873.68 

.607 

177.51 

271.99 

366.48 

555,46 

64!».!)5 

744,44 

953.4  1 

1122.38 

500.55 

1878.30 

.608 

177.94 

272.6  1 

367.37 

556.  SI 

651.54 

746.26 

955.70 

12.5.14 

504.01 

882.92 

.609 

178.57 

275.50 

568.26 

55S.I7 

655.  15 

748.08 

957.99 

127.90 

507.75 

887.55 

.610 

178.77 

273.96 

369.15 

5,59.55 

654.72 

749.91 

940.28 

150.66 

511.42 

892.18 

.611 

179.1!) 

274.61 

370.04 

560.  ss 

656.31 

751.75 

942.57 

155.12 

515.12 

896.82 

.612 

179.61 

275.26 

370.93 

562.24 

658.03 

753.56 

944.87 

1136.19 

518.82 

901.46 

262 


K«pth 
ifcr. 

LENGTH  OF   THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

2  Feet. 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet 

12  Fee 

1 
1C  Feet 

20  Feet. 

.613 

180.04 

275.91 

371.82 

563.60 

659.75 

755.39 

947.17 

1138.91 

1522.53 

1906.10 

.614 

180.47 

27(1.57 

372.71 

5114.91 

(HUM 

757.22 

!»49.4- 

1141.7 

1526.24 

1910.75 

.615 

180.87 

277.23 

373.(i( 

5i;i;.32 

662.6S 

759.05 

951  .7" 

1144.5 

1529.9- 

1915.40 

,616 

181.30 

277.X9 

374.49 

51  -.7.1* 

C.64.2X 

760.  xs 

954.0" 

1147.2 

1533.67 

1920.116 

.617 

181.73 

27X.55 

375.38 

569.04 

665.XX 

762.71 

9.56.::s 

1150.0 

1537.3! 

1924.72 

.618 

182.16 

279.21 

37<i.27 

570.41 

607.48 

761.55 

95X.6! 

11  52.x 

1.541.1 

1929.7s 

.619 

182.5!) 

279.S7 

377.  Hi 

571.78 

669.0X 

766.3!) 

961.  (K 

1155.6 

1544.x: 

19.-H.04 

.620 

182.99 

2X11.53 

378.07 

573.1.5 

670.6X 

768.2 

963.3 

I15S.3 

I54X.5. 

l!i::X.7! 

.621 

183.42 

2X1.19 

37X.-H; 

574.51 

672.  2X 

770.07 

9i;.5.6L 

1161.1 

I5.52.2x 

1943.39 

.622 

183.85 

2X1  !x.5 

379.S5 

575.SX. 

673.7! 

771.91 

967.!): 

1163.9 

1556.0 

HI4X.07 

.623 

184.28 

2X2.51 

38H.75 

577.25 

675.4( 

77...  7: 

970.24 

1166.7 

155!l.74 

1952.45 

.624 

181.71 

2S3.17 

3si.i;r, 

57S.63 

677.01 

775.5!. 

972.5." 

116!I.5 

1563.4S 

1957.43 

.625 

185.10 

2s:;.s:i 

3S2.55 

579.99 

678.7L 

777.44 

974.  XX 

11  72.:  I 

1567.22 

1962.11 

.626 

185.5:! 

2X4.4!! 

3S3.4t; 

5X1.36 

6X0.3: 

779.2!) 

977.21 

1175.1 

1570.91 

HI60.76 

.627 

is.-,.:i,; 

2X5.15 

3X4.37 

5X2.73 

6KI.94 

781.14 

979.52 

1177.9 

1574.7 

1971.42 

.628  !  186.39 

2S5.X1 

3X5.2X 

584.11 

683.5: 

7X2.!)!) 

981.84 

llxn.7 

157X.4I 

I976.0X 

.629  !  186.82 

2X6.47 

386.18 

5X5.4!) 

6X5.11 

784.84 

9*1.17 

11X3.5 

15X2.21 

I!)70.74 

.630 

1X7.23 

287.14 

3S7.05 

5xt;.s7 

6X6.7S 

786.69 

9X6.51 

llxc,.:i 

I5S5.9I 

19X5.60 

.631 

187.  (ill 

2S7.SO 

3X7.!  15 

5XS.25 

6XX.3! 

788.54 

988.8: 

11X9.1 

15X!).72 

19!  10.31 

.632 

18S.II!) 

2XX.46 

3XX.X5 

589.63 

690.01 

790.39 

9ill.ll 

1191.il 

1593.1s 

HKI5.02 

.633 

188.52 

2X9.12 

3X9.75 

591.01 

691.6: 

792.25 

9!  13.4! 

1194.7 

1597.24 

1!)!)!).74 

.634 

ISX.il.-j 

2X9.79 

390.(i-) 

592.39 

693.2.- 

794.11 

!  195.x: 

1197.5 

1601.01 

2004.46 

.635 

18!).36 

29,').4f, 

391.5IJ 

593.77 

694.X7 

795.97 

99X.17 

1211!).:; 

1604.78 

200!).  IX 

.336 

1X9.7!) 

291.12 

392.36 

595.15 

69C..4! 

797.x:: 

1000.51 

1203.1' 

1606.97 

2013.1!) 

<>37 

1  ilil.22 

291.7X 

393.27 

59li.53 

69S.11 

799.69 

10H2.X.- 

I2H6.0 

1610.37 

2018.64 

.638 

I9il.(i5 

292.45 

394.  IX 

597.91 

69!).": 

X01.55 

1005.1! 

12cs.x: 

1614.17 

2(i23.::s 

.639 

191.08 

29.!.  12 

3115.0!! 

599.  .-,0 

"01.  31 

X03.42 

1007.5: 

1211.6.. 

1617.97 

202s.  12 

.640 

191.50 

293.XI! 

396.10 

6011.69 

7ll2.!K 

X05.29 

1009.SS 

1214.4X 

1623.67 

2032.  MI 

.641 

191.93 

294.46 

397.0.) 

602.0S 

704.62 

X07.16 

1012.2: 

1217.3 

1627.4( 

2037.61 

.642 

]92.3t; 

295.12 

397.91 

C03.I7 

706.2.- 

S09.03 

1014.5S 

1220.14 

1631.2.- 

2042.36 

.643 

192.79 

295.7!) 

3!IX.S2 

604.  si! 

707.88 

810.90 

1016.9: 

222.97 

1635.04 

2047.11 

.644 

193.22 

29C,.4(i 

399.7:1 

606.25 

709.51 

812.77 

1019.2X 

225.  XI 

1638.x: 

2051  86 

.645 

19.:.65 

297.11 

400.64 

607.64 

711.14 

XI  1.64 

1021.64 

22S.6: 

1642.6: 

2056.62 

.616 

191.08 

2!>7.X1 

401.55 

609.03 

712.77 

XI  6.5  1 

I  (123.  9! 

231.4" 

1646.4: 

2061.3!) 

.647 

194.51 

29X.4X 

102.  4(1 

61(1.42 

714.40 

818.38 

1026.35 

231.3 

1650.2: 

2066.16 

.648 

194.94 

2!  If).  15 

40.3.37 

611.82 

716.04 

820.28 

102X.71 

2:  ,7.  2 

16.54.04 

21170.93 

.649 

195.37 

299.82 

4(14.2!) 

613.22 

717.68 

822.14 

1031.07 

240.0.- 

1657.8: 

2075.70 

:<;.-,(> 

195.80 

3011.50 

405.21 

614.62 

719.32 

Xt>4.02 

1033.4:; 

24  2.  SI 

66!.  61 

20X0.4X 

.651 

l!l(i.23 

301.17 

4(16.12 

616.01 

720.91 

X25.90 

1035.SO 

245.6! 

665.4X 

2(1X5.26 

.652 

lillj.lili 

301.  S4 

407.113 

617.41 

722.61 

X27.78 

103X.17 

24X.54 

66!I.3II 

2090.05 

.863 

197.09 

302.51 

407.91 

618.S1 

724.24 

829.66 

1010.51 

251.3! 

673.12 

2094.84 

.654 

197-52 

303.19 

4ox.si; 

620.21 

725.8X 

831.551042.91 

251.21 

676.94 

2099.63 

.655 

HIT-  95 

303.  X7 

409.78 

621.61 

727.5.", 

S3.3.44  10I5.2S 

257.  K 

6X0.76 

2104.42 

.656 

I9S.3X 

304.51 

410.110 

623.01 

729.17 

838.83  1047.65 

259.9! 

6X4.59 

•109.22 

.<;r,7 
.668 

HIS.  SI 
199.24 

305.21 
305.SS 

411.52 
412.44 

624.41 

1J25.X2 

7:(O.X2 
732.47 

837.22  1050.02 

839.11   1052.40 

262.  XL 
265.6s 

6.-X.42 
6!  12.  26 

'114.03 
'118.84 

.659 

199.67 

30i;.5(i 

413.36 

627.23 

734.12 

841.00  1054.78 

26X.5- 

Ii96.ll) 

123.65 

-.660 

2IIO-12 

307.25 

414.38 

62X.64 

735.77 

842.90  1057.16 

271.42 

699.91 

12X.46 

.661 

200.55 

307.JI2 

415.3(1 

630.05 

737.42 

x|  4.79  1059.55 

274.2! 

703.7!) 

133.2X 

.662 

20II.9S 

3IIS.59 

416.22,   631.46 

739.07 

X46.69  10(51.95 

277.ll 

707.64 

i:s.io 

.663 

201-41 

3(l!l.27 

417.14    632.87 

740.72 

848.59  1064.35 

2XO.o: 

711.49 

142.  92 

.664 

201.84 

30!I.!I5 

418.07    634.28 

742.38 

X50.49  1066.75 

2X2.91 

715.34 

147.75 

.665 

202.29 

31ll.ti4 

418.99    635.69 

744.04 

x.-,2.39,1lli;9JI9 

2X5.7! 

719.19 

152.5s 

.666 

2II2.72 

311.32 

419.911  637.10 

745.70 

854.31  11071  .4811288.67 

723.05'2I57.42 

.667 
.668 

203.15 

312.0(1 
312.1JS 

421.75    639.92 

747.36 
749.02 

8.56.23  1073.87  1291.55 
868.151076.28  12J4.43 

726.91  !2162.26 
730.71  2167.10 

.669 

313.31) 

422.68    641.34 

750.6S 

860.08  1078.66  1  297.32 

734.63:2171.95 

.670 

314.04 

423.61    642.76 

752.34 

861.91  1081.06  1300.21 

738.502176.80 

263 


Depth 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OF   THE   WEIR. 

Feet. 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet 

12  Feet 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

.671 

314.72 

424.53 

644.18 

754.00 

863.82 

1083.46 

1303.10 

1742.37 

2181.66 

.672 

315.40 

125.46 

615.60 

755.  61  i 

865.73 

1085.86 

1305.99 

1746.25 

2186.52 

.673 

316.08 

12(1.39 

647.02 

757.32 

867.64 

1088.26 

1308.88 

1750.13 

2191.58 

.674 

316.76 

127.32 

648.44 

758.99 

869.55 

1090.66 

1311.78 

1754.01 

2196.21 

.675 

317.45 

428.25 

649.86 

760.66 

871.47 

1093.07 

1314.1-8 

1757.89 

2201.10 

.676 

318.13 

429.28 

651.28 

762.33 

873.38 

1095.48 

1317.58 

1761.78 

2205.97 

.677 

518.81 

430.21 

652.70 

761.00 

875.38 

1097.89 

1520.48 

1765.67 

2210.85 

.678 

319.50 

431.14 

654.12 

765.67 

877.22 

1100.30 

1325.58 

1769.56 

2215.75 

.679 

320.19 

432.07 

655.55 

767.34 

879.14 

1102.71 

1526.29 

1773.45 

2220.01 

.680 

520.87 

432.91 

656.98 

769.02 

881.06 

1105.13 

15,29.20 

1777.34 

2225.49 

.681 

521.55 

433.84 

658.41 

770.69 

882.98 

1107.54 

1332.11 

1781.24 

2250.58 

.682 

322.23 

434.77 

659.84 

.72.36 

884.90 

1109.96 

1355.02 

1785.14 

2235.27 

.683 

:  ',22.92 

435.70 

661.  2:1 

774.04 

886.82 

1112.28 

1357.93 

1789.05 

2240.17 

.684 

323.61 

136.64 

(162.6(1 

176.72 

888.75 

1114.80 

4540.85 

1792.96 

2245.07 

.085* 

324.30 

437.58 

664.13 

777.40 

890.68 

1117.22 

1343.77 

1796.87 

2-M9.97 

.680 

524.99 

438.51 

665.56 

779.08 

892.61 

1119.64 

134<U,9 

1800.78 

2251.  88 

.687 

525.08 

439.44 

666.9!) 

780.76 

894.54 

1152.07 

1349.61 

1804.70 

2259.79 

.688 

326.37 

440.38 

668,42 

782.44 

896.47 

1134.50 

1552.54 

18(8.62 

2264.70 

.689 

327.06 

441.32 

669.8(5 

784.12 

898.40 

1150.93 

1355.47 

1812.52 

2269.61 

.690 

327.75 

142.26 

671.30 

785.81 

900.3:; 

1129.36 

1358.40 

1816.46 

2274.55 

.691 

328.44 

443.20 

672.73 

787.50 

902.26 

1131.79 

1561.55 

1820.5,9 

2279.45 

.692 

329.1:! 

444.14 

674.17 

789.19 

904.20 

1134.23 

1564.26 

1824.32 

2284.3,7 

.693 

529.82 

445.08 

675.61 

790.88 

906.14 

1)36.67 

4567.19 

1828.25 

2289.30 

.694 

330.51 

446.02 

677.05 

792.57 

9C8.18 

1139.11 

1370.13 

1832.19 

2294.25 

.695 

331.20 

146.96 

678.49 

794.26 

910.02 

1141.55 

1575.07 

1836.13 

2299.18 

.096 

331.89 

447.90 

679.93 

795.95 

911.96 

1143.99 

1376.01 

1840.07 

2304.13 

.697 

332.58 

418.86 

6,81.37 

797.64 

913.90 

1146.43 

1378.95 

1844.01 

2309.08 

.698 

333.27 

ii:i.v; 

682.81 

799.33 

915.84 

1148.87 

1581.90 

1847.96 

2314.03 

.699 

33::.  9C, 

150.80 

684.26 

801.02 

917.79 

1151.32 

1384.85 

1851.91 

2318.98 

.700 

334.66 

451.69 

685.71 

802.72 

919.74 

1153.77 

15S7.80 

18.-5.Hi 

2525.92 

.701 

335.35 

452.63 

687.15 

804.42 

921.69 

1156.22 

1590.75 

18,-  9.82 

2528>8 

.702 

336.04 

453.57 

688.60 

806.12 

923.64 

1158.07 

1595.70 

1865.78 

2555.84 

.703 

336.74 

454.51 

690.05 

807.82 

925.59 

1161.12 

1396.66 

1867.74 

2558.81 

.704 

337.44 

455.  46 

691  .50 

NI9..-.2 

927.54 

1163.58 

15,99.56 

1871.70 

2343.78 

.705 

33S.14 

456.41 

692.95 

811.22 

929.49 

1166.04 

1402.58 

1875.66 

25-18.75 

.706 

33S.S3 

457.:'.5 

694.40 

812.92 

931.44 

11C8.50 

1405.54 

1879.73 

2555.75 

.707 

339.52 

4-.8.30 

695.8.-, 

814.62 

953.40 

1170.96 

14(18.50 

1883.70 

2358.71 

.708 

340.22 

459.05 

697.30 

816.33 

035.36 

1173.42 

1411.47 

1887.67 

2363.69 

.709 

540.92 

460.00 

69x76 

818.04 

937.52 

1175.88 

1414.44 

1891.65 

2568.  07 

.710 

341.62 

461.15 

700.22 

819.75 

959.L8 

1178.34 

1417.41 

1895.55 

2575.C6 

.711 

542.52 

162  JO 

701.67 

821.46 

941.24 

1180.79 

1420.58 

1899.51 

2578.66 

.712 

343.02 

463.05 

703.12 

823.17 

945.20 

1185.24 

1425.55 

1905.50 

2585.66 

.713 

313.72 

464.00 

704.5,8 

824.88 

9-15.16 

1185.69 

1426.52 

1907.49 

2:  88.66 

.714 

S14.42 

161.95 

706.04 

826.59 

947.13 

111-8.14 

1429.50 

1911.48 

2595.66 

.715 

345.12 

465.91 

707.50 

828.30 

949.10 

1190.69 

1452.28 

1915.47 

2598.66 

.716 

345.S2 

466.86 

708.91) 

830.01 

951.07 

1193.16 

1455.26 

1919.47 

2105.07 

.717 

3Ki.52 

467.81 

710.42 

831.72 

953.04 

1195.64 

1458.24 

1923.47 

24C8.(:,8 

.718 

347.22 

468.77 

711.88 

833.44 

955.01 

1198.12 

1441.23 

1927.47 

2413.70 

.719 

347.92 

469.73 

713.35 

835.16 

956.98 

1260.60 

1444.22 

1931.47 

2418.72 

.720 

548.02 

470.69 

714.82 

836.88 

958.95 

1203.08 

1447.21 

I955.48 

2423.74 

.721      349.32 

471.64 

716.30 

838.60 

960.92 

1205.56 

1  (50.20 

19o9.49 

2428.77 

.722 

350.02 

472.59 

717.76 

840.32 

962.89 

12(8.04 

1453.19 

1943.50 

2455.80 

.723 

350.72 

173.59 

719.23 

842.04 

964.87 

1210.55 

1456.19 

1947.51 

2458.85 

.724 

351.42 

474.51 

720.70 

843.76 

966.85 

1215.02 

14f,9.19 

1951.53 

2443.87 

.725 

352.13 

475.47 

845.49 

968.85 

1215.51 

1462.19 

1955..r5 

2118.91 

.726 

352.8:! 

476.43 

723.62 

847.21 

970.81 

1218.00 

1465.19 

1959.57 

2455.96 

.727 

353.53 

477.39 

725.09 

818.94 

972.79 

1220.49 

1468.19 

1963.60 

2459.01 

.728 

354.24 

478.35 

726.56 

850.66 

974.77 

1222.98 

1471.20 

1967.63 

2464.06 

264 


Depth 
on 
Weir. 

Feet. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

3  Feet. 

4F«et 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

.729 

354.95 

479.31 

728.03 

852.38 

976.76 

1225.48 

1474.21 

1971.66 

2469.11 

.730 

355.66 

4X0.28 

729.51 

854.13 

97s  7.-, 

1227.98 

1477.22 

1975.69 

2474.16 

.731 

£56.36 

481.24 

730.9S 

855.80 

980.73 

1230.48 

14x0.2:; 

1979.73 

2479.22 

.732 

:«7.06 

482.20 

732.45 

857.59 

982.72 

1232.!  IS 

14X3.24 

19X3.77 

24X4.29 

.733 

357.76 

483.16 

7:53.9.5 

859.32 

984.71 

1235.4S 

14X6.26 

1987.81 

24X9.36 

.734 

358.46 

484.12 

735.31 

861.05 

986.70 

1238.9X 

1489.2X 

1W1.X5 

2494.43 

.735 

359.16 

485.09 

7:  (6.89 

862.79 

988.69 

1240.-1!) 

1492.30 

1995.90 

2499.50 

.736 

359.87 

486.05 

7:58.37 

864.53 

990.68 

124;!.  00 

1-495.32 

1999.95 

2504.5.x 

.737 

360.58 

487.01 

739.85 

866.27 

9i»2.67 

1245.-,! 

149X.34 

2664.60 

2509.66 

.738 

361.30 

487.98 

741.33 

868.01 

994.67 

1248.02 

1501.  :5ti 

200X.05 

2514.74 

.739 

362.02 

488.95 

742.81 

869.75 

996.67 

1250.5:5 

l.-,o4.:;!i 

2012.11 

2519.X3 

.740 

362.74 

489.92 

744.30 

871.49 

996.67 

1253.66 

1.-.07.42 

2016.17 

2524.92 

.741 

303.45 

490.89 

745.78 

873.23 

1000.67 

1255.56 

1510.45 

202H.23 

2530.02 

.742 

364.16 

491.86 

747.21, 

874.97 

1002.67 

1258.08 

1513.48 

2024.30 

2535.12 

.743 

364.87 

492.83 

748.75 

876.71 

1001.67 

1260.60 

1516.47 

2H2X.37 

2.540.22 

.744 

365.58 

493.80 

750.24 

878.46 

1006.67 

1203.12 

1519.52 

2032.44 

2545.32 

.745 

366.29 

494.77 

751.73 

880.21 

1008.08 

1205.64 

1  522.150 

20:16.51 

2550.42 

.746 

367.00 

495.74 

753.22 

8X1.95 

1010.69 

12)58.16 

1525.154 

2040.69 

2555.:.:: 

.747 

367.71 

490.71 

754.71 

883.70 

1012.70 

1270.68 

1528.(i8 

2044.77 

2560.65 

.748 

368.43 

497.68 

756.10 

885.45 

1014.72 

1273.21 

1531.72 

204X.X5 

2565.77 

.749 

369.15 

498.65 

757.59 

8X7.20 

1016.73 

1275.74 

15:54.77 

2052.93 

2570.X!) 

.750 

369.86 

499.63 

759.18 

888.95 

1018.73 

1278.27 

1537.X2 

2056.92 

2576.01 

.751 

.752 

370.57 
371.28 

.=100.60 
501.57 

760.67 
762.16 

X!)0.70 
892.45 

1020.74 

1(122.7.", 

1280.80 

1283.33 

1540.87 
1543.92 

2061.01 
20t  15.10 

25X1.14 
25X6.27 

.753 

372.00 

r,(i2..->t    7(53.65 

894.20 

1024.76 

1285.87 

154(i.97 

2069.19 

2591.40 

.754 

372.72 

503.52 

765.15 

895.96     1026.78 

12X8.41 

l.-,,-,0.(l3 

2073.2S 

2596.  :4 

.755 

373.43 

504.50 

766.65 

897.72     1028.XO 

1290.95 

1553.09 

2077.39 

2601.  6x 

.756 

374.14 

505.47 

768.15 

899.48     1030.82 

1293.49 

155(1.15 

20X1.49 

2606.x:; 

.757 

374.85 

506.4.-, 

769.65 

901.24 

1032.84 

1290.03 

1559.21 

20X5.60 

261  1.98 

.758 

375.57 

507.43 

771.15 

91)3.00 

1834.86 

1298.57 

1562.28 

20X9.71 

2617.1:; 

.759 

376.2!) 

508.41 

772.05 

904.76 

1036.88 

1301.11 

15(55.  35 

2093.X2 

2022.2X 

.760 

377.01 

509.39 

774.15 

906>,2 

10:38.90 

1:503.66 

150.42 

2097.9:'. 

2627.44 

.761 

377.73 

510.37 

775.65 

908.28 

1040.92 

1:506.21 

1571.49 

2102.05 

2632.60 

.762 

37X.45 

511.35 

777.15 

910.04 

1042.95 

1:508.76 

1574.00 

2106.17 

2637.77 

.763 

379.17 

512.33 

778.65 

911.81 

1044.98 

1311.31 

1577.63 

2110.29 

2642.94 

.764 

379.89 

513.21 

780.16 

913.58 

1047.01 

1313.86 

15S0.70 

2114.41 

264X.11 

.765 

380.61 

514.29 

781.67 

915.35 

1049.04 

1316.41 

15X3.7X 

2118.53 

21553.  2X 

.766 

381.33 

515.27 

783.17 

917.12 

1051.07 

1318.96 

15XO.X6 

2122.66 

255X.-16 

.767 

382.05 

516.95 

784.68 

918.89 

10.53.10 

1  :  -.21.52 

15X<).94 

2126.79 

2563.64 

.768 

IW2.77 

517.93 

786.19 

920.66 

1055.13 

1324.0X 

1593.02 

2130.93 

25CX.S2 

.769 

3X3.49 

518.92 

787.70 

922.43 

1057.16 

1320.64 

1596.11 

2135.07 

2574.01 

.770 

384.21 

519.21 

789.21 

924.21 

1059.20 

1329.20 

1599.20 

2139.20 

2679.20 

.771 

384.93 

520.19 

790.72 

925.98 

1061.24 

1:531.76 

1602.29 

2  143..  '54 

26X4.40 

.772 

385.65 

521.17 

792.23 

927.75     1063.28 

1334.22 

Ki((5.:i8 

2147.4X 

26X9.60 

.773 

3X6.37 

522.16 

793.74 

929.53     1065.32 

1336.8!) 

1I50X.47 

2151.63 

2694.SO 

.774     387.09 

52:i.ir, 

795.25 

931.31     1067.36 

1X59.46 

1611.57 

2155.78 

2700.011 

"  .775     387.82 

524.14 

796.77 

9:53.09     1069.40 

1342.03 

1614.67 

21.-9.93 

2705.20 

.776     388.54 

525.12 

798.28 

934.87     1071.44 

1344.60     1(117.77 

2164.09 

2710.41 

.777  I  389.26 

526.11 

799.79 

9:56.65     1073.48 

1347.17 

162(  P.X7 

2KX.19 

-715.1,2 

.778  1  389.98 

527.10 

801.31 

:t::x.43    1075.53 

1349.75 

162:;.  97 

2172.:  5 

27LO.XJ 

.779  i  390.61 

528.09 

802.S3 

940.21      1077.5X 

1:552.33    1627.07 

2176.51 

2726.06 

.780     391.44 

529.08 

804.35 

941.99     1079.63 

1354.91     1630.1X 

2180.73 

2731.2X 

.781 

392.16 

530.07 

805.S7 

913.77     lOSl.tis 

1357.49     ll>:;3.29 

21X4.90 

2736.51 

.782 

392.88 

531.06 

HOT.:!!) 

945.56     10S3.73 

1360.07     16:56.40 

21X9.07 

2741.74 

.783 

393.61 

532.05 

808.91 

947.:55     1085.78 

13ti2.65     1039.51 

2193.24 

2746.97 

.784 

394.34 

533.04 

810.43 

949.14     1087.83 

13(55.23 

1642.152 

2197.41 

2752.21 

.785 

395.07 

534.04 

811.96 

950.93     lOXil.Xii 

1367.82 

1645.74 

2201.59 

27/,7.45 

.786 

395.79 

535.03 

813.48 

952.72    1091.94 

1370.40 

1648.86 

2205.77 

2762.C9 

2(55 


Depth 
Weir. 

Feet. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

<;  Feet. 

7  Feet.     8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

.787 

396.51 

536.02 

815.00 

954.51    1094.00 

1372.99 

1651.98 

2209.95 

2767.94 

.788 

397/24 

537.01 

816.53 

056.30     1006.06 

1375.58 

1655.10 

2214.14 

2773.19 

.789 

397.97 

538.01 

818.06 

058.09     1008.12 

1378.17 

1058.22 

22  is.:;:; 

277*.  1  1 

.790 

398.71 

539.01 

810.50 

050.88     1100.18 

1380.76 

1661.35 

2222.52 

2783.69 

.791 

399.44 

540.00 

821.12 

961.67     1102.24 

1383.3.-, 

1664.1s 

2226.71 

27X8.05 

.792 

400.17 

540.00 

X22.05 

963.47     1104.30 

1385.05 

1007.01 

2230.01 

2794.21 

.793 

400.00 

541.00 

K24.  IS 

965.27     1100.36 

1388.55 

1670.74 

2235.11 

2700.4s 

.794 

401,03 

542.00 

825.71 

967.07     1108.4:! 

1391.15 

1673.87 

2239.31 

2804.75 

.795 

402.30 

543.00 

827.24 

068.87     1110.50 

1393.75 

1677.00 

2243.51 

2s  10.02 

.796 

403.09 

514.00 

828.77 

970.07    1112.57 

1390.35 

1080.14 

2247.72 

2815.30 

.797 

403.82 

545.00 

820.30 

072.47     1114.04 

1398.95 

1683.28 

2251.93 

2820.58 

.798 

404.H5 

546.00 

s:;o>4 

974.27 

1116.71 

1401.56 

1686.12 

2256.14 

2X25.  SC, 

.799 

405.28 

547.00 

832.38 

076.07 

1118.78 

1404.17 

1689.56 

2200.35 

2831.14 

.800 

40(>.()2 

548.99 

834.  92 

977.88 

1120.8.-, 

1400.78 

1092.71 

2204.57 

2836.43 

.801 

400.75 

540.00 

836,45 

979.68     1122.92 

1409.39 

1095.80 

2208.70 

2841.72 

.802 

407.48 

550.00 

837.99 

0X1.40     1124.99 

1412.00 

1099.01 

2273.01 

2X17.02 

.803 

408.22 

551.00 

839.53 

983.30 

1127.07 

1414.61 

1702.16 

2277.23 

2852.32 

.804 

408.96 

552.00 

841.07 

985.11 

1129.15 

1417.22 

1705.31 

2281.40 

2X57.62 

.805 

409.69 

551.00 

812.61 

986.02 

1131.23 

1419.84 

1708.46 

2285.09 

2862.92 

.806 

410.42 

551.00 

844.15 

988.73 

1133.31 

1422.40 

1711.61 

2289.92 

2X08.23 

.807 

411.15 

555.00 

845.60 

990.34 

1135.30 

1425.08 

1714.77 

2204.15 

2X73.54 

.808 

411.89 

556.00 

847.2.-, 

902.35 

1137.47 

1427.70 

1717.93 

220S.30 

2878.85 

.809 

412.03 

557.01 

848.78 

994.16 

1  130.55 

1430.32 

1721.09 

2302.63 

2X84.17 

.810 

413.37 

550.02 

850.33 

005.08 

1141.64 

1  1:  ',2.  05 

1724.25 

2306.S7 

2XX9.IO 

.811 

414.10 

550.0-.' 

851.87 

997.79 

1143.72 

1435.57 

1727.42 

2311.12 

2894.82 

.812 

414.8:; 

500.03 

853.42 

999.61 

1145.87 

1438.20 

1730.59 

2315.37 

2900.15 

.813 

415.57 

561.04 

854.07 

1001.43 

1147.96 

1440.83 

1733.76 

2319.02 

2005.  IX 

.814 

416.31 

561.05 

856.52 

1003.25 

1150.05 

1443.86 

1730.03 

2323.87 

2010.81 

.815 

417.05 

564.06 

85S.07 

1005.07 

11  52.  OS 

1416.00 

1740.10 

2328.12 

2916.14 

.816 

417.79 

565.07 

850.62 

1006.80 

1154.17 

14-18.72 

1743.27 

2332.38 

2921.48 

.817 

418.53 

566.  OS 

861.17 

1008.71 

1156.28 

1451.35 

1740.45 

2330.04 

2026.X2 

.818 

419.27 

507.09 

862.72 

1010.5:; 

1158.35 

145:;.  oo 

1749.03 

2310.00 

2032.17 

.819 

420.01 

568.10 

864.27 

1012.46 

1160.45 

14:56.63 

1750.81 

2345.10 

2037.52 

.820 

42(1.75 

560.11 

865.83 

1014.19 

1162.55 

1450.27 

1755.99 

2310.13 

2942.87 

.821 

421.59 

570.12 

867.38 

1016.01 

1164.65 

1462.01 

1759.17 

2:353.70 

2948.23 

.822 

122.33 

571.13 

86S.03 

1017.84 

1160.75 

1405.55 

1760.35 

2357.97 

2053.50 

.823 

123.07 

572.14 

870.40 

1019.07 

1108.85 

1468.10 

1763.54 

2.362.24 

2958.95 

.824 

123.81 

573.15 

872.05 

1021.50 

1  170.95 

1470.83 

1766.73 

2366.52 

2061.31 

.825 

424.45 

574.17 

873.61 

1023.33 

1173.05 

1472.48 

1771.92 

2370.80 

2969.67 

425.19 

575.18 

875.17 

1025.16 

1175.15 

1475.1:', 

1775.11 

2375.08 

2975.04 

!827 

425.ii:; 

576.1!) 

876.73 

1026.00 

1177.25 

1477.78 

177S.30 

2570.36 

2980.42 

.828 

426.68 

577.21 

878.20 

1028.82 

1179.36 

1480.43 

1781.50 

2381.65 

2985.80 

427.4:', 

578.24 

879.85 

1(130.65 

1181.47 

1483.08 

1784.70 

23X3.04 

2001.18 

!sso 

428.17 

570.25 

881.41 

1032.19 

1183.58 

1485.74 

1787.00 

2:102.23 

2996.5(5 

.831 

42S.9I 

580.26 

882.07 

103-1.33 

1185.69 

1488.39 

1791.10 

2396.53 

3001.95 

.833 

429.65 

,581.28 

881..-,:; 

1030.17 

1187.70 

1491.05 

1794.30 

2400.83 

31107.34 

.833 

430.40 

582.30 

886.10 

10£8.01 

1189.81 

1493.71 

1797.51 

2405.13    3012.73 

.834 

431.15 

583.32 

887.67 

1030.85 

1191.92 

1490.37 

1800.72 

2100.1:1     3018.13 

.835 

431.89 

584.34 

880.24 

1041.  69 

1194.13 

1400.  03 

1803.93 

2413.73     3023.53 

.836 

432.63 

585.36     890.80 

1043.53 

1196.24 

1501.60 

1807.14 

2418.04    3028.03 

.837 

433.37 

586.38     S02.37 

1045.37 

1198.35 

1504.35 

1810.35 

2422.35     3031.31 

.838 

434.12 

587.40 

893.94 

1047.21 

1200.47 

1507.02 

1813.56 

2426.00     30:i0.75 

.839 

434.87 

588.42 

895.51 

1040.05 

1202.59 

1500.60 

1816.78 

2430.97     3045.10 

.840 

435.62 

580.44 

807.08 

1050.00 

1204.72 

1512.30 

1820.00 

2435.29 

3050.57 

.841 

136.36 

500.46 

808.65 

1052.7  1 

1206.84 

1515.03 

1823.22 

2130.61 

3055.99 

.842 

437.10 

501.48 

000.22 

1(151.50 

1208.96 

1517.70 

1826.44     2443.93 

3001.41 

.843 
.844 

437  >5 
438.60 

502.50 
593.53 

001.70 
903.37 

1056,11 
1058.29 

1211.08 
1213.21 

1520.37 
1523.05 

1829.00     2448.25 
1832.89    2452.58 

3066,83 
3072.26 

Depth 
Wrfr. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

:!  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

1C  Feet.     20  Feet. 

.845 

439.36 

594.56 

904.95 

1060.14 

1215.34 

1525.73 

1836.12 

2456.91 

3077.69 

.846 

440.11 

595.5S 

ill  16.  52 

1061.99 

1217.47 

1528.41 

1839.35 

2461.24 

3083.13 

.847 

440.86 

596.60 

90X.10 

1063.84 

1219.60 

1531.09 

1842.58 

2465.57 

308X.53 

.848 

441.61 

597.62 

909.68 

1065.6!! 

1221.73 

1533.77 

1845.81 

2469.91 

3093.97 

.849 

442.36 

59S.i;r, 

911.26 

1067.54 

1223.S6 

1536.45 

1819.05 

2474.25 

3099.41 

.850 

443.11 

599.68 

(112.84 

1069.41 

1225.99 

1539.14 

1852.29 

2478.59 

3104.8!! 

.851 

443.86 

6(10.71 

914.42 

1071.26 

122X.12 

1541.82 

1855.53 

2482.93 

3110.34 

.852 

444.61 

601.74 

916.00 

1073.12 

123:1.25 

1544.51 

1858.77 

24X7.28 

3115.7!! 

.853 

445.31! 

602.77 

917.58 

1074.98 

1232.38 

1547.20 

1862.01 

2491.63 

3121.25 

.854 

446.11 

603.80 

919.16 

1076.84 

123  4.52 

1519.89 

1865.25 

2495.98 

3126.71 

.855 

440.87 

604.83 

9211.74 

1078.70 

1236.6G 

1552.58 

1868.50 

2500.SJ 

3132.17 

.856 

447.62 

605.86 

922.32 

108(1.56 

123X.XO 

1555.27 

1871.75 

2504.6!) 

3137.64 

.857 

44837 

606.89 

92::.90 

1082.32 

1240.94 

1557.96 

1875.00 

2509.05 

3143.11 

.858 

449.12 

607.92 

925.  49 

1084.18 

1243.08 

1560.66 

1878.25 

2513.41 

3148.58 

.859 

449.87 

60S.95 

927.08 

108IUI5 

1245.22 

1563.36 

1881.50 

2517.77 

3154.05 

.860 

450.6.°, 

609.9S 

!I2X.67 

1088.02 

1247.37 

I566.  06 

1884.75 

2522.14 

3159.53 

.861 

451.38 

610.01 

!i:!0.'_»6 

1089.88 

1249.51 

1568.76 

1888.01 

2526.51 

31(55.01 

.862 

452.13 

611.04 

932.X.-, 

10!)  1.75 

1251.65 

1571.46 

1891  .27 

2530.88 

3170.49 

.863 

152X1 

612.07 

93  {.45 

1093.02 

125:;.XO 

1574.16 

1X91.53 

25:i5.25 

3175.98 

.864 

J5:;.(i5 

61.3.11 

936.04 

1095.4!) 

1255.85 

1576.87 

1897.79 

2539.63 

3181.47 

.865 

454.41 

615.15 

936.62 

1097.30 

1258.10 

1579.58 

lilOl.05 

2544.01 

3186.96 

.866 

455.16 

616.18 

938.21 

1099.2:; 

1260.25 

15X2.2!) 

1904.32 

2548.39 

3192.46 

.867 

4.55.91 

617.21 

93il.xo 

1101.10 

1262.40 

1585.00 

1!  107.59 

2552.77 

3197.96 

456.67 

6  IS.  25 

941.3!) 

1102.97 

1264.55 

1587.71 

1910.81! 

2557.15 

3203.46 

'.869 

457.4:; 

619.29 

912.98 

1104.85 

1266.70 

1590.42 

1914.13 

2561.64 

32HSJM-, 

.870 

458.19 

620.33 

!)  14.59 

1106.73 

1268.86 

1593.13 

1917.40 

2565.9:! 

3214.47 

.871 

458.94 

621.36 

946.18 

1108.60 

1271.01 

1595.84 

1920.67 

2570.32 

3219.9X 

.872 

459.71 

622.  40 

947.78 

1110.48 

1273.17 

15!  IX  56 

1!  12:  1.95 

2574.72 

3225.50 

.873 

460.46 

023.41 

949.38 

1112.36 

1275.33 

1601.28 

1927.23 

2579.12 

32:  11.  02 

.874 

4(11.22 

624.48 

!  150.!  IX 

1114.24 

1277.49 

1604.00 

19.-iO.51 

25X3.52 

32:  10.54 

.875 

461.98 

625.52 

952.5S 

1116.12 

1279.65 

1606.72 

ll>:!3.79 

2587.92 

.-',212.116 

.876 

462.74 

620.56 

954.  18 

1118.00 

1281.81 

1609.14 

1937.07 

25!  12.:;:; 

.",247.59 

.877 

it;:;.  50 

627.60 

955.78 

1119.88 

1283.  97 

1612.16 

1940.35 

25!  Hi.:  14 

3253.12 

.878 

464.26 

628.64 

957.38 

1121.76 

1285.13 

1614.89 

1943.64 

2600.75 

3258  j  15 

.879 

4,!5  n2 

629.68 

958.99 

1123.64 

1287.30 

1617.62 

1946.!)3 

2605.16 

3264.  IX 

.880 

465.78 

6.-50.72 

960.60 

1125.53 

1290.47 

1020.35 

11150.22 

2609.97 

3269.72 

.881 

4615.54 

631.76 

902.20 

1127.38 

12!  12.04 

1623.08 

1953.51 

2614.39 

3275.26 

.882 

467.30 

632.80 

963.XO 

1129.27 

1294.81 

1025.X1 

1  950.X  1 

2C.18.Xl 

:  ',280.81 

.883 

n;s.  in; 

033.84 

965.40 

1131.16 

1296.9S 

1628..54 

1960.11 

2623.23 

3286.36 

.884 

468.82 

634.S9 

967.00 

1133.05 

129!).  15 

1631.27 

196.-i.41 

2627.65 

3291.!)! 

.885 

469.59 

635.il  t 

96K.63 

1134.97 

1301.32 

16.-i4.01 

1966.70 

26:  12.08 

3297.46 

.886 

470.35 

636.98 

!  170.  24 

1136.86 

13113.  19 

1636.75 

1970.00 

2636.51 

3303.02 

.887 

471.11 

638.02 

971.85 

1138.75 

1305.66 

1639.49 

1  973.30 

2640.94 

330S.5S 

471.87 

039.07 

973.46 

1140.64 

1307.83 

1642.2.", 

1970.60 

2645.37 

3314.14 

889 

472.64 

610.12 

975.07 

1142.54 

1310.01 

1644.97 

1979.!)! 

2649.81 

3319.71 

1890. 

473.41 

641.17 

976.68 

1144.44 

1312.19 

1647.71 

1!  1X3.  22 

1:654.25 

3325.28 

.891 

474.17 

642.21 

979.90 

1146.33 

1314.37 

1650.45 

19X6.53 

265X.76 

3330.85 

.892 

474.9:; 

6  13.25 

971.51 

1148.23 

1316.55 

1653.1!) 

1989.84 

2663.  28 

3336.45 

.893 

475.70 

044.30 

973.12 

1150.13 

1318.73 

1655.93 

1993.16 

2667.80 

3342.03 

.894 

476.47 

645.35 

974.14 

1152.03 

1320.91 

1658.61 

1996.48 

2672.32 

3347.61 

.895 

477.24 

646.41 

9X4.75 

1153.93 

1323.10 

1661.44 

1999.80 

2676.4X 

3353.17 

.896 

478.0!) 

647.46 

986.37 

1155.83 

1325.2X 

1664.19 

200:  1.1  2 

26x0.9:; 

3358.76 

.897 

478.76 

648.51 

987.99 

1157.73 

1327.46 

1666.94 

2006.44 

2685.:  19 

3364.:i5 

.898 

479.54 

649.56 

9X9.61 

1159.63 

1329.65 

1669.70 

2009.76 

26X9.S5 

3369.94 

.899 

480.31 

65(1.61 

991.2:! 

1101.53 

1331.84 

1672.46 

2013.08 

2691.:;! 

3375  50 

.900 

481.07 

05  1.06 

91  12.  85 

1163.44 

13.-J4.03 

1675.22 

2016.40 

2698.77 

3381.14 

.901 

481.83 

652.71 

994.47 

1105.34 

L-..-16.22 

1677.98 

201!l.73 

2703.24 

:!386.74 

.902 

482.60 

653.76 

996.09 

1167.25 

1338.41 

1680.74 

2023.00 

2708.71 

3392.35 

267 


Depth 

w&. 

LENGTH  OF  THE   WEIR. 

Feet. 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

C  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

.903 

483.37 

054.81 

997.71 

1109.16 

1340.00 

1083.50 

2026.39 

2713.18 

3397.96 

.904 

484.14 

055.87 

999.33 

1171.07 

1342.79 

10X0.20 

20-9.72 

2717.05 

3403.57 

.905 

484.91 

050.93 

1IIOIP.90 

1  172.98 

1344.99 

10X9.02 

2033.05 

2721.12 

3409.1s 

.906 

4X5.08 

057.9X 

1002.58 

1174.89 

1347.18 

1091.79 

2030.39 

27L5.00 

3414.80 

.907 

480.45 

059.03 

1004.20 

1170.  XI) 

13-19.3X 

I091.5(i 

2039.73 

2730.08 

3420.12 

.908 

487.22 

C.OO.O!) 

1005.8:.! 

1178.71 

1351.58 

1097.33 

2013.07 

2734.50 

3425.01 

.909 

4X7.99 

001.15 

1007.40 

11*0.02 

1353.78 

1700.10 

2047.41 

U739.04 

3431.60 

.910 

-ixx.70 

002.21 

1009.09 

11X2.54 

1355.9X 

1702.87 

2049.75 

2743.53 

3437.30 

.911     489.53 

oo:;.20 

1010.72 

llxl.15 

1358.18 

1705.04 

2053.09 

274X.02 

5142.93 

.912 

490.50 

004.32 

1012.35 

11X0.30 

1300.3X 

1708.41 

2050.44 

2752.51 

3448.57 

.913 

491.07 

005.38 

1013.98 

1188.28 

1302.58 

1711.19 

2059.7!) 

2757.00 

5,45  tl'1 

.914  1  491.84 

000.44 

1015.01 

'.190.2S 

1304.79 

1713.97 

2063.14 

2701.  49 

3159.X5 

.915     492.02 

007.50 

1017.25 

1192.12 

1307.00 

1710.75 

2000.49 

2705.99 

3105,19 

.910     493.39 

008.50    1018.88 

1191.01 

1309.20 

1719.53 

2069.84 

2770.49 

3471.14 

.917  i  494.10 

009.02     1020.51 

1195.90 

1371.41 

1722.31 

2073.20 

2774.99 

3470.79 

.918 

494.93 

070.08 

1022.14 

1197.88 

1373.02 

1725JI9 

2070.50 

2779.50 

34*2.44 

.919 

495.71 

071.74 

1024.78 

1  I99.XO 

1375.83 

1727.87 

2079.92 

2784.01 

31XX.10 

.920 

490.49 

072.XO 

025.  -12       2,)l.7.", 

1378.04 

1730.00 

2083.28 

2788.52 

3,495.70 

.921 

497.21; 

073.  xo 

13X0.25 

1  733.45 

20X0.0  + 

2793.03 

3499.42 

.922 

498.03 

074.92 

02S.09  '    20.-,!.Y7 

382.40 

1730.24 

2090.00 

2797.55 

3505.09 

.923 

498.80 

075.9* 

050.55     2o7.5o 

3,84.07 

1739.03 

2093.37 

2X02.07 

3510.70 

.924 

499.5S 

077.05 

031.97       2119.43 

741.82 

2090.74 

2.S00.59 

5510.45 

.925 

500.36 

078.12 

033.01       21  1.30  1     3X9.1  1 

744.61 

2100.11 

2811.11 

5522.10 

.920 

501.13 

079.18 

035.25  |    213.29 

3,91  33 

747.40 

2103.  IX 

2815.03 

5527.  TX 

.927 

501.91 

080.24 

1030.X!! 

1215.22 

393.55 

751.20 

2100.85 

2X20.10 

3533.48 

.928 

502.09 

081.30 

1038.53 

1217.15 

1395.77 

754.00 

2110.22 

2X21.1,9 

3539.10 

.929 

503.47 

081.37 

1040.17 

1219.08 

1397.99 

750.80 

2113.00 

2829.23 

3544.85 

.930 

,504.25 

0*3.44 

1041.82 

1221.02 

1400.21 

758.00 

2110.98 

2833.75 

5550.52 

.931 

505.02 

084.50 

1043.40 

1222.9.-, 

1402.43 

701.40 

2120.30 

2X5X.^9 

3556.21 

.932 

5H5.80 

0X5.57 

1045.11 

1224.X8 

1404.05 

704.20 

2123.08 

2842.83 

3561.91 

.933 

200.58 

OS0.04 

1040.70 

1220.82 

1400.88 

707.00 

2127.00 

2X17.57 

3567.61 

.934 

207.31; 

087.73 

1048.41 

1228.70 

1409.11 

709.81 

2130.45 

2851.91 

3573.31 

.935 

508.14 

ti.SS.78 

1050.00 

1230.70 

1411.34 

772.02 

2133.90 

2X50.45 

3579.01 

.930 

50X.9- 

0X9  85 

1051.71 

1232.04 

1413.57 

775.43 

2137.29 

2801.00 

5,5X1.72 

.937 

509.70 

ti9.l.92 

1053.30 

1234.58 

1415.80 

778.24 

2140.08 

2X05.55 

3590.43 

.938 

510.48 

0:11.99 

1055.01 

1230.52 

1418.03 

781.05 

2144.07 

2X70.1(1 

3596.14 

.939 

511.20 

093.00 

1050.00 

125X.IO 

1420.20 

1783.80 

2147.40 

2X74.00 

5001.  XO 

.940 

512.04 

091.13 

10,58.31 

1240.40 

1422.49 

1780.07 

2150.85 

2X79.22 

3607.58 

.941 

5  12.  82 

095.20 

1059.90 

1242.34 

1424.72 

17X9.  IX 

2151.25 

2883.78 

3613.30 

.942 

513.00 

090.27 

1001.01 

1244.38 

1  120.95 

1792.30 

2157.05 

2888.34 

3019.03 

.943 

514.38 

097.31 

1003.20 

1210.23 

1429.19 

1795.12 

2101.05 

2X9^,90 

3624.76 

.944 

515.10 

09X.41 

1001.92 

124X.1X 

1431.43 

1797.14 

2104.45 

2897.40 

3630.49 

.945 

515.95 

099.49 

1000.58 

1250.1:; 

1433.07 

1X00.70 

21(57.85 

2902.03 

505,0.22 

.940 

510.73 

700.50 

100X.23 

1252.  IX 

1435.91 

1803.58 

2171.20 

l!900.i;o 

3641.96 

.947 

517.51 

701.03 

1009.X9 

1254.13 

1438.15 

1800.40 

2174.67 

2911.17 

3647.70 

.948 

518.29 

702.71 

1071.55 

1250.0X 

1440.39 

1X09.23 

2178.08 

2915.75 

5055.lt 

.949 

519.117 

703.79 

1073.21 

125X.03 

1442.03 

1812.00 

2181.49 

2920.3,3 

3059.18 

.950 

519.80 

704.87 

1074.87 

1259.XX 

1444.88 

1814.89 

21X4.90 

2924.!)! 

3064.93 

.951 

520.64 

705.94 

1070.53 

1201.13 

1447.12 

1817.72 

21X8.31 

2929.49 

5070.  OX 

.952 

521.42 

707.01 

1078.19 

1203.0X 

1449.30 

1X20.55 

2191.72 

2934.07 

3676.43 

.953 

522.20 

708.09 

1(179.85 

1205.03 

1451.01 

1823.38 

2195.14 

2938.05 

3682.19 

.9.54 

522.99 

709.17    1081.51 

1200.99 

1453.80 

1820.21 

'M98  50 

2913.2-1 

3687.95 

.955 

523.78 

710.25 

1083.18 

1209.05 

1450.11 

1X29.1  >5 

2201.98 

2947.85 

3693.71 

.966 

524.50 

711.33 

1084.84 

1271.01 

14.58.30 

1X31.88 

2205.40 

2952.44 

3699.48 

.957 

525.34 

712.41 

1080.50 

1273.57 

1400.01 

1834.72 

2208.82 

2957.04 

5705.25 

.958 

520.13 

713.49 

1088.17 

1275.53 

1402.80 

1837.50 

2212.25 

2901.01 

5711.02 

.959 

520.92 

714.57 

1089.84 

1277.49 

1465.12 

1840.40 

2215.08 

2900.21 

3710.79 

.960 

527.71 

715.05 

1091.51 

1279.45 

1407.38 

1843.24 

2219.11 

2970.84 

3722.57 

2G8 


Depth 
^i, 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

3  Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

.961 

528.49 

716.73 

1093.18 

1281.41 

1469.63 

1846.08 

2222.  .54 

2975.45 

3728.35 

.962 

529.28 

717.81 

1094.85 

1283.37 

1471.89 

1818.92 

2225.97 

29S0.06 

3731.13 

.963 

r,;;iui7 

718.8!) 

1090.52 

1285.:;:; 

1474.15 

1851.77 

2229.40 

2981.67 

373!).  92 

,964 

530.80 

719.97 

1098.20 

1287.30 

1476.41 

1854.62 

2232.84 

29S9.2S 

3745.71 

.966 

r>:  ;i.<;r> 

721.06 

loitii.si; 

1289.27 

1478.67 

1857.47 

2236.28 

29!  13.  Si) 

3751.50 

.966 

532.41 

722.14 

1101.53 

1291.23 

1480.93 

1860.32 

2239.72 

2998.51 

3757.30 

.967 

633.23 

723.22 

1102.00 

1293.20 

1483.19 

1863.17 

2243.16 

3003.13, 

3763.1(1 

.968 

53  1.02 

724.:;o 

1104.27 

1295.17 

1485.45 

1  st;0.  02 

2246.60 

3007.75 

371X90 

.969 

r,:;t.si 

725.:',!) 

1105.115 

1297.14 

1487.71 

181  IS.  88 

2250.04 

3,014.37 

3774.70 

.970 

535.00 

726.48 

llos.23 

1299.11 

1489.1)8 

1871.74 

2253.49 

3017.00 

5780.5(1 

.971 

r.::ii.r>!» 

727.5C, 

1109.90 

1301.08 

1492.25 

1874.60 

2256.94 

3021.63 

3780.31 

.972 

537.3s 

728.64 

1111.58 

l:!o::.o5 

1494.52 

1877.46 

2260.39 

3026.26 

3792.12 

.973 

r,:;s.is 

729.73 

1113.18 

1305.02 

1490.79 

1  880.3L- 

2263.84 

3030.8!) 

3797.94 

.974 

53,8.97 

730.82 

1114.86 

1306.99 

1199.06 

1883.18 

2267.29 

3035.52 

38(13.76 

.975 

539.55 

7:il.91 

1110.62 

1308.97 

1501.3:; 

1886.04 

2270.74 

3010.10 

3809.58 

.976 

540.34 

732.99 

1118.30 

1310.94 

I503.cn 

1888.90 

2274.20 

3044.80 

3815.41 

.977 

541.13 

734.08 

1119.90 

131  2.92 

1505.87 

1891.76 

2277.66 

3049.44 

3821.21 

.978 

5U.92 

7:55.17 

1121.66 

1314.90 

1508.14 

is!n.o3 

2281.12 

3054.09 

3827.07 

.979 

512.72 

736.26 

11  2:;.:!  I 

1316.88 

1510.42 

1897.50 

2284.58 

3(158.74 

3832.90 

.980 

5I3.5- 

737.:» 

1125.02 

1318.86 

1512.70 

1900.37 

2288.04 

3063.39 

3838.73 

.981 

544.31 

7::s.44 

1126.70 

1320.84 

1514.97 

I90.-..24 

2291.50 

3068.  115 

384-1.57 

.982 

545.10 

739.63 

II2S.38 

1322.82 

1517.25 

1906.11 

229-1.97 

3072.71 

3850.41 

.983 

515.89 

740.62 

1130.07 

1323.80 

1519.53 

1  90S.!  IS 

2298.44 

3077.37 

3856.25 

.984 

54<i.li!) 

741.71 

1131.76 

1325.73 

1521.81 

1911.86 

2301.91 

3082.03 

3862.19 

.985 

5*7.49 

712.81 

J  133.45 

1328.77 

1524.09 

1914.74 

2305.38 

3086.66 

381,7.95 

.986 

5i8.2s 

743.98 

11  .-,5.1:; 

1330.75 

1526.37 

1917.02 

23(18.85 

3091.32 

3873.80 

.987 

519.07 

744.99 

1136.82 

1332.73 

1528.65 

11120.50 

2312.33 

30!);-,.!)!) 

3879.66 

.988 

r.lii.  si; 

Tlii.  us 

11:58.51 

1:534.72 

1530.94 

1923.3S 

2315.81 

3100.66 

3885.22 

.989 

551).  (1C, 

747.17 

1140.20 

1336.71 

15.33.23 

1920.20 

2319.2!) 

3I05.:;:; 

3891.38 

.990 

55I.4C, 

74S.27 

1141.89 

1338.70 

1535.52 

1929.14 

2322.76 

3110.00 

38!  (7.2-1 

.991 

551'.  L'5 

749.:;r, 

1143.58 

1:540.69 

1537.80 

11)32.02 

2326.24 

3114.67 

31KI3.11 

.992 

553.05 

750.15 

1145.27 

1342.68 

1540.09 

1934.90 

2;:29.72 

;-:ii9.:;5 

390S.9> 

.993 

55:f.S5 

751.55 

1146.96 

1344.67 

1542.38 

1937.79 

2333.20 

3124.03 

3914.85 

.eat 

551.  (15 

752.65 

1  148.66 

1346.66 

1544.67 

1940.68 

2336.69 

3128.71 

3920.72 

.9!  15 

555.45 

7B3.T3 

1150.36 

1348.00 

1546.9)8 

1943.57 

23,40.18 

3133.39 

3920.  60 

.991; 

550.24 

754.84 

11.  ->2.05 

1350.65 

1540.25 

1910.  1C, 

2343.07 

3138.08 

3932.48 

.807 

557.  01 

755.94 

1153.74 

U52.64 

1551.54 

1949.35 

2317.16 

3142.77 

3938.37 

.998 

557.  SI 

757.04 

1155.44 

1354.64 

1553.84 

1952.24 

2350.05 

3147.40 

31(44.26 

.999 

55s.(i4 

758.14 

1157.14 

1356.64 

15.56.14 

1  !)55.  14 

23.54.14 

3152.09 

3950.15 

l.oo:> 

559.44 

759.24 

1158.84 

1358.64 

155S.44 

1958.04 

2357.64 

3156.84 

3956.04 

I  .mil 

760.34 

1160.54 

13011.61 

1560.74 

1900.94 

2361.14 

3161.54 

3901.94 

1.H02 

761.44 

11(12.24 

1362.64 

1563.04 

1963.84 

2361.0! 

3166.24 

3967.81 

1.003 

782.64 

1163.94 

1364.64 

1565.34 

1966.74 

2368.14 

3170.94 

3973.71 

l.ool 

703.04 

1  165.64 

1360.04 

1567.61 

1969.64 

2371.64 

3175.64 

3979.04 

1.005 



761.74 

1  167.34 

1368.64 

1569.94 

1972.54 

2375.14 

31  80.34 

3985.55 

l.OOC 

765.S4 

1169.04 

1370.64 

1572.24 

1975.44 

2378.05 

3185.05 

3991.40 

1.007 

766.91 

1170.74 

1372.64 

1574.54 

11)78.35 

2382.16 

3189.76 

3977.37 

1.008 



7-xo4 

1172.44 

1374.64 

1576.85 

11181.26 

2385.67 

3194.47 

4003.28 

1.1)0!) 

....... 

7<;9.i4 

1174.19 

1376.65 

1578.16 

1984.17 

2389.18 

3.199.1s 

4009.20 

1.010 



770.25 

1175.86 

1378.66 

1581.47 

1987.08 

2392.6!) 

3203.90 

4015.12 

1.011 



771.35 

1177.56 

1380.60 

1583.78 

1989.!)!) 

23!  16.  20 

3208.34 

4021  .05 

1.012 

772.45 

1179.27 

1382.67 

1586.0!) 

1992.90 

2399.71 

3213.06 

4026.98 

1.013 

773.55 

1180.98 

1384.68 

1588.40 

1995.81 

2103.23 

3217.78 

4032.91 

1.014 

771.66 

1182.69 

1386.09 

1590.71 

1998.73 

2406.75 

3222.51 

4038.81 

1.015 

775.77 

1184.40 

13SS.71 

1593.02 

2001.65 

2410.27 

3227.52 

4044.77 

1.016 

776.87 

1186.11 

1390.72 

1595.33 

2004.57 

2413.79 

3,232.25 

40.-0.71 

1.017 

777.97 

1187.82 

1392.73 

1597.64 

L'OdV.lli 

2417.31 

3236.98 

4050.65 

1.918 

779.08 

1189.53 

1394.74 

1599.96 

2010.41 

2420.84 

3211.71 

4(162.59 

269 


Depth 
WS, 

LENGTH   OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet.        8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.019 

780.19 

1191.24 

1396.76      1C02.28 

2013.33 

2424.37 

324(1.45 

4068.54 

1.020 

781.30 

1192.95 

1398.78      1604.60 

2016.25 

2427.90 

3251.19 

4074.49 

1.021 

782.41 

1194.66 

1400.79      1(10(1.92 

2019.15 

2431.43 

3255.93 

4080.44 

1.022 

783.52 

1196.37 

1402.81      1609.24 

2022.0(1 

2434.96 

3260.67 

4086.40 

1.02:; 

784.63 

1198.09 

1404.83      1611.56 

2U24.97 

2438.49 

3265.42 

4092.36 

1.H24 

7*5.74 

1199.81 

1406:85      1613.88 

2027.88 

2442.02 

3270.17 

4098.32 

1.025 

78(1.85 

1201.53 

.1408.87       1(11(1.21 

2030.89 

2445.56 

3274.92 

4104.  is 

1.02(1 

787.96 

1203.24 

1410.89      1618.53 

2033.82 

2449.10 

3279.67 

4110.25 

1.027 

789.07 

1204.96 

1412.91      1620.85 

2036.75 

2452.64 

3284.32 

4116.22 

1.028 

7911.18 

1206.68 

1414.93 

1623.18 

2039.88 

2456.18 

3289.18 

41-2.19 

1.029 

791.28 

1208.40 

1416.95 

1625.51 

2042.82 

24C9.72 

3293.94 

4128.16 

MM 

792.40 

1210.12 

ilis.98 

1(127.84 

2045.5(1 

24(13.1:7 

3298.70 

4134.14 

M031 

793.51 

1211.84 

1421.00 

1630.17 

2048.50 

2466.82 

3303.46 

4140.12 

1.083 

794.62 

1213.56 

1423.03 

1(532.50 

2051.44 

2470.37 

3308.23 

4146.10 

1.033 

795.73 

1215.28 

1425.05 

1634.83 

2054.38 

2473.92 

3313.00 

4152.09 

1.034 

790.S4 

1217.01 

1427.07 

1637.16 

2057.32 

2477.47 

3317.13 

4158.08 

1.035 

797.96 

1218.74 

1429.12 

1639.50 

20(10.2(1 

2481.02 

3322.54 

4164.07 

1.036 

799.07 

1220.4(1 

1431.15 

1641  .83 

2063.20 

2484.57 

3327.32 

4170.06 

1.037 

800.19 

1222.18 

1433.18 

1644.16 

2066.14 

2488.13 

3332.10 

4176.06 

1  .038 

801.31 

1223.91 

1435.21 

1646.50 

20(19.09 

2491.69 

3336.88 

4182.06 

1.039 

802.43 

1  225.04 

1437.24 

1648.84 

2072.04 

2495.25 

3341.66 

4188.06 

1.040 

803.55 

1227.37 

1439.27 

1651.18 

2074.99 

2498.81 

3346.44 

4194.06 

1.041 

804.011 

1229.10 

1441.38 

1653.52 

2077.94 

2502.37 

3351.22 

4200.07 

1.042 

805.78 

1230.83 

144:;.:;:; 

1655.86 

2080.89 

2505.9:; 

3356.01 

4206.08 

1.043 

80(1.90 

1232.56 

1445.37 

1658.20 

2083.84 

2509.50 

3:360.80 

4212.09 

1.044 

808.02 

1234.29 

1447.41 

1660.54 

208(1.80 

2513.07 

3365.59 

4218.11 

1.045 

809.14 

12.'«).02 

1449.45 

1662.89 

2089.7(1 

2516.64 

3370.38 

4224.13 

1.04(i 

810.15 

1237.75 

1451.49 

1665.26 

2092.72 

2520.21 

3375.18 

4030.15 

1  .047 

811.27 

1239.48 

1453.53 

1667.57 

2095.68 

2523.78 

3379.98 

4036.18 

1.048 

812.39 

1211.21 

1455.57 

1669.92 

2098.64 

2527.35 

3384.78 

4042.21 

1.049 

813.41 

1242.94 

1457.61 

1(172.27 

2101.60 

2530.93 

3389.58 

4048.24 

1  .050 

814.73 

1244.68 

1459.65 

1674.62 

2104.56 

2534.51 

3394.39 

4254.27 

1.051 

815.85 

1246.41 

1461.69 

1676.97 

2107.52 

2538.09 

3399.20 

4260.31 

1.052 

816.97 

1248.14 

14(13.73 

1679.32 

2110.49 

2541.67 

3404.01 

4266.35 

1  .053 

818.09 

1249.88 

1465.77 

1681.67 

2113.46 

2545.25 

3408.82 

4272.39 

1.054 

819.21 

1251.  (12 

1467.82 

1684.02 

2116.43 

2548.83 

3413.63 

4278.43 

1  .055 

820.34 

1253.36 

1469.87 

108(1.38 

2119.40 

2552.41 

3418.45 

4284.48 

1  .050 

821.46 

1255.10 

1471.92 

1688.73 

2122-.37 

2556.00 

3423.27 

4290.53 

1.057 

822.58 

12.56.84 

147:1.97 

1691.09 

2125.34 

2559.59 

3428.09 

4296.58 

1.058 

823.71 

1258.58 

1476.02 

1693.45 

2128.31 

2563.18 

3432.91 

4302.03: 

'..059 

824.84 

1260.32 

1478.07 

1695.81 

2131.28 

2566.77 

3437.73 

4308.69 

1.0(10 

825.97 

1262.07 

1480.12 

1698.17 

21:34.26 

2570.36 

3442.56 

4314.75 

1.061 

827.09 

1263.81 

1482.17 

1700.53 

2137.24 

2573.95 

3447.39 

4320.82 

1.0(12 

828.21 

1265.55 

1484.22 

1702.89 

2140.22 

2577.55 

3452.22 

4326.89 

1.0(i3 

829.34 

1267.29 

1486.27 

1705.25 

2143.20 

2581.15 

3457.05 

4332.96 

1.064 

830.47 

12(19.04 

1488.32 

1707.61 

2146.18 

2584.75 

3461.89 

4339.03 

1  .0(15 

831.60 

1270.79 

1490.38 

1709.98 

2149.16 

2588.35 

3466.73 

4345.10 

1.0(1(1 

832.72 

1272.53 

1492.43 

1712.34 

2152.14 

2591.95 

3471.57 

4361.11 

1.067 

X33.85 

1274.28 

1494.49 

1714.70 

2155.13 

2595.55 

3476.41 

4357.26 

I.Olis      S34.9S 

1276.03 

1496.55 

1717.07 

2158.12 

2599.16 

3481.25 

4363.34 

1.069     836.11 

1277.78 

1498.61 

1719.44 

21(11.11 

2602.71 

3486.10 

4369.42 

1.070 

837.24 

1279.53 

1500.67 

1721.81 

2164.10 

260(1.38      .'5490.95 

4375.51  ''• 

1.071 

838.37 

1281.28 

1502.7:; 

1724.18 

21(17.09 

2609.99       3495.SO 

4381.60 

1.072 

839.50      1283.03 

1.504.79 

1726.55 

2170.08 

2613.60      3500.65 

4387.70 

1.073 

840.63:     1284.78 

1506.ao 

1728.92 

2173.07 

2617.21      3505.50 

4393.80 

1.074 

841.76      1286.53 

1508.91 

1731.29 

2176.06 

2(120.8.-,     3510.36 

4399.90 

1.075 

842.89 

1288.28 

1510.98 

1733.67 

2179.06 

2624.45 

3515.22 

4406.00 

1.076 

844.02 

1290.03 

1513.04 

1736.04 

2182.06 

2628.07 

3520.08 

4412.11 

270 


Depth 
Weir. 

LENG 

IH  OP  T 

IK   WEIR 

Feet. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

1C  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.077 

845.15 

1291.78 

1515.10 

1738.42 

2185.06 

2631.69 

3524.94 

4418.22 

1.078 

846.2* 

1293.33 

1517.17 

1740.80 

2188.06 

26:55.31 

3529.81 

4424.33 

1.079 

847.41 

1295.28 

1519.24 

1743.18 

2191.06 

26:58.93 

:s5:a.08 

4430.44 

1.080 

848.55 

1297.06 

1521.31 

1745.56 

2194.06 

2642.55 

:5539.55 

4436.55 

1.081 

849.08 

1298.81 

1523.38 

1747.94 

2197.06 

2646.1  S 

.",544.4:; 

4442.67 

1.082 

850.81 

1:500.57 

1525.45 

1750.32 

2200.06 

2649.81 

3549.30 

4448.79 

1.083 

851.95 

1302.33 

1527.52 

1752.70 

220:  ',.06 

2653.44 

3554.17 

4454.91 

1.084 

S5:s.o9 

1304.09 

1529.59 

1755.08 

2206.07 

2657.07 

.•5559.04 

4461.04 

1.085 

854.23 

1:305.85 

1531.66 

1757.47 

2209.08 

2660.70 

:5563.93 

4467.17 

1.080 

s55.:so 

1307.61 

1533.73 

1759.85 

2212.09 

2064.33 

3568.81 

4473.30 

1.087 

856.49 

1309.37 

1535.80 

1762.23 

2215.10 

2667.97 

3573.70 

4479.13 

l.oss 

857.63 

1311.13 

1537.87 

1764.62 

2218.11 

2671.61 

3578.59 

4485.57 

1.  1)811 

858.77 

1312.89 

1539.95 

1767.01 

2221.12 

2675.25 

3583.48 

4491.71 

1.090 

859.91 

1314.66 

1542.03 

1769.40 

2224.14 

2678.89 

3588.37 

4497.85 

1.091 

861.05 

1316.42 

1544.10 

1771.79 

2227.16 

2682.53 

3593.16 

1504.00 

1.092 

862.19 

1318.18 

1546.17 

1774.18 

2230.18 

2686.17 

3598.1  Hi 

4510.15 

1.09:5 

803.2."> 

1319.95 

1548.24 

1776.57 

2233.20 

2689.81 

.'5603.76 

4516.30 

1.094 

864.37 

1321.72 

1550.32 

1778.96 

2236.22 

2693.46 

3608.66 

4522.45 

1.095 

865.61 

1323.49 

1552.42 

1781.36 

22H9.24 

2697.11 

3612.86 

4528.61 

LOW 

866.75 

1325.25 

1554.50 

1783.75 

2242.26 

2700.7(i 

3617.76 

4534.77 

LOOT 

867.89 

1327.00 

1556.58 

1786.15 

2245.28 

2704.41 

3622.67 

4M0.93 

1.098 

869.03 

1328.79 

1558.66 

1788.55 

2248.30 

2708.06 

3627.58 

4547.19 

1.099 

860.17 

1330.56 

1560.75 

1790.95 

2251.33 

2711.71 

36.-2.49 

4553.36 

1.100 

871.31 

1332.33 

1562.84 

1793.35 

2254.36 

2715.37 

3637.40 

4.559.43 

1.101 

872.46 

1334.10 

1564.92 

1795.75 

2257.39 

2719.03 

3642.32 

4565.60 

1.102 

873.61 

1X55.87 

1567.00 

1798.15 

2260.42 

2722.69 

3647.24 

4571  .78 

1.103 

874.76 

1337.64 

1569.09 

1800.55 

2263.45 

2726.35 

3652.16 

4577.96 

1.104 

875.91 

1339.41 

1571.18 

1802.95 

2266.48 

2730.01 

3657.08 

4584.14 

1.105 

877.03 

1341.19 

1573.27 

1805.36 

2269.52 

27*3.68 

3662.00 

4590.32 

1.106 

878.17 

1342.96 

1575.36 

1807.76 

2272.55 

2737.34 

3666.93 

4596.51 

1.107 

879.31 

1344.73 

1577.45 

1810.16 

2276.88 

2741.01 

3671.86 

4602.70 

1.108 

880.45 

1346.51 

1579.54 

1812.57 

2278.62 

2744.67 

3676.79 

4608.89 

1.109 

881.50 

1.-548.29 

1581.63 

1814.98 

2281.66 

2748.34 

3681.72 

4615.08 

1.110 

882.75 

1350.07 

1583.73 

1817.39 

2284,71 

2752.02 

3686.65 

4621.28 

1.111 

883.89 

1351.85 

1585.82 

1819  80 

2287.74 

2755.69 

3691.59 

4627.48 

1.112 

885.04 

1:553.63 

1587.91 

1822.21 

2290.78 

2759.36 

36!»6.53 

4633.68 

1.113 

886.19 

1355.41 

1590.91 

1824.62 

2293.82 

2763.04 

870147 

1639.89 

1.114 

887.34 

1*57.19 

1592.11 

1827.03 

2296.87 

2766.72 

370*5.41 

4646.10 

1.115 

X8X.49 

1:558.97 

1594.21 

1829.45 

2299.92 

2770.40 

3711.68 

4652.31 

1.116 

1360.75 

1596.31 

1831.86 

2302.97 

2774.08 

3716.30 

4658.52 

1.117 

891U9 

1:362.53 

1598.41 

1834.27 

2306.02 

2777.76 

3721.25 

4664.74 

1.118 

891.91 

1364.31 

1600.51 

18:56.69 

2309.07 

2781.44 

3726.20 

4670.96 

.119 

893.19 

1366.10 

1602.61 

1839.11 

2312.12 

2785.13 

3731.15 

4677.18 

.120 

894.24 

1367.89 

1604.71 

1841.53 

2315.17 

2788.82 

3736.11 

4683.40 

.121 

895.39 

1369.67 

1606.81 

1843.95 

2318.22 

2792.51 

3741.07 

4689.63 

.122 

896.54 

1371.45 

1608.91 

1846.37 

2321.28 

2796.20 

3746.03 

4695.86 

.123 

897.69 

1373.24 

1611.01 

1818.79 

2324.34 

2799.89 

3750.99 

4702.09 

.124 

898.84 

l:!75.0:i 

1613.12 

1851.21 

2327.40 

2803.58 

3755.95 

4708.32 

.125 

899.99 

1376.82 

1615.23 

1853.64 

2330.46 

2807.28 

3760.92 

4714.5(5 

.126 

901.14 

1378.61 

1617.33 

1856.06 

2333.52 

2810.77 

3765.89 

4720.80 

902.29 

1380.40 

1619.44 

1858.48 

23:56.58 

2814.27 

3770.86 

4727.04 

!l28 

903.4  1 

1:582.19 

1621.55 

1860.91 

2339.64 

2817.77 

3775.83 

4733.28 

.129 

904.60 

1383.98 

1623.66 

1863.34 

2:542.70 

2*21  .27 

3780.80 

4739.53 

.130 

905.76 

1385.77 

1625.77 

1865.77 

2:545.77 

2825.77 

3785.78 

4745.78 

1.131 

906.91 

1387.56 

1627.88 

1868.20 

2348.84 

2829.47 

3790.76 

4752.03 

1.132 

908.06 

1389.35 

1629.99 

1870.63 

2351.91 

2833.18 

3795.74 

4758.29 

1.133 

909.22 

1391.14 

1632.10 

1873.06 

2:!54  98 

2830.89 

3600.72 

4765.55 

1.134 

910.38 

1392.93 

1634.21 

1875.49 

2358.05 

2840.60 

3805.70 

4771.81 

271 


Depth 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIE. 

Feet. 

4  Feel.       «  Feet.        7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20Fe«t. 

1.135 

!»11.54      1394.73      1636.33 

1877.92 

2361.12 

2844.31  i     3810.69 

4777.07 

1.136 

912.69i     1396.52      1638.44 

1880.35 

2364.19 

2848.02,     3815.68 

4783.34 

1.137 

in:;.*!      1398.32.     1640.55 

1882.79 

2:367.26 

2851.73     3820.67 

4789.61 

1.138 

915.00      1400.12J     1642.67 

1885.23 

2370  .:i3 

2*55.44     3825.66 

4795.S8 

1.139 

916.16      1401.92 

1644.79 

1887.67 

2373.41 

2859.16 

3830.66 

4802.15 

1.140 

917.32 

1403.72 

1646.91 

1890.10 

2376.49 

2862.88 

3835.66 

4808.43 

1.141 

918.48 

141)5.52 

J£49.03 

1*92.54 

2379.57 

2866.60 

3840.66 

4814.71 

1.142 

919.64 

1407.32 

1651.15 

1894.98 

23S2.65 

2870.32 

3845.66 

4820.99 

1.143 

920.80 

1409.12 

1653.27 

1897.42 

2385.73 

2874.04 

3850.66 

4827.27 

1.144 

9'.'  1.96 

1410.92 

1654.39 

1899.86 

2388.81 

2877.76 

3855.  (56 

4*33.56 

1.145 

923.12 

1412.72 

1657.51 

1902.31 

2391.90 

2881.49 

3860.67 

4839.85 

1.146 

924.28 

1414.52 

ia59.63 

1904.75 

2394.98 

2885.22 

38(55.68 

4846.14 

1.147 

1(25.44 

1416.32 

1661.75 

1907.19 

2398.07 

2888.95 

3870.69 

4852.44 

*.148 

926.60 

1418.12 

1663.87 

1909.63 

2401.16 

2892.68 

3875.70 

4858.74 

1.149 

927.76 

1419.92 

1665.00 

1912.08 

2404.25 

2896.41 

3880.72 

48(55.04 

1.150 

928.93 

1421.73 

1668.13 

1914.53 

2407.34 

2900.14 

3885.74 

4871.34 

1.151 

9:30.09 

1423.53 

1670.26 

1916.98 

241C.4:; 

2903.87 

3890.76 

4877.65 

1.152 

931.25 

1425.:  !4 

1672.39 

1919.43 

2413.52 

2907.60 

3895.78 

4883.96 

1.15:1 

932.41 

1427.15 

1674.52 

1921.88 

2416.61 

2911.35 

3900.80 

4890.27 

1.154 

i»:;;;.57 

1428.96 

1676.65 

1924.33 

2419.71 

2915.09 

3905.82 

4S96.58 

1.155 

934.74 

143077 

1678.78 

1926.79 

2422.81 

2918.83 

3910.86 

4902.90 

1.1  56 

935.90 

1432.58 

1680.90 

1929.24 

2425.91 

2922.57 

3915.89 

4909.22 

1.157 

937.06 

14:54.39 

1683.02 

1931.69 

2429.01 

2926.31 

3920.92 

4915.56 

1.158 

938.23 

[436.20 

1685.15 

1934.14 

2432.11 

2930.05 

3925.96 

4921.89 

1.159 

939.40 

1438.01 

1687.28 

1936.60 

2435.21 

2933.80 

3931.00 

4928.19 

1.160 

940.57 

1439.82 

1689.44 

1939.06 

2438.31 

2937.55 

3936.04 

4934.52 

1.161 

941.73 

1441.63 

1691.55 

1941.52 

2441.41 

2941.30 

3941.08 

4940.85 

1.162 

942.90 

1443.45 

1693.69 

1943.98 

2444.51 

2945.05 

3946.12 

4947.19 

1.163 

944.07 

1445.27 

1695.83 

1946.44 

2447.62 

2948.80 

3951.16 

4953.53 

1.164 

945.24 

1447.09 

1697.97 

1948.90 

2450.73 

2952.55 

3956.21 

4959.87 

1.165 

946.41 

1448.89 

1700.12 

1951.% 

2453.84 

2956.31 

3961.26 

4966.21 

1.166 

947.57 

1450.70 

17(12.2(1 

19.54.82 

2456.95 

29(30.07 

39*56.31 

4972.56 

1.167 

948.74 

1452.51 

1704.40 

1957.28 

2460.06 

2963.83 

3971.36 

4978.91 

1.168 

949.91 

1454.33 

1706.54 

1959.74 

2463.17 

2967.59 

3976.41 

4985.26 

1.169 

951.08 

1456.15 

1708.68 

1962.21 

246(3.28 

2971.35 

3981.47 

4991.61 

1.170 

952.25 

1457.97 

1710.83 

1963.68 

2469.40 

2975.11 

3986.54 

4997.96 

1.171 

953.42 

1459.89 

1712.97 

1966.15 

2472.51 

2978.87 

3991.60 

5004.32 

1.172 

954.59 

1461.71 

1715.11 

1968.62 

2475.63 

2982.64 

39!(6.6G      5010.68 

1.173 

955.76 

1463.53 

1717.25 

1971.09 

2478.75 

2986.41 

4001.76,    5017.04 

1.174 

956.93 

1465.35 

1719.40 

1973.56 

2481.87 

2990.18 

4006.83     5023.41 

1.175 

958.11 

1467.07 

1721.55 

1976.03 

2484.99 

2993.95 

4011.86     5029.78 

1.176 

9511.28 

1468.89 

1723.70 

1978.50 

2488.11 

2997.72 

4016.1(3     5036.15 

1.177 

960.45 

1470.71 

1725.85 

1980.97 

2491.23 

3001.49 

4022.00.    5042.52 

1.178 

961.62 

1  (72.53 

1728.00 

1983.44 

2494.35 

3005.26 

4027.08     5048.90 

1.179 

1(62.80 

1474.36 

17:30.15 

1985.92 

2497.48 

3009.04 

4032.16'    5055.20 

1.18(1 

963.98 

1476.19 

1732.30 

1988.40 

2500.61 

3012.82 

4037.24     5061.66 

1.181 

965.15 

1478.01 

1734.45 

1990.84 

2503.87 

3016.60 

4042.32     5068.05 

1.182 
1.18:; 

966.32 
967.49 

1479.84 
1481.67 

1736.60 
1738.75 

1993.29 
1995.74 

2506.87 
2510.00 

3020.38 
3024.16 

4047.40;    5074.44 
4052.49'    5080.83 

1.184 

968.67 

1483.50 

1740.90 

1998.19 

2513.13 

3027.94 

4057.581    5087.22 

1.185 

1(69.85 

1485.33 

1743.06 

2000.80 

2516.27 

3031.73 

4062.67!    5093.61 

1.186 

971.02 

1487.16 

1745.21 

2003.28 

2519.40 

3035.52 

4067.76 

5100.01 

1.187 

972.20 

1488.99 

1747.36 

2005.7*; 

2522.53 

3039.31 

4072.76 

5106.41 

1.188 

973.38 

1490.82 

1749.52 

2008.24 

2525.117 

3043.10 

4077.86 

5112.81 

1.189 

974.56 

1492.65 

1751.68 

201(1.72 

2528.S1 

3046.89 

4082.96 

5119.22 

1.190 

975.74 

1494.48 

1753.84 

2013.21 

25:;  1.95 

:«  150.68 

4088.15 

5125.63 

1.191 

976.91 

149(1.31 

1756.0(1 

2015.69 

2535.09 

3054.47 

4093.25 

5132.04 

L192 

978.09 

1498.14 

1758.16 

2018.18 

2538.23 

3058.27 

4098.36 

5138.45 

272 


Depth 
Weir. 

F««. 

LENGTH  OF   THE  WEIR. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.193 

979.27 

1499.97 

1760.32 

2020.67 

2.541.37 

3062.07 

4103.47 

5144.86 

1.194 

980.45 

1501.80 

1762.58 

2023.16 

2544.51 

3065.87 

4108.58 

5131.28 

1.195 

981.63 

1503.64 

1704.65 

2025.05 

2547.06 

3009.07 

4113.69 

5157.70! 

1.196 

982.81 

1505.47 

1760.81 

2028.14 

2550.80 

30T3.«T 

4118.80 

5104.12 

1.197 

983.99 

1507.31 

1708.97 

2030.03 

2553.95 

3077.27 

4123.91 

5170.55 

1.198 

985.17 

1509.15 

1771.13 

2033.12 

2557.10 

3081.07 

4129.03 

5176.98 

1.199 

986.35 

1510.99 

1773.30 

20::5.02 

2.500.25 

3084.88 

4134.25 

5183.41 

1.200 

987.54 

1512.83 

1775.47 

2038.12 

2503.40 

3088.69 

4139.27 

5189.84 

1.201 

988.72 

1514.67 

1777.64 

2(40.01 

25011.55 

3092.50 

4144.29 

5196.28 

1.202 

989.90 

1516.51 

1779.81 

2043.10 

2569.70 

3096.31 

4149.41 

5202.72 

i.'.'o:; 

991.08 

1518.&5 

1781.98 

2045.00 

2572.86 

3100.12 

4154.54 

5209.  Iti 

1.20*1 

992.26 

1520.19 

1784.15 

2048.10 

2576.02 

3103.93 

4159.67 

5235.60 

1.205 

993.45 

1522.03 

1786.32 

2050.60 

2579.18 

3107.75 

4164.90 

5222.05 

1.206 

994.63 

1523.S7 

1788.49 

2053.10 

25S2.34 

3111.57 

4170.03 

5228.50 

1.207 

995.81 

1525.71 

1790.66 

2055.00 

25X5.50 

3115.39 

4175.17 

5234.95 

1.208 

996.99 

1527.55 

1792.83 

2058.10 

2588.00 

3119.21 

4180.31 

5241.40 

1.20!) 

998.18 

1529.40 

1795.00 

2060.00 

2591.82 

3123.03 

4185.45 

5247.XI! 

1.210 

999.37 

1531.25 

1797.18 

2063.11 

2594.98 

3126.85 

4190.59 

5254.32 

1.211 

1000.56 

1533.09 

1799.35 

2005.01 

2598.14 

3130.67 

4195.73 

5260.78 

1.212 

1001.75 

1534.93 

1801.52 

2068.12 

2601.31 

3134.49 

4200.87 

5207.24 

1.213 

1002.94 

1536.78 

1803.70 

2070.63 

2004.48 

3138.32 

4200.21 

5273.71 

1.214 

1004.13 

1538.03 

1805.  8S 

2073.14 

2607.65 

3142.15 

4211.17 

5280.18 

1.215 

1005.31 

1540.48 

1808.06 

2075.65 

2610.82 

3145.98 

4216.32 

5286.05 

1.2  Iti 

1006.49 

1542.33 

1810.24 

2078.16 

2613.99 

3149.81 

4221.47 

5293.13 

1.217 

1007.68 

1544.18 

1S12.44 

2080.07 

2617.16 

3153.64 

4226.62 

5299.01 

1.218 

1008.87 

1546.03 

1814.62 

2083.18 

2620.33 

3157.47 

4231.78 

5306.09 

1.219 

1010.06 

1547.88 

1816.80 

2085.09 

202:  ',.50 

3161.31 

4236.94 

5312.57 

1.220 

1011.25 

1549.73 

1818.97 

2088.20 

2026.68 

3165.15 

4242.10 

5319.05 

1.221 

1012.44 

1551.58 

1821.15 

2090.71 

2629.85 

3168.99 

4247.20 

5325.54 

1.222 

1013.63 

1553.43 

1823.33 

2093.22 

2633.03 

3172.83 

4252.43 

5332.03 

1.223 

1014.82 

1555.28 

1825.S2 

2095.74 

263621 

3176.67 

4257.60 

5338.52 

1.224 

1010.01 

1557.14 

1827.71 

201)8.20 

2639.38 

3  1X0.51 

4262.77 

5345.nl 

1  .225 

1017.20 

1559.00 

1829.89 

2100.78 

2042.57 

3184.36 

4267.94 

5351.51 

1.221! 

1018.39 

1.560.85 

1832.07 

2lo.-i.30 

2645.75 

3188.20 

4273.11 

5(58.01 

1.227 

1019.58 

1502.70 

1834.20 

210.VX2 

2648.93 

3192.05 

4278.28 

5364.51 

1.228 

1020.77 

1504.50 

1S30.45 

2108.34 

2652.12 

3195.90 

4283.46 

5371.02 

1.229 

1021.96 

1560.42 

1838.64 

2110.86 

2055.31 

3199.75 

4288.64 

5377.53 

1.230 
1.231 

1023.16 
1024.35 

150X.28 
157(1.14 

1840.83 
1843.02 

2113.39 
2115.91 

2658.50 
2001.09 

3203.00 
3207.45 

4293.82 
4299.00 

53X4.04 
5390.55 

1.232 

1025.54 

1572.00 

1845.21 

2118.431     2664.88 

3211.30 

4304.19 

5397.07 

1.2:;:: 

1026.74 

1573.86 

1847.40 

2120.95;     2668.07 

3215.10 

4309.3X 

5303.59 

1.234 

1027.94 

1575.72 

1849.59 

2123.48     2671.26 

3219.02      4314.5X 

5310.11 

1.2.% 

1029.14 

1577.58 

1851.79 

2126.01      2674.45     3222.88     4319.76 

5416.63 

1.23G 

1090.33 

1579.44 

1853.98 

2128.54'     2C.77.04      3226.74'     4324.75 

5423.18 

1.237 

1031.52 

1581.30 

1856.18 

2131.48 

20S0.83      3230.60 

4329.95 

.5429.71 

1.238 

1032.72 

1583.16 

1858.38 

21&3.60 

2084.03     3224.46 

4335.15 

5436.24 

1.2.39 

1033.92 

1585.02 

1860.58 

2136.13 

20X7.23'     3238.33 

4340.35 

5442.77 

1.240 

1035.12 

1586.89 

1862.78 

2138.66 

2090.43!     3242.20 

4345.74 

5449.28 

1.241 

1036.31 

1588.75 

1864.98 

2141.19 

209.-i.63;     3246.07 

4350.94 

5555.82 

1.242 

1037.51 

1590.61 

1867.18 

2143.72 

2090.x:;     :!-_M:I.:H 

4a56.14 

5562.36 

1.243 

1038.71 

1592.48 

1869.3X 

2140.25 

2700.03     :!-.'.-,::.xi 

4361.35 

5508.90 

1.244     1039.91 

1594.35 

1871.58 

2148.79 

2703.23      3257.0X 

4:366.56 

5575.45 

1.245     1041.11 

1596.22 

1873.78 

2151.S 

2706.44]     3261.55 

4371.77 

5482.00 

1.246     1042.31 

1598.09 

1875.98 

2153.86 

2709.64     3265.42 

4376.98 

5488.55 

1.247      1043.51 

1599.96 

1878.18 

2150.41 

2712.X5      320-I.30 

43X2.20 

5495.10 

1.248     1044.71 

1601.83 

1880.38 

2158.94 

2716.06!    3273.18 

4387.42 

5501.65 

1.249     1045.91 

1603.70 

1882.59 

2161.48 

2719.27     3277.06 

4392.04 

5508.21 

1.2.50     1047.11 

1605.57 

1884.80 

2164.02 

2722.481    3280.94 

4397.86 

6014.77 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 


4  Feet.       6  Feet. 


1048.31 
1049.51 
1050.71 
1051.91 
1053.11 
10.54.31 
1055.51 
10.50.71 
1057.91 
I  o.v.i.  1 2 
1000.3L- 
1001.52 
1002.72 


1005.14 

1000.02 
1007. s;; 


1070.25 
1071.19 
1072.40 

107.-i.01 
1074.82 


1077.24 
1078.45 

1079.00 
1080.87 
1082.08 
iox.3.29 
1084.50 
1085.71 
1080.91 
1087.12 


1090.56 

1091.77 


1095.43 
101(0.01 


1099.07 
1100.29 
1101.51 
1102.72 


110.5.15 
1100.37 
1107.59 
1108.81 
1110.0.3 
1111.25 
1112.47 
1113.69 
1114.91 
1116.13 
1117.35 


loii7.ll 

10(111.31 
1011.18 

1013.11.1 
1014.93 
1010. SI) 
1018.07 
1020.55 

1 1:22. 13 
1624.31 


I02X.OO 
1029.91 
1031.X2 
1033.70 
I035.5S 
1637.46 
10311.34 
1041.22 
1043.11 
1011.99 


1648.77 

'0.50.00 
1052.51 
1054.41' 
1050.31 
105S.2II 
1000.09 


1005.77 


10011.55 
1071.43 
1073.31.' 
1075.2 
1677.10 
1079.KII 


1701.80 
1703.70 
171)5.60 
1707.50 
1709.41 
1711.31 
1713.22 
1715.13 


1X1)1.41 
ISlt.3.02 


11)02.40 
1904.67 
I900.X9 


1911.31 

11)13.53 
11)15.75 
11)17.117 


11)22.41 
11)24.03 


1929.07 
1931.29 
11(33.51 
1935.73 
11137.95 
1940.18 
1942.40 
1944.63 
1946.86 
1949.09 
1951.3,2 
1953.55 
1955.7S 
1958.01 
1960.21 
1902.47 
1904.70 
1900.93 


1971.40 

1973.04 
1975.85 
1978.11 
19X11.35 
1982.59 


19X7.07 
19X9.31 
1991.55 
1993.80 
1996.08 


2000.53 
2(102.77 

•JIHI5.II-.' 

2007.27 
2009.52 
2011.77 
2014.02 


Feet.       10  Feet.      12  Feet.       16  Feet.      20  Feet. 


2106.50 
2109.10 
2171.04 
2174.19 
2170.74 
2179.28 
21X1.83 
2184.38 


21x9.48 


2191.58 
2197.13 


22111.79 
2207. 34 

221  ill.  90 
2212.10 
22 15  j  12 
2217.5X 
2220.14 
2222.70 


2227.x:i 

223H.39 
2232.95 
2235.52 


2213.2;; 

2245. XII 
2248.37 


2253.51 


225X.05 
2201.22 
2203.  XI I 
2200.3X 
22CX.DO 
2271.54 
2274.12 
2270.70 
2279.28 
22X1.80 

22X7  J  >2 
2289.01 
2292.20 
2291.7X 
2297.30 


2302.51 
23,05.13 
2307.72 
2310.31 
2313.90 


2725.09 
272X.90 
2732.11 
2735.33 
273X.55 
2741.77 
2741.99 
2748.21 
2751.43 
2754.05 
2757.87 
2701.09 
2704.32 
2767.55 
2770.78 
2774.01 
2777.21 
27X0.47 
27X3.70 
2780.94 
2790.17 
2793.41 
2790.05 


2803.13 


2X09.01 
2812.X5 
2816.09 
2X19.3,1 


2X25.S1 


2X12.09 
2X15.31 


2X04.90 
2868.16 
2871.42 
2874.68 
2877.95 


2X91.30 
2897.57 
290<).xr, 
2904.12 
2907.40 
2910.6X 


32X4.X2 
3,288.70 


3302.70 
3300.07 
3370. 5X 
33,71.50 
337X.42 


274 


Depth 
WSr. 

Feet. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

4  Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.309 

1118.52 

1717.04 

2016.27 

2316.49 

2913.96 

3512.42 

| 
4709.34     5906.26 

1.310 

1119.80 

1718.95 

2018.52 

2318.09 

2917.24 

3516.39 

4714.68 

r,9l2.97 

1.311 

1121.62 

1720.86 

2020.77 

2320.68 

2920.52 

3520.36 

4720.02'    5919.68 

1.312 

1122.24 

1722.77 

2023.02 

2323.28 

25)23.80 

3524.33 

4725.36     5926.39 

1.313 

1123.47 

1724.68 

2025.27 

232.-,.S,S 

2927.08 

3528.30 

4730.70:    5933.11 

1.314 

1124.70 

1726.59 

2027.53 

2328.48 

2930.37 

3532.27 

4736.04     5939.89 

1.315 

1125.92 

1728.50 

2029.79 

2331.08 

21)33.66 

3536.24 

4741.40'    5946.55 

1.316 

1127.36 

1730.41 

2032.04 

2333.68 

2936.94 

3540.21 

4746.75,    5953.28 

1.317 

1128.59 

1732.32 

2034.29 

2336.28 

2940.23 

3544.18 

4752.10     5960.01 

1.318 

1129.81 

1734.23 

2036.55 

2338.88 

2943.52 

3048.18 

4757.45 

5906.74 

1.319 

1131.04 

1736.14 

2038.81 

2341.48 

2946.81 

3552.16 

4762.80 

5973.47 

1.320 

1132.04 

1738.06 

2041.07 

2344.08 

2950.10 

3556.12 

4768.16 

T,980.20 

1.321 

1133.26 

1739.97 

2043.33 

2346.68 

25)55.39 

3560.  1( 

4773.52 

5986.94 

1.322 

1134.48 

1741.88 

204-,.;-,!) 

2349.28 

2956.68 

35(14.08 

4778.88 

5993.68 

1.323 

1135.71 

1743.80 

2047.85 

2:351  .89 

295!).!)7 

3568.06 

4784.24 

6000.42 

1.324 

1136.94 

1745.72 

2050.11 

2354.50 

2963.07 

3572.05 

4789.60 

6007.16 

1.325 

1138.17 

1747.64 

2052.38 

2357.11 

29(50.57 

3576.04 

4794.97 

6013.90 

1.326 

1139.39 

1749.56 

2054.64 

2359.72 

296!).87 

3580.03 

4800-36 

6020.65 

1.327 

1140.62 

1751.48 

2056.90 

2362.33 

2973.17 

3584.02      4805.73 

6027.40 

1.328 

1141.85 

1753.40 

2059.16 

2364.94 

2976.47 

3588.01J     4811.10 

6034.15 

1.329 

1143.08 

1755.32 

2061.43 

2367.55 

2979.77 

355)2.00      4816.47 

6040.91 

1.330 

1144.31 

1757.24 

20(13.70 

2370.16 

2983.07 

3595.99;     4821.83 

6047.67 

1.331 

1145.54 

1759.16 

2065.96 

2372.77 

2986.37 

35!)!).!)8     4827.21 

6054.43 

1.332 

1146.77 

1761.08 

2068.23 

2375.38 

2!»89.08 

3603.5)8     4832.59 

6061.19 

1.333 

1148.00 

1763.90 

2070.50 

2377.99 

2992.99 

3607.98     4837.97 

0067.96 

1.334 

1704.92 

2072.77 

2380.61 

2990.  3(. 

361  1  .98     4843.35 

(J074.7;- 

l!335 

1706X5 

2075.04 

2383^23 

2999X1 

3615196     4848.74 

6081  !oO 

1.336 

1768.77 

2077.31 

2385.84 

3002.92 

3619.98     4854.13J    6088.27 

1.337 

1770.69 

2079.58 

2388.46 

3000.23 

3623.98     4859.521    6095.04 

1.338 

1772.60 

2081.85 

2391.08 

3009.*! 

3627.99     4864.91  j    6101.82 

1.33£ 

1774.53 

2084.12 

2393.70 

3012.85 

3632.00       4870.20!     6108.60 

1  34C 

1776  47 

2!  IS!).  10 

2396.32 

3016.  11 

3636.01       -1875.70     6115  3£ 

L341 

1778!39 

2088167 

2398194 

3019!48 

364IUI2     4881.11     6122!  17 

1.342 

1780.32 

2090.94 

2401.56 

3022.79 

3644.03      4886.52      OJ28.5N 

1.343 



1782.25 

2093.21 

2404.18 

3026.11 

.".648.04      4891.93;    6135.75 

1.344 

1784.18 

2095.49 

2406.80 

3029.43 

3052.05     4897.34     6142.54 

1.345 

1786.11 

2097.77 

2409.43 

3032.75 

3656.06      4902.70     6149.33 

L346 



178s!o4 

2100.05 

2412.06 

3036.07 

3660.08     4908.22'    6156J3 

1.347 

1789.97 

2102.33 

2414.68 

3039.39 

3(564.10     4913.651    6162.93 

1.348 



1791.90 

2104.61 

2417.31 

3042.71 

3668.12     4919.08     6169.73 

1.349 

1793.83 

2106.89 

2419.94 

3046.03 

3672.14     4924.51     6176.53 

1.35( 

1795.77 

2109  17 

2422.57 

3049  36 

3676  16      4929.75     6183  34 

1.891 

1797  JO 

2111.45 

2425.20 

3052.68 

3680.18     4935.17!    6190.15 

1.352 

1799.63 

2113.73 

2427.83 

3050.01 

3684.20     4940.59     6196.96 

1.353 

1801.56 

2116.01 

2430.46 

3059.34 

3688.22,     4946.01]    6203.77 

1.35-1 

IS  03  5(j 

2118.29 

1^4;  ;;;.();) 

3062.67 

3692.25     -tnr.i  .wl    «9in  no 

l!.3o5 

1805144 

212o!58 

2435.72 

3066  !()0 

3!)9(1.'28 

4956.85,    6217.41 

1.356 



1807.37 

2122.86 

2438.35 

3069.33 

3700.31 

49(52.27  1    6224.23 

1.357 

1809.31 

2125.14 

2440.98 

3072.66 

3704.34 

4967.70     6231.0.-, 

1.358 

1811.25 

2127.43 

2443.62 

3075.99 

3708.38 

4973.13 

(5237.88 

1.359 

1813.19 

2129.72 

2446.26 

3079.33 

3712.42 

4978.56 

6246..-,! 

1.360 

1815.13 

2132.01 

2448.90 

3082.67 

3716.45 

4983.99     6251.54 

1.361 

1817.07 

2134.30 

2451.  54 

3086.01 

3720.48 

4989.43     6258.37 

1.362 

1819.01 

2136.58 

2454.18 

3089.35 

3724.52 

49514.87     6265.21 

1.363 

1820.95 

2138.87 

245(5.82 

3092.69 

3728.56 

.-,000.31       6272.0.-, 

1.364 

1822.89 

2141.16 

2459.46 

3096.03 

3732.60      5005.75     6278.89 

1.365 



1824.83 

2143.46 

2462.10 

3099.37 

3736.64     5011.19     6285.73 

1.366 

1826.77 

2145.75 

2464.74 

3102.71 

3740.68!     5016.63     6292.58 

275 


Depth 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet 

20  Feet. 

1.367 

1828.71 

2148.08 

2467.38 

3106.05 

3744.72 

5022.07 

6299.43 

1.368 

1830.65 

2150.33 

2470.02 

3109.40 

3748.77 

5027.52 

6306.28 

1.3(i!) 

1832.59 

2152.63 

2472.66 

3112.75 

3752.82 

5032.97 

6313.13 

1.370 

1834.54 

2154.93 

2475.32 

3116.10 

3756.87 

5038.42 

6319.98 

1.371 

1836.48 

2157.22 

2477.96 

3119.45 

3760.92 

5043  87 

6326.84 

1.372 

1838.42 

2159.52 

2480.61 

3122.80 

3764.97 

5049.33 

6333.70 

1.373 

1840.37 

2161.82 

24S3.26 

3126.15 

3769.02 

5054.79 

6340.56 

1.374 

1842.32 

2164.12 

2485.91 

3129.50 

3773.07 

5060.25 

6347.42 

1.375 

1844.27 

2166.42 

2488.56 

3132.85 

3777.13 

5065.71 

6354.28 

1.376 

1846.22 

2168.72 

2491.21 

3136.20 

3781.19 

5071.17 

6361.05 

1.377 

1848.17 

2171.02 

2493.86 

3139.55 

3785.25 

5076.63 

6368.02 

1.378 

1850.15 

2173.32 

2496.51 

3142.91 

3789.30 

5082.10 

6374.89 

1.379 

1852.10 

2175.62 

2499.16 

3146.27 

3793.36 

5087.57 

6381.77 

1.38P 

1854.02 

2177.92 

2501.82 

3149.63 

3797.43 

5093.04 

6388.65 

1.381 

1855.97 

2180.22 

2504.47 

3152.99 

3801.49 

5098.51 

6395.53 

1.382 

1857.92 

2182.52 

2507.13 

3156.35 

3806.55 

5103.98 

6402.40 

1  .383 

1859.87 

2184.82 

2509.79 

3159.71 

3810.62 

5109.46 

6409.30 

1.384 

1861.82 

2187.13 

2512.45 

3163.07 

3814.69 

5114.94 

6416.19 

1.383 

1863.78 

2189.44 

2515.11 

3M0.48 

3817.76 

5120.42 

6423.08 

1.386 

1865.73 

2191.74 

2517.77 

3169.79 

3821.83 

5125.90 

6429.97 

1.387 

1867.68 

2194.05 

2520.43 

3173.16 

3825.90 

5131.34 

6436.86 

1.388 

1869.63 

2186-96 

2523.09 

3176.53 

3829.97 

5136.82 

6443.76 

1.389 

1871.69 

2198.67 

2525.75 

3179.90 

3834.05 

5142.31 

6450.66 

1.390 

1873.55 

2200.98 

2528.41 

3183.27 

3838.13 

5147.84 

6457.56 

1.391 

1875.50 

2203.29 

2531.07 

3186.64 

3842.12 

5153.35 

6464.47 

1  .392 

1877.46 

2205.60 

2533.73 

3190.01 

3846.29 

5158.86 

6471.38 

1879.42 

2207.91 

2536.40 

3193.38 

3850.37 

5164.38 

6478.29 

].:;<t) 

1881.38 

2210.22 

2539.07 

3196.75 

3854.45 

5169.90 

6485.20 

l,39r, 

1883.34 

2212.54 

2541.74 

3200.13 

3858.53 

5175.32 

6492.11 

1.3JW 

1885.30 

2214.85 

2544.40 

3203.50 

3862.61 

5180.82 

6499.03 

1.397 

1887.26 

2217.16 

2547.07 

3206.88 

3866.69 

5186.32 

6505.95 

1.398 

1889.22 

2219.47 

2549.74 

3210.26 

3870.78 

5191.82 

6512.87 

1.399 

1891.18 

2221.79 

2552.41 

3213.64 

3875.87 

5197.32 

6519.85 

1.400 

1893.14 

2224.11 

2086.88 

3217.02 

3878.96 

5202.83 

6526.71 

1.401 

1895.10 

2226.43 

2.V,7.7r. 

3220.40 

3883.05 

5208.34 

6533.64 

1.402 

1897.06 

2228.75        2560.42 

3223.78 

3887.14 

5213.85 

6540.57 

1.403 

1899.02 

L'231.07:         2563.09 

3227.16 

3891.23 

5219.36 

6547.50 

1.404 

1900.99 

2233.39 

2565.77 

3230.55 

3895.32 

5224.88 

6545.43 

1.405 

1902.96 

2235.71 

2568.45 

3233.94 

3899.42 

5230.40 

6561.37 

1.406 

1904.92 

2038.03 

2571.12 

3237.32 

3903.52 

5235.92 

6568.29 

1.407 

1906.88 

2040.35 

2573.79 

3240.71 

3907.62 

5239.44 

6575.21 

1.408 

1908.84 

2042.67 

2576.46 

3244.10 

3910.72 

5244.96 

6582.14 

1.409 

1910.81 

2044.99 

2579.13 

3247.49 

3913.82 

5248.48 

6589.17 

1.410 

1912.79 

2247.32        2581.81 

3250.88 

3919.92 

5258.01 

6596.10 

1.411 

1914.76 

2249.64 

2584.94 

3254.27 

3924.02 

5263.54 

6603.05 

1.412 

1916.73 

2251.96 

2587.18 

3257.66 

3928.13 

5267.07 

6610.00 

1.413 

1918.70 

2254.78 

2589.88 

3261.05 

3932.24 

5272.60 

6616.95 

1.414 

1920.67 

2256.61 

2592.58 

3264.45 

3936.35 

5278.13 

6623.91 

1.415 

1922.64 

2258.94 

2595.25 

3267.85 

3940.46 

5285.67 

6630.87 

1.416 

1924.61 

2261.27 

2598.93 

3271.65 

3944.57 

5289.22 

6637.73 

1.417 

1926.58 

2263.60 

2601.61 

3274.05 

3948.68 

5292.76 

6644.60 

1.418 

1928.55 

2289.93 

2604.30 

3279.45 

3955.79 

5296.21 

6651.47 

1.419 

1930.52 

2268.26 

2606.99 

3280.85 

3959.90 

5299.65 

6658.34 

1.420 

1932.50 

2270.59 

2608.68 

3284.85 

3961.02 

5313.37 

6665.71 

1.421 

1934.47 

2272.92 

2611.37 

3288.25 

3965.14 

5318.92 

6672.69 

1.422 

1936.44 

2275.25 

2614.06 

3291.65 

3969.26 

5324.47 

6679.67 

1.423 

1938.42 

2277.58 

2616.75 

3295.05 

3973.38 

5300.02 

6686.65 

1.424 

1940.40 

2279.91 

2619.44 

3298.46 

3977.51 

5335.57 

6693.63 

276 


Depth 

Weir. 

Feet. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet    1     8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet.        1C  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.425 

1942.38 

2282.25        2622.13 

;!:101.S7 

3981.62 

5:54  1.1  2 

6700.01 

1.420 

1944.35 

2284.58        2624.83 

8SH5.3B 

3985.73 

5346.67 

6707.60 

1.427 

1946.33 

2286.91        2627.52 

3308.09 

5:  i.~,2.  23 

6714.59 

1.428 

1948.31 

22S9.25        2630.21 

3312.10 

39S4.TO 

5357.79 

6721.58 

1.429 

1950.29 

2291.59        2632.90 

3315.51 

3998.15 

5363.35 

6728.57 

1.430 

1952.27 

2293.9.'!         20.-J5.00 

3318.93 

4002.25 

5368.91 

6735.57 

1.431 

1954.25 

2296.27 

2638.29 

3322.34 

4006.38 

5374.47 

6742.57 

1.432 

1956.23 

2298.61 

2W0.99 

3325.75 

4010.51 

r,::xu.u| 

674*57 

1.433 

1958.21 

2300.95 

asides 

3329.17 

4014.04 

5385.61 

67BS.57 

1.434 

1960.19 

2303.09 

28*0.39 

3332.59 

401S.7S 

5391.18 

07o:;,-,7 

1.435 

1962.17 

2305.63 

2649.09 

3336.01 

4082.92 

5396.75 

6770.58 

1.4I56 

1964.15 

2307.97 

2651.79 

3339.23 

4027.00 

5402.32 

6777.5!) 

1.437 

1966.13 

2310.31 

2054.49 

3342.45 

4o.3i.2o 

5407.90 

6784.60 

1.438 

1968.11 

2312.65 

2657.19 

3345.67 

4035.34 

5413.48 

07111.01 

1.439 

1970.09 

2315.00 

2659.89 

3348.89 

4039.48 

5419.06 

6798.63 

1.440 

1972.09 

2317.35 

2662.60 

3353.11 

4043.02 

5424.04 

6805.65 

1.441 

1974.07 

2319.69 

2665.30 

3356.53 

4047.70 

54.-Ul.22 

6812.67 

1.442 

1976.05 

2322.03 

2668.00 

3359.95 

4051.  !>ll 

5435.80 

6819.70 

1.44:1 

1978.04 

2324.38 

2670.71 

3363.38 

4056.05 

5441.39 

6826.73 

1.444 

1980.03 

2326.73 

2673.42 

3366.81 

4060.20 

5446.98 

6833.76 

1.445 

1982.02 

2329.08 

2676.13 

3370.24 

4064.35 

5452.57 

6840.79 

1.440 

1984.01 

2331.43 

2078.S4 

3373.67 

4068.50 

5458.10 

6847.80 

1.447 

1986.00 

2333.78 

2681.55 

3377.10 

4072.65 

5!<;::.75 

6854.83 

1.448 

1987.99 

2336.13 

2684.26 

3380.53 

4ii70.su 

5469.34 

6861.87 

1.449 

1989.98 

2338.48 

2686.97 

3383.96 

4080.96 

5474.94 

6868.91 

1.45(1 

1991.97 

2340.83 

2689.69 

3387.40 

4085.12 

5480.54 

6875.97 

1.451 

1993.96 

2348.1$ 

LV.OU.IO 

3390.83 

4089.27 

5486.14 

6883.01 

1.452 

1995.95 

2345.53 

2695.11 

3394.27 

4OS48 

5491.74 

6890.06 

1.453 

1997.94 

2347.88 

2697.82 

3397.71 

4CBUB 

5497.34 

6897.11 

1.454 

1999.93 

2a50.24 

2700.54 

3401.15 

4101.75 

5502.95 

6904.16 

1.455 

2001.93 

2352.60 

2703.26 

:;404.5!> 

4105.91 

5508.56 

6911.21 

1.456 

2203.92 

2354.95 

2705.97 

3408.03 

4110.07 

5514.17 

6918.27 

1.457 

2205.91 

2357.30 

2708.09 

3411.47 

4114.2:! 

5519.78 

6925.33 

1.458 

2207.91 

2359.66 

2711.41 

3414.91 

4118.40 

5525.39 

6932.39 

1.459 

2209.91 

2362.06 

2714.13 

3418.35 

4122.57 

5531.01 

6939.45 

1.400 

2011.91 

2364.38 

2716.85 

3421.80 

4126.74 

55;!6.o:i 

6946.52 

1.401 

2013.90 

•  2366.74 

2719.57 

3425.24 

4130.91 

5542.25 

6953.59 

1.462 

2015.90 

2369.10 

2722.29 

ste&n 

41OMW 

5547.87 

6960.66 

1.463 

2017.90 

2371.46 

2725.01 

3432.14 

4139.25 

555:i.4!l 

6967.73 

1.464 

2019.90 

2373.82 

2727.74 

;;4:;r,.r,ii 

4143.43 

5559.  11 

6974.80 

1.465 

2021.90 

2:170.  18 

2730.47 

3MUN 

4147.01 

5564.74 

6981  .88 

1.400 

20-23.90 

2378.64 

27X5.19 

3442.49 

4151.78 

5570.37 

6988.90 

1.467 

2025.90 

2380.90 

2735.91 

:;445.94 

4155.96 

5576.00 

6996.04 

1.408 

2027.90 

2383.26 

_'7.",s.04 

34MM 

4160.14 

5581.63 

7003.12 

1.469 

2029.90 

2385.63 

27*L«7 

3452.84 

4104.28 

55S7.20 

7010.21 

l.47d 

2031.90 

2388.00 

274».1(l 

:i4.-,o.:!() 

4168.50 

G8H30 

7017.::o 

1.471 

2033.90 

2390.36 

2740.8.-; 

349098 

4172.68 

5598.54 

7024.::!) 

1  .472 

2035.90 

2392.73 

2749.56 

340&0] 

4176.86 

5604.18 

7031.48 

1.473 

2037.90 

2395.10 

2752.29 

346(i.67 

I1.M.05 

5609.82 

7038.57 

1.474 

2039.91 

2397.47 

2755.02 

3470.13 

4185.24         5615.46 

7045.67 

1.475 

2041.92 

2399.84 

2757.76 

3I73.59 

4189.43        5021.10 

7052.77 

1.476 

2043.92 

2402.21 

2760.4!) 

:;t77.or, 

4193.62        5626.75 

7059.87 

1.477 

2045.92 

2404.58 

yif&M 

34so.5i 

4197.811       5632.41 

7066.97 

1.478 

2047.93 

24M,M 

27«6Ji 

3I8.-..97 

42M.90       5638.06 

7074.0R 

1.479 

2049.94 

2409.32 

2768.69 

.1187.41 

4206.09        504:;.  72 

70S1.I!' 

1.480 

2051.95 

2411.69 

2771.4:: 

3MJI 

4210.:;:)       5049.30 

7088.30 

1.481 

2053.96 

2414.06 

2774.10 

3494.  :;s 

4214.58        5655.04 

70!)5.42 

1.482 

2055.97 

2416.43       2776.77       3497.85 

4218.78       5060.70 

7102.54 

277 


Depth 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.483 

2057.98 

2418.80 

2779.44 

3501.32 

4222.98 

5666.36 

7109.66 

1.484 

2059.99 

2421.18 

2782.12 

3504.7H 

4227.18 

5672.02 

7116.78 

1.485 

2062.00 

2423.56 

2785.13 

3508.26 

4231.38 

5677.64 

7123.90 

1.486 

2064.01 

24-J5.93 

2787.87 

3511.73 

4235.58 

5683.30 

7131.62 

1.487 

2066.02 

2428.31 

2790.61 

3515.20 

4239.78 

5688.96 

7138.15 

1.488 

2068.03.   2430.69 

2193.35 

3518.67 

4243.99 

5694.63 

7145.28 

1.489 

2070.041   2433.07 

-2796.09 

3512.15 

4248.20 

5700.30 

7152.41 

1.490 

2072.06   2435.45 

2798.84 

3525.63 

4252.41 

5705.97 

7159.54 

1.491 

2074.07 

2437.83 

2801.58 

3529.10 

4256.62 

5711.64 

7166.68 

1.492 

2076.08 

2440.21 

2804.33 

3532.58 

4260.83 

5717.31 

7173.82 

1.493 

2078.09 

2442.59 

2807.08 

3536.06 

4265.04 

5722.99 

7180.96 

1.494 

2080.11 

2444.97 

2809.83 

3539.54 

4268.26 

5728.67 

7188.10 

1.4115 

2082.13 

2447.35 

2812.58 

3543.02 

4273.47 

5734.35 

7195.24 

1.496 

2084.14 

2449.73 

2815.33 

3546.50 

4277.68 

5740.03 

7202.39 

1.497 

2086.16 

2452.11 

2818.08 

3549.98 

4281.90 

5745.71 

7209.54 

1.498 

2088.18 

2454.50 

2820.83 

3553.46 

4286.12 

5751.40 

7216.69 

1.499 

2090.20 

2456.8!) 

2S2&58 

3556.95 

4290.34!   5757.09 

7223.84 

1.500 

2092.22 

2459.28 

2826.33 

3560.44 

4294.5< 

5762.78 

7231.00 

1.501 

2094.24 

2461.66 

2829.08 

3563.93 

4298.78 

5768.47 

7238.16 

1.502 

2096.26 

2464.04 

2831.83 

3567.42 

4303.00 

5774.16'   7245.32 

1.503 

2098.28 

2466.43 

2834.59 

3570.91 

4307.22 

5779.85   7252.48 

1.504 

2100.30 

2468.82 

2837.35 

3574.40 

4311.45 

5785.55 

7259.65 

1.505 

2402.32 

2471.21 

2840.11 

3577.89 

4315.68 

5791.25 

7266.82 

1.506 

2104:34 

2473.60 

2842.86 

3581.38 

4319.91 

5796.95 

7273.99 

1.507 

2106.36 

2475.99 

2845.62 

3584.87 

4324.14 

5802.65 

7281.16 

1.50* 

2108.38 

2478.38 

2848.38 

3588.36 

4328.37 

5808.35 

7288.33 

1.509 

2110.41 

2480.77 

2851.14 

3591.86 

4332.60 

5814.05 

7295.51 

1.510 

2112.43 

2483.17 

2853.90 

3595.36 

4336.83 

5819.76 

7302.69 

1.511 

2114.45 

2485.56 

2856.66 

3598  86 

4341.06 

5825.47 

7309.87 

1.512 

2116.47 

2487.95 

2869.42 

3602.36 

4345.30 

5831.18 

7317.05 

1.513 

2118.50 

2490.34 

2862.18 

3605.86 

4349.54 

5836.89 

7324.24 

1.514 

2020.53 

2492.74 

2864.94 

3609.36 

4353.78 

5842.60 

7331.43 

1.515 

2122.56 

2495.14 

2867.71 

3612.86 

4358.02 

5848.32 

7338.62 

1.516 

2124.58 

2497.53 

2870.47 

3616.36 

4362.20 

5854.04 

7345.81 

1.517 

2126.61 

2499.93 

2873.24 

3619.86 

4366.44 

5859.76 

7353.01 

1.518 

2128.64 

2502.33 

2876.01 

3623.37   4370.68 

5865.48 

7360.21 

1.519 

2130.67 

2504.73 

2878.78 

3626.88   4374.92 

5871.20 

7367.41 

1.520 

2132.70   2507.13 

2881.55 

3630.39 

4379.23 

5876.92 

7374.61 

1.521 

2134.73 

2509.53 

2884.32 

3633.90 

4383.48 

5882.64 

7381.81 

1.522 

2136.76 

2511.93   2887.09 

3637.41 

4387.73 

5888.37 

7389.02 

1.523 

2138.79 

2514.33   2889.86 

3640.92 

4391.98 

5894.10 

7396.23 

1  .524 

2140.83 

2516.73   2892.63 

3644.43 

4396.23 

5899.83 

7403.44 

1.525 

2142.86 

2519.13   2895.40 

3647.94 

4400.48 

5905.56 

7410.65 

1..V26 

2144.89 

2521.53   2898.171   3651.45 

4404.73 

5911.29 

7417.86 

1.527 

2146.92 

2523.93   2900.94 

3654.96 

4408.98 

5917.03 

7425.08 

1.528 

2149.95 

2526.33 

2903.72 

3658.48 

4413.24 

5922.77 

7432.30 

1.529 

2151.99 

2528.74 

2906.50 

3662.00 

4417.50 

5928.51 

7439.52 

1  .530 

2153.03 

2531.15 

2909.28 

3665.52 

4421.76 

5934.25 

7446.74 

1.531 

2155.06 

2533.55 

2912.05 

3669.04 

4426.02 

5939.99 

7453.97 

1.532 

2157.10 

2535.96 

2914.83 

3672.56 

4430.28 

5945.74 

7461.20 

1.533 

2159.14 

2538.37 

2917.61 

3676.08 

4434.54 

5951.49 

7468.43 

1.534 

2161.28 

2540.78 

2920.39 

3679.60   4438.81 

5957.24 

7475.66 

1.535 

2163.21 

2543.19 

2923.17 

3683.12 

4443.08 

5962.99 

7482.90 

1.536 

2165.25 

2.545.60 

2925.95 

3686.64 

4447.34 

5968.74 

7490.14 

1.537 

2167.29 

2548.01 

2928.73 

3690.16 

4451.61 

5974.49 

7497.38 

1.538 

2169.33 

2550.42 

2931.51 

3693.69 

4455.88 

5980.25 

7504.62 

1.539 

2171.37 

2552.83 

2934.29 

3607.22 

44G0.15   5986.00 

7511.86 

1.510 

2555.24 

2937.08 

3700.75 

4464.42   5991.77 

751  il.ll 

278 


Depth 
wSir. 

LENGTH   OF   THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.541 

2175.45 

2557.65 

2939.80 

3704.28 

4468.69 

5997.53 

7526.36 

1.542       2177.49 

2560.06 

2942.64 

3707.81 

4472.  !Hi 

6003.29 

7533.61 

1.543       2179.53 

2562.48 

2945.43 

3711.34 

4477.  18 

6009.05 

7540.8f, 

1.544:      2181.57 

2564.90 

2948.22 

3714.87 

4481.38 

6014.82 

7548.1  1 

1.545       2183.62 

2567.32 

2951.01 

3718.41 

4485.80 

6020.59 

7555.37 

1.546       2185.66 

2569.7.3 

2953.80 

3721.94 

4490.08 

6026.56 

7562.C3 

1.547       2187.70 

2572.14 

2956.59 

3725.47 

4494.36 

6032.33 

7569.89 

1.548       2189.75 

2574.56 

2959.38 

3729.01 

4498.64 

6038.10 

7577.15 

1.549       2191.80 

2576.98 

2962.17 

3732.55 

4502.92 

6043.87 

7584.42 

1.550  i       2193.85 

2579.40 

2964.96 

3736.09 

45()7.l'l 

6049.45 

7591.69 

1.551        2195.89       2581.82 

2967.75 

3739.63 

4511.49 

6055.23 

7598.96 

1.552       2197.93       2584.24 

2970.54 

3743.17 

4515.78 

6061.01 

7606.23 

1.553       2199.98 

2586.66 

2973.33 

3746.71 

4520.07 

6066.79 

7613.51 

1  .554       2202.03 

2589.08 

2976.13 

3750.25 

4524.36 

6072.57 

7620.79 

1.555       2204.08 

2591.51 

2978.93 

3753.79!       4528.65 

6078.36 

7628.07 

1.556,      2206.13 

2593.93 

2981.72 

3757.33        4532.94 

6084.15 

7635.35 

1.557       2208.18 

2596.35 

2984.52 

3760.87        4537.23 

6089.94 

7642.63 

1.558       2210.23 

2598.77 

2987.32 

3764.41 

4541.52 

6095.73 

7649.92 

1.559:      2212.28 

2601.20 

2990.01 

3767.95 

4545.82 

6101.52 

7657.21 

1.5601      2214.33 

2603.63 

2992.92 

3771.52 

4550.12 

6107.31 

7664.50 

1.561!      2216.38 

2606.05 

2995.72 

3775.57 

4554.42 

6113.10 

7671.7!! 

1.562  i      2218.43 

2668.47        2998.52 

3778.62 

4558.72 

6118.90 

7679.09 

1.563       2220.48 

2670.90        3001.32 

3782.17 

4563.02 

6124.70 

7686.39 

1.564       2222.54 

2673.33 

3004.12 

3785.72 

4567.02 

6130.50 

7693.69 

1.565       2224.59 

2615.76 

3006.93 

3789.28 

4571.62 

6136.30 

7700.99 

1.566       2226.64 

2618.19 

3009.73 

3792.83 

4575.92 

6142.10 

7708.29 

1.567       2228.69 

2620.62 

3012.53 

3796.38 

4580.22 

6147.91 

7715.30 

1.568       2230.75 

2623.05 

3015.34 

3799.94 

4584.53 

6153.72 

7722.61 

1.569       2232.81 

2625.48 

3018.15 

3803.50 

4588.84 

6159.53 

7729.92 

1.570 

2234.87 

2627.92 

3020.96 

3807.06 

4593.15 

6165.34 

7737.53 

1.571 

2236.91 

2630.35 

3023.77 

3810.62 

4597.46 

6171.15 

7744.85 

1.572 

2238.95 

2632.78 

3026.58 

3814.18 

4601.77 

6176.% 

7752.17 

1.573 

2240.99 

2635.21 

3029.39 

3817.74 

4606.08 

6182.78 

7759.49 

1.574 

2243.04 

2637.64 

3032.20 

3821.30 

4610.40       6188.60 

7766.81 

1.575 

2245.16 

2640.08 

3035.01 

3824.86 

4614.72       6194.42 

7774.13 

1.576 

2247.22 

2642.51;       3037.82 

3828.42 

4619.03 

6200.24 

7781.  4ti 

1.577 

2249.28 

2644.95        3040.63 

3831.98 

4623.35 

6206.06 

7788.79 

1.578 

2251.34 

2647.39  1       3043.44 

3835.55 

4627.67 

0211.89 

7796.il' 

1.579 

2253.40 

2649.83        3046.26 

3838.12 

4631.99 

6217.72 

7803.45 

1.580 

2255.46 

2652.27        3049.08 

3842.69 

4636.31 

6223.55 

7810.78 

1.581 

2257.52 

2654.71         3051.89 

3846.25 

4040.63 

6229.38 

7818.12 

1.582 

2259.58 

2657.15        3054.70 

3849.81 

4644.95 

6235.21 

7825.46 

1.583 

2261.64 

2659.59 

3057.52 

3853.37 

4649.28 

0241.04 

7832.8(1 

1.584 

2263.71 

2662.03 

3060.34 

3856.93 

4653.60 

6246.87 

7840.14 

1.585 

2265.78 

2664.47 

3063.16 

3860.55 

4657.94 

6252.71 

7847.49 

1.586 

2267.84 

2666.91 

3065.98 

3864.12 

4662.27 

6258.55 

7854.84 

1.587 

2269.90 

2669.35 

3068.80 

3867.69 

4666.60 

6264.39 

7862.19 

1.588 

2271.97 

2671.79 

3071.62 

3871.27 

4670.93 

6270.23 

7869.54 

1.589 

2274.04 

2674.24 

3074.44 

3874.85 

4675.26 

6276.07 

7876.89 

1.590 

2276.11 

2676.69 

3077.27 

3878.43 

4679.60 

6281.92 

7884.25 

1.591 

2278.17 

2679.13 

3080.09 

3882.01 

4683.93 

6287.77 

7892.61 

1.592 

2280.24  S       2681.57 

3082.91 

3885.59 

4688.26 

6293.65 

7899.97 

1.593 

2282.31  !       2684.02 

3085.73 

3889.17 

4692.60 

6299.55 

7807.33 

1.594 

2284.38       2686.47 

3088.56 

3892.75 

4696.94 

6305.40 

7814.70 

1.595 

2286.45       2688.92 

3091.39 

4701.28 

6311.18 

7921.07 

1.596 

2288.51 

2691.37 

3094.22 

3899^2 

4705.62 

6317.03        7928.44 

1.597 

2290.58 

2693.82 

3097.05 

3903.50 

4709.96 

6322.89        7936.81 

1.598 

2292.65 

2696.27 

3099.88 

3907.09 

4714.30 

6328.75        7944.  1* 

279 


Depth 
Feet. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIE. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.599 

2294.72 

2698.72 

3102.71 

3910.68 

4718.65   6334.61 

7951.56 

1.600 

2296.8C 

2701.17 

3105.54 

3914.27 

4723.00 

6340.47 

7957.94 

1.601 

2298.87 

2703.62 

3108.37 

3917.86 

4727.35 

6346.33 

7965.32 

1.602 

2300.94 

2706.07 

3111.20 

3921.45 

4731.70 

6352.20 

7973.70 

1.603 

2303.02 

2708.52 

3114.03 

3925.04 

4736.05 

6358.07 

7981.08 

1.604 

2305.19 

2710.97 

3116.86 

3928.63 

4740.40 

6363.94 

7988.48 

1.605 

2307.17 

2713.43 

31  19.7(1 

3932.23 

4744.75 

6369.81 

7994.86 

1.606 

2309.24 

2715.88 

3122.53 

3935.82 

4749.10 

6375.68 

8002.25 

1.607 

2311.31 

2518.34 

3125.36 

3939.41 

4753.46 

6381.55 

8009.64 

1.608 

2313.39 

2520.80 

3128.20 

3943.01 

4757.82 

6388.43 

8017.04 

1.609 

2315.47 

2523.26 

3131.04 

3946.61 

4762.18 

6394.31 

8024.44 

1.610 

2317.55 

2725.72 

3133.88 

3950.21 

4766.54 

6399.19 

8031.84 

1.611 

,  2319.63 

2728.17 

;;i:!6.72 

3953.81 

4770.90 

6405.07 

8039.24 

1.612 

2321.71 

2730.63 

3139.56 

3957.41 

4775.26 

6410.95 

8046.65 

1.613 

2323.89 

2733.09 

3142.44 

3961.01 

4779.62 

6416.83 

8054.06 

1.614 

2325.97 

2735.55 

3145.28 

3964.61 

4783.98 

6422.72 

8061.47 

1.615 

2327.95 

2738.01 

3148.08 

3968.21 

4788.34 

6428.61 

8068.88 

1.616 

2330.03 

2740.47 

3150.92 

3971.81 

4792.71 

6434.50 

8076.29 

1.617 

2332.11 

2742.93 

3153.76 

3975.41 

4797.08 

6440.39 

8083.71 

1.618 

2334.19 

2745.40 

3156.60 

3979.02 

4801.45 

6446.28 

8091.13 

1.619 

2336.28 

2747.87 

3159.45 

3982.63 

4806.82 

6452.18 

8098.55 

1.620 

2338.36 

2750.33 

3162.30]   3986.24 

4810.19 

6458.08 

8105.97 

1.621 

2340.44 

2752.79 

3165.14 

3989.85 

4814.56 

6463.98 

8113.39 

1.622 

2342.52 

2755.25 

3167.99 

3993.45 

4818.93 

6469.88 

8120.82 

1.623 

2344.60 

2757.72 

3170.84 

3997.06 

4823.30 

6475.78 

8128.25 

1.624 

2346.69 

2760.19 

3173.69 

4000.67 

4827.68 

6481.68 

8135.68 

1.625 

2348.78 

2762.66 

3176.54 

4004.30 

4832.06 

6487.58 

8143.11 

1.626 

2350.86 

2765.12 

3179.39 

4007.91 

4836.44 

6493.49 

8150.55 

1.627 

2352.94 

2767.59 

3182.24 

4011.52 

4840.82 

6499.40 

8157.99 

1.628 

2355.03 

2770.06 

3185.09 

4015.14 

4845.10 

6505.31 

8165.43 

1.629 

2357.12 

2772.53 

3187.94 

4018.76 

4849.48 

6511.22 

8172.87 

1.630 

2359.21 

2775.00 

3190.79 

4022.38 

4853.97 

6517.13 

8180.31 

1.631 

2361  .29 

2777.47 

3193.64 

4026.00 

4858.35 

6323.05 

8181.76 

1.632 

2363.38 

2779.94 

3196.49 

4029.62 

4862.73 

6328.07 

8195.21 

1.633 

2365.47 

2782.41 

3199.35 

4033.24 

4867.12 

6234.89 

8202.66 

1.634 

2367.56 

2784.88 

3202.21 

4036.86 

4871.51 

6240.81 

8210.11 

1.635 

2369.65 

2787.36 

3205.07 

4040.48 

4875.90 

6546.73 

8217.56 

I  ;<;:;<; 

2371.74 

2789.83 

3207.92 

4044.10 

4880.29 

6552.65 

8225.02 

1.637 

2373.83 

2792.30 

3210.78 

4047.72 

4884.68 

6558.57 

8232.48 

1.638 

2375.92 

2794.78 

3213.64 

4051.35 

4889.07 

6564.50 

8239.94 

1.639 

2378.01 

2797.26 

3216.50 

40,54.98 

4893.46 

6570.33 

8247.40 

1.640 

2380.11 

2799.74 

3219.36 

4058.61 

4897.86 

6576.36 

8254.86 

1.641 

2382.20 

2802.21 

3222.22 

4062.24 

4902.26 

6582.29 

8262.33 

1.642 

2384.29 

2804.69 

3225.08 

4065.87 

4906.66 

6588.22 

8269.80 

1.643 

2386.38 

2807.17 

3227.94 

4069.50 

4911  .06 

6594.16 

8277.27 

1.644 

2388.48 

2809.65 

3230.80 

4073.13 

4915.46 

6600.10 

8284.74 

1.645]   2390.58 

2812.13 

3233.67 

4076.76 

4919.86 

6606.04 

8292.22 

1.646!   2392.67 

2814.61 

3236.53 

4080.39 

4924.26 

6611.98 

8299.70 

1.647]   2394.77 

2817.09 

3239.40 

4084.02 

4928.66 

6617.93 

8307.18 

1.648   '_'.n,<n;.s7 

2819.57 

3242.27 

4087.66 

4933.06 

6623.87 

8314.66 

1.649   2:  '.its.!  17 

2822.05 

3245.14 

4091  .30 

4937.47 

6629.81 

8322.14 

1.6501   2401.07 

2824.54 

3248.01 

4094.94 

4941.88 

6635.75 

8329.63 

1.651   2403.16 

2827.02 

3250.87 

4098.58 

4946.29 

6641.70 

8337.12 

1.6521   2405.26 

2829.50 

3253.74 

4102.22 

4950.70 

6647.65 

8344.61 

1.653 

2407.36 

2831.98 

3256.61 

4105.86 

4955.11 

6653.60 

8352.10 

1.654 

2409.46 

2834.47 

3259.54 

4109.58 

4959.52 

6659.55 

8359.60 

1.655 

2411.56 

2836.96 

3262.35 

4113.15 

4963.94 

6665.51 

8367.10 

1.656 

2413.66 

2839.44 

3265.22 

4116.79 

4968.35 

6671.47 

8374.60 

280 


r 

Ftet. 

LENGTH  OF  THE   WEIR. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet 

1.657 

2413.76 

2841  .93 

3268.09 

4120.43 

4972.76 

6677.43 

8382.10 

1.658 

2417.86 

2844.42 

3270.96 

4124.07 

4977.18 

6683.39 

8389.60 

1.659 

2419.96 

2846.91 

3273.84 

4127.71 

4981  .60 

6689.35 

8397.11 

1.660 

2422.07 

2849.40 

3276.72 

4131.37 

4986.02 

6695.32 

8404.62 

1.661 

2424.17 

2851.89 

3279.59 

4135.02 

4990.44 

6701.28 

8412.13 

1.662 

2426.27 

2854.34 

3282.47 

4138.67 

4994.86 

6707.25 

8419.64 

1.063 

2428.37 

2856.79 

3285.35 

4142.32 

4999.28 

6713.22 

8427.15 

1.664 

2430.48 

2859.24 

3288.23 

4145.97 

5004.70 

6719.19 

8434.67 

1.665 

2432.59 

2861  .80 

3291.11 

4149.62 

5008.13 

6725.16 

8442.19 

1  .666 

2434.69 

2864.34 

3293.99 

4153.07 

5012.56 

OT314N 

8449.71 

1.667 

2436.80 

2866.83 

3296.87 

4156.52 

5016.99 

6736.90 

8457.23 

1.668 

2438.91 

2869.32 

3299.75 

4159.98 

5021.42 

6742.78 

8464.75 

1.669 

2440.02 

2871.82 

3302.63 

4163.44 

5025.85 

674848 

8472.28 

1.670 

2443.13 

2874.32 

3305.51 

4167.90 

5030.28 

6755.04 

8479.81 

1.671 

2445.24 

2876.81 

3308.39 

4171.56 

5034.71 

6761.02 

8487.34 

1.672 

2447.35 

2879.31 

3311.27 

4175.22 

5039.14 

6767.00 

8494.87 

1.673 

2449.46 

2881.81 

3314.16 

4178.88 

5043.57 

6772.99 

8502.41 

1.674 

2451.57 

2884.31 

3317.05 

4182.54 

5048.01 

6778.98 

8509.95 

1.675 

2453.68 

2886.81 

3319.94 

4186.20 

5052.45 

6784.97        8517.49 

1.676 

2450379 

2889.30 

3322.82 

4189.86 

5056.89 

6790.%        8525.03 

1.677 

2457.90 

2891.80 

3325.71 

4193.52 

5061.33 

6796.95        8532.57 

1.678 

2460.01 

2894.30 

3328.60 

4197.18 

5065.77 

6802.94        8540.12 

1.679 

2462.12 

2896.80 

3331.49 

4200.85 

5070.21 

6808.94        8547.67 

1.680 

2464.24 

2899.31 

3334.38 

4204.52 

5074.66 

6814.94        8555.22 

1.681 

2466.35 

2901.81 

3337.27 

4208.19 

5079.10 

6820.94  1       8562.77 

1.682 

2468.46 

2904.31 

3340.16 

4211.86 

5083.34 

6826.94 

8570.33 

1.683 

2470.58 

2906.81 

3343.05 

4215.53 

5087.99 

6832.94 

8577.89 

1.684 

2472.70 

2909.31 

3345.94 

4219.20 

5092.44 

6838.94 

8585.45 

1.685 

2474.81 

2911.82 

3348.84 

4222.87 

5096.89 

6844.95 

8593.01 

1.686 

2476.92 

2914.32 

3351.73 

4226.54 

5101.34 

6850.96 

8600.57 

1.687 

2479.03 

2916.83 

3354.62 

4230.21 

5105.79 

6856.97 

8608.13 

1.688 

2481.15 

2919.34 

3357.52 

4233.88 

51  10.24 

6862.98 

8615.70 

1.689 

2483.27 

2921.85 

3360.42 

4237.55 

5114.70 

6868.99 

8623.27 

1.690 

2485.39 

2924.36 

3363.32 

4241.24 

5119.16 

6875.00 

8630.84 

1.691 

2487.51 

2926.86 

3366.21 

4244.91 

5123.61 

6881.01 

863**] 

1.692 

2489.63 

2929.37 

3369.11 

4248.59 

5128.07 

6887.03 

8(545.99 

1.693 

2491.75 

2931.88 

3372.01 

4252.27 

5132.53 

6893.05 

8653.57 

1.694 

2493.87 

2934.39 

&374.91 

4255.95 

5136.99 

6899.07 

8661.15 

1.695 

2495.99 

2936.90 

3377.81 

4259.63 

5141.45 

6905.09 

8668.73 

1.696 

2498.11 

2939.41 

3380.71 

4263.31 

5145.91 

6911.11 

8676.31 

1.697 

2500.23 

2941.92 

3383.61 

4266.99 

5150.37 

6917.13 

8683.90 

1.698 

2502.35 

2944.43 

3386.51 

4270.67 

5154.88 

6923.16 

8691.49 

1.699 

2504.47 

2946.94 

3389.42 

4274.:% 

5159.31 

6929.18 

8699.08 

1.700 

2506.60 

2949.46 

3392.33 

4278.05 

5163.78 

6935.22 

8706.67 

1.701 

2508.72 

2951.97 

3395.23 

4281.74 

5168.25 

6941  .25 

87  14.27 

1.702 

2510.84 

2954.48 

3398.13 

42S5.43 

5172.72 

6947.28 

8721.87 

1.703 

2512.97 

2957.00 

3401.04 

4289.12 

5177.19 

6953.32 

8729.47 

1.704 

2515.10 

2959.52 

3403.95 

4292.81 

5181.66 

6959.36 

8737.07 

1.705 

2517.22 

2962.04 

3406.86 

4296.50 

5186.13 

69(>5.40 

8744.67 

1.706 

2519.34 

2964.55 

3409.77 

4201.19 

5190.60 

6971.44 

8752.28 

1.707 

2521.47 

2967.07 

3412.68 

4204.88 

5195.07 

6977.48 

8759.89 

1.708 

2523.60 

2969.59 

3415.59 

4208.57 

5199.55 

6983.52 

8767.50 

1.709 

2525.73 

2972.11 

3418.50 

4212.26 

5204.03 

6989.57 

8775.11 

1.710 

2527.86 

2974.63 

3421.41 

4314.96 

5208.51 

6995.61 

8782.72 

1.711 

2529.98 

2977.15 

3424.32 

4318.65 

5212.99 

7001.66 

8790.33 

1.712 

2532.10 

2979.67 

3427.23 

4322.35 

5217.47 

7007.71 

8797.94 

1.713 

2534.23 

2982.19 

3430.14 

4326.05 

5221.96 

7013.76 

8H05.56 

1.714 

2536.36 

29&4.71 

3433.06 

4329.75 

5226.45 

7019.81 

8813.18 

281 


Depth 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

fi  Feet.           7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet. 

1.715 

2538.50       2987.24 

3435.98 

4333.45 

5230.94 

7025.87 

8820.82 

1.716 

2540.63       2989.76 

3438.89 

4337.15 

5235.41 

7031.9 

8828.4 

1.717 

2542.76       2992.28 

3441.80 

4340.85 

5239.91 

7037.9 

8836.08 

1.718 

2544.89 

2994.80 

3444.72 

4344.55 

5243.3* 

7(144.0 

8843.71 

1.719 

2547.03 

2997.33 

3447.64 

4348.25 

5247.8 

7050.1 

8851.34 

1.720 

2549.16!       2999.86 

3450.56 

4351.96 

5253.3 

7056.1 

8858.97 

1.721 

2551.29!      3002.38 

3453.48 

4355.66 

5257.8 

7062.2 

8866.61 

1.722 

2553.42 

3004.91 

-    3456.40 

4359.37 

5262.3 

7066.3 

8874.25 

1.723 

2555.55 

3007.44 

3459.32 

4363.08 

5266.8 

7073.3 

8881.8 

1.724 

2557.69 

3009.97 

3462.24 

4366.79 

5271.34 

7079.4 

1.725 

2559.83 

3012.50 

3465.17 

4370.50 

5275.8 

7086.5 

8897J7 

1.726 

2561.96 

3015.03 

3468.09 

4374.21 

5280.3 

7092.58 

8904.82 

1.727 

2563.10 

3017.56 

3471.01 

4377.92 

5284.84 

7098.6 

8912.47 

1.728 

2565.24 

3020.09 

3473.93 

4381.63 

5289.34 

7104.7 

8920.12 

1.729 

2567.38 

3022.62 

3476.86 

4385.34 

5293.84 

7101.80 

8927.77 

1.730 

2570.52 

3025.15 

3479.79 

4389.06 

5298.34 

7116.8 

8935.43 

1.731 

2572.65 

3027.68 

3482.71 

4392.77 

5302.8 

7122.96 

8943.09 

1.732 

2574.79 

3030.21 

3485.64 

4396.49 

5307.34 

7129.04 

8950.75 

1.733 

2576.93 

3032.74 

3488.57 

4400.21 

5311.8 

7135.12 

8958.41 

1.734 

2579.07 

3035.28 

3491.50 

4403.93 

5316.3 

7141.2 

8966.07 

1.735 

2581.21 

3037.82 

3494.43 

4407.65 

5320.8 

7147.3 

8973.74 

1.736 

2583.35 

3040.35 

3497.36 

4411.36 

5325.3 

7153.3 

8981.41 

1.737 

2585.49 

3042.88 

3500.29 

4415.07 

5329.84 

7159.4 

8989.0 

1.738 

2587.63 

3045.42 

3503.22 

4418.78 

5334.37 

7165.57 

8996.75 

1.739 

2589.78 

3047.96 

3506.15 

4422.49 

5338.9 

7171.6 

9004.42 

1.740 

2591.92 

3050.50 

3509.09 

4426.20 

5343.43 

7177.76 

9012.10 

1.741 

2594.06 

3053.04 

3512.02 

4429.93 

5347.94 

7183.86 

9019.78 

1.742 

2596.20 

3055.58 

3514.95 

4433.67 

5352.45 

7189.96 

9027.46 

1.743 

2598.34 

3058.12 

3517.88 

4437.41 

5356.97 

7196.06 

9035.14 

1.744 

2600.49 

3060.66 

3520.82 

4441.15 

5361.49 

7202.16 

9042.82 

1.745 

2602.64 

3063,20 

a523.76 

4444.89 

5366.0 

7208.26 

9060.51 

1.746 

2604.78 

3065.74 

3526.70 

4448.62 

5370.53 

7214.36 

9058.20 

1.747 

2606.92 

3068.28 

3529.64 

4452.35 

5375.00 

7220.47 

9065.89 

1.748 

2609.07 

3070.82 

3532.98 

4456.08 

5379.57 

7226.58 

9073.68 

1.749 

2611.22 

3073.36 

3535.52 

4459.81 

5384.10 

7232.69 

9081.28 

1.750 

2613.37 

3075.91 

3538.46 

4463.55 

5388.63 

7238.80 

9088.98 

1.751 

2615.51 

3078.45 

3541.40 

4467.28 

5393.76 

7244.91 

9096.68 

1.752 

2617.66 

3080.99 

3544.34 

4471.01 

5397.69 

7251.02 

9104.38 

1.753 

2619.81 

3083.54 

3547.28 

4474.74 

5402.22 

7257.14 

9112.08 

1  .754 

2621.99 

3086.09 

.'3550.22 

4478.47 

5406.75 

7263.26 

9119.79 

1.755 

2624.11 

3088.64 

3553.17 

4482.22 

5411.28 

7269.38 

9127.50 

1.756 

2626.26 

3091.18 

3556.11 

4485.% 

5415.81 

7275.51 

9135.21 

1.757 

2628.41 

3093.73 

3559.05 

4489.70 

5420.34 

7281.64 

9142.92 

1.758 

2630.56 

3096.28 

3562.00 

4493.44 

5424.87 

7287.77 

9150.63 

1.759 

2632.71 

3098.83 

3564.95 

4497.18 

5429.41 

7293.90 

9158.38 

1.760 

2634.87 

3101.38 

3567.90 

4500.92 

5433.95 

7300.01 

9166.06 

1.761 

2637.01 

3103.93 

3570.84 

4,504.66 

5438.39 

7306.14 

9173.78 

1  .762 

2639.16 

3106.48 

3573.79 

4508.40 

5442.93 

7312.27 

9181.50 

1.763 

2641.31 

3109.08 

3576.74 

4512.15 

5447.47 

7318.40 

9189.22 

1.764 

2643.47 

3111.58!      3579.69 

4515.90 

5452.01 

7324.53 

9196.55 

1.765 

2645.64 

3114.14 

3582.64 

4519.65 

5456.66 

7330.67 

9204.68 

1.766 

2647.79 

3116.69 

3585.59 

4523.40 

5461.20 

7386.81 

9212.41 

1.767 

2649.94 

3119.24 

3588.54 

4527.16 

5465.76 

7342.95 

9220.14 

1.768 

2652.10 

3121.79 

3591.49 

4530.90 

5470.31 

7349.05 

9227.87 

1.769 

2654.26 

3124.35 

3594.44 

4534.65 

5474.86 

7355.19 

9235.61 

1.770 

2656.42 

3126.91 

3597.41 

4538.40 

5479.39 

7361.37 

9243.35 

1.771 

2658.57 

3129.46 

3600.36 

4542.15 

5484.94 

7367.51 

9251.09 

1.772 

2660.73 

3132.02 

3603.31 

4545.90 

5489.49 

7373.66 

9258.83 

282 


Depth 
W°e1, 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 

Feet. 

6  Feet 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet 

1.773 

2662.89 

3134.58 

3606.27 

4549.65 

5494.04 

7379.81 

9266.57 

1.774 

2665.05 

3137.14 

3609.23 

4553.41 

5498.59 

7385.96 

9274.32 

1.775 

2667.21 

3139.70 

3612.19 

4557.17 

5502.15 

7392.11 

9282.07 

1.776 

2669.37 

3142.26 

3615.15 

4560.93 

5506.70 

7398.26 

9289.82 

1.777 

2671.43 

3144.82 

3618.11 

4564.69 

5511.26 

7404.42 

9297.57 

1.778 

2673.59 

3147.38 

3621.07 

4568.45 

5515.82 

7410.58 

9305.33 

1.779 

2675.75 

3149.94 

3624.03 

4572.21 

5520.38 

7416.74 

9313.09 

1.780 

2678.01 

3152.50 

3626.99 

4575.97 

5524.94 

7422.90 

9320.85 

1.781 

2680.17 

3155.06 

3629.95 

4579.73 

5529.50 

7429.06 

9328.61 

1.782 

2682.33 

3157.62 

3632.91 

4583.49 

5534.06 

7435.22 

9336.37 

1.783 

2684.49 

3160.18 

3635.87 

4587.25 

5538.62 

7441.38 

9344.13 

1.784 

2686.66 

3162.75 

3638.83 

4591.01 

5543.19 

7447.54 

9351.90 

1.785 

2688.83 

3165.32 

3641.80 

4594.78 

5547.76 

7453.71 

9359.67 

1.786 

2690.99 

3167.88 

3644.76 

4598.54 

5552.33 

7459.88 

9367.44 

1.787 

2693.15 

3170.44 

3647.73 

4602.31 

5556.90 

7466.05 

9375.21 

1.788 

2695.31 

3173.01 

3650.70 

4606.08 

5561.47 

7472.22 

9382.99 

1.789 

2697.47 

3175.58 

3653.67 

4609.85 

5566.04 

7478.40 

9390.77 

1.790 

2699.64 

3178.15 

3656.64 

4613.62 

5570.61 

7484.58 

9398.55 

1.791 

2701.81 

3180.71 

3659.61 

4617.39 

5575.18 

7490.76 

9406.33 

1.792 

2703.98 

3183.28 

3662.58 

4621.16 

5579.75 

7496.94 

9414.11 

1.793 

2706.15 

3185.85 

3665.55 

4624.93 

5584.32 

7403.12 

9421.89 

1.794 

2708.32 

3188.42 

3668.52 

4628.71 

5588.90 

7409.30 

9429.68 

1.795 

2710.49 

3190.99 

3671.49 

4632.49 

5593.48 

7515.48 

9437.47 

1.796 

2712.66 

3193.56 

3674.46 

4636.26 

5598.06 

7521.66 

9445.26 

1.797 

2714.83 

3196.13 

3677.43 

4640.03 

5602.64 

7527.85 

9453.05 

1.798 

2717.00 

3198.70 

3680.40 

4643.81 

5607.22 

7534.04 

9460.85 

1.799 

2719.17 

3201.27 

3683.38 

4647.59 

5611.80 

7540.23 

9468.65 

1.800 

2721.34 

3203.85 

3686.36 

4651.37 

5616.39 

7546.42 

9476.45 

1.801 

2723.51 

3206.42 

3689.33 

4655.15 

5620.97 

7552.61 

9484.26 

1.802 

2725.68 

3208.99 

3692.30 

4658.93 

5625.55 

7558.80 

9492.07 

1.803 

2727.85 

3211.57 

3695.28 

4662.61 

5630.14 

7565.00 

9499.89 

1.804 

2730.02 

3214.15 

3698.26 

4666.79 

5634.73 

7571.20 

9507.71 

1.805 

2732.20 

3216.73 

3701.24 

4670.28 

5639.32 

7577.40 

9515.48 

1.806 

2734.37 

3219.30 

3704.22 

4674.06 

5643.91 

7583.60 

9523.29 

1.807 

2736.54 

3221.87 

3707.20 

4677.85 

5648.50 

7589.86 

9531.10 

1.808 

2738.72 

3224.45 

3710.18 

4681.64 

5653.09 

7596.00 

9538.92 

1.809 

2740.90 

3228.03 

3713.16 

4685.43 

5657.69 

7602.21 

9546.74 

1.810 

2743.08 

3229.61 

3716.15 

4689.22 

5662.29 

7608.42 

9554.56 

1.811 

2745.25 

3232.19 

3718.13 

4693.01 

5666.88 

7614.63 

9562.38 

1.812   2747.43 

3234.77 

3721.11 

4696.80 

6671.47 

7620.87 

9570.20 

1.813   2749.61 

3237.35 

3724.09 

4700.59 

5676.07 

7627.07 

9578.03 

1.814   2751.79 

3239.93 

3727.08 

4704.38 

5680.67 

7633.27 

9585.86 

1.815   2753.97 

3242.52 

3731.07 

4708.17 

5685.27 

7639.48 

9593.69 

1.816   2756.15 

3245.10 

3734.05 

4711.96 

5689.87 

7645.70 

9601.52 

1.817   2758.33 

3247.68 

3737.04 

4715.75 

5094.47 

7051.92 

9609.45 

1.818   2760.51 

3250.26 

3740.03 

4719.55 

5699.07 

7658.14 

9617.39 

1.819 

2762.69 

3253.84 

3743.02 

4723.35 

5703.68 

7664.36 

9625.23 

1.820 

2764.87 

3255.43 

3746.01 

4727.15 

5708.29 

7670.58 

9632.87 

1.821 

2767.05 

3258.01 

3749.00 

4730.95 

5712.90 

7676.81 

9640.71 

1.822 

2769.23 

3260.60 

3751.99 

4734.75 

5717.51 

7683.05 

9648.55 

1.823 

2771.41 

3263.19 

3754.98 

4738.55 

5722.12 

7689.29 

9656.40 

1.824 

2773.59 

3265.78 

3757.97 

4742.35 

5726.73 

7695.53 

9064.25 

1.825 

2775.78 

3268.37 

3760.96 

4746.15 

5731.34 

7701.72 

9672.10 

1.826 

2777.96 

3270.95 

3763.95 

4749.85 

5735.95 

7707.95 

9679.95 

1.827 

2779.14 

3273.5i 

3766.94 

4753.65 

5740.56 

7704.18 

9687.80 

1.828 

2781.32 

3276.13 

3769.93 

4757.45 

5745.18 

7720.42 

9695.66 

1.829 

2788.50 

3278.72 

3773.93 

4761.26 

5749.80 

7726.66 

9703.52 

1.830 

2786.69 

3281.31 

3775.93 

4765.17 

5754.42 

7732.90 

9711.38 

283 


LENGTH  OF  THE  WEIR. 


2788.87 
2791.05 
2793.24 
2795.43 
2797.02 


2SII2.IMI 

2804.19 


2808.57 
2810.76 
2812.95 
2815.04 
2817.23 
2819.52 
2821.71 


2SJ.-..09 
2827.29 


2837.09 
2839.29 
28 }  1 .47 


2848.05 
2850.25 
2852.45 
2854.65 
2856.85 


2801.25 

2so3.li; 


2807.80 
2870.06 
2872.26 

2874.47 

2870.07 
2878.87 


2887.69 


2892.10 
2894.31 
2896.52 
2S9S.7:; 
2900.94 
2903.15 
2905.30 
2907.57 


2911.99 
2914.20 


3778.92 
3781.92 
37X4.92 
3787.92 
379H.92 
3793.92 
379(1.92 
3799.92 
3702.92 


3811.93 
3814.93 
3817.94 


3823.95 
3826.96 

3829.97 


3841.01 
3844.02 
3S  17.03 
3.X51.05 
3S5l.no 
3857.07 
386(1.  (IS 
3863.10 
3866.12 


3872.15 
3875.17 
3878.19 
3881.21 
3884.23 
3887.25 
3890.27 


3911.44 
3914.47 
3917.50 

8920.5:; 

3923.r.t; 
3926.59 
3929.62 


3836.68 

3938.72 
3941.75 
3944.78 
3947.81 


•1708.118 
4772.80 
4776.62 
4780.44 
4784.22 


4791.84 
479.-,.65 

1799.17 


4807.10 
4810.92 
4814.74 
4818.56 

4822.38 
4826.20 


4837.66 
4841.49 
4845.31 
4849.14 

4852.97 

i  S5i ;.  so 


lsci.it; 


4872.12 
4875.95 
4879.79 


4895.14 
4898.97 


19I1C.C.-, 

4910.49 
4914.33 
4918.17 
4922.01 
4925.85 
4929.70 
4933.55 
4937.40 
4941.24 
4945.09 
4948.94 
4952.79 
4956.64 
4960.49 
4964.34 
4968.19 
4972.05 
4975.91 
4979.77 


4987.49 


5759.04 
5763.66 
5768.28 
5772.!)d 
5777.52 
5782.14 
57S0.70 
5791.39 
5796.02 
5800.65 
5805.28 
5809.91 
5814.54 
5819.11 


5833.07 
5837.71 
5842.35 


5851.63 
5856.27 


5805.56 
5870.21 

5874.85 

.-879.50 
£884.15 

r.sss.so 

5893.4.1 


5916.73 
5921.38 
5926.04 
51I30.7I 
5935.36 
5940.02 
5944.68 
5949.34 
5954.01 
5958.68 
5963.35 


5972.69 
5977.36 
5982.03 


0 .73 

6005.41 


6014.77 
6018.45 
6023.13 


7739.14 
7745.38 
7751.62 
7757.86 
7764.11 
7770.36 
7776.61 
7782.86 
7789.11 
7795.37 
7801.63 


7814.15 
7820.41 

7826.67 


7839.19 
7845.46 
7851.73 
7868.00 
7864.27 
7870.54 
7876.81 
7883.09 
7889.37 
7895.65 
7901.93 
7908.21 
7914.49 
7920.78 
7927.07 


7945.94 
7952.24 
7958.53 


7971.13 

7977.43 
7983.73 


7996.33 
8002.64 
8008.95 
8015.26 
8021.57 
8027.88 
8034.19 
8040.50 
8046.82 
8053.14 
8059.46 
8065.78 
8072.00 
8078.43 
8084.75 


8097.41 


9719.24 
9727.10 
9734.97 
9742.84 
9750.71 
9758.58 
9766.45 
9774.33 
9782.21 
9790.09 
9797.97 
9805.86 
9813.75 
9821.64 


9892.72 
9900.63 
9908.54 
9916.45 
9924.36 
9932.28 
9940.20 
9948.12 
9956.04 
9963.97 
9971.90 
9979.83 
9987.75 
9995.68 
10003.61 
10011.54 
10019.47 
10027.43 
10035.37 
10043.31 
10051.26 
10059.21 
10067.16 
10075.11 
10082.06 
10090.02 
10097.98 
10106.94 
10114.90 
10122.86 
10130.83 
10138.80 
10146.77 
10154.74 
10162.71 
10170.69 


I-KNCTII    OF    THE   AVE1K. 


8  Feet.         10  Feet.        12  Fe«t.         16  Feet.         20  Feet. 


8103.74 

8110.07 
8117.10 
8123.44 

s!29.Ts 


292' I., S4 

2923.05 
2925.27 
2927.49 
2929.70 
2931.91 
J934.U 
2936.34 
2938.56 
2!I»H.7S 


1 2.93 

5006.79 
5010.65 
5014.52 
5018.38 
3022.2B 


3445.61 
3418.27 

3450.90 

3J53.r>3 
3456.16 
3158.7!) 

3)61.12 
3464.05 


8148.10 
8154.44 

S1D0.7S 
81(17.13 
MTIl.ls 


5037.73 
5041.60 
5045.47 
5049.34 
5053.22 
5057.09 
5060.96 


:;:)!)!).  J!) 
4IMIJ.54 
4005.58 
4008.63 


8199.88 

.24 

S21I.60 
8217.96 


5068.72 

5072.60 
5076.48 
5080.36 
5084.26 

5088.14 
5(192.00 


8237.04 
8243.40 

X24D.7C 
S256.K! 


21)71.89 
2974.08 
2976.30 
2978.52 

2980.74 

2IIS2.97 


3508.84 

3511.48 

351  1.1  •_' 
3516.76 
3518.80 
3521.44 
35-l.ns 
:!526.72 
3529.!)7 
3.-.32.61 
3535.25 
35I57.90 
354U.55 
3.543.20 
3515. si 
351S.HI 
3551.11 
355:;.  71 1 
3556.11 
355!t.0il 
3561.74 


B099.7« 

51H3.64 
5107.53 
5111.42 
5115.31 
5119.20 
5123.09 
5126.9s 


8287.91 

8294.37 
8300.7; 
8307.13 
8313.M 


2991.86 

299  Ml 
2996.34 
2998.57 


5138.65 

5142.54 
5146,11 
5150.:',! 
5154.23 
5158.13 
51  H2.03 
5165.93 


4072.7* 
4075.84 
107s. 91 
10s  L97 
4085.03 
Kiss.09 

40!)1.16 

4091.2:; 

4097.29 
11110.36 
1103.43, 
4036.50 
11119.57 
4112JU 
4115.71 
4118.78 
4121.85 
4124.93 
41 


3011.95 
3014.18 
3016.41 
3018.64 


5173.73 
.117,'.  63 

51  SI.:,:: 
51S5.43 


3032.04 
:(034.27 

3030.51 

3038.75 

3040.99 
3043.22 


5193.24 
5197.11 
5101.05 
5104.96 

5208.S7 
5212.78 


285 


Depth 
Weir. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  WHIR. 

Feet. 

6  Feet. 

7  Feet. 

8  Feet. 

10  Feet. 

12  Feet. 

16  Feet. 

20  Feet 

1.947 

3045.46 

3588.26 

4131.07 

5216.69 

6302.29 

8473.53 

10644.74 

1.948 

3047.70 

3590.92 

4134.14 

5220.60 

6307.04 

8479.95 

10652.83 

1.949 

3049.94 

3593.58 

4137.22 

5224.51 

6311.79 

8486.37 

10660.93 

1.950 

3052.18 

3596.24 

4140.30 

5228.42 

6316.54 

8492.79 

10669.03 

1.951 

0054.42 

3598.90 

4143.37 

5232.33 

6321.29 

8499.21 

10677.13 

1.952 

3056.66 

3601.56 

4146.45 

5236.24 

6326.04 

8505.64 

10685.23 

1.95:! 

3058.90 

3604.22 

4149.53 

5240.16 

6330.79 

8512.07 

10693.33 

1.954 

3061.14 

3606.88 

4152.61 

5244.08 

6335.55 

8518.50 

10701.44 

1.955 

3063.38 

3609.54 

4155.69 

5248.00 

6340.31 

8524.93 

10709.55 

1  .956 

3065.62 

3612.20 

4158.77 

5251.92 

6345.06 

8531.36 

10717.66 

1.957 

3067.86 

3614.86 

4161.85 

5255.84 

6349.82 

8537.79 

10725.77 

1.958 

3070.10 

3617.52 

4164.93   5259.76 

6354.58 

8544.23 

10733.88 

1.959 

3072.34 

3620.18 

4168.01    5263.68 

6359.34 

8550.67 

10741.99 

1.960 

3074.59 

3622.84 

4171.09   5267.60 

6364.10 

8557.11 

10750.11 

1.961 

3076.83 

3625.50 

4174.17 

5271.52 

6368.86 

8563.55 

10758.23 

1.962 

3079.07 

3628.16 

4177.25   5275.44 

6373.52 

8569.99 

10766.35 

1.963 

3081.32 

3630.83 

4180.34   5279.36 

6378.28 

8576.43 

10774.47 

1.9(54 

3083.57 

3633.50 

4183.43 

5283.29 

6383.05 

8582.87 

10782.59 

1.965 

3085.82 

3636.17 

4186.52 

5287.22 

6387.92 

8589.32 

10790.72 

i.iifii; 

3088.06 

3638.83 

4189.60 

5291.14 

6392.68 

8595.75 

10798.85 

1.967 

3090.30 

3641.49 

4192.68   5295.07 

6397.45 

8602.20 

10706.96 

1.968 

3092.55 

3644.16 

4195.77   5299.00 

6402.22 

8608.65 

10715.11 

1  .969 

3094.80 

3646.83 

4198.86   5302.93 

6406.99 

8615.10 

10723.24 

1.970 

3097.05 

3649.50 

4201.95!   5306.86 

6411.76 

8621.57 

10831.38 

1.971 

3099.29 

3652.17 

4205.04   5310.79 

6416.53 

8629.02 

10839.52 

1.972 

3100.54 

3654.84 

4208.13 

5314.72 

6421.30 

8635.48 

10847.66 

1.973 

3103.79 

3657.51 

4211.22 

5318.65 

6426.07 

8641.94 

10855.80 

1.974 

3106.04 

3660.18 

4214.31 

5322.58 

6430.85 

8648.40 

10863.95 

1  .975 

3108.29 

3662.85 

4217.40 

5326.52 

6435.63 

8653.86 

10872.10 

1.976 

3110.54 

3665.52 

4020.49 

5330.45 

6440.41 

8660.32 

10880.25 

1.977 

3112.79 

3668.19 

4023.:>s 

5334.38 

6445.19 

8666.78 

10888.75 

1.978 

3115.04 

3670.86 

4026.68   5338.32 

6449.97]   8673.25 

10896.90 

1.979 

3117.29 

3673.53 

4029.78   5342.26 

6454.751   8679.72 

10905.05 

1.980 

3119.54 

3676.21 

4232.88    5346.20 

6459.53   8686.19 

10912.85 

1.981 

3121.79   3678.88 

4235.97   5350.14 

6464.31 

8692.66 

109-1.01 

1  .982 

3124.04   3681.55 

4239.06j   5354.08 

6469.09 

8699.13 

10929.17 

i  .983 

3126.29   3684.22 

4242.16   5358.02 

6473.87 

8705.60 

10937.33 

1.984 

3128.551   3686.90 

4245.26 

5361.96 

6478.66 

8712.07 

10945.49 

1.9X5 

3130.81   3689.58 

4248.36 

5365.91 

6483.45 

8718.55 

10953.65 

1.981! 

3133.06 

3692.25 

4251.46 

5369.85 

6488.24 

8725.03 

10961.82 

1  .987 

3135.36 

3694.93 

4254.56 

5373.79 

6493.03 

8731.51 

10969.99 

1.988 

3137.57 

3697.61 

4257.66 

5377.73 

6497.82 

8737.99 

10978.16 

1.989 

3139.83 

3700.29 

4260.76 

5381.68 

6402.61 

8744.47 

10986.33 

1.990 

3142.09 

3702.97 

4263.86 

5385.63 

6507.41 

8750.95 

10994.50| 

1.991 

3144.34 

3705.59 

4266.96 

5389.58 

6512.20 

8757.43 

10102.68] 

1.992 

3146.59 

3708.21 

4270.06 

5393.53 

6516.99 

8763.92 

10112.68 

1.993 

3148.85 

3710.83 

4273.17   5397.48 

6521.78 

8770.41 

10120.86 

1.994 

3151.11 

3713.46 

4276.28   5401.43 

6526.57 

8776.90 

10129.04 

1.995 

3153.37 

3716.37   4279.38 

5405.38  i   6531.38 

8783.39 

11035.40 

1.996 

3155.63 

3719.05   4282.48 

5409.331   6536.18 

8789.88 

11043.59 

1.997 

3157.89 

3721.73   4285.58 

5413.28!   6540.98 

8796.37 

11051.78 

1.998 

3160.15 

3724.41 

4288.69 

5417.23   6545.78 

8802.87 

11059.97 

1.999 

3162.41 

3727.10 

4291.80 

5421.19   6550.58 

8808.37 

11068.16 

2.000 

3164.67 

3729.79 

4294.91 

5425.15   6555.39 

8815.87 

11076.35 

280 
J.  B.  Francis  Tables. 

FOR  FACILITATING  THE  COMPUTATION  OF  THE   QUANTITY  OF 

WATER  FLOWING  OVER  WEIRS. 

TABLE  I. 

To  attain  the  greatest  exactness,  it  is  necessary  to  take  account  of  the  veloc- 
ity of  the  water  approaching  the  weir.  The  method  adopted  at  Lowell  for 
this  purpose  is  to  make  a  correction  for  it  in  the  observed  depth  on  the  weir, 
by  the  formula 


in  which 

H  =  the  observed  depth  on  the  weir. 
h  =  the  head  due  the  mean  velocity  approaching  the  weir. 
H'=  the  corrected  depth  on  the  weir. 
By  developing  into  series  and  omitting  the  terms  containing  powers  of  j, 

above  the  first,  A  being  always  very  small,  relatively  to  H,  this  formula  rniy, 
without  sensible  error,  be  put  under  the  simpler  form, 


The  mean  velocity  of  the  water  approaching  the  weir  is  usually  found,  with 
sufficient  exactness,  by  computing  the  discharge,  approximately,  from  the  ob- 
served depth  on  the  weir,  and  dividing  it  by  the  section  of  the  channel  ap- 
proaching the  weir,  the  quotient  being  the  velocity;  the  head  due  this  velocity, 
or  h,  is  found  by  1  able  1.,  which  is  computed  by  the  formula, 

Vs 


V=  the  mean  velocity. 

g  =  the  velocity  acquired  by  a  body  at  the  end  of  the  first  sec- 

ond of  its  fall,  in  a  vacuum;  its  value,  for  Lowell,  being 

321618. 

TABLE  II. 
This  is  computed  by  the  formula 

(?=3.33  (L-O.ln  H)  H%, 

in  which 

Q  =  the  quantity  of  water  discharged,  in  cubic  feet  per  second. 

L  =  the  length  of  the  weir  in  feet. 

H=  the  depth  on  the  weir  in  feet,  being  the  height  of  the  surface 
of  the  water  above  the  top  of  the  weir,  taken  far  enougli 
from  the  weir  to  be  unaffected  by  the  curvature  caused  by 
the  discharge,  and  corrected,  if  necessary,  for  the  velocity  of 
the  water  approaching  the  weir. 

n  =  the  number  of  end  contractions. 

In  computing  the  table,  L  is  taken  equal  to  t,  and  «  equal  to  0. 

The  actual  length  of  the  weir  being  known,  it  is  to  be  corrected  for  the  end 
contractions,  if  any,  by  deducting  from  it  one-tenth  of  the  depth  on  the  weir 
for  each  end  contraction.  If  the  length  of  the  weir  is  the  same  as  the  width 
of  the  canal  approaching  it,  there  is  no  end  contraction,  and  of  course  nothing 
to  be  deducted  from  the  length  of  the  weir.  The  discharge,  as  given  by  the 
table,  multiplied  by  the  length  of  the  weir,  corrected,  if  necessary,  as  above, 
gives  the  quantity  of  water  discharged  by  the  weir. 


287 


HEADS,  IN  FEET,  DUE  TO  VELOCITIES  FROM  0  TO  4.99  FEET  PER 
SECOND. 


Veloc'y 

0.0 

O 

0.0000 

00001 

0.0001 

00000 

O.OOOf 

0.0000 

0.0000    0.0000 

0.0001 

0.0001 

.1 

0.000.! 

0.0002 

0.0003 

00003    0.0003 

O.oi  04 

0.00  14 

0.0005 

0.0006 

.2 

0.0006 

0.0007 

0.0008 

0.0008 

0.0009'  0.0010 

0.0011 

0.0011 

0.0012 

0.0013 

.3 

0.0:>14 

0.0015 

00016 

0.0017 

0.0018;  0.0019 

O.oii2d 

0.0021 

0.0022 

0.0024 

..4 

0.0025 

0.0027 

0.0029 

0.00301  0.0031 

0.0033 

0.  034 

0.0036 

0.0037 

.5 

0.0039    0.0040 

0.0042 

0.0044 

0.0045 

0.0  J47 

0.0049    0.1051 

00062 

0.0054 

6 

0.0056 

0.0058 

0.0060 

0.0062 

0.0064 

0.0066 

0.0068 

0.0070 

0.0072 

0.0074 

7 

0.0076    0.0078 

0.0081 

0.00*3 

0.0085 

0.0087 

0.0090 

0.0092 

0.0095 

0.0097 

.8 

0.0039    0.0102 

0.0105 

0.0107 

0.0110 

0.0112 

0.0115 

0.0118 

0.0121) 

0.0123 

.9 

00126    0.0129 

0.0132 

0.0134 

0.0137 

0.0140 

0.0143 

0.0146 

0.0149 

0.0152 

1.0 

0.0155 

0.0159 

0.0162 

0.0165 

0.0168 

0.0171 

0.0175 

0.0178 

0.0181 

0.0185 

.1 

0.0188!  0.0192 

0.0195 

0.0199 

0.0202 

0.0206 

0.020!) 

0.0213 

0.0216 

0.0220 

.2« 

0.02^41  0.0228 

0.0231 

0.0235 

0.0239 

n.0243 

0.0247 

0.0251 

0.0255  0.0259 

.3 

J.0263 

0.0267 

0.0271 

0.0275 

0.0279 

0.02*3 

0.0288 

00292 

0.0296  0.0300 

.4 

<J  0305 

0.0399 

0.0313 

0.0318 

0.03>2 

0.0327 

00331 

0.0336 

0.0341  0.0345 

.5 

0.03.50 

0.0,554 

0.0359 

0.0364 

o  03-!'.i 

0.0374 

0.0378 

0.0383 

0.1388  0.0393 

.6 

0.039S 

0.0103 

0.0408 

0.0413 

0.0418 

00423 

0.0428 

0.04341  0.0439  0.0444 

.7 

0.0449 

0.0455 

0.0460 

0.0465 

0.0471 

0.0476 

0.0482 

0.0487 

0.0493,  0.0498 

.8 

0.0504 

0.0509 

0.0515 

0.0521 

0.0526 

0.0532 

0.053S 

U.0544 

0.0549!  0  0555 

.9 

0.0561 

0.0567 

0.0573 

0.0579 

0.0585 

0.0.391 

0.0597 

0.0603 

0.0609 

0.0616 

2.0 

0.0622 

0.0628 

0.0634 

0.0641 

0.0647 

0.0653 

0.0660 

0.0666 

0.0673 

0.0679 

.1 

0.0086  1  0.0692 

00339 

0.0705 

0.0712 

00719 

0.0725 

O.OT32 

0.0739 

0.0746 

.2 

0.0752[  0.0759 

0.0766 

0.0773 

0.0780    0.0787 

0.0794 

0.0801 

0.0808 

0.0815 

.3    1  0.0-S22   0.0830 

0.0837 

0.0814 

00851    0.0859 

0.1866 

0.0873   0.0881 

0.0888 

4       0.0895!  0.0903 

0.0910 

0.0918 

0.0926    0.0933 

0.0941 

0.0948    0.0956 

0.0964 

.5       00972    O.OJ79 

0.0987 

00995 

0.1003!   0.1011 

0.1019 

0.1027    0.1035 

0.1043 

.6       0.1051 

0.1059 

0.1067 

0.1075 

0.1084 

0.1092 

0.1100 

0.1108 

0.1117 

0.1125 

.7 

0.1133    0.1142 

0.1150 

0.1159 

0.1167 

0.1176 

0.1184 

0.1193 

0.1201 

0.1210 

.8 

0.12191  0.1228 

0.123'! 

0.1245 

0.1254 

0.1263 

01272 

0.1281 

0.1289 

0.1298 

.9 

0.13)7 

0.1316 

0.1326 

01335 

0.1344 

0.1353 

0.1362 

0.1371 

0.1381 

0.1390 

30 

0.1399 

0.1409 

0.1418 

0.1427 

0.1437 

0.1446 

0.1456 

0.1465   0.1475 

0.1484 

.1 

0.1494!  0.1504 

0.1513 

0.1523 

0.1533    0.1543 

0.1552 

0.1562    0.1572 

0.1582 

.2 

0.1592   0.1602 

0.1612 

0.1  -!22 

0.1632    0.1642 

0.1652 

0.1662 

0.1673 

0.1683 

.3 

0.1693]  0.1703 

0.1714 

0.1724 

0.1734    0.1745 

0.1755 

0.1766 

0.1776 

0.1787 

.4 

0.1797    0.1808 

0.1818 

0.1829 

0.1840    0.1850 

0.1861 

0.1*72 

0.1883 

0.1894 

.5 

0.1904   0.1915 

0.1926 

0.1937 

0.1918    0.1959 

0.1970 

0.1981 

0.1992 

0.2004 

.6 

0.2015   0.2026 

0.2037 

0.2049 

0.2060    0.2o71 

0.208:5 

0.2  94 

0.2105 

0.2117 

.7 

0.2128   0.2140 

0.2151 

0.2163 

02175    0.2186 

02198 

0.2210 

02221 

0.2233 

.8 

0.2  J45 

0.2257 

0.221!!) 

0.228  ) 

T).2^92    0.2304 

0.2316 

0.2328 

0.2340 

0.2a52 

.9 

0.2365    02577 

0.2389 

0.2401 

0.2413    0.2426 

0.2438 

0.24'iO 

0.2463 

0.2475 

4  ') 

0.2487    0.2500 

02512 

0.2525 

0.2537    0.2550 

02563 

0.2575 

02588 

0.2601 

.1 

0.2613!  0.2626 

0.263) 

0.2652 

0.2665    0.2677 

0.2690 

0.2703 

02716 

0.2729 

.2 

0.2742    0.2755 

0.2769 

0.2782 

0.2795]   0.2808 

0.2821 

0.2835 

0.2848 

0.2861 

.3 

0.2875    0288(5 

0.2901 

0.2915 

0.2928    0.2942 

0.2955 

02969 

0.2982 

0.2996 

.4 

0.3010    0.3023 

0.3037 

0  3051 

0.3065    0.3079 

(i  :>,  '..2 

0.3106 

O.:;120 

0.3134 

.5 

0.3U8     ).3l(52 

0.3176 

0.3190 

03204    0.3218 

03233 

0.3247 

0.-261 

0.3275 

.6 

03290 

0.3304 

0.3318 

0  33:53 

03347    0.3352 

0.3376 

0.33  »o 

0.3405 

03420 

.7 

0.3434 

0.344!) 

0.3463 

;  03478 

0.3493    0.3508 

0.3522 

0.3537 

03552 

0.3567 

.8 

0.3582    0.3597 

0.3612 

0.362- 

0.3642    0.3657 

0.3672 

0.3687 

0.3702 

03717 

.9 

0.3733   0.374S 

0.3763 

0.3779 

0.3794!  0.3809    0.3825 

0.3840 

0.3856 

0.3871 

|              | 

288 


DISCHARGE,  IN  CUBIC  FEET  PER  SECOND,  OF  A  WEIR  ONE  FOOT  LONG,  WITH- 
OUT CONTRACTION  AT  THE  ENDS  ;  FOR  DEPTHS  FROM  0  TO  0.499  FEET. 


Depth. 

« 

1 

9 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0.00 

0.0000    O.OtOl 

0.0003 

0.0005 

0.0008 

0.0012 

0.0015 

O.(.0£0 

O.C024 

0.0028 

.01 

0.0033    0.0038 

0.0014 

O.OU49 

0.0055 

0.0061 

0.0067 

0.0074 

0.0080 

0.0087 

.02 

0.0094    0.0101 

0.0109 

00116 

0.0124 

0.0132 

0.0140 

0.0148 

0.0156 

0.0164 

.03 

0.0173    0.0182 

0.0191 

00200 

0.02(;9 

0.0218 

0.0227 

00237 

0.0247 

0.0256 

.04 

0.0266    0.0276 

0.0287 

0.0297 

0.0307 

0.0-18 

0.0829 

0.0231. 

0.0350 

0.0361 

.05 

0.0372 

0.0384 

Olt95 

0.0406 

0.0.418 

0.0430 

0.0441 

0X453 

O.C465 

0.0477 

.06 

0.0489 

O.C5(  2 

0.0514 

0.0127 

0.0539 

0.0552 

O.OE65 

00578 

0.0590 

0.0604 

.07 

0.0617 

0.0630 

00643 

0.0657 

0.1670 

0.0684 

0.06fc8 

d.l.712 

0.0725 

0.0739 

.08 

0.0753 

0.0768 

0(7r2 

0.0796 

o.OMi 

0.0825 

0.08401  0.0855 

0.0869 

00884 

.09 

0.0899 

0.0914 

0.1919 

0.0944 

0.0960 

0.0975 

O.C990 

0.1006 

C.10^2 

0.1037 

0.10 

0.1053 

0.1069 

0.1085 

0.1101 

0.1117 

0.11S3 

0.1149 

0.1166 

0.1182 

0.1198 

.11 

0.1215 

0.1231 

0.1248 

0.1265 

0.1282 

0.1299 

0.1316    0.1333 

0.1350 

0.1367 

.12 

0.1384 

0.1402 

0.1419 

0.1436 

0.1454 

01472 

0.1489    0.1507 

0.1526 

0.1543 

.13 

0.1561 

0.1579 

0.1597 

0.161E 

0.1633 

0.1652 

0.1670   0.1689 

O.r,07 

0.1726 

.14 

0.1744 

0.1763 

0.17*2 

0.1801 

0.1820 

O.lir39 

0.1858!  0.1877 

0.1896 

0.1915 

.15 

0.1935 

0.1954 

0.1V73 

0.19W 

0.2012 

0.2(  32 

0.2(521  0.2072 

0.2091 

0.2111 

.16 

02131 

0.2151 

0.2171 

0.2191 

0.2212 

0.223v 

0.2252    0.2273 

0.2293 

0.2314 

.17 

0.2334 

0.2355 

0.2375 

0.239( 

(l  2417 

0.2438 

0.14691  0.2480 

0.2501 

0.2522 

.18 

0.2;~4.' 

0.2564 

0.2586 

0.260" 

0.2628 

0.2650 

0.2671 

0.2693 

0.2714 

0.2736 

.39 

0.2758 

0.2780 

0.2802 

0.282; 

0.2845 

0.28b7 

0.2890 

0.2912 

0.2934 

0.2956 

0.20 

0.2978 

0.3001 

0.30?? 

0.3C46    0.3008 

0.3091 

0.3113 

0.3136    0.3159 

0.3182 

.21 

03205 

0.3228 

03250 

0.327-1 

O.S297 

0.332( 

0.3343 

0.3366    0.3389 

0.3413 

.22 

0.:  436 

03460 

0.3483 

0.3BO' 

0.3530 

0.3654 

0.3578 

0.8601    0.3625 

03649 

23 

o.3ti7:> 

0.8897 

03721 

0..-174. 

0.3769 

03794 

0.3818 

0.3842!  0.3866 

0.3891 

.24 

0.3915 

0.3940 

031)64 

0.i98J 

0.4014 

0.4038 

0.4063 

0.4()88|  0.4113 

04138 

.25 

0.4  Ut 

0.418- 

0.4213 

0.423* 

0.4263 

0  4288 

0.4313 

0.43K9    0.4364 

0.4389 

.26 

0.4415 

0.4440 

i  .4466 

0.449 

0.4517 

0.4543 

0.4568 

0.4£94    0.4620 

0.4646 

.27 

0.4672 

04098 

0.4724 

0.475( 

0.4776 

(I,1M,2 

0.4828 

0.4855    04881 

0.4907 

.28 

(1.4;  34 

0  4  fi( 

0  4987 

0.50K 

0  6C4C 

0.5067 

oxowi 

0.51  UO    05147 

0.5174 

.29 

0.5200 

0.512- 

0.5254 

05281    0.5308 

0.5336 

0.5363 

0.5390   0.5417 

0.5444 

0.30 

0.5472 

0.5499 

0  5527 

0.5554    06582 

0.5609 

0.5637 

0.5664 

0.5692 

05720 

.31 

0.5748 

0.5770 

O.fSOS 

O.r83 

0.5859 

0.5887 

0./915 

0.5943   0.5972 

060(0 

.3* 

0.0028 

0.605f 

O.W8E 

0.61  K 

0.6141 

0.6170 

0.6198 

0.<227    0.6255 

0.6284 

.33 

olaiS 

O.ff41 

O.C370 

o.<;::9i 

O.G428 

0  i:457 

(MUM; 

0.6515'  0.6544 

6.657:; 

.84 

0:6602 

0.6631 

0.6660 

0.668J 

0.6719 

0.6748 

IK6777 

0.6807    0.6836 

0.68r,r, 

.35 

0.689? 

06925 

(.C954 

0098- 

0.7014 

0.7f43 

0.7073 

0.7103    0.7133 

0.7H::; 

.36 

07193 

0.7223 

0  7253 

o.7';« 

0.7313 

0.734b 

(17073 

0.7404 

0.7434 

0.7464 

.37 

0.7495 

0.7525 

0.75E5 

0.758* 

0.76K 

07647 

0.7678 

0.7708    0.7739 

0.777" 

.38 

0.7800 

0.78^1 

0.78C2 

0.789C 

0.79.4 

0.1955 

0  798<; 

0.8017    0.8048 

O.F079 

.30 

0.8110 

0.8142 

0.8173 

0.8204    0.8235 

08267 

08298 

0.8230 

0.8361 

0.8393 

0.40 

0.8424 

0.845f 

0.84K8 

0.8519    0.8551 

0.8583 

0.8615 

0.8646 

O.J678 

0.8710 

.41 

0.8742 

08774 

088(6 

08838 

0.8870 

0.8903 

0>9:T, 

0.8967    0.8999 

0  9032 

.42 

0.9064 

0.91  9( 

0  9129 

0.9161 

0.9194 

0.9-.26 

09259 

09292    0.9324 

(Uftr,7 

.43 

9.9390 

O.U42. 

0.9455 

0.9488 

09521 

0.9554 

0.9687 

0.9*20  1  0.9653 

0.9686 

.44 

0.9719 

0.97^2 

09785 

0.9819 

0.9852 

0.9885 

d.991!) 

0.9952:  09985 

1.0019 

.45 

1.0052 

1.0086 

1.0119 

1.0153 

1.0187 

1.0220 

1.0254 

1.0288 

1.0321 

1  .0355 

.46 

l.CMi 

1.0423 

U457 

1.0491 

1.0525 

1  .0559 

1  .0593 

1.0627 

1.0661 

1.0696 

.47      1.0730 

1.0764 

1.0798 

1.0833 

1.0867 

1.09  1 

1  (936 

U970    1.1C05 

1  10:  9 

.48 

1.1074 

1.1109 

1.1143 

11178 

1.1213 

1.1248 

1.1282 

1  1317    1.1352 

1.1387 

.49 

1.1422   1.1457 

1.1492 

1.1527 

1.1562 

1.1597 

1.1632 

1.1668 

1.1703 

1.1738 

DISCHARGE,  IN  CUBIC  FEET  PER  SECOND,  OF  A  VVE1K  ONE  FOOT  LONG.  WITH- 
OUT CONTRACTION  AT  THE  ENDS;  FOR  DEPTHS  FROM  0.5UO  IO  0.999  FEET. 


Depth. 

0            1 

3 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0.50 

1.1773    1.180.1 

1.1844 

1.1879 

1.1915 

1.1950 

1.1986 

1.2021 

1.2057 

1.2093 

.51 

1.2128    1.2164 

1.2200 

1.2235 

1.2271 

12307 

1.2343 

1.2379 

1.2415 

1.2451 

.52 

1.2487    1.252:5 

1  .255! 

1.2.595 

1.2631 

1  .2667 

1.2703 

1.2740 

1.2776 

1.2812 

.53 

1.284!)    1.2885 

1.2921 

1.295s 

1.2994 

1.3  '.Ml 

13067 

1.3104 

1.3141 

1.3177 

.54 

1  :5214    1,3251 

1.32*7 

1.3324 

1.3361 

1.3888 

1  3435 

1.3472 

1.350!) 

1.3546 

.55 

1.35*3 

1.3620 

1.3657 

1.3694 

1.3731 

1.3768 

1.3806 

1.3S43 

1.3SSO 

1.3918 

.56 

1  .3955 

l.:!9!)2 

1.4030 

L4067 

1.4105 

1.4142 

1.4180 

1.4217 

1.42.55 

1.4293 

.57 

1.4330 

1  .4368 

1.4406 

1.4  HI 

1  4481 

1.4519 

1.4557 

1.459.5 

1.463:: 

1.4671 

.58 

1.4709 

1.4747 

1.4785 

1.4823 

1.4862 

1.4901 

1.4938 

1.4976 

1.5014 

1.5053 

.59 

1.5091 

1.5130 

1.5163 

1.5206 

1.5245 

1.5283 

1.5322 

1.6361 

1.5399 

1.5438 

O.GO 

1.5476 

1.5515 

I  5554 

1.5593 

1.5631 

1.5670 

1.5709 

1.5748 

1.5787 

1.5826 

.61 

1.5865 

1..1904 

1.594: 

1.5982 

1.6021 

1.6060 

1.6100    1.6139 

1.6178 

1.6217 

.(U 

1.6257 

1.6291! 

i  .o:;3r, 

1.6375 

1.6414 

1  6454 

1.649.3    1.6533 

1.6572 

1.6612 

.63 

1.6*1  52 

1.6691 

1.6731 

1.6771 

1.6810 

1.6850 

1.6893    1.6930 

1.6970 

1.7010 

.61 

1.7050 

1.7090 

1.7130 

1.7170 

1.7210 

17250 

1.7290    1.7330 

1.7370 

1.7410 

.65 

4.7451 

1.7491 

1.7531 

1.7572 

1.7612 

1.  7052 

1.7693    1  7733 

1.7774 

1.7814 

At 

1.7855 

1.7890 

1.7936 

1.7977 

1.8018 

1.8H.58 

1^8099    18140 

1.8181 

1.8221 

.67 

1.8262    1.831)3 

1.8341 

1.8385 

1.8426 

1.8467 

1.85081   18549 

1.S590 

1.8632 

.68 

1.8673    1.8714 

1.8755 

1.8796 

1.8838 

1.8879 

1.8920 

1.8962 

1.9003 

1.9045 

.63 

1.9086!  1.9128 

1.9169 

1.9211 

1.9252 

1.9294 

19336 

1.9377 

1.9419 

1.9461 

073 

1.9503   19544 

1.9586 

1.9628 

1.9670 

1.9712 

1.9754 

1.9796 

1.9838 

1.9880 

.71 

1.9922 

1.9964 

2.IHIHH 

2.0048 

2.0091 

2.0133 

2.0175 

2.i'2t7 

2.0260 

2.0302 

.72 

20344 

2.03S7 

2.0J29 

2.0472 

2.0514 

2.0567 

20.599 

2.H642 

2.0684 

2.0727 

73 

2.0770 

2.0812 

2  O-v-,5 

2.089-i 

2.0911 

2.098  I 

2.10V, 

2.1069 

2.1112 

2.1155 

74 

2.1198 

2.1241 

2.1281 

2.1327. 

•I  1370 

2.1413 

2.1456 

2.1499 

2.1.54:: 

2.1586 

.75 

2.1629 

2.1672 

2.1716 

2.1759 

2.1802 

2.1846 

2.1889 

2.1932 

2.1976 

2.2019 

.76 

2.2i  in:: 

2.2107 

2.2150 

2.2194 

2.2237 

2.2281 

2.2::2.5 

2.2::oi» 

2.2412 

2.2156 

.77 

2.2-,'  HI 

2  2544 

2.2588 

2.2ii:i2 

2.2675 

2.27  1'.i 

2276! 

22817 

2.2851 

2.2896 

.78 

2.2940 

2.29*4 

5  3U28 

2.3072 

2.3116 

2.3161 

2  3205 

'>.'•  249 

2.3293 

2.:;:;:  N 

.79 

2.3382 

23427 

2.3471 

2.3515, 

2.3560 

23504 

2.3649 

2.3694 

23738 

2.3783 

080 

2.3828 

2.3S72 

2.3917 

2.3932 

2.4006 

2.4051 

2.4098 

2.4141 

2.4186 

2.4231 

.81 

2.127(; 

2.1321 

2.4366 

2.4411 

2.4456 

2.4.501 

?.4546 

2.4591 

2.1636 

2.4681 

.82 

24727 

2.4772 

-'.•HI  7 

2,48-:;2 

24908 

2.49.7! 

24999 

2.5044 

2  5089 

2.5135 

.83 

25180 

2>,226 

2,  -271 

2.5317 

2.5363 

2.5  M8 

2  5454 

2.5500 

2.5545 

2.5591 

.84 

2.6687 

2.5ix; 

2.5728 

2.5774 

2.6820 

25866 

2  5912 

2  '59.58 

2.6004 

2.60.50 

.85 

2  li()9ii 

2.6142 

3.0188 

2.6234 

2.62^0 

2.6327 

2.6373 

2.6419 

2.6465 

26511 

.80 

2.6558 

2.6604 

2.(i(!50 

2.6697 

2.6743 

26790 

2.6836 

2.6883 

2.6929 

2.6976 

.87 

2.7022 

2.7069 

2.7116 

2.7162 

2.7209 

2.7256 

2.7303 

2.7349 

2.7390 

2.7443 

.88 

2.7l9i> 

2.75:;*; 

2.7583 

27630 

2.7677 

2.7724 

2.7771 

2.7818 

2.7865 

2.7912 

.89 

2.7959 

2.8007 

2  8054 

2.8101 

28148 

2.8195 

2.8243 

2.8290 

2.8337 

2.8385 

09) 

2.8432 

28479 

2.8527 

2.8574 

2.86-2 

2.8669 

2.8717 

2.8764 

2.8812 

2.8860 

.91 

2.8907 

2.8955 

2.9003 

2.9D50 

2.9098 

2.9146 

2.9194 

2.9241 

2.9289 

2.9337 

.92 

2  '.I38-, 

2.  9  f,:; 

2.9481 

•I'.I529 

2.:  1-77 

2902.5 

2.9673 

2.9721 

2.9769 

2  its  17 

49 

2.9-i  i.-, 

29914 

2.9962 

S.nnio 

3.110.5s 

3.01'  >7 

3.0155 

3  0203 

3.0252 

3.0300 

.94 

8.0348 

3.0397 

3.0445 

3.0494 

3  0.542 

3.0591 

3.0639 

3  068S 

3.0737 

3.07S5 

.95 

:;.iN3l 

3.0883 

3.0931 

3.0980 

3.1029 

3.1078 

3.1127 

.",.1175 

3.1224 

3.1273 

.96 

a.  1822 

3  1371 

3.142H 

3.1469 

3.1518 

3.1  567 

3.1616 

3.1665 

3.1714 

3.1764 

.97 

3.1813 

:usr,2 

3.1911 

3.19i!0 

3.2010 

:;.2n.5! 

3.2108 

3.2158 

3.2207 

3.2257 

.98 

3.2300 

3.2355 

3.24o.- 

32454 

3.2504 

8.2.554 

3.2603 

3.2653 

3.2702 

3.2752 

.99 

3.2802    3.2S51 

3.29'>i 

3/2951 

3.3001 

3  3051 

3.3100 

3.8150 

3.3200 

3.3250 

i 

290 


DISCHARGE,  IN  CUBIC  FEKT  PER  SECOND.  OF  A  WEIR  ONE  FOOT  LONG,  WITH- 
OUT  CONTRACTION  AT  THE  ENDS  ;   FOR  DEPTHS  FROM  1.000  TO  1.4-J9  FEET. 


Depth. 

0 

1 

* 

3 

4 

5 

fi 

7 

8          9 

1.00      3.3300 

3.335(1 

33400 

3.3450 

3.3500 

3.a550 

3.3600 

3.3650   3.3700  3.3751 

.01      3.3801 

3.3851 

3.3901 

3.3951 

3.4002 

:;.4o02 

34102 

34153    3.4203  3.4254 

.02      3  4304 

3.4354 

34405 

3.4455 

3.4506 

3  4057 

3.4607 

3.4658   3.4708  3.4759 

.03 

3.4810 

3.4860 

34911 

3.4962 

35013 

35063 

3  5114 

3.5165    3.5216  3.f267 

.04 

35318 

8JJ369 

3.M20 

3.5471 

3.5522 

3.6573 

3.0*124 

3.5675    3.572(1  3.5777 

.05 

3.5>2S 

3.5880 

3.5931 

35982 

3.im3 

3.6085    3.6136 

3  6187    3.6239  3.6290 

.06      3.6342 

3.63113 

3.6444 

3.6496 

3.6547 

3.6699 

3.6651 

3.6702 

3.6754  3.6805 

.07    i  36857 

3.690:^ 

3.6960 

3.701* 

3.7064 

3.7116 

f.7167 

3.7219 

3.7271  3.7323 

.08 

37375 

3.7427 

3  747'J 

3.7531 

3.7635 

37687 

3.7739 

3.7791  3.7S43 

.09 

3.7895 

3.7947 

3.80(0 

3.b052 

a'.8l04 

3.8156 

3.^209 

3.8261 

3.8313!  3.8365 

1.10 

3.K418 

3.8470 

38523 

3.8575 

38628 

3.8680 

3>733 

3.8785 

38838  3.8890 

.11 

3.8943 

3.8996 

3.9048 

39101 

3.fH54 

35J-J59 

3.9312 

3.9365  3.9418 

.12 

3.9470 

•-}  '*")•';- 

3.9576 

3.%29 

39682 

::  ii7.'ir. 

3  H788 

3.9841 

3  9894  3.9947 

13 
.14 

40000 
4.05^2 

4.0053 
40586 

4.0106 
4.0639 

4.0160 

4.0(i92 

4.0213    4  0266    4.0319 
40746    4.0719    4.(>s-,3 

4  0.372 

4.0906 

4.0426  4.0479 
4.0960  4.101.3 

.15 

4.1067 

4.1120 

4.1174 

4.1228 

41281 

4   335'  4.IS89 

4.1442 

4.1496  4.1550 

.16 

4.1604 

4.1657 

4.1711 

4.1765 

4.1819 

4.1873    4  1927 

41981 

4  2035  4.--089 

.17 

4.2143 

4.2197 

4.2251 

4.2305 

4.2?59 

42413    42467 

4.2522    4.2576  4.2630 

.18 

4.2684 

4.2738 

42793 

4.2847 

42901 

4.2956    4.3010 

4.30(55    4.3119  4.3173 

.19 

4.3228 

432K2 

4.3337 

43392 

4.3446 

4.3501    4.3555 

4.3610   4.3665  4.3719 

1.20 

4.3774 

4.3829 

4.3883 

4.3938 

4.3f93 

4.4048    44103 

4.4158 

4.4212  4.420>7 

.21 

4.4322 

4.4377 

4.44:;? 

44487 

4.4r,42 

44597    44652 

4.4707 

4.4763  4.4S18 

.22 

4.4873 

4.4928 

4.498:1 

4.5038 

4.5094 

4.51491  4.5204 

45260 

4.5315  4.5370 

.23 

4.542t; 

4.5481 

4  5537 

45592 

4.5647 

4.5703!  4.5759 

45814;  4.587014.5925 

.24 

4.5981 

4.6036 

4.6092 

4.6I4S 

4.6203 

4.6259    4.6315 

4.6371    4  6427;  4.6482 

.25 

4.6S88 

4.6594 

4  6650 

4.0706 

4.6762 

4.68:8   4.6874 

46930!  469864.7042 

.26 

4  70'.  is 

4.7154 

47210 

47266 

4.7o22 

4.7378 

4.7435 

t.7i:'l    4.7547!  4.7603 

.27       4.7660 

4.7716 

4.7772 

47829 

4.78«5 

4.7941 

4.7539s 

48054    4>111  481(57 

.28      4.8224 

4.82«( 

48337 

4.8393    48450 

4.8506    4.8563 

4.8620    48676  4.8733 

.29 

48790 

48847 

4.8908 

48960 

49017 

4.9074;  4.9131 

4.9187    4  9244  4.9301 

1.30 

4.9358 

4.9415 

4.P472 

4.9529 

4.9586 

4.9643   4.97(V' 

4.9757   4.98144.9872 

.31 

4.9929 

5  0043 

5  0100 

5  0158 

5.0215    5.0272 

6.03301  5.0~87  5.0.44* 

.3-2 

5.0502 

5  055f 

50616 

5  0(574 

5.073! 

5.0789!  6.0846 

5.0904    5.0961  5  1019 

.33 

5.1077 

oll'l34 

5  1192 

5.1249 

6.1365!  5.1423 

5.1480    5.1538  5.1596 

.34 

5.1654 

5.17  12 

5.17(19 

5.1827 

5.'l8S5 

5.1843,  52001 

5.2059    5.2117  5.2175 

.35 

5&8S 

5.2291 

52'49 

5.2407 

5.240,5 

5.2523    5.2582 

5.264" 

5.2698  5.2756 

.36 

5.2814 

52931 

5.2989 

5.3048 

53106    53  64 

5.3223 

53281  5.5340 

.37 

5.3398    5.3456 

5..  35  15 

53573 

53691    53749 

5.3808 

5.P866  5.3925 

.38 

53984!  5.4042 

5.4101 

54160 

5^4219 

54-J77    6.43"6 

5.4395    6  4454  5.4513 

.39 

5.4572  j  5.4630 

5.4689 

5.4748 

5.4807 

5.4866 

5.4925 

5.4984   5.5043  5.5102 

1.40 

5.5162 

5.5221 

5.528ft 

5.5339 

5.5398 

5.5457 

5.5516 

5.5576    5.56355.5(594 

.4f 

55754,  5.5813 

55872 

5.59IU 

5.6050    56110 

5.61(59    5.6229  5.6288 

.42 

5.6348    5.6407 

56467 

5  i;:Yjl" 

5.6646    5.6705 

5.6765    5.6825  5.6884 

.43 

56944    5.700* 

5.70(54 

07123 

5J183 

5.724.3    5.7303 

5.7363    5.7423  5.7482 

.44 

5.7542!  5.7602 

5.7722 

5.7842    5.7902 

5  7962J  5.?023  5.8083 

.45 

58143    5.8203 

-,   v'_>*'o 

5  8323 

5.8384 

5.8444    5.8504 

5.85641  5.8625  58685 

.46 

5.8745    5.8806 

?>8(!6 

58926 

58987 

5.9047    5.9108 

5.9168    5.9229  5  9289 

.47 

5.9350    5.9410 

5.9471 

5.51592 

5.9R53   5.9714 

5.9774 

5.9835  5.9896 

..48 

5.9957   6.0.117 

6.0078 

6X)139    6.0200 

6.0261    6.0322 

6.0382 

6.0443  6.0504 

.49 

6.0565 

6.0626 

60687,  6.074SJ  6.(.S09 

6.0J-70    6.031    0.0.993    6.10546.1115 

291 


DISCHARGE,  IN  CUBIC  FEET  PER  SECOND,  OF  A  WKIR  ONE  FOOT  LONG,  WITH- 
OUT CONTRACTION  AT  THE  ENDS  ;   FOR  DEPTHS  FROM  1.5(10  TO  I.99U  FEET. 


Depth. 


1.50 
.51 
.52 
.53 
.54 
.55 
.56 
.57 
.58 
.59 

1.60 
.61 
.62 
.63 
'.64 
.65 


1.70 
.71 
.72 
.73 
.74 
.75 
.76 
.77 


1.80 
.81 


1.90 
.91 
.!)2 
.93 
.94 
.9.-. 


6.1237 
6.1789    6.1850 
6.2465 


6.6135 

6.67G4 


7.2612 

7.3160 

7.3S10 
7.44G3 
7.5H 
7.677 
7.6431 
7.7091 

•>  -752 ; 


0.4322 
6.4945 

0.5570 
0.0198 
6.6827 

6.7458 
0.8091 
0.8726 
6.9363 

7.0001 

7.0012 
7.12X5 
7.1930 

7.:;-25 

73876 

7. 4528 
7.51X2 
7.5S39 
7.6497 
7.7157 
7.7819 
7.8482 


7.8110 
7. 908 1 j 
7.9749.  79816 

8.04181  80485 
8.1089  8.1156 
8.1762 


8.3113 

8.3792 
8.4472 
8.51.54 

x.58:j8 
K.0524 


8.5907 
8.6593 


8.7212  8.7281 
8.7901  8.7970 
8.8592  8.8662 
89285  8.9355 
9.0050 


9H077 
9.1375 


9.074; 
9.1445 


9.2777    9.2x48 
9348'    9.3552 


6.5008  -6.5070 
6.5696 
6.6323 


0.7521 
6.S154 


0.9120 

7.0  >05 
7.070!: 
7.1349 
7.1994 
7.204 
7.329:1 

7.3941 

7.459; 


7.7223 

7.7885 


8.0552 
8.1223 
8.1897 

x.2572 
8.3249 
S.392X 

x.40"x 
8.5291 
8.5975 
8.666 


. 

s-9424 
9.0119 

90*11 
11.1515 
9.-21C 
9  2918 


61360  6.1421 
6.1973  6.2034 
6.2588  6.2650 
C,32(ifi  6.3208 
6.3825  6.3887 
6.4509 


6.6953  6.7016 

6.7584  6.7647 

0.8217  6.X28I 

6,8853  6. -916 

6.9490  69554 

7.0129  7.0193 

7.0771  7.08.35 

7.1414  7.1478 

7.2059  7.2124 

7.2700  7.2771 

7.3355  7.3420 


7  4000 

7.4059 


7.597(1 


8.0619 

S  12H1 
S11K1 


8.3317 


8.073(1 


. 
8.9494 


9.1585 
:i22>c, 


7.4071 
74724 

7.5379 
7.oo:;o 
7.0(B»1 
7.7:;55 

7.8118 
7.SU82 


(i.2096 
O.'271'J 


0  4571 

o  r.i'.r, 

0.5821 
6.6449 
0.7079 


7.1543 
7.21S8 
7.2830 
7.3485 

74'36 

7.47-! 
7.541.- 
7.6102 
7.0701 
7.7421 
7.8084 
7.874s 
7.9415 


8.0686    8.0753 


8.3385   8.3452 


8  4745 

85128 


8.0181 
8.6868 


8.7487    8.7556 
8.8177    8.8246 


9.0950,  9.1026 

9  1R551  9.1725 

9  2350  9.242i 

9.3059  9.312! 

9  ::70:;  9.3  3 


7.4201 

7.1855 
7.5510 


74x7 
.8151 

7>8U 


8.1493 
8  2107 
8.2x42 
8.3520 


66512    6.6575 


6.8408    6.8471 
6.9044 

6.9740 


7  2!  •'•„-, 


7  4267 
7.492C 

7.557(1 


7.7551 
7.8217 


7  9482    7.9548 


8  150(1 
V2234 
8.2910 
x  :i58X 
x  420S 
8.4949 


. 
8.7005 

8.7694 

8.83161  8.8385 

8.90081  89077 

8.9702  8.9772 

9.03981  9.0468 

910961  9.1165 

9.1795:  9.1865 

9.2490  9.2507 

9.3199  9.3270 

9.;  904  9.3"75 


6.1CG6  6.1727 
6.2280  6.2342 
6.2897  6.2959 
635156.3577 
041360.4198 
6.4758  6.4^21 
6  5383  6.5445 
6  6009  6  6072 
6.00386.67"! 
6.7268  6.7331 

6.7901  6.7964 
>635  6.8598 


0.9  71 


..923') 


698106.9874 
7.'  450  7.0514 
7.1092  7.1156 
7  1736  7.1801 
7  2382  7.2447 
T.bOSn  7.3095 


7.4986  7.5051 
7  5641  7.5707 
7  0299  7.6365 


7.82x3  7.8349 


8.0284  8.0351 

8.0955  8.1022 
8.1627  8.1695 
8.2302  8.2369 
8.2978  8.3046 
8.:- 656 18.3724 
8.4-36  8.4404 
8  5018  8.5086 
8.5701  8  5770 
8.6387  8.6455 


8.914 


8.9216 


898418.9911 
9.0537  9.0607 
9.12359.1305 
9.19359.2005 
9.263719.2707 
9..^409.3411 
9.4'!459411G 


292 


DI9CTT  ARGE,  IN  CUBIC  FEET  PER  SECOND,  OF  A  WEIR  ONE  FOOT  LONG,  WITH 
OUT  CONTRACTION  AT  THE  ENDS;  FOR  DEPTHS  FROM  2.000  TO  2.499  FEET. 


Depth 
2.00 

o 

9.4187 

1 

58 
9.4328 

3 

9.4469 

9.4540 

9.4682 

9 

9.4257 

9.4399 

9.4611 

9.4752 

9.4823 

.01 

9.4894 

9.4965 

9.5036 

9.5106 

9.5177 

n'r,2is 

9.5319 

9.5390    9  5461 

9.5532 

.02 

9.5603 

9.5674 

9.5745 

9.581(i 

9.5887    9.5958 

9.6029 

9.6100    96171 

9.6243 

.03 

9.6314 

9.6385 

9.6456 

9  6527 

96599    9.6670 

9.6741 

9.6812    9.68841  96955 

.04 

9.7026 

9.7098 

9.7169 

9.7240 

9.7312    9.7388 

9.7455 

9.7526    9.7598    9.7669 

.05 

9.7741 

9.7812 

9.7884 

9.7955 

9.8027;  9.8098 

98170 

98242    9.8313   9.8385 

.06 

9.8457 

9.8528 

9.8600 

9.8672 

9.8744    9.8815 

98887 

9.8959    9.9031:  9.9103 

.07 

9.9174 

99246 

9.9318 

9.9390 

9.9462  1  9.9534 

9.9606 

99678    9.97501  9.9822 

.08 

9.9894 

9.9966 

10.004 

10.011 

10.018 

10.025 

lo.dfcS 

10.040    10.047    10.054 

.09 

10.062 

10.069 

10.076 

10.083 

10.090 

10.098 

10.105 

10.112    10.119  '10.127 

2.10 

10.134 

10.141 

10.148 

10.156 

10.163 

10.170 

10.177 

10.185    10.192 

10.199 

.11 

10.206 

10.214 

10.221 

10  228 

10.235 

10.243 

10.250 

10.257    10.264    10.272 

.12 

10.279 

10.286 

10  293 

10.301 

in.  :*  is 

10.315 

10.393 

10.330    10.337 

10.344 

.13 

10.352 

10359 

10.366 

10.374 

10.381 

10.388 

10.396 

10.403    10.410 

10.417 

.14 

10.425 

10.432 

10.439 

10.447 

10.454 

10.461 

10.469 

lu.476    10.483 

10.491 

.15 

10.498 

10.505 

10.513 

10.520 

10.527 

10.535 

10  542 

10549    10.557 

10.564 

.16 

10.571 

10579 

10.586 

10.593 

10  601 

10.608 

10.615 

10.623  i  10.630 

10.637 

.IT 

10.645 

10.652 

10.659 

10.667 

10.674 

10.682 

10.689 

10.696    10.704 

10.711 

.18 

10.718 

10.726 

10.733 

10.741 

10748 

10.755 

10.763 

10.770    10.777 

10.785 

.19 

10.792 

10.800 

lO.i-07 

10.814 

10.822 

10829 

10837 

10.844  ^0.851 

10.J-59 

2.20 

10.866 

10.874 

in.881 

10.888 

10.896 

10.903 

10911 

10.918 

10.926 

10.933 

.21 

10.910 

10.948 

10  955 

10.9C3 

10.970 

10.978 

10985 

10992 

11.000 

11.007 

.22 

11.015 

11.022 

11.C30 

11.037 

11.045 

11.052 

11.059 

11.067 

11.074 

11  082 

.23 

11.089 

11.097 

11.104 

11.112 

11.119 

11.127 

11.134 

11.141 

11.149 

11.156 

.24 

11.164 

11.171 

11.179 

11.186 

11.194 

11.201 

11.209 

11.216 

11  224 

11.231 

.25 

11.239 

11246 

Il.i54 

11.261 

11.269 

11.276 

11.284 

11291 

11.299 

11.306 

.26 

11.314 

11.321 

11.329 

11.336 

11.344 

11.351 

11.359 

11366 

11.374 

11381 

.27 

11.389 

11.396 

11.404 

11.412 

11.419 

11.427 

11.434 

11.442 

11.449 

11.457 

.28 

11.464 

11.472 

11.479 

11.487 

11.491 

11.502 

11510 

11.517 

11.525 

11.532 

.29 

11.540 

11.547 

11.555 

11.562 

11.570 

11.578 

11.685 

11.688 

11.600 

11.608 

2.30 

11.615 

11.623 

11.631 

11.638 

11.646 

11.653 

11.661 

11.669 

11.676 

11.684 

.31 

11691 

11.699 

11.706 

11.714 

11  722 

11.729 

11.7^7 

11.744 

11.752 

11.760 

.32 

11.767 

11.775 

11.783 

11.790 

11.798 

11.805 

11.813 

11.821 

11.828 

11.836 

.33 

11.843 

11.851 

11.859 

11.866 

11.874 

11.882 

11.889 

11.897 

11.904 

11  912 

.34 

11920 

11.927 

11.935 

11.943 

11.950 

11.958 

11.966 

11973 

11.981 

11.989 

.as 

11.996 

12.004 

i2.012 

12.01!) 

12.027 

12.035 

12.042 

12050 

12  058 

12.065 

.36 

12.073 

12.081 

12.088 

12.096 

12.104    12.111 

12119 

12.127 

12134 

12.142 

.37 

12.150 

12.157 

12.165 

12.173 

12.181    12.188 

12196 

12.204 

12.211 

12.219 

.38 

12.i27 

12.234 

12.242 

12.250 

12.258 

12.265 

12.273 

i2.281 

12.288 

12.296 

.39 

12.304 

12.312 

12.319 

12327 

12.335 

12.342 

12.350 

12358 

12.366 

12.373 

2.40 

12.381 

12389 

12.397 

12404 

12.412 

12.420 

12.428 

12.435 

12.443 

12.451 

.41 

12  459 

12.466 

12.474 

12.482    12.490    12.497 

12.505 

12.513 

12.521    12.528 

.42 

12.530 

12.544 

12.552 

12.560    12.567    12.575 

12.58:; 

12.591 

12.598    12.606 

.43 

12.614 

12.622 

12.630 

12.637    12.645    12.653 

I2.6»;l 

'2.669 

12.676    12.684 

.44 

12.692 

12.700 

12.708 

12.715    12.723 

12.731 

12.739 

12747 

12.754    12.762 

.45 

12.770    12.778 

12.786 

12.794    12.801 

12.K09 

12.817 

12.825 

12.833    12.840 

.46 

12.848 

'2.856 

12864 

12.872    12.880 

12.Rs.s 

12.805 

12903    12.911    12.919 

.47 

12.927 

12.935 

12  942 

12.950    12.958  |l2.966 

12.974 

12.982    12.990    12.997 

.48 

13.005 

13.013 

13.021 

13.029    13.037    13.045 

13  051! 

13.060 

13.068    13.076 

.49 

13.084 

13.092 

13.100 

13.108    13.116 

13.1*4 

13.131 

13139 

13.147 

13.155 

293 


DISCHARGE,  IN  CUBIC  FEET  PEK  SECOND,  OF  A  WEIR  ONE  FOOT  LONG,  WITH- 
OUT CONTRACTION  AT  THE  ENDS;  FOR  DEPTHS  FROM  2.500  TO  2.999  FEET. 


Depth. 

0 

1 

a 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

2.50 

13.163 

13.171 

13.179 

13.187 

13.195 

13.202 

13.210 

13.218 

13.22613.234 

.51 

13.242 

13.250 

13258 

13.266    13.274    13.282 

13.290 

13.297 

13.30513.313 

.52 

13.321 

13.329 

13.337 

13.345    13.353    13.361 

13.369 

13.377 

13.386  il3.393 

.53 

13.401 

13.409 

13.417 

13.424    13.432    13.440 

13.448 

13.456 

13.46413.472 

.54 

13.480 

13.488 

13.496 

13.504    13.512J  13.520 

13.528 

13.536 

13.54413.552 

.55 

13.560 

13.568 

13.576 

13-.584 

13.592,  13.600 

13.608 

13.616    13.62413.632 

.56 

13.640 

13.648 

13.656 

13.664 

13.672J  13.680 

13.688 

13.696    13.704  13.712 

.57 

13.720 

13.728 

13.736 

13.744 

13.752  1  13.760 

13.768 

13.7761  13.784  13.792 

.58 

13.800 

13.808 

13.816 

13.824 

13.832!  13.840 

13.848 

13.856    13.864  13.872 

.69 

13.880 

13.888 

13.896 

13.904 

13.912    13.920 

13.928 

13.936    13.944  13.953 

2.60 

13.961 

13.969 

13.977 

13.985 

13.993 

14.001 

14.009 

14.017    14.025  14.033 

>»! 

14.041 

14.049 

14.057 

14.065 

14.074 

14.082 

14.09v 

14.098    14.10614.114 

.62 

14.122 

14.130 

14.138 

14.146 

14.154 

14.162 

14.171 

14.179i  14.187  14  195 

.63 

14.203 

14.211 

14.219 

14.227 

14.235    14.243 

14.252 

14.260    14.268  14.276 

.64 

14.284 

14.292 

14.300 

14.308 

14.316 

14.325 

14.333 

14.341 

14.349  14.357 

.65 

14.36.T 

14.373 

14.382 

14.390 

14.398 

14.406 

14.414 

14.422    14.43014.438 

.66 

14.447 

14.455 

14.403 

14.471 

14.479 

14.487 

14.496 

14.504  i  14  512  14  520 

.67 

14.528 

14.536 

14.545 

14.553 

14.561 

14.569 

14.577 

14.585,  14  594  14.602 

.68 

14.610 

14.618 

14.626 

14.634 

14.643 

14.651 

14.659 

14.667 

14.675  14.684 

.69 

14.692 

14.700 

14.708 

14.716 

14.725 

14.733 

14.741 

14.749 

14.76714.766 

2.70 

14.774 

14.782 

14.790 

14.798 

14.807 

14.815 

14.823 

14.831 

14.889  14.848 

.71 

14.856 

14.864 

14.872 

14.881 

14.889 

14.897 

14.905 

14.913 

14.922 

14930 

.72 

14.938 

14.946 

14.955 

14.963 

14.971 

14.979 

14.988 

14.996 

15.004 

15.012 

.73 

15.021 

15.029 

15.087 

15.045 

15.054 

15062 

15.070 

15.078 

15.087 

15095 

.74 

15.103 

15.112 

15.120 

15.128 

15.136 

15.145 

15.153 

15.161 

15.169 

15.178 

.75 

15.186 

15.194 

15.203 

15.211 

15.219 

15.227 

15.236 

15.244 

15.252 

15.261 

.76 

15.269 

15.277 

15.2S5 

15.294 

15.302 

15.310 

15.319 

15.327 

i  f,.:;:;,- 

15.344 

15.352 

15.360 

15.3G9 

15.377 

15.385 

15.394 

15.402 

15.410    15.419 

15.427 

!78 

15.435 

15.443 

15.452 

15.460 

15.468 

15.477 

15.485 

15.494    15.502 

15.510 

.79 

15.519    15.527 

15.535 

15.544 

15.552 

15.560 

15.569 

15.577    15.585 

15.594 

2.80 

15.602    15.610 

15.619 

15.627 

15.635 

15.644 

15.652 

15.661    15.669 

15.677 

.81 

15.686,  15.694 

15.702 

15.711 

15.719 

15.728 

15.736 

15.744    15.753 

15.761 

15.769  i  15.778 

15.786 

15.795 

15.803 

15.811 

15.820 

15.828    15.837 

15.845 

'.S3 

15.853 

15.862 

15.870 

15.879 

15.887 

15.895 

15.904 

15.912    15.921 

15.9-9 

.84 

15.938 

15.946 

15.954 

15.963 

15.971 

15.980 

15.988 

15.997    16.005 

lti.013 

.85 

16.022 

16.030 

16.039 

16.047 

16.056 

16.064 

16.072 

16.081    16.089 

16.098 

.86 

16.106 

16.115 

16.123 

16.132 

16.140 

16.148 

16.157 

16.165    16.174 

16.182 

.87 

16.191 

16.199 

16.208 

16.216 

16.225 

16.2as 

16.242 

16.250    16.258 

16.267 

.88 

16.275 

16.284 

16.292 

16.301 

16.309 

16.318 

16.326 

16.335    16.343 

16.352 

.89 

16.360 

16.369 

16.377 

16.386 

16.394 

16.403 

16.411 

16.420,  16.428 

16.437 

2.90 

16.445 

16.454 

16.462 

16.471 

16.479 

16.488 

16.496 

16.505    16.513 

16.522 

.91 

16.530 

16539 

16.547 

16.556 

16.565 

16.573 

16.582 

16.590    16.599 

16.607 

.92 

16.616 

16.624 

16.633 

16.641 

16.650 

16.658 

16.667 

16.675    16.684 

16.698 

.93 

16.701 

16.710 

16.718 

16.727 

16.735 

16.744 

16.752 

16.761    16.770 

16.778 

.94 

16.787 

16.795 

16.804 

16.812 

16.821 

16.830 

16.838 

16.847  ,   16.855 

16.864 

.95 

16.872 

16.881 

16.890 

16,898 

16.907 

16.915 

16.924 

16.932    16.941 

16.950 

.96 

16.958 

16.967 

16.975 

16.984 

16.993 

17.001 

17.010 

17.018    17.027 

17.036 

.97 

17.044 

17.053 

17.062 

17.070 

17.079 

17.087 

17.096 

17.105 

17.113 

17.122 

.08 

17.130 

17.139 

17.148 

17.156 

17.165 

17.174 

17.182 

17.191 

17.199 

17.208 

.99 

17.217 

17.225 

17.234 

17.243 

17.251 

17.260 

17.269 

17.277 

17.286 

17.295 

294 


VELOCITIES,  IN  FEET  PER  SECOND,  DUE  TO   HEADS  FROM  0  TO 
4.99  FEET. 


Head. 

O 

1 

2 

3 

4 

1      « 

6 

7 

8 

9 

0.0 

0.000 

0.802 

1.134 

1.389 

1.604 

1.7!)3 

1.M8 

2.122 

2.268 

2.406 

.1 

L'.r>:< 

2.001 

2.778 

2.89. 

3.M>1      3.106      3.20* 

3.307 

3.403 

S.496 

.2 

3.587 

3.675 

3.7"2 

3.84C 

3.1  12!)      4.  4.01)1) 

4.167 

4.244 

4.319 

.3 

4.393 

4.465 

4.537 

4.607 

4.077      4.745     4*12 

4.878     4.944 

5.009 

.4 

5.072 

5135 

5.198 

5  -jr.: 

5.3.0     5.380      5.440 

5.41(8 

5  557 

5.614 

.5 

5.671 

5.728 

5783 

5.893 

5>!ij     5.!'is     o.oiiL' 

6.055 

6.108 

6.160 

.6 

6.212 

6.264 

6.--I15 

(i  366 

6.416     6.466 

6.516 

6.505 

6614 

6662 

.7 

6.710 

o.7  8 

6805 

6.«52 

6.899     6.946 

6.9!)2 

7.0:i8 

7.0*3 

7.120 

.8 

7.173 

7.218 

7.263 

7.307 

7.351      7  394 

7.438 

7.481 

7  524 

7.  MO 

.9 

7.609 

7.651 

7.693 

7,734 

7.770      7.S17 

r.«8 

T.W9 

7940 

7,930 

1.0 

8.020 

8060 

8.100 

8.140 

s,17!i      s.218 

S.257 

8.296 

8  33> 

S  .".73 

.1 

8412 

S450 

8.488 

8.526 

x.503      S.iiul 

8.63S 

8.4J75 

8.712 

8749 

.2 

8.786 

8.832 

S  KVJ 

8.895 

8.931      8.967 

9.00  J 

90:58 

9.074 

9.109 

.3 

9.144 

9180 

9214 

9.249 

9.284     9.319 

9  353 

9.387 

9422 

9453 

.4 

9.490 

9.523 

9557 

9.591 

9.624     9  658 

9.691 

9.724 

9757 

9.79J 

.5 

9823 

9.855 

9.888 

9.920 

9  95W    9.985 

10.017 

10.049 

lo.o-a 

10  113 

.6 

10  145 

10.176 

1  1.208 

10.240 

10.271     10.302 

10.333 

10.364 

10.t95 

10426 

.7 

10.457 

10.483 

105!S 

10549 

10.579    10.610 

10.640 

1(1670 

10.700 

1  '.730 

.8 

10.760 

10790 

1(1.82') 

10.850 

lo.sT'.t    10  'jim 

10.938    lo.96. 

10.997 

1  1  .020 

.9 

11.056 

11084 

11.113 

11  142 

11.171    11.200 

11.228 

11257 

11.285 

11.314 

2.0 

11.342 

11  371 

11.399 

11.427 

11.455    11483 

11.511 

11.539 

11.567 

11.595 

.1 

11  (12.' 

1  1  650 

1167? 

11.705 

11.783    11.760 

11.787 

11.814 

11.842 

11.869 

.2 

ll.S!)6 

11.923 

11.950 

1  1  977 

12  Oo4 

12.030 

12.057 

12.084 

12.110 

I2.13r 

.3 

12  163 

12.190 

12216 

12.242 

12.20!) 

12.295 

12  321 

12.347    12.3J3 

.4 

12  425 

12.451 

12.447 

12.502 

12.528 

12.664 

12  571) 

12.605    12.630 

rl\or,o 

.5 

12.681  i  12.706 

12.73  • 

12.757 

12.7SJ 

12.807    12832 

12.857    12.882 

12.9)7 

.6 

1293.'    12.957 

12.9S2 

13.007 

13.031 

13.056    13.081 

13.105    13.130 

13  154 

13.179    13.203 

13.227 

13  252 

13.276 

13.300 

13.324 

13.348    13.372 

13.396 

!8 

13.420:  13.444 

13.468 

13.402 

13516 

13.510 

13.563 

13.587    13.611 

l.s.034 

.9 

13.658    13681 

13.705 

13  728 

13  752 

13.775 

13.798    13.822    13.84". 

13868 

3.0 

13.891    13.915 

13.938 

13961 

13.984 

14.007 

14.030 

14.053    14.075 

14.098 

.1 

14  1-/M!  14.144 

14.166 

14.189 

14212 

14.2:54 

14.257 

14.280    14302 

14.325 

.2 

14317    14.369    14.392 

14.414 

1  U36 

14.45!) 

14481 

14.50?    14.5  in 

14.547 

.3 

14.509    14.591    H.6M    14.635 

14657 

14.67^ 

14,701 

14.723    14.745 

14.767 

.4 

14.789^  14  810    14  832 

14.851 

14875 

14897 

14  918 

14.940    14961 

14.983 

.5 

1V004 

15026    15.047 

15  069 

15.090 

15.111 

15.132 

15.154    15.175 

15.196 

.6 

15217 

15.238   15.259 

15.281 

15302 

15.322 

15314 

15.364    15.385 

15.406 

.7 

15.427 

15.44S 

15  469 

15.490 

15510 

15.5  1 

15  552 

15.572    15.593 

15614 

.8 

15.034 

15.655 

15.675 

15.606 

15.716 

15.737 

is.767 

15.778    15.798 

15.818 

.9 

15.839 

ir>.859 

15.876 

15.899 

15920 

15.910 

15.960 

15.980    16.000 

16  020 

4.0 

16.049 

16.060 

16.080 

16.100 

16.12' 

161(0 

16.160 

16.180    16.200 

16.220 

.1 

Ni  240 

16.259 

16.279 

l(i  2911 

16.31!) 

16.338 

I63i8 

16.378    16397 

16.417 

.2 

16.437 

16456 

16.476 

16.4115 

16.S15 

10.6*1 

10.554 

16573    16.592 

16.612 

.3 

16.631 

l6.6io 

16.670 

16.689 

16.708 

16.727 

16.747 

16766    16.785 

10.S04 

.4 

16.823:  16.842 

16.862 

16.881 

16900 

16.!H9 

16.1138 

16.957    16.976 

16.1194 

.5 

17.013    17032 

17.051 

17.070 

17.0^9 

17  108 

17.126 

17.145    17.164 

17.183 

.6 

17.iOI    17.2.0 

172  9 

1727 

17.276 

17.2)5 

17.313 

17.332    17.350 

.7 

17337    17.406 

17424 

17.443 

17.461 

17.480 

17.498 

17.516    17.535 

17  '.553 

.8 

17.571 

17.690 

17.608 

I7.i)2»; 

17.644 

\~.>fi> 

17.681 

17.B99    17.717 

17  735 

.9 

17.753 

17.772 

17.790 

17.808 

17.826 

17.844 

17.862 

IT.s.SO     17.81HS 

17.916 

295 


VELOCITIES,    IN   FEET    PER   SECOND,  DUB   TO   HEADS  FROM  5  TO 
9.99   FEET. 


Head 

0 

5.0 

17.987 

18.04 

17934    17.952 

17.970 

18.005 

18.023 

18.041 

18.059 

18077 

18.112'    18.130 

18.  148 

18.166    18.183 

18.i(ll 

18218 

18236 

18254 

18.271 

'.•2 

18.289    l9.3()(i 

18.324 

18.342    ls.359 

is.  3.  7 

18.394 

18.412 

18.429 

18446 

.3 

18.464    18.481 

18.49* 

18.516    18533 

18  5)1 

18.568 

18  58f 

18.604 

18  620 

A 

18.637    18.655 

18.672 

18.689    IS.  70« 

18.723 

18741 

18758 

18776 

18.792 

.5 

18.809    18826 

18.843 

.18  860    18.877 

I8>94 

18.911 

18928 

18.945 

18.962 

.6 

18.979!   18.99o 

19  013 

19.030    1904' 

190t;4 

19  Obi 

19.09s 

19.114 

19.131 

.7 

19.148    19.160 

11US2 

19.198    19.215 

19  2ifc 

19.248 

19.26- 

19  282 

19.1:99 

.8 

19.315    19.932 

l!i.34s 

19.365    19.3MS 

19.39s 

19.415 

19.431 

19.448 

19.464 

.9 

19.481    19.497 

19.514 

19.530    19.547 

19563 

19.580 

19.59b 

19  613 

19.629 

6.0 

19.615    19.662 

19  678 

19.694    19711 

19.727 

19743 

19760 

19.776 

19.792 

«•' 

19.808;   19.825 

19.841 

19857      9.873 

19  889 

19906 

19  9-/2 

19938 

19954 

2 

19970 

19.986 

2  i.OO  t 

20.018 

20.034 

20.050 

20.067 

20.  os: 

20.099 

20.115 

.3 

20.131 

20.147 

20.102 

2H  17> 

20.194 

iO  210 

20226 

20.242 

20.258 

20.274 

A 

20.29  i 

2;i.3.n; 

2.1.321 

2o.  3;  r, 

20.35; 

20.369 

20.385 

20.40( 

20.416 

20.432 

.5 

20.4  is 

20.463 

20.479 

20.49; 

20.510 

20.521 

20.542 

-0557 

20.573 

20.589 

.C 

20.604 

20.64) 

2(1.6:;.-. 

20.651 

20667 

20.682 

20.698 

20.713 

20.729 

20.744 

.7 

20.760 

20.775 

20.791 

20.80 

20.822 

20837 

20.853 

20  868 

20.883 

20.,  -99 

8 

2.1.914 

2(I.<J29 

20.945 

2(l!  961 

20.976 

20.991 

21.  OIK; 

21.021 

21.037 

21  052 

.9 

21.067 

21.083 

21.098 

21.113 

21.128 

21.144 

21.159 

21.174 

21.189 

21.204 

70 

21.21!) 

21.235 

21.250 

21.265 

21.280 

21.295 

21.310 

21.325 

21.340 

21.355 

.1 

21.371! 

21.386 

21.401 

21416 

21431 

21  446 

21.461 

21.476 

21.491 

21.106 

.2 

21.52-1 

21.535 

21.550 

21.565 

21.580 

21.595 

21.610 

21  6,25 

21  640 

21.655 

.3 

21.669 

21.684 

21  6!i9 

21.714 

21.729 

.1.743 

21.758 

21  773 

21.')8- 

21.803 

.4 

21.817 

21.832 

2  .847 

21.861 

21  876 

21891 

21.9(6 

21.920 

21.935 

21  950 

.5 

21.964 

21.979 

21.993 

220K8 

*2  023 

22.037 

22  ii.-  2 

22066 

22.081 

22.0:16 

.6 

22.110 

22.125 

22.139 

22  I.-! 

22.16S 

22.183 

22.197 

22.212 

22/220 

22241 

.7 

22.255 

22.27d 

22  284 

22.29s 

22.313 

22.32; 

22342 

22.350 

22  370 

22.385 

.8 

22.  399 

22.414 

22.428 

22  442 

22.  V,  7 

22471 

22  4-5 

22,l:t!f 

V2.5H 

22.5-s 

.9 

22  542 

52.557 

22571 

22.585 

22.599 

22.614 

22.628 

22.642 

22.656 

22.670 

8.0 

22685 

22.699 

22.713 

22.727 

22741 

22.755 

22.769 

22.784 

',2  798 

22.812 

.1 

22.820 

22.840 

22  8=4 

22.868 

22.882 

22.896 

22.910 

22.924 

22.938 

22  952 

.2 

22.900 

22.980 

22  994 

23  008 

23.022 

:  3  036 

23.050 

23.064 

2:i.(  78 

23  (  92 

.3 

2:5  100 

23.120 

23.134 

i3.148 

23  162 

23.175 

23  189 

23.203 

23.217 

23231 

.4 

23.245 

23.259 

23.272 

23  28- 

23.300 

23.314 

23328 

23311 

23  355 

23.319 

.5 

2:;':iS! 

2:i;j9ii 

23.410 

23.424 

23.438 

23.451 

•;::.  ic,5 

23.4^9 

23.192 

23  50i  ; 

.6 

23.520 

2:5.534 

23  547 

23.561 

23.574 

23588 

23  602 

23.615 

23.629 

2:',  64:; 

.7 

23  050 

2.T070 

2:;  68:i 

23.097 

43.711 

23.724 

23.738 

23.751 

23.705 

23.778 

.8 

23.792 

23.81)5 

23.S19 

•-'38  » 

i;  8  16 

23.8,7.1 

23.S73 

23.886 

23900 

23913 

.9 

23.927 

23.94'! 

23.953 

23  987 

23.980 

23.994 

24.007 

24020 

24.034 

240J7 

01 

24.061 

24.074 

24.087 

24  101 

24.114 

24.127 

24141 

24.154 

24167 

•:4  181 

.1 

24194 

24.207    24.22H 

24.234 

24.247 

24.26U 

24274 

24.287 

24.300 

24313 

.2 

24  326 

24.340 

24  353 

24.360 

24379 

21.392 

24.40(3 

24.419 

24.432 

24  445 

.3 

24458 

24.471 

24  485 

24  498 

24.511 

24.524 

2-1  n:;r 

24.;  50 

24.563 

24576 

.4 

21.5s9 

24.603 

24.616 

24  629 

24.642 

24.(55 

24.608 

24  OS] 

24  694 

24.707 

.5 

24.72H 

24.7:!.'! 

24.746 

24.759 

24  772 

24.785 

24.798 

24.811 

24  824 

24.837 

.6 

24.850 

24.X03 

24'  876 

24>ss' 

24  901 

24.914 

24  927 

24.940 

24.935 

24  906 

.7 

24.979 

21992 

25.005 

25.017 

250M) 

25.043 

25.0  --6 

25.069 

25.082 

25.091 

.8 

25.107 

2.-).  120 

25  133 

25.146    25.15S 

',5.171 

25.1X4 

25.197 

25.  -J  Hi 

25.222 

9 

25.235 

25.248 

25.260 

25.273 

25.286 

25.299 

25.311 

25.324 

25.337 

25349 

296 


VELOCITIES,  IN  FEET  PER  SECOND,   DUE  TO  HEADS  FROM   10  TO 
14.99    FEET. 


Head.      O 


2(i.290 
20418 

20.540 


26.781 
26.^89  26.901 
27.0--0 
27.139 
27.257 
27.378 

27   192 

27.609 

27.725 

27.841 

27  950 

28.071 

28.185 
28.21-9 

28.412 


25.425|  25.438    25.451 

25.5^2  25.564    25.577 

25.677  25.690'  25.702 

25.802;  25815!  25.827 

25.926  25939   25.951 

26.050  26.063    26.(u5 
26.173 

26.320 


26.430:  26.442 
26.552!  26.564 


20  072 
20  79:; 
:'0.9i:; 
27032 
27.15(1 
27.209 
27.380 
27.504 
27.020 
27.736 

27.852 
27.907 


28.310 

28.424 


25.463  25.476 
25.589  25.602 
25.715  25.728 
25.839  25.862 
25.964  25.976 
26.087  26  099 


26.454  26.467 
26.576  26.688 


,  26.697 

26.805!  26.817 

26.924 

27.044 

27.102 


27.979 
28.094 


28.208   28.219 
1 8.322 


2s.4:r, 


28>26    2X537;  28^548 


28.7fO|  28.761    28.772 

28.862  28.873   28.884 

28.973  28.9°4    28.995 

29.084!  29.095   29.1d6 

29.194  29.205:  29.216 

29.3(14  29.315   29326 

29.413;  29.424    29.435 
29.544 


20.709 
20^9 


27.174  27.186 


27.760  27.771 

27.875  27.887 
27.990  28.002 


28.559  28.570 


290d6  29.017 
29.111 
29.227  29.2.38 

29.F37 

;  9  446  29.457 

29.555  29  500 
29  OC4  29  07.. 

29  772 


30201 
30.307  30  3i 


30635 
1.729  30.739 
3' 1.838  30.844 
30.938  30  94H 
31.041  31.052 


297 


VELOCITIES,  IN  FEET  PER  SECOND,  DUE  TO  HEADS  FROM  15  TO 
19.99  FEET. 


31.145  31.155 
31.248  31.258 
31.351  31.361 
31.453:31463 
31.555  31.565 
31.837  31.607 

31  758  31768 
31.859  31.870 
31.960  31.970 
32.061 1  32.071 

32.U51  32.171 
;- 2.26 1 1  32.271 

32  3GO!  32.370 
32.46IM32470 
32.559  32.569 
32.657  32667 
32.755  32.765 
32.854,32863 
32.951  32.961 
33.049  33.058 

33146  33156 
33.243  33  22 
33.339,  33.319 
3i.436,3S.44o 
a3.532  33  5  U 
33.628  ;>3.637 
33.723j  33.733 

33  818  33.828 
33.91-i  33.923 
34.00.il  34  017 

34.102  34.112 

:'4.I97  K4.'206 
31  29!)  [34  300 
S4.384  34.393 

34  478  34.4S7 
34.571 1  34.580 
34.6  4  34.t>73 
34.75rt  34.766 
34.849  34.8-8 
34.94 1 1 34.950 

35.033  35042 
35.124  35  134 
35.216;  a1)  225 
35.2W35.31K 
35.398  35.407 
35.  89  35.498 
35.579  35588 
35.670  35.679 
35.760  35  769 
35.849  35.858 


298 


VELOCITIES.  IN  FEET  PER  SECOND,  DUE  TO  HEADS  FROM  20  TO 

24.99  FEET. 


35.80' 
35.93' 

30.040 

31.135 

38.818 

3'UOI 


35.876 

:;>.ooo 
3ti.o.->5 
35.144 

00.23! 

:jo.;;±i 
30.410 


36.666|  36.674 


35.885 

35.975    3=5.984 
36.064 

30.153 
30  242 
30.331 
30419 
30.507 

:;o  595 
30.08:! 


30.02s 
37015 
37  102 


36.762    35771 

36  849 1  36  858 
36936   36.945 
37.023 

37  110 


188    37.197 


37.2f5 
37.361 
37.447 
37.532 


37.205; 
37.283  37.292 
37.309!  37.378 
37.455  37464 
37541  37.5)0 


37.618  37.6>7 

37.703  37.712 

37789  37797 

37  874  37.882 

37959  37.987 

38.043  38.052 

38.128  38.136 

3S.212  38220 

38.296  3S.304 


38.464   38.472 
38.547    38.555 


38.714  38.72 > 

38.797  38.805 

38.879  38.8-8 

38.962  3S.970 

39.044  39.053 

391.:7  39.135 


39.291  31299 
39373  39.381 
39454  .39.462 


39.779  39.787 
39.8601  39.868 
39.940  39  948 
40.021 


37.635 

37.721 
37.8DO 
37.801 
37  975 


. 
3S.22!) 


38.480 

:{s  .-,t;i 

3S.047 
3SJ30 

3S.813 

38.896 


30.113 
39.225 

39.307 
89470 

39'(i33 

3<l'795 
39.X70 

4o!l)37 


37.04! 
37  128 
37.214 


37.644 
37.72!) 

37.S14 


37.9S4 
88.068 

3^.153 

38.237 

:'S.:;vi 
3S.405 


3-. 572 


38.904 
3s!lls7 
39.0*;!  i 
39  151 


39  47!) 

30.501 
3!)  04 
39.7* 

;i'i.so3 
3')  8*4 
3!i  :n;t 
40114-, 


38,197 

38.:,sn 


39077 
MO.!  Cii 
39242 

39.324 


30.00J 

30.0H1 


35.!  103 
35.!)!):! 
30.08'J 
36.171 

:!0.2f,M 
30.348 
30.437 
:;,;  r,2r, 
3ti.0l3 
30.701 


30.071 
30.1 15S 
:,7.145 
37.231 
37.318 
37404 

37.490 

37.567    37.575 

37.652 
37.738   37.746 


3S.422 


39.332 
39.413 


3C,.L'78 
30.300 


36.98(1 
37.H07 
37.151 
37. LM" 
37.320 
37412 
37.498 
37.584 

37669 

37.755 
37.840 
37.925 


39.258 

39.340 

39.422 

39  503 
39.5S4 
311.000 

::9.7i7 


35.930   35 

30.020    30028  36.037 


37.500 
37.502 


37.678 

37.703 
37.S4S 


3vOi>5 
3S.IMI 
3S.772 
38.s5f> 
3^.!'37 
39.020 
39.10-J 
3!).:S4 


39.5!)2 
:'!).074 

3'lV55 


299 


VELOCITIES,  IN  FEET   PER  SECOND,  DUE   TO   HEADS  FROM  25  TO 
29.90   FEET. 


•^ 

0 

Head. 



25.0 

40.101 

40.109 

40.117 

40.125 

40.133 

40.141 

40149 

40.157 

40.165  40.173 

.1 

40.181 

40.J89 

40.197 

4IU05 

40.213 

40.221 

40.2L9 

4(i.237 

40.245  40.253 

j 

40.  an 

4H.20'.) 

40.277 

4H  2*5 

40.293 

40301 

40  3i»9 

40.317 

40.325  40.333 

.3 

40.341 

40.349 

4(1  357 

40.365 

40.373 

40.381 

40.189 

40.397 

40.405  40  413 

.4 

40.421 

40.428 

40.436 

40.444    40452 

40.400 

4-1.468 

40.476 

40.484  40  492 

.5 

40.500 

40.508 

40.510 

40  524    40532 

40540 

40  548 

40.550 

40.;.63  40.571 

ft 

40.579 

40.587 

40.59.-, 

4H.603    -10.611 

40.619 

40.627 

40.635 

40  643  40.651 

.7 

40.  c.V.i 

40.t66 

40.674 

40.682 

4D.09M 

40.698" 

40.706 

40.714 

40.722  40.730 

.8 

40.738 

40.745 

40.753 

40.701 

40.7t  9 

40.',  77 

4'  >  7*5 

40.793 

40  J-01  40  809 

.9 

40.816 

40.824 

40.832 

40.840 

40.848 

40.856 

40.864 

•.OS72 

40.879  40.887 

260 

4  \895 

40.903 

40911 

40.919    4ii.9:-7 

40.934 

40.942 

40.950 

40.958  40966 

a 

40.974 

40.9*2 

40.9S9 

40997J  41.005 

41.013 

41  021 

4U29 

41.036  41.044 

41.052 

41.000 

41.0(58 

41076 

41.083 

41.091 

41.0:9 

41.107 

41  115  41.123 

'.3 

41.130 

41.188 

41  140 

41.154 

41.102 

41.169 

41.177 

41.185 

41.193  41.201 

A 

41.209 

41.216 

41.224 

41  -32 

41.240 

41.248 

41.255 

41.  203 

41.271  41.279 

.5 

41.287 

41.294 

4  1.3!  '2 

41.310 

41.318 

41.325 

41  3"3 

41.341 

41.349  41.357 

.6 

41.  304 

41.372 

41.330 

41.388 

41.395 

41.403 

41.411 

41.419 

4I.4-.6  41.434 

41.442 

41.450 

41.45S 

41  405 

41.473 

41.481 

41.489 

41496 

41  504  41.512 

•8 

41.520 

41.527 

41.535 

41.543 

41  551 

41.558 

41.501 

41.574 

41.581  41.589 

.9 

41.597 

41  6D5 

41.612 

41.620 

41.628 

41.636 

41.643 

41.651 

41.659  41.666 

270 

41674 

41.6*2 

41.690 

41.697 

41.705 

41.713 

41.720 

41.728 

41.736  41.744 

41.751 

41.759 

41.767 

41.774 

41.782 

41.790 

41.797 

41.805 

41  813  41.821 

.'2 

41.828 

41.836 

41  844 

41.851 

41.859 

41.867 

41.874 

41882 

41.890  41.897 

.3 

41.905 

41.913 

41  920 

41.928 

41936 

4!.  943 

41951 

41.959 

41  967  41.974 

A 

41.982 

41.989 

41.097 

42.005 

42.012 

42  020 

42  Oi8 

42.0P5 

42.043  42  051 

.5 

42.058 

42<>00 

42  074 

4J.nsl 

42  089 

42.0IT 

42  104 

42.112 

42.119  42.127 

.6 

42135 

42.142 

42.15(1 

42.15S 

42.165 

42.173 

12.  IN 

42.188 

42  196  42.203 

.7 

42.211 

12.21  'J 

42.22 

42.234 

42.241 

42.249 

42  257 

42264 

42.272  42  279 

.8 

42.2x7 

B.296 

42.::n2 

42.3KI 

42.317 

42  325 

42.PS3 

43.340 

42.348  42.:<55 

.9 

42.363 

42.371 

42.378 

42.386 

42.393 

42401 

.  42.409 

42.416 

42  424  42.431 

28.0 

42.439 

42.446 

42.454 

42.462 

42.469 

42477 

42.484 

42.492 

42.499  42.507 

42.515 

42.522 

42530 

42537 

42.545 

42.552 

42.501 

42.f68 

42575  42.583 

la 

42.5:io 

42.598 

42.605 

42.013 

42.021 

12.02.* 

42.035 

42.643 

42.651  42.658 

.3 

42.66(3 

42.07:; 

42.681 

42.  0-* 

42096 

42  703 

42.711 

42.718 

42.726  42  733 

A 

42.741 

42.748 

42.756    42.764 

42.771 

42779 

42.781 

42.794 

42.801142.809 

.5 

42.816 

42>24 

42.831    42.839 

42.840 

42.854 

42.861 

42.869 

42.876  42  884 

.6 

42*91 

42.899 

42.906    42.914 

42,'.'.'l 

42929 

42.93i 

42.944 

42  951  42  959 

.7 

42.966 

12.97-1 

42.981    42989 

42  '.or 

43.f04 

43.011 

43.01« 

43.026  43  033 

.8 

43.041 

43.1148 

43.056    43063 

43.071 

43.078 

43  OSf) 

43/93 

'3101  43108 

.9 

43.116 

43.123 

43.130    43188 

43.145 

43.153 

43.160 

43.168 

43.175  43.183 

29.0 

43.190 

43.19s* 

43.205    43.212 

43.220 

43227 

43.235 

43243 

43.250  43257 

1 

43.264 

43.272 

43279    43.287 

43.i>94 

43.302 

43.309 

43  316 

43.324  43  331 

.2 

43.339 

43346 

43.354    43.361 

43.36* 

43.376 

43383 

43391 

43  398  '  43  405 

.3 

43  413 

43.420 

43428    43.435 

43.443 

43  4.50 

43457 

43  4'w" 

43.472  43.480 

A 

-13.487 

43494 

43502    43.509 

43.517 

43.524 

43.531 

43539 

43  546  43.553 

.5 

43  561 

43.50S 

43576   43.583 

43.:'  90 

4:;.59* 

43.005 

43612 

43.620  43.627 

.6 

43  03-> 

43.042 

43649    43.657 

43  664 

43671 

43.679 

43/86 

43.694  <  3.701 

.7 

43.703 

43.716 

43723   43.730 

43738 

43.745 

43  752 

43.760 

43.767  43.774 

..8 

43.782 

43.789!  43.796    43804 

43.811 

43.818 

43  X20 

43.833 

43.840  43.848 

.9 

43.855   43.862J  43.870   43.877 

43.881 

43.892 

43899 

43906 

43.914  43.921 

300 


VELOCITIES,  IN  FEET  PER  SECOND,   DUE  TO  HEADS  PROM  30  TO 
34.99    FEET. 


Head. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5      1      6 

7 

8 

9 

30.0 
.1 

43.928 

44.002 

43.936 

44.IM) 

43.943 

44.016 

43.950 
44.024 

43.958 
44.031 

43.965 

44.038 

43.972 
44.045 

43.980 
44.053 

43.987 

11.  oiio 

43.994 
44.067 

.2 

44.075 

44.082 

44.089 

44.097 

44.104    44.111 

44.118 

44.126    44.133 

44.140 

.3 

44.148 

44.155 

44.162 

44.169 

44.177   44.184 

44.191 

44.198    41.206 

44.21  i 

A 

44.220 

44.228 

44.235 

44.242 

44.249    41.257 

44.264 

44.271    44.278 

44.286 

.5 

44.293 

44.30J 

44.308 

44.315   44.322   44.329 

44.^7 

44.344   41.351 

44.358 

.6 

44.366 

44.37* 

44.380 

44.387    44.395    44.402 

44.409 

44.416    44.423 

44.431 

.7 

44.438 

44.445 

44.452 

44.460    44.467    41.474 

44.481 

44.489 

•11  11-;; 

44503 

.8 

44.f>10 

44.518 

44.525 

44.532    44.539    44.546 

44.554 

44.561    44.568 

44.575 

.9 

44.582 

44.590 

44.C97 

44.604 

44.611    44.619 

44626 

44.633 

44.640 

44.647 

31.0 

44.655 

44662 

44.669 

44.676    44/83'  44.691  1  44.698 

44.705 

44.712 

44.719 

.1 

44.727 

44.734 

44.741 

44748!  44.755   44.762    44770 

44.777 

44.784 

44.71)1 

.2 

44.798 

44.8U6 

44813 

44.820    44.827    44.834    44.841 

44.S49 

44.856 

11  si;:; 

.3 

44.870 

44.877 

44.884 

44.8921  44.893    44.906'  44.913 

44.94) 

44.927 

44935 

.4 

44.912 

44.919 

44.956 

44.963    44970!  41.978   44.985 

44.992 

44.990 

45.006 

.5 

45.013 

.  4  >.020 

45.0^8 

45.035    45.042    45.0491  45.056 

46.063 

4  ..070 

45.L78 

.6 

45.085 

45.092 

45.099 

45.10G!  45.113 

45.120    45.127 

45.135 

45.142 

45149 

.7 

45.156 

45.163 

45.170 

45.177    45184 

45.192    45.199 

45.206 

45.213 

45.220 

.8 

45.227 

43.234 

45.241 

45.248   45.256 

45.263 

45.270 

45.277 

45.284 

45.291 

.9 

45.298    45.305 

45.312 

45319 

45.327 

45.334 

45.341 

45.348 

45.355 

45.362 

32.0 

45.369 

45.376 

45.383 

45.390 

45.397 

45.405 

45.412 

45.419 

45.426 

45433 

.1 

45.440 

45447 

45.454 

45.461 

45.408 

45.475 

45.4S2 

4.5.4M) 

45.497 

45.504 

.2 

45.511 

45.518 

45  r,L',5 

45.532 

45.53!) 

45.546 

45.553 

45.580 

45.567 

45.574 

.3 

45.581 

45588 

45.595 

45.602 

45.609 

45.617 

45.624 

45.631 

45.638 

45.645 

.4 

45.652 

45  65!) 

45.666 

4  ..673 

45.1.80!  45.687 

45.694 

45.701 

45.708 

45.715 

.5 

45.722 

45.729 

45736 

45.743 

45.750    45.757 

45.764 

45.771 

45.778 

45.785 

.6 

45.792 

45.793 

45.807 

45.814 

45.821  !  45.828 

45.835 

46.842 

45.849 

45856 

.7 

45.863 

45.870 

4  >.877 

45.884 

45.891    45.898 

45.905 

4.5912 

45.919 

45.926 

.8 

45.933 

45.910 

45.947 

45.954 

45.961 

4  5.!  I6S 

45.975 

45.982 

45.989 

45996 

.9 

46.003 

46.010 

46.017 

46.024 

45.031 

46.038 

46.045 

46.052 

46.059 

46.066 

33.0 

46.073 

46080 

46.0S6 

46.093 

46.100   46.107 

4«.114 

46121 

46.128 

46135 

.1 

46.142 

46.149   46.156 

46.163 

46.170   46.177 

46.184 

46.191 

46.198 

4l5.20.r, 

.2 

46.212 

46.219    46.226 

45.233 

46.240    46.247 

46.254 

46.261 

46  268 

46.275 

.3 

46.281 

46.288 

46.295 

46.302 

46.309!  46.316 

46.323 

46.330 

46.337 

4D."41 

.4 

46.351 

48.858 

40.:J6;5 

46.372 

46.379    46.386 

46.393 

46.399 

4S.406 

46413 

.5 

46.420 

46.427 

46.434 

46.441 

46.44  «    46.455 

46.462 

•16.40!) 

46.476 

46.483 

.6 

46.489 

4'J.49i 

1  15..  503 

46.510 

46.517    46.524 

46.531 

46.538 

46.545 

46.552 

.7 

46.559 

46.566 

40..572 

46.57!) 

46.586    16.593 

46.600 

46.607 

46.614 

46.6*1 

.8 

46.028 

46  635 

46642 

46.648 

46.655    46.662 

46.669 

46.676 

46.683 

46.6!in 

.9 

46.697 

46.703 

46.710 

46.717 

46.724!  46.731 

46.739 

46.745 

46.752 

46759 

34.0 

46.765 

46772 

46.779 

46.786 

46793    46.800 

46.807 

46.814 

46.820 

46.827 

.1 

46.8  i4 

4>.84l 

46.848 

46.855 

46.862    46868 

4H.S7.5 

46.882 

46.889 

46.896 

.2 

46.903 

46910 

46.916 

46.923 

46.930    46.937 

46.944 

40.V.1 

lt;.!)5s 

46.964 

.3 

46.9T1 

46.978 

46.985 

ir,.:)'.r 

46.999 

47.005 

47  012 

47.019 

47.026 

47.033 

.4 

47.040 

47.047 

47.053   47060 

47.067 

47.074!  47.081 

47.0-8 

47.094 

47.101 

.5 

47.108 

47  115    47.1221  47  128  i  47.135 

47.142    47.149 

47.156 

47.163 

47.169 

.6 

47.176 

47.1831  47.190J  47.197    47.203 

47.210    47.217 

47.224 

47.231 

47.238 

.7 

47.244 

47.251    47.258!  47  26=>!  47.272 

47.278   47285 

47.292 

47.29!) 

47.306 

.8 

47.312 

47.319    47.326 

47.333   47.340 

47.346    47.353 

47.360 

47.367 

47.374 

.9 

47.380 

47.387]  47.394 

47.401    47.407 

47.414   47.421 

47.428 

47.435 

47.441 

301 


VELOC7TOW,  IN  FEET  PER  SECOND,  DUE  TO  HEADS  FROM  36  TO 
39.99  FEET. 


47.448  47.465 
47.516  47.523 
47.584  47.590 


44.719 

47.7>G 
47.sn:{ 
I7.i'2o 

47.DS7 
48.054 

48.121 

48.188 
48.251 
48.321 
18.3*8 
48.454 
48.521 
48.587 

48!719 

48.785 
48.851 

4S.917 
4S.9SL* 
-19.04s 

49.11:; 

49.17!) 
49.244 
49.310 
49.375 

49.440 
19.10.1 
49.57U 


50.022 
50086 

r,o  ir,ii 

50.214 

50.27S 

:>o.:;i-j 
50.406 
r,o  171 1 
50  534 
B04597 


47.7S1 
47.79:; 
-I7.sr.'i 
47.9-'7 
47.994 
48.061 

48.128 
48.195 
4-1.261 
4>.;r> 
4s.:;:i4 
48.461 
is.r.27 
48.593 
48.660 
48.726 

48.792 
48.857 
48.923 
18.989 

49.a15 
19  IL'O 
49185 
49.251 
49.316 
49.381 

49.446 
49.511 

49.57C 
49641 
49.706 
49.770 


50.093 
50.157 
;->(t.221 
50.285 
60.349 
50.413 
5<i.47i; 
50.540 
50.604 
80.661 


48.467  48.474 

48.534 1  48.540 

48.600i  48.607 

48.666  48.673 

48.732  48.739  j 

48.798  48.805 
48.871 


49.061 


•Hi  4.',:; 

49  .IIS 

4'.i  :,s:; 

I9.H4X 
451712 
4!t.777 
49.SU 
49.5'Ofl 
49970 


49.264 


60.163 

50.227 
50.291 

.-,0.35.1 
.-,(1.41!) 
r.o.ix:; 
60546 
50.610 
:,o.67:; 


48.811 
48.877 
48943 
4iUM.it 
49.074 
49.140 
49.205 
49.270 
49.336 
4940 


49  459  49.466 

49.82*  49531 

495*9,  49.696 

49654'  49.661 

49.719  49725 

-J9.783  49.790 

49.848  49.854 

49912,  49.919 

49.977  49983 

50.041:  J 0.048 

50.105  50.112 


50  368 
50.432 


5o  i  IKI  ; 


48.818  48.824 
48.884  48.89C 
48.950i  48.956 
49.015;  49022 
49.0811  49,087 
49.146  49  153 
49.212  J9.V18 
49.277!  49.2831 
49.342J  49. 
49.407  49414 


4!1.472 
411.537 


. 

49  732 
4!).79i; 
49  861 
451.925 


49 
49. 
49.609! 
49.673 

49.7::s 
41). Si  3 
19  S67 


V\J  \JV-t 

50.118 

50.182 
50.240 

50^374 

50.502 
nt.5f,5 


. 

ro.'.'53 
r,u.::n 
r,o.:;si 
HO  44 4 
50.5dS 

,-,o'r,72 

50.6% 


is.r,(,7 
48.C33 

Is.!  99 

48.765 

48.831 

48.  £97 

49k  8 
49.094 

49.1.19 
49.221 
49.290 
49.::5r 
49.420 

49.485 
49.660 

19.615 

19.CSM 

49.745 

49  XI9 
49.874 
49.938 
50.003 
50.067 

50.131 

50  195 
50.25E 

60!387 

50.451 
50.515 
50.578 

10.C42 
,-o  705 


47.502  47.509 
47.570  47.577 
47.638  47.644 
47.7d5  47.712 
47.772  47.779 
47.840;  47.846 
47.907  47.914 
47.974  47.981 
48041  48048 
48.108  48.115 

48.175  48.181 
48.241  48.248 
48.308  48.315 
48.375  48.381 
48441  48.448 
48.507:48.514 
48.574  48.580 
48.640  48.646 
48.706  48712 
48.771  48.778 

48.838  48.844 

48.903  48.910 

48.9C9  48.976 

49035  49.041 

49.100  49.107 

49.166  49.172 

"9231  -9.238 

49.'.  97  49303 

49  302  49.368 
49.427  49.433 

49.492  49.498 
49557  49.563 
49.622  49  628 
49.686  49.693 
49761  49.758 
49.816  49.822 
49.880  49.887 
49.945  49951 
50.009  50.015 
50.073  50.080 

50.137  50.144 
&  .202  50.208 

50  266  50  272 
50.330  50.336 
50  393  50.400 
50.457  50.464 
50.521  50.527 
50.585  60.591 
50.648  .'0.654 
50.712  60.718 


302 


VELOCITIES,  IN  FEET  PER  SECOND,  DUE  TO  HEADS  FROM  40  TO 
44.99  FEET. 


Head. 

0 

1 

* 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

40.0 

50.724    50.731 

60.737 

50.743 

50.750   50.756 

50.762 

50.769 

50.775 

50.781 

.\ 

50.788    50.791 

50.800 

50.807 

50.813    50.819 

50.826 

5(i.s;j2 

50.838 

50.845 

.2 

50  851    50.857 

r,.i.»« 

50.870 

50.876    50.882 

50.8X9 

50.S95 

50.901 

50  90S 

.3 

50.914 

50.920 

50.927 

50.933 

50.939    50.946 

50.H52 

50.95X 

50.965 

f.0.971 

.4 

50.977 

50.983 

50.99!! 

50.996 

51.002    51009 

51.015 

51.021 

51.028 

6  1.034 

.5 

51.040   51.017 

51.053 

51.059 

51.065    51.072 

51.078 

51.084 

51.091 

51.097 

.6 

01.106    51.110 

51  116 

51.122 

51.128    51.135 

51.141 

51.147 

51.154 

51.160 

.7 

51.166|  51.172 

51.179 

51.185 

51.191    51.198 

51.204 

51.210 

51.216 

51.22:5 

.8 

51.229   51.235 

51.241 

51.248 

51.254    51.260 

51.267 

51.273    51.279 

51.  -85 

.9 

51.292    51.298 

51.301 

51.310 

51.317    61.323 

51.329 

51.336J  51.342 

51.348 

41.0 

51.a54   51.361 

51.367 

51.373 

51.379!  51.386 

51.392 

51.398    51.404 

51.411 

.1 

51.417    51.423 

51.429 

f,1.4*i 

51.442    51.448 

51.454 

51.401 

51.407 

51.473 

.2 

51.479!  51.486 

51492 

M.49X 

51.504    51.511 

51.517 

51  51'.'! 

51.52'J 

51.530 

.3 

51.542   61.548 

51.551 

51.561 

51.567    51.573 

51  57!) 

51.5X* 

51.592 

51.598 

.4 

51.604^  51  610 

51.617 

51.623 

51.629    51.035 

51.642 

51.048 

51.654 

51.600 

.5 

51.667   51673 

;  i  07!) 

51.685 

51.691    51.698 

51704 

51.710 

n.7i6 

51.723 

.6 

51.729   51.735 

51.741 

51.747 

51754    51.760 

51.7(56 

51.772 

51.778 

51.7X5 

.7 

51.791 

51.797 

51  so:; 

51.809 

51.816    51.822 

51.828 

51.834 

51.841 

51.847 

.8 

51.853   51.8)9 

51.  SO.') 

51.872 

51.878!  51.884 

51.890 

51.896 

51.903 

51.P09 

.9 

51.915   51.921 

51.927 

51.934 

51.910    51.946 

51.952 

51.958 

51.964 

51.971 

420 

51.977!  51983 

51.989 

51.995 

52.002    52.003 

52.014 

52020 

5-2.026 

52.032 

.1 

52039    52.045 

52.051 

52057 

52.063    52.070 

52  076 

52.0X2 

52.08  •< 

52.(  94 

.2 

52.100 

52.107 

02.  1  1:: 

52  1  If) 

52.12i!  62.131 

52.137 

52.144 

52.150 

52.156 

.3 

52.162 

52.168 

52.174 

52.181 

52.187 

.72.193 

52.1:  MI 

52205 

52.211 

52.2  ix 

.4 

72  221 

52.23  ) 

52.  -236 

.V2.2I2 

72-21- 

52.2.7', 

52.201 

52.207 

52.?73 

52.279 

.5 

52.2-c, 

52291 

5'2.2'.)S 

52.3  14 

52.310 

72.8  n; 

;72.:',22 

52328 

52.a34 

52.341 

.6 

52  347 

52.3.7,5 

52.359 

52.:565 

52.371 

52.377 

52  o.x  1 

52  390 

52.396 

52  402 

.7 

52.408 

52.414 

72.420 

52.427 

.72  m 

72,|:;:t 

52,4  15 

52.451 

.72.  157 

52.463 

.8 

52.470 

52.476 

52.4x2 

52.48* 

52.491 

52.500 

52.71:; 

52.512 

52  519 

52.525 

.9 

52.531 

52.537 

52.543 

52.549 

52555 

52.561 

52.567 

52.574 

52.580 

52.586 

43.0 

52.592 

52.598 

52.604 

52.610 

52.616 

52.623 

52.629 

52.635 

52.641 

52.647 

,1 

52.653 

.72.li5'.t 

52.065 

52.071 

52.678 

.72.6-4 

52  Mi!";  ) 

52.  (191 

52.702 

52.70S 

2 

52.714   52.720 

.72  72'! 

52.7:;2 

52.  7:  :S 

52.745 

52.751 

52.7.57 

52.703 

52  71.9 

.3 

52.775;  52.781 

52.787 

52.793 

52799 

52.K06 

52.S12 

52.818 

52824 

52X((i 

.4 

52836!  52842 

52.848 

52.854 

62.860 

52.SOI 

52.X73 

52.879 

52.XX5 

52>91 

.5 

52897   52.903 

5-2.!  I  il 

52.915 

.72.:  i'2  1 

52.927 

52.933 

5  '.93! 

52.945 

5'2.972 

.6 

529581  52.964 

52.970 

.72  976 

52.9*2 

52  !)xx 

52.994 

53.000 

53.00H 

5:5012 

.7 

53.018!  5S.024 

53.030 

53.037 

53.0(3 

5:',,04!» 

53  055 

53.061 

5:i.()67 

M.073 

.8 

53.079   53.08"> 

53.091 

53.097 

53.103 

53109 

53.115 

53.121 

58.127 

5:5.i:;:i 

.9 

53.139   53.146 

53.152 

53.158 

53.164 

53170 

53.176 

53.182 

53.188 

53.194 

44.0 

53.200    53.205 

53.212 

53.218 

53.224 

53.230 

53.236 

53.242 

53.248 

53.254 

"    .1 

53.260   53266 

53272 

;7.!.27'i 

5<».285 

53.21)1 

53.297 

53.:io: 

53.3ns.) 

53.315 

.2 

53321 

53.327 

t333 

53.339 

53.34: 

5:i  351 

5o.:!57 

53  :>;:i 

53.  3"  ;;» 

53.375 

.3 

53  381 

68.887 

393 

53.3991  53.405 

53411 

5:',.  417 

53.42: 

53.429 

53.435 

.4 

53.441 

.-,:;,HT 

53.453 

53.459   63.465 

53.471 

53.477 

53  4< 

53.489 

53  495 

.6 

53.501 

5:5.507 

53.513 

53.519    53.525 

53  531 

5:5.537 

53.543 

53.549 

53  555 

.6 

53..i61 

53.567 

53573 

53.579    53.5*b 

5.'i  59L 

5.3.5:ix 

53.004 

53.610 

53.616 

.7 

53  6-21 

5:;!o27 

53.6.33 

53.639    53.645 

5.'!  651 

53.657 

53  663 

5:i.66!i 

5:5.675 

.8 

53.681 

53.6X7 

53,69: 

53699   53705 

53  711 

53.717 

5M.72:: 

53  729 

B878S 

.9 

5  '.74!    53.747 

53.753 

53.7  9   53.765 

53771 

53.777 

53.78 

53.789  53.795 

303 


VELOCITIES,  IN  FEET  PER  SECOND,  DUE   TO   HEADS  FROM  45  TO 
49.99   FEET. 


54!>4 


55.508 


55.56(1 

55.023 


f,f,.7'.i7 
5-.S5-1 

55.91V 


r,ti.iiL>7 
56.084 


5(i.3:0 

50.127 
5o.-i.-4 


51.040 
51.105 
54.  KM 

54.224 

5i.2>3 
54.342 

54.402 
54.401 

54.520 

5 1.5:9 


54.755 
54.S14 

5i>72 
54.931 

54.990 


55.105 

55.223 

55.2S1 

55.339 
55 :  97 
55.45." 
55.5U- 

55571 

55.029 
.v.  0-7 
55.745 
55  802 

55.  SI  ill 

5591* 

.-.-,.97.-, 


06.400 


56598    56604 
56.655    56.6CO 


53.813 
58  873 

53.93:; 
53.992 

51.0/2 
54.111 
54.170 
54.230 

54'.348 

E4.40: 

54.  ir,' 


5-1  043 

54.70: 
54.76 

51.S2: 


54.M37 


55.229 


5.-..7.-0 

55.808 


56.210 

56-_'i;7 


.v;.  4:  :n 
50.in.-> 
56.W2 
56.6M9 


53  879 

531)98 
54.05 
5411 

54.170 
54.130 
54. '.95 

54351 


54.943 


65.118 


. 

55.519    55.5-25 


55.75; 
55.S14 

55.872 
:  5.929 
55.987 
50.044 
56.101 

56.159 


50.330 
5  '.4 14 


53.825 


64.419 


54.714 

54. 


-5.2H9 


55.5S9 
55.647 
55.704 


55  i  '.).' 
50.050 
50.107 


50.279 
50.330 
56.393 
S6.450 


53.831 
5 '.89 1 


51.129 


.  - 
51.307 


51.7-n 
M.779 


55.130 


55.51)5 
55.662 

55.710 


53.887 

i3.897 

5:;. 951, 

54.0 

54.H75 

54.135 

54.194 

.-4.254 

54.31:; 
54.3; 2 


53.F43J 

58.9113 
53.902 


54.319 

54.H7S 


53.849  53.855 
63  90!)  53  915 
58.9  8  53.974 
54.028  54.034 
54.087  £4.093 
54.147  54.153 
5l.2d6  54.212 
54.2«5  54271 
54  325  54.:-'31 
54.384!  54.390 


54.43!  54.437!  54.443;  54  449 

54.490  54496 

54.549  54.856]  64.561 

54.008  C4.fI4l 

546071  54.67o 


54  726 

54.784 


55.762   55.768 
55.820 

55.J- 


54.843  54.849 
54.902]  54.9C8 
54.960  54.966 


54.620  54.626 
54.679  54.685 
54.7321  54  737  54  ' 
54.790   64.796  54>02 


55.019 

55.077 
55.136 
55.194 

55252 
55.310 
553CS 
55  IL'i; 
55.1-4 
55.542 

55.600 


55  s;i 


£4.856  54.861 
54.913  54.919 
54.97* 


55.025 
55.083;  55.18!) 
55.141  55.147 
55200  55206 
55  258  55.264 
f5.316  "  ""' 


r,5.374 
55.432 


55  006 
55.664 

55  722 
55.779 
55*37 


55.941 

{5.998    56.0041 

56.055    KCACl! 

50.113 


56.170 

50.227 
5r,  2-4 
50.342 

5i;.:;99 
56.456 
§6.513 


55.946  [  55.952 
56.C09 

56.061    56.067 
56.118    56.124 


56170  56.181 

66.283)  56.239 

56290  5f,.296 

56.347  56.353 

56.4P4  664(0 

56.461:  56.467 

56.51 8 1  56.524 

56.575  56581 


54.  -< 
54.f,67 


55.438  55.441 
55.496  55.502 
55.554  55.560 

55.612  55.618 
55.670  55.675 

55  7^7  55.738 
56.785  55.791 
55.843  55  F48 
55.9(0  55906 
55.958  55.96-1 
56.016  56.021 
56.073  (6.<'7» 
56.130  56.136 

56  187  56.193 
56.244  56.250 
56.302  56307 
56.359 '56.364 
66.416!  66  421 
£6473  56478 
56.530:56.535 


56.643  56. C49 
56. 694 :  56.700  56.706 


304 
Swain  Turbine  Co.  Tables. 


h 

i 

& 

* 

. 

1 

SrH 

1 

|a 

ft 

1 

OJPH 

£  o 

|3 

g 

I* 

i» 

Is 

i 

c 

3 

|w 

ll 

1 

s 

+*  a 

il 

*l 

fa 
.5 

•O 

If 

Is 

CM 

is 

12 

•o 

1 

P 

Is 

J-  <8 
I 

11 

« 

.2 

•3 

00 

3 

s 

TO  3 

s 

> 

0 

g 

"I 

S 

> 

o 

a 

<»  Q. 

01 

8.02 

8.8186 

1.0995 

158.3280 

51 

57.27 

.1729 

.003019 

.4347 

11.34 

4.4093 

.3888 

55.9872 

52 

67.84 

.1695 

.002930 

.4219 

13.89 

2.9395 

.2110 

30.4704 

53 

58.39 

.1003 

.002848 

.4101 

16.04 

2.2046 

.1374 

19.7856 

54 

58.93 

.1033 

.002771 

.3990 

17.92 

1.7637 

.0984 

14.1690 

55 

59.48 

.1003 

.002095 

.3880 

19.65 

1.4697 

.0747 

10.7568 

5( 

60.01 

.1574 

.002622 

.3775 

21.22 

1.2598 

.0593 

8.5392 

57 

60.56 

.1547 

.002554 

.3677 

22.68 

1.1023 

.0486 

6.9884 

58 

61.08 

.1520 

.002488 

.3582 

9 

24.06 

.9798 

.0407 

5.8608 

59 

61.61 

.1494 

.002424 

.3490 

10 

25.30 

.8818 

.0347 

4.9968 

60 

62.12 

.1469 

.002364 

.3404 

11 

26  60 

.8016 

.0301 

4.3344 

61 

62.71 

.1445 

.002304 

.3317 

12 

27-78 

.7348 

.0264 

3.8016 

62 

63.15 

.1422 

.002251 

.3241 

13 

28.92 

.6783 

.0234 

3.3696 

63 

63.66 

.1399 

.002197 

.3163 

14 

80.01 

.6299 

.0209 

3.0096 

64 

64.16 

.1377 

.002146 

.3090 

15 

31.06 

.6879 

.0189 

2.7216 

05 

64.66 

.1356 

.002097 

.3019 

10 

32.08 

.6511 

.0171 

2.4624 

66 

65.16 

.1336 

.002050 

.2952 

17 

33.07 

.5187 

.0156 

2.2404 

67 

65.65 

.1316 

.002004 

.2885 

18 

34.03 

.4899 

.0143 

2.0592 

68 

66.14 

.1296 

.001959 

.2820 

19 

34.96 

.4641 

.0132 

.9008 

09 

66.62 

.1278 

.001918 

.2761 

20 

85.87 

.4409 

.0122 

.7568 

70 

67.11 

.1259 

.001876 

.2701 

21 

36.75 

.4199 

.0114 

.6416 

71 

67.58 

.1242 

.001837 

.2645 

22 

87.61 

.4008 

.0106 

.5204 

72 

68.06 

.1224 

.001798 

.2589 

23 

38.46 

.3834 

.0099 

.4256 

73 

68.53 

.1208 

.001762 

.2537 

24 

39.29 

.3674 

.0093 

.33C2 

74 

69.00 

.1191 

.001726 

.2485 

25 

40.10 

.3627 

.0087 

.2528 

75 

69.46 

.1175 

.001691 

.2435 

26 

40.89 

.3391 

.0082 

.1808 

1C, 

69.92 

.1160 

.001059 

.2388 

27 

41.67 

.3266 

.0078 

.1232 

77 

70.38 

.1145 

.001026 

.2341 

28 

42  44 

.3149 

.0074 

.0056 

78 

70.84 

.1130 

.001595 

.2296 

29 

43.19 

.3040 

.0070 

1.0080 

79 

71.29 

.1116 

.001505 

.2253 

30 

43.93 

.2939 

.0066 

.9504 

80 

71.74 

.1102 

.001536 

.2211 

31 

44.65 

.2844 

.00636 

.9158 

81 

72.19 

.1088 

.001507 

.2170 

33 

45.37 

.2755 

.00607 

.8740 

82 

72.63 

.1075 

.001480 

.2131 

33 

46.07 

.2672 

.00579 

.8337 

&{ 

73.07 

.1062 

.001453 

.2092 

34 

40.77 

.2593 

.00554 

.7977 

81 

73.51 

.1049 

.001425 

.2052 

35 

47.45 

.2519 

.00530 

.7632 

85 

73.95 

.1037 

.001402 

.2018 

30 

48.12 

.2449 

.00509 

.7329 

81! 

74.38 

.1025 

.001379 

.1985 

37 

48.78 

.2383 

.00488 

.7027 

87 

74.81 

.1013 

.001354 

.1949 

38 

49.44 

.2320 

.00469 

.6753 

88 

75.24 

.1002 

.001331 

.1916 

39- 

60.09 

.2261 

.00451 

.6494 

80 

75.67 

.0990 

.001308 

.1883 

40 

60.72 

.2204 

.00434 

.6249 

90 

76.09 

.0979 

.001286 

.1851 

41 

51.35 

.2150 

.00418 

.6019 

n 

76.51 

.0969 

.001266 

.1823 

42 

61.98 

.2099 

.00403 

.5803 

92 

76.93 

.0958 

.001245 

.1792 

43 

62.59 

.2050 

.00389 

*  .5001 

93 

77.35 

.0948 

.001225 

.1764 

44 

63.20 

.2004 

.00376 

.5414 

N 

77.76 

.0938 

.001206 

.1736 

45 

63.80 

.1959 

.00364 

.5241 

BO 

78.18 

.0928 

.001188 

.1710 

46 

64.40 

.1917 

00352 

.5068 

96 

78.59 

.0918 

.001108 

.1681 

47 

64.99 

.1876 

.00341 

.4910 

97 

79.00 

.0909 

.001150 

.1656 

48 

66.57 

.1837 

.00330 

.4762 

98 

79.40 

.0899 

.001132 

.1630 

49 

66.14 

.1709 

.00320 

.4608 

99 

79.81 

.0890 

.001116 

.1606 

50 

06.711 

.1763< 

.00310 

.4470 

100 

80.22 

.0881 

.001098 

.1681 

305 


80.61 
81.01 
81.40 
81.80 
82.19 


83.35 
83.74 
84.12 
84.50 
84.88 
85.26 
85.64 
86.01 
86.39 
86.76 
87.13 
87.50 
87.86 
88.23 
88.59 
88.95 
89.31 
89.67 
90.03 
90.39 
90.74 
91.10 
91.45 
91.80 
92.15 
92.50 
92.85 
93.19 
93.64 
93.88 
94.?,2 

94..  9( 

Wji  58 

•96.91 

96.25 

96.68 

96.92 

97.25 

97. 

97.91 

96.281 


.0816 
.0809 
.0801 
.0794 
.0787 
.0780 
.0773 
.0766 
.0760 
.0753 
.0747 
.0741 
.0734 
.0728 
,0722 
.0716 
.0711 
.0705 


.0678 
.0673 
.0668 
.OG63 
.OOfiS 
.0653 
.0648 
.0643 
.0639 
.0634 


.0616 
.0612 
.0608 
•0604 
.0599 
.0595 
.0591 


.001051 
.001035 


.001006 

.oooga? 

.000979 


.000927 
.000914 


.000890 
.000879 
.000867 
.000857 
.000*18 


.OC0814 
.000804 
^000796 
•000786 
.000776 
.000767 
.000758 
.000749 
.0007413 
•0007331 
.0007249 
.0007167 
.0007086 
.0007007 


.0006849 
.0006780 
.0006704 
.0006626 


.0006497 


.0006159 
.0006097 


3   It 


.1558 
.1535 
.1613 
.1490 
.1468 
.1448 
.1429 
.1409 
.1801 
.1370 
.1852 
.1334 
.1316 


.1248 
.1234 
.1221 
.1202 
.1188 
.1172 
.1157 
.1146 
.1131 
.1117 
.1104 
.1091 
.1078 
.10674 
.10556 
.10438 
.10320 


.09973 
.09862 
.09763 
.09653 
.09541 
.09449 


.09155 
.09064 
.08972 
.08808 
.08779 
.08691 
.08604 


99.21 
99.54 
155 
156  100.18 
167  100.50 


98.56 


159  101.14 

160  101.46 

161  101.77 

162  102.09 

163  102.40 
102.72 

165  103.03 

166  103.34 

167  103.65 

168  103.96 

169  104.27 

170  104.58 


104.  i 
105.19 


173  105.50 
105.80 


176  106.41 


106.71 
107.01 
107.31 
107.61 
107.91 
108.21 
108.50 
108.80 
109.10 
109.39 
109.68 


188  109  98 

189  110.27 

190  110.56 

191  110.85 

192  111.1 

193  111.43 


112.01 
112.29 


112.58 

198  112.86 

199  113.15 
200l  113.43 


.0584 
.0580 
.0576 
.0572 
.0568 
0565 
.0561 
.0558 
.0554 
.0551 
.0547 
.0544 
.0541 
.0537 
.0534 
.0531 
.0528 
.0524 
.0521 
.0518 
.0515 
.0512 
.0509 
.0506 
.0503 
.0501 
.04981 
.0495 
.0492 
.0489 
.0487 
.0484 
.0481 
.0479 
.0476 

.'0471 
.0469 
.0466 
•0464 
.0461 
.0459 
.0456 
.0454 
.0452 
.0449 
.044' 
.0445 
.0443 


.0005746 
.0005G87 
.0005640 
.0005582 
.0005534 
.0005477 
.0005430 
.0005374 


.0005227 
.0005182 
.0005138 

.0005094 
.0005040 
.0004996 
.0004953 
.0004911 
.0004867 
.0004824 
.0004782 
.0004740 
.0004708 
.0004666 
.0004625 
.0004584 
.0004544 
.0004513 
.0004472 
.0004433 
.0004402 
.0004362 
.0004332 
.0004294 
.00042G4 
.0004225 
.0004196 
.0004158 
.0004129 
.0004092 
.0004063 
.0004035 
.0003998 
.0003970 
.0003942 
.0003915 
.000887J 


5 

li 


.08274 
.08189 
.08121 


.07886 
.07819 
.07738 
.07672 
.07307 
.07526 
.07462 
.07398 
.07336 
.07257 
.07194 
.07132 
.07071 
.07008 


.06779 
.06719 


.06183 
.06140 


.05850 
.05810 
.05757 
.05716 
.06678 
.06637 
.05588 


306 


113.72 
114.00 
114.28 
114.56 
114.84 
115.12 
115.40 
115.68 
115.96 
116.23 
116.51 
116.79 
117.06 
117.34 
117.C1 
117.88 
118.15 
118.43 
118.70 
118.97 
119.24 
119.51 
119.78 
120.05 
120.31 
120.58 
120.85 
121.11 
121.38 
121.64 
121.91 
122.17 
122.43 
122.70 


123.43 
123.74 
124.00 
124.26 
124.52 
124.78 
125.03 
125.29 


125.80 
126.00 


126.57 
126.81 


.000385161 


.0438 
.0436 
.0434 
.0432 
.0430 
.0428 
.0426 
.0423 
.0421 
.0419 
.0417 
.0415 
.0413 
.0412  .00035111 


.0410 

.0408 
.0406 
.0404 
.0402 
.0400 


.0393 
.0391 
.0390 


.0378 
.0376 
.0375 
.0373 
.0372 
.0370 


.0365 
.0364 


.0355 
.0354 


.00037976 
.00037709 
.00037443 
.00037178 
.00030915 
.00036566 
.00036305 


.00035790 
.00035533 


.00034852 
.00034611 


.00033461 

.00033218 


.  00032736 
.00032499 
.000:i2343 
.00032105 
.00031871 
.00031710 
.00031486 
.00031252 
.00031104 
.00030874 
.00030643 


.00030271 
.00030126 
.00029901 
.00029677 
.00029534 
.00029312 
.00029171 
.00028953 
.00028813 
.00028594 


.00028319 
.00028105 
.00027968 
.00037811 


.065461 
.055072 


.054300 
.053917 
.053536 
.053157 


.052279 
.051910 
.051537 
.051167 
.050804 
.050559 
.050186 


.049482 
.049121 
.048767 
.048414 


.047833 
.047486 
.047139 


.040573 
.046231 
.045894 
.045662 
.045339 
.045002 
.044789 
.044458 
.044125 
.043915 
.043590 
.043381 


.042734 
.042528 


.042006 


.041490 
.041175 
.040978 
.040779 
.040471 
.040273 
040047 


267 


270 


800 


127.33 

12' 

12; 

128.08 

128.33 

128.58 

128.83 

129.08 

129.33 

J29.58 


J30.57 
130.82 


131.31 
131.65 


133.98 
134.22 
134.46 
134.09 
134.93 
135.17 
135.41 
135.65 
135.88 
136.12 
136.36 


136.8 

137.06 

137.30 

137.53 

137.76 

138.00 

138.23 

138.46 

138.69 

188.98 


.03513 
.03499 
.03485 
.03471 
.03458 
.03444 
.03431 
.03418 
.03404 
.03391 
.03378 
.03365 
.03353 
.03340 
.03327 
.03315 
.03302 
.03290 
.03278 
.03U66 
.03254 
.03242 
.0.3230 
.03218 
.03206 
.03H<5 
.03183 
.03172 
.03160 
.03149 
.03138 
.0312' 
.03116| 
.03106 
.03094 
.03083 
.03072 
.0306? 
.03051 
.03040 


.0300S 


.02979 
.029G9 
.02969 
.02949 
.029391 


« 

lo 


.00027644 

.00027478 
.00027316 
.00027153 


.00026531 
.00026371 
.00026219 
.00026061 
.00025918 
.00025776 
.00025629 
.00025480 
.00025340 
.00025194 
.00025055 
.00024918 
.00024778 
.00021644 
.00024508 
.0002437 
.0002423 
.00024103 
.00023077 
.00023822 
.00023717 


.00023093 
.0002397? 


.MXB2727 


.00022374 
.00022257 
.0002-2144 
.0002-2034 
.00021908 
.00021807 


.00021478 
.00021370 
.00021263 
.00021164 


.039335 
.036100 


.037974 
.037756 
.037527 
.037321 
.037117 


.033963 


.031728 
.031547 
.031402 
.031243 

.03, '.083 
.030016 
.03077* 
.080618 
03046.' 


307 


1 

139.1 


139.65 

139.85 

140.08 

140.3: 

140.64 

140.77 

141. OC 

141.22 

141.46 

141.68 

141. 

142.13 

142.36 

142.58 

142.81 

143.03 

143.26 

143.48 

143.71 

143.93 

144.15 

144.38 

144.60 

144.82 

145.04 

145.27 

145.49 

145.71 

145.93 

146.15 

146.37 

140.69 

140.81 

147.03 

147.25 

147.46 

147.68 

147.90 

148.12 

148.33 

148.55 

148.77 

148.98 

149.20 

149.41 

149.63 

149.85 

160.06 


.02929 
.029200 
.029104 
,0291)08 


K 


ll 

03  51 


851 

.  352 
353 

'354 
355 
356 
35' 
358 
359 


302 


L 
i? 

18 


.00010711 

.00016646 

.00016570 

.00016506 

.00010436 

.00010307 

.00016299 

.00016231 

.00016162 

.00016095 

.00016028 

.00015962 

.00015896 

.00015830 

.00015766 

.00015701 

.00015637 

.00015573 

.00015510 

.0001544 

.00015385 

.00015323 

.00015201 

.00015200 

.00015139 

.00015079 

.00015019 

.00014959 

.00014901 

.00014841 

.00014783 

.00014725 

.00014068 

.00014610 

.00014553 

.00014497 

.00014441 

.00014385 

.00014329 

.00014274 

.00014220 

. 000 J 4106 

.00014111 

.00014058 

.00014004 

.00013951 

.00013898 

.00013846 

.00013794 

.000137421 


.0002104 
.00020948 
,00020845 
.00020742 


.030307 


,00020539 

,00020439 
,00020338 


.02844 
.028355 


.027995 
.027907 
.0278K 
.027731 
.027644 
,027558 
.027472 
.027387 
.027302 
.027217 
,027134 
.027050 


.00020143 
.00020046 
.00019949 
.00019854 
.00019759 
.00019665 
.00019572 
.00019479 
.00019388 
.00019296 
.00019200 
.00019109 
.00019027 
.00018939 
.0001*850 
.00018704 
.00018678 


,026723 

,026642 
,026562 


00018507 
00018423 
00018339 
00018256 
00018174 


.026090 


.025937 
.025861 
.025781 
.025710 
.025635 
.025561 
.025487 
.025413 
.025340 
.025268 


,00018011 
.00017931 
,00017843 
.00017771 
,00017092 
00017014 
,00017536 
00017459 
00017383 
,00017307 
00017231 
00017157 
00017082 
00017008 


.030016 
.029858 
.020721 
.029576 


.029286 


.028317 


.027918 
.027786 
.027050 
.027516 
.027398 
.027272 
.027144 
.027020 


,026529 
.026408 


026170 
.026052 


,025820 
,025093 
,025590 
025470 


025251 
,025140 


024812 
024706 
024598 


150. 5 

150.49 

150.71 

150.9 

151.13 

151.34 

151.55 

151.76 

151.98 

152.19 

152. 40 

152.61 


152.82 
364|  153.03 

365  153.24 

366  153.45 


882 


163.66 
153.87 
154.08 


154.70 
154.91 
155.12 


155.74 


150.31 
156.56 
156.7 


156.9 
384   157.18 

157- 
386   157.59 

157.79 
388  157.99 


390  158.40 


391 


158.60 


392  158.81 

393  159.01 

394  159.21 
159.41 

390  159.62 


00010862  .024281 
00010790  .024177 


160.02 
160.22 
400  100.42 


.025052 
.024981 
.024911 

.024841 
.024771 
.024702 
.024033 
.024564 
.024496 
.024428 


.024226 
.024100 
.024094 
.024028 
.023963 
.023898 
.023834 
.023709 
.023705 
.023042 
.023579 
.023516 
.023453 
.023391 

.023268 
.023206 
.023145 


.023025 


.022840 
.02278' 
.022728 


.022554 
.022496 
.022439 
.022382 
,022325 
,022209 
,022213 
,022157 
022101 
,022046 


.022795 
.022703 


.022334 
.022243 
.022154 
.022065 
.021976 
.021888 
.021800 
.021713 
.021027 
.021540 
.021467 
.021371 
.021287 
.021204 
.021121 


.020795 
.020714 


.020319 
.020243 
.020165 
.020088 
.020013 
.019938 
.019863 
.019788 


308 


160.62 


161.62 
161.82 
162.02 
162.21 
102.41 
162.61 


163.01 
163.20 
163.40 
163.60 
163.79 
163.99 
164.19 
164.38 
164.58 


165.16 
165.36 
165.55 
165.75 
165.94 


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167.2!) 


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309 


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Diam. 
in 

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Circ'm 
in 
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Area  in 
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Ciic'tn. 
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Area  in 
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3  83 

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10.922 

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26.725 

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26.916 

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Diam. 

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in 
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Area  in 
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Area  in 
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in 
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313 


314 


315 


316 


HOLYOKE 
Hydrodynamic  Experiments, 


To  make  the  matter  generally  understood,  the  following  notice 
is  here  republished  : 

HOLYOKE   WATEK   POWER   COMPANY, 

Holyoke,  Mass.,  April  1O,  1879. 

NOTICE  TO  TURBINE  BUILDERS  AND  MANUFACTURERS. 

The  practice  of  testing  turbines,  so  common  the  past  ten  years,  has  undoubt- 
edly done  much  towards  bringing  the  best  into  use;  but  there  has  been  one 
serious  defect  in  the  system ;  that  is,  the  practice  has  generally  been  confined  to 
the  trial  of  small  wheels,  owing  to  the  great  expense  that  would  be  caused  by  the 
tests  of  large  sizes.  As  it  is  a  matter  of  vast  importance  that  the  best  turbine 
plans  should  be  established  beyond  chance  for  doubt,  this  Company  lias  provided 
means  for  a  thorough  competitive  test  of  the  various  kinds  of  turbines  that  may 
be  offered  for  trial,  and  invite  Water  Power  Companies,  cities  that  pump  their 
water  supply,  and  all  others  interested  in  the  matter,  to  take  part  therein. 
Each  builder  shall  superintend  the  setting  of  his  wheel — the  setting  and  testing 
to  be  done  at  the  expense  of  the  Water  Power  Company.  *C'apacity  of  each 
wheel  to  be  sufficient  to  discharge  about  5000  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute, 
under  18  feet  head.  Each  wheel  will  be  thoroughly  tested  from  half  to  whole 
gate,  and,  if  deemed  best,  under  at  least  two  different  heads;  also  under  several 
feet  of  back  water.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  trial,  a  full  report  will  be  made  of 
the  results  obtained  and  of  the  workmanship,  and  probable  durability  of  each 
kind  of  wheel  tried.  Turbine  builders  of  this  or  any  other  country  are  invited 
to  furnish  wheels,  and  those  proposing  to  do  so  should  give  notice  of  such 
intention  as  soon  as  possible. 

Tests  to  commence  the  first  day  of  September  next. 

HOLYOKE,  MASS.,  June  2, 1879. 

*Builders  who  have  not  got  patterns  for  wheels  of  so  large  capacity  may 
enter  their  largest  size,  but  it  is  better  that  all  should  discharge  about  the  same 
quantity. 


317 


The  parties  here  named  have  either  entered  wheels  for  the  trial  or  have  made 
application  for  information  as  to  conditions  to  be  observed,  &c. 

Swain  Turbine  Co.,  Lowell,  Mass. 
Houston  Turbine, 

Fales  &  Jenks.Pawtucket,  R.  I. 
Wolf,  Allentown,  Pa. 
Victor,  Stilwell  &  Bierce  M'fg  Co., 


Dayton,  Ohio. 
Hercules,  Holyoke  Machine  Co., 

Holyoke",  Mass. 
Henry  Vandewater  &  Co., 

Auburn,  N.  Y. 
Willis  Reed,  Danbury,  Ct. 
E.  Dodge,  Spencer,  N.  Y. 
Edward  Wernple,  Fultonville,  N.  Y. 
Joseph  Hough,  Mechanics  VaHey,  Pa. 


Humphrey  Machine  Co.,  Keene,  N.  H. 
S.  Sleeper,  Mt.  Morris,  N.  Y. 
Kuowltou  &  Dolau,  Logansport,  Ind. 
National,  Bristol,  Conn. 
Little  Giant,  Auburn,  N.  Y. 
T.  H.  Risdon,  Mt.  Holly,  N.J. 
Rodney  Hunt  Machine  Co., 

Orange,  Mass. 

W.  D.  King  &  Co.,  Pontiac,  Mich. 
N.  F.  Buniham,  York,  Pa. 
Wm.  F.  Perry,  Bridgeton,  Maine. 
Goldie,  Mt-Culloch  I  Co.. 

Gait,  Canada. 
Gates  Curtis,  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 


As  is  often  the  case  in  such  trials,  few  of  those  desirous  of  taking 
advantage  of  the  Company's  offer  were  ready  at  the  time  named,  and, 
a,s  the  notice  did  not  state  any  time  for  closing,  builders  have  been 
tardy  in  sending  their  wheels.  The  ordinary  work  of  the  testing 
flume  has  been  continued  during  the  time,  so  that  the  wheels  re- 
ported are  only  about  one-half  the  number  tested;  and  any  one 
acquainted  with  the  matter  will  see  that  there  has  been  no  unneces- 
sary delay  in  making  the  report. 

The  experiments  were  announced  as  competitive,  meaning,  in 
general  utility,  economy  in  the  use  of  water,  convenience,  cost  and 
durability. 

Large  turbines  were  called  for,  that  their  discharge  might  be 
greater  than  could  be  measured  in  the  testing  flume  of  any  turbine 
builder,  but  this  was  not  insisted  upon,  as,  to  have  done  so,  would 
have  limited  the  competition  to  a  few  old  builders  with  full  sets  of 
patterns,  whose  wheels  have  often  been  tested  and  reported.  Ex- 
perience has  not  yet  produced  any  fact  that  even  hints  that  any 
particular  size  of  turbine,  small  or  large,  can  be  made  to  produce 
higher  results  than  any  other  size  of  the  same  make.  Consequently, 
builders  were  allowed  to  send  wheels  the  most  convenient  in  size 
for  themselves,  and  it  is  not  known  that  any  one  of  experience 
furnished  a  wheel  with  the  expectation  that  it  would  give  the  highest 
possible  results,  but  that  its  general  merits  should  commend  it  to 
the  public,  and  that  the  value  of  any  peculiarity  in  its  construction 
should  be  determined. 

Competitive  turbine  tests,  in  the  common  meaning  of  the  term, 
have  been  useful  in  the  past,  as  they  have  enabled  those  interested 
in  such  matters  to  decide  upon  the  most  desirable  plans.  At  the 
present  time,  however,  such  tests  can  have  no  public  value,  because 
each  turbine  tested  only  represents  itself  in  efficiency.  Another  of 


318 


the  same  size  and  make  might  and  probably  would  give  quite  dif- 
ferent results,  so  that  should  each  competitor  have  a  second,  third 
or  a  tenth  wheel  tried,  his  standing  would  be  likely  to  change  with 
each  wheel  tested.  The  Fourneyron,  Boyden,  Birkinbine  and 
Centennial  tests  all  prove  this  fact,  as  they  also  prove  that  the 
builders  who  have  furnished  the  turbines  that  have  given  the  highest 
efficiency  reported,  have  only  had  a  brief  popularity,  as  manufact- 
urers have  found  other  turbines  more  desirable  for  business  ;  and 
it  will  be  evident  from  the  results  obtained  in  these  experiments, 
that  builders  have  taken  this  fact  into  consideration  and  have  gen- 
erally tried  to  produce  turbines  economical  at  any  stage  of  gate 
opening,  rather  than  to  gain  the  highest  possible  efficiency  at  whole 
gate,  where,  in  practical  use,  it  is  rarely  used.  And  in  this  there 
has  been  a  decided  gain,  as  there  has  also  in  an  increased  capac- 
ity for  a  given  diameter  of  wheel,  noticeable  in  the  Rechard  as  well 
as  the  Hercules  and  New  American. 

In  considering  the  comparative  merits  of  the  wheels  here 
reported,  it  should  be  understood  that  previous  to  1876  turbines  of 
any  make  for  a  given  diameter  generally  gave  about  the  same 
power.  There  were  builders  who  believed  in  some  mysterious 
power  in  leverage,  who  constructed  wheels  with  extended  diameter 
and  proportionally  small  discharge,  but  these  were  exceptional ; 
the  rule  held  good,  and  it  will  be  necessary  to  take  this  fact  into 
consideration  to  realize  the  improvements  in  turbines  during  the 
past  four  or  five  years. 

Turbine  builders  were  requested  to  furnish  draft  tubes  of  different 
sizes  with  their  wheels,  that  the  efficiency  of  such  tubes  might  be 
determined ;  and  that  the  loss  in  transmission  through  belts  and 
gears  might  also  be  ascertained,  several  well  known  gear-making 
firms  were  requested  to  furnish  gears  for  trial. 

The  experiments  have  been  conducted  upon  the  supposition  that 
their  purpose  was  to  ascertain  the  real  utility  of  the  various  devices 
tested  under  the  every-day  ordinary  conditions  to  which  such  plans 
are  subjected  in  practical  use,  rather  than  possibilities  in  exceptional 
cases  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances  ;  and  features  of  known 
interest  developed  are  recorded  in  connection  with  their  development. 
It  was  expected  that  the  experiments  would  require  much  time,  and 
as  they  were  made  in  the  public  testing  flume,  it  was  necessary  that 
each  should  be  conducted  as  expeditiously  as  accuracy  would  per- 
mit; consequently,  James  Emerson,  from  his  intimate  familiarity 
with  such  matters  and  experience  in  handling  wheels,  was  employed 


310 


to  see  that  each  turbine  was  set  in  a  manner  satisfactory  to  its 
builder,  and  to  have  a  general  supervision  over  the  work. 

Samuel  Webber,  Civil  Engineer  of  Manchester,  N.  H.,  known 
in  connection  with  the  Centennial  tests,  was  selected  to  assist  in 
making  the  experiments,  and  reports  herewith. 

Theo.  G.  Ellis,  Civil  Engineer  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  well  known 
through  his  published  works  and  long  employment  by  the  govern- 
ment in  river  and  harbor  improvements,  was  selected  by  the  turbine 
builders  to  see  that  the  experiments  were  skillfully  and  fairly  con- 
ducted, whose  report  is  appended. 

For  the  information  of  the  uninitiated,  it  is  proper  to  state  that  a 
turbine,  under  a  given  head,  does  its  best  at  a  certain  speed.  To 
find  this  point  it  is  necessary,  in  testing,  to  begin  with  a  light  weight, 
run  a  minute  or  more,  then  add  weight  and  repeat  until  the  best 
point  is  found ;  and  the  test  that  fixes  that  point  is  the  speed  at  which 
the  wheel  should  be  geared  to  work,  and  the  efficiency  at  that  point 
is  the  efficiency  of  the  wheel.  The  average  efficiency  from  a  part 
to  whole  gate  means  when  the  wheel  is  running  at  that  speed  at 
any  stage  of  gate  opening,  and  the  efficiency  at  other  speeds  is 
to  be  considered  only  so  far  as  it  shows  the  loss  that  will  occur 
through  gearing  above  or  below  the  proper  point. 

The  tests  are  supposed  to  be  correct  and  complete  in  each  case 
as  given,  but  for  the  information  of  students  or  others  wishing  to 
work  out  the  data  for  themselves,  the  following  is  given  in  explana- 
tion of  the  statement  at  the  head  of  each  test :  multiply  revolutions 
by  10,  20,  &c.  It  must  be  understood  that  during  each  test  the 
scale  beam  is  attached  to  the  brake  at  a  point  which,  if  revolv- 
ing, would  describe  a  circle  of  10,  15  or  20  feet  in  circumference. 
Consequently,  the  revolutions  must  be  multiplied  by  the  number 
given,  as  for  example  :  Of  the  first  New  American  wheel  tested — 
rev.  per  minute,  207.5;  weight,  675.  207.5X15=3112.5X675= 
2100937.5-5-33000=63.66  h.  p. 

To  make  this  report  really  useful,  it  is  issued  in  size  convenient 
for  the  pocket. 

WM.  A.  CHASE,  AGENT. 


320 


ENGINEERS'  REPORTS. 


REPORT  OF  THEO.  G.  ELLIS. 

HARTFORD,  CONN.,  September  13,  1880. 
WILLIAM  A.  CHASE,  ESQ., 

Agent  of  the  Holyoke   Water  Power  Co. 

SIR  :  Having  been  requested  to  take  part  in  the  interesting 
experiments  upon  turbines  made  by  your  Company  in  October  and 
November,  1879,  at  the  Holyoke  testing  flume,  I  did  so  with  great 
reluctance  as,  owing  to  many  professional  engagements,  I  could  not 
give  so  much  time  to  the  subject  as  its  importance  seemed  to 
warrant,  and  could  not  possibly  be  at  Holyoke  at  all  times  during 
the  experiments.  I  finally,  however,  agreed  to  be  present  at  part, 
at  least,  of  the  tests  in  behalf  of  the  turbine  b'uilders,  to  see  that 
the  experiments  were  fairly  conducted  as  far  as  lay  in  my  power, 
and  to  make  such  observations  as  I  thought  best. 

It  was  understood  that  the  mechanical  work  of  setting  the  wheels 
and  making  the  experiments  was  to  be  superintended  by  James 
E*erson,  whose  previous  experience  in  the  testing  of  turbines  at 
the  same  locality  eminently  fitted  him  for  the  task.  The  flume  and 
apparatus  used  was  mostly,  if  not  entirely,  designed  and  con- 
structed by  him,  and  he  was  familiar  with  all  its  details  and 
capabilities.  Whatever  may  have  been  his  previous  published 
views,  it  is  believed  that  in  the  present  tests  all  the  turbines 
presented  for  trial  have  received  the  same  careful  attention  and 
trial.  In  some  cases  the  record  does  not  appear  to  show  as  full 
and  complete  a  trial  as  in  others,  but  there  was  always  some  good 
reason,  irrespective  of  any  prejudices  for  or  against  that  particular 
wheel,  for  the  apparent  limitation  of  the  trial. 

Mr.  Samuel  Webber,  civil  engineer,  of  Manchester,  N.  H.,  who 
had  superintended  the  Centennial  tests  of  turbines,  was  present 
during  the  whole  of  the  experiments,  and  I  availed  myself  of  an 
association  with  him  in  overlooking  the  experiments,  so  that  one  of 


321 

us  should  bo  present  at  every  trial,  and  thus  always  have  a  dis- 
interested party  to  record  the  readings  of  the  dynamometer  and 
gauges,  and  the  time  of  the  experiment,  to  serve  as  a  check  upon 
the  readings  recorded  by  Mr.  Emerson's  assistant  and  taken  by 
him.  Mr.  Webber  was  assisted  most  of  the  time  by  Mr.  Stockw«ll 
Bettes,  civil  engineer,  of  Springfield,  Mass.,  who  read  the  gauges 
and  otherwise  checked  the  readings  taken  and  recorded  by  Mr. 
Emerson. 

All  of  Mr.  Emerson's  readings,  and  such  of  Mr.  Webber's  as  he 
desired,  were  recorded'ln  a  book  kept  for  the  purpose.  These 
records  were  kept  and  all  the  computations  therefrom  were  made 
by  Miss  Charla  Adams,  who  for  a  long  time  has  been  familiar  with 
such  experiments  and  computations  as  an  assistant  of  Mr.  Emerson, 
and  who,  I  am  satisfied  from  a  personal  examination  of  her  work, 
has  performed  the  duty  in  a  careful,  accurate  and  thorough 
manner. 

Experiments  upon  the  following  wheels  were  all  witnessed  by 
Mr.  Webber,  and  part  of  them  by  myself: 

October  10,  1879,  Tyler  Wheel. 

"         11,  "  Thompson  Wheel. 

"         14,  "  New  American  Wheel. 

"         15,  "  "  Humming  Bird "  Wheel. 

"         16,  "  Success  Wheel. 

"         17,  "  Two  Tait  Wheels. 

"         18,  "  Repeated  Test  of  Tait  First  Wheel 

(buckets  chipped). 

"         18,  "  Sherwood  Wheel. 

"        21,  "  Nonesuch  Wheel. 

"         22,  "  Curtis  Wheel. 

"         28,  "  Pair  of  Curtis  Wheels  set  horizontally. 

November  11,  "  Hercules  Wheel. 

12,  "  Hercules  Wheel. 

"         13,  "  Houston  Wheel. 

14,  "  Wetmore  Wheel. 

15,  "  Monarch  Wheel. 

The  computed  volumes  of  discharge,  and  the  percentage  of 
efficiency  of  the  foregoing  wheels,  as  shown  in  your  Report,  the 
proof  of  which  has  been  submitted  to  me,  have  been  carefully  ex- 
amined with  a  view  to  determine  the  relative  value  of  the  wheels 
named,  and  their  respective  performances  under  the  different  con- 
ditions and  amounts  of  water  with  which  they  were  tested. 

In  the  testing  of  turbines,  it  has  been  the  practice  to  first  de- 
termine the  velocity  at  which  the  wheel  will  give  its  greatest  effect 


322 


when  using  all  the  water  that  will  run  through  it  with  the  gates  or 
entrance  apertures  open  to  their  full  extent,  or  at  "full  gate;  " 
then  to  diminish  the  quantity  of  water  to  three-quarters  and  one- 
half,  as  nearly  as  practicable,  and  to  estimate  the  power  of  the 
wheel  when  running  at  the  same  velocity.  The  experiments  at 
Holyoke  were  conducted  practically  in  this  manner.  The  best 
velocity  was  found  for  "  full  gate,"  and  then  the  amount  of  water 
was  diminished  gradually  in  successive  experiments  to  the  neigh- 
borhood of  half  the  quantity,  with  the  wheel  running  as  nearly  as 
might  be  at  the  same  speed. 

This  is  perhaps  the  best  way  to  make  such  tests,  everything  con- 
sidered. But  it  does  not  in  all  cases  give  the  exact  relative  value 
of  the  wheels.  Some  turbines  might  give  a  better  result  at  a 
different  velocity  when  using  a  less  amount  of  water,  and  make 
their  average,  say,  from  half  to  full  gate  better  than  by  the  former 
method.  The  difficulty,  however,  of  getting  at  the  exact  velocity 
at  which  any  turbine  would  give  its  best  results  when  using  differ- 
ent quantities  of  water,  is  too  great  to  warrant  such  determinations 
in  a  series  of  comparative  tests  such  as  were  made  at  Holyoke. 
The  same  method  must  be  established  for  all,  and  the  customary 
one  appears  to  be  the  fairest,  as  no  other  would  probably  be  agreed 
to  by  all  the  turbine  builders.  In  the  practical  use  of  turbines  for 
power,  it  is  rarely  the  case  that  a  wheel  is  put  in  of  the  exact  power 
required.  A  margin  must  be  left  for  an  excess  of  power  to  meet 
emergencies,  and  allowance  must  be  made  for  an  increase  of 
machinery,  so  that  a  larger  wheel  is  ordinarily  purchased  than 
would  just  suffice  to  meet  present  requirements.  For  this  reason, 
it  is  not  the  wheel  which  gives  the  highest  percentage  of  efficiency 
at  "full  gate"  that  is  really  the  best  wheel.  There  can  be  no 
point  fixed  at  which  any  wheels  should  be  compared,  but  it  is 
thought  that  perhaps  "three-quarters  gate"  is  about  the  average 
point  at  which  wheels  are  used,  and  their  comparative  efficiency  at 
from  one-half  to  their  full  power  sufficiently  represents  their  real 
value".  It  would  probably  be  a  better  comparative  test  of  wheels  to 
get  their  best  velocity  at  "three-quarters  gate"  and  run  them  with 
the  same  velocity  for  greater  and  less  quantities.  This  would  give 
the  real  value  of  the  wheel  better  than  the  present  practice,  but  it 
would  probably  not  be  generally  agreed  to.  In  using  the  terms 
"full  gate,"  "  half  gate,"  "  three-quarters  gate,"  etc.,  the  relative 
quantity  of  water  is  meant.  The  opening  of  the  wheel  gates  them- 
selves is  not  considered.  Their  construction  is  often  such  that 


323 


opening  or  closing  them  a  certain  proportion  does  not  affect  the 
quantity  of  water  in  the  same  manner.  It  not  unfrequently  happens 
that  a  slight  closing  of  the  gate  increases  the  quantity  of  water 
passing  through  them,  so  that  the  gates  themselves  are  deceptive 
and  are  no  criterion  of  the  amount  of  water  used.  The  gate  open- 
ing is  sometimes  used  to  deceive  the  uninitiated  in  the  circulars  of 
unscrupulous  turbine  builders,  calling  "  half  gate  "  perhaps  two- 
thirds  the  whole  quantity  of  water,  so  as  to  give  a  higher  percentage 
of  efficiency,  but  the  only  true  standard  of  comparison  is  the  actual 
amount  of  water  measured  as  it  leaves  the  wheel. 

The  experiments  upon  the  before-named  wheels  have  been  care- 
fully plotted  with  the  amounts  of  water  and  the  percentage  of 
efficiency  as  co-ordinates,  and  a  mean  curve  drawn  through  the 
points  for  each  wheel.  These  curves  have  been  all  reduced  to  a 
uniform  horizontal  scale  for  the  purpose  of  comparison,  so  as  to 
obtain  their  relative  efficiency  at  all  proportions  of  the  whole 
amount  of  water  from  half  to  full  gate.  The  curves  of  the  eight 
wheels  giving  the  highest  efficiency  are  shown  on  the  annexed  dia- 
gram. The  horizontal  scale  shows  the  parts  of  the  whole  quantity 
of  water  from  half  to  full  gate,  and  the  vertical  scale  shows  the  per- 
centage of  efficiency  at  all  points  corresponding  to  the  amount  of 
water  indicated. 

The  average  percentage  of  efficiency  for  these  eight  wheels  has 
been  computed  for  the  amount  of  water  from  half  to  three-quarters 
gate,  from  half  to  full  gate,  and  from  three-quarters  to  full  gate,  as 
shown  in  the  following  table  : 

TABLE  SHOWING  AVERAGE  PERCENTAGE  AT  PART  GATE. 


NAMK. 

I  toi 

Per  cent. 

i  to  full. 
Per  cent. 

i  to  full. 
Per  cent. 

Hercules,    

.737 

.805 

•771 

New  American, 

.732 

.  7i»:> 

•763 

.708 

.786 

.747 

Tyler,          

.665 

.760 

.715 

Tait 

680 

744 

712 

Thompson,           .... 

.696 

.721 

.709 

Nonesuch,            .... 

.619 

.712 

.666 

Houston,               .... 

.397 

.717 

.557 

325 


By  examining  the  diagram  and  the  foregoing  table,  the  peculiar- 
ities of  the  several  wheels  will  be  readily  seen.  It  will  be  observed 
that  the  Houston  turbine,  which  has  the  highest  percentage  of 
effect  at  full  gate,  is  really  the  least  efficient  at  from  half  to  three- 
quarters,  and  from  half  to  full  gate,  of  all  those  shown  on  the  dia- 
gram, and  is  only  superior  to  the  Nonesuch  at  from  three-quarters 
to  full  gate,  and  that  by  a  very  trifling  amount;  so  that  the  wheel 
which  apparently  has  the  highest  percentage  is  really  the  least  de- 
sirable for  actual  use.  The  Thompson  turbine,  which  has  the 
lowest  percentage  of. -those  shown,  at  full  gate,  rises  to  the  sixth 
place  at  from  one-half  to  full  gate,  and  to  the  fourth  place  at  from 
one-half  to  three-quarters  gate.  The  Tyler  turbine,  which  has  the 
second  highest  percentage  at  full  gate,  falls  to  the  sixth  place  at 
.  from  one-half  to  three-quarters  gate.  The  Hercules  turbine,  which 
stands  third  only  at  full  gate,  takes  the  first  rank  at  from  half  to 
full  gate,  or  any  of  its  subdivisions.  The  New  American  turbine, 
which  stands  only  fifth  in  the  percentage  at  full  gate,  is  second  only 
to  the  Hercules  at  from  one-half  to  full  gate  or  either  of  its  subdi- 
visions, and,  indeed,  differs  from  the  Hercules  very  slightly  in  its 
useful  effect  through  the  whole  range  shown. 

Taking  the  average  useful  effect  of  the  wheels  shown  from  one- 
half  to  full  gate  as  a  measure  of  their  efficiency,  their  relative  value 
is  in  the  order  shown  in  the  table. 

Among  the  turbines  tested  at  about  the  time  of  the  experiments 
upon  the  wheels  before  named,  were  two  very  remarkable  ones  on 
account  of  their  very  different  qualities  and  performance.  These 
were  the  Rechard,  a  statement  of  which  is  included  in  your  Report, 
and  the  Victor,  which  was  used  in  the  gear  experiments,  likewise 
attached  to  your  Report.  The  first-mentioned  has  a  percentage 
of  useful  effect  of  only  69  at  full  gate,  while  the  latter  has  a  per- 
centage of  92.  At  thirteen-sixteenths  of  full  gate,  the  percentage  of 
efficienc}-  becomes  reversed,  and  below  that  the  Rechard  is  oy  far 
the  most  effective  turbine.  From  one-half  to  full  gate  the  efficiency 
of  the  Rechard  is  second  only  to  the  Hercules,  while  for  the  same 
range  the  Victor  would  come  fourth  in  the  list. 

Neither  Mr.  Webber  nor  myself  witnessed  the  experiments  upon 
these  wheels,  but  they  are  mentioned  to  show  that  a  high  percent- 
age at  full  gate  is  often  deceptive  and  does  not  always  indicate  the 
best  wheel  for  practical  use. 

In  the  foregoing  Report,  with  the  exception  of  the  last  two  wheels, 
only  such  wheels  are  considered  as  were  tested  in  the  presence  of  Mr. 


326 

Webber  or  myself.  The  ri«t  appears  to  embrace  all  the  really  good 
wheels  presented,  and  gives  their  efficiency  as  we  saw  it.  Some  of 
these  wheels  show  a  little  higher  percentage  than  I  have  given  in 
some  of  the  other  experiments  in  your  Report,  particularly  the 
New  American,  but  I  have  thought  best  to  confine  myself  to  those 
experiments  that  were  witnessed  and  verified  by  the  attending 
engineers. 

With  the  sincere  hope  that  comparative  and  competitive  tests  of 
turbines  will  be  continued,  and  that  thereby  the  public  and  users 
of  power  will  know  more  fully  the  qualities  of  the  wheels  they  pur- 
chase, and  the  useful  effect  they  are  likely  to  derive  from  them, 

I  remain,  very  respectfully  yours, 

THEO.  G.  ELLIS,  CIVIL  ENGINEER. 


327 


REPORT   OF    SAM'L   WEBBER. 

WM.  A.  CHASE,  K$Q., 

Treasurer  Holyoke  Water  Power  Co. 

DEAR  SIR  :  I  was  requested  by  you  in  October,  1879,  to  come 
to  Holyoke  and  be  present  at  a  series  of  competitive  tests  ot  tur- 
bines, and  to  see  that  the  measurements  were  correctly  made,  and 
the  apparatus  in  perfect  order.  I  was,  accordingly,  present  the 
greater  part  of  the  time  from  October  9th  to  November  loth,  and 
witnessed  the  tests  of  the  following  wheels,  viz.  ; 

Oct.  9th  and  10th,     The  "  Tyler"  Wheel. 

llth,  "  "  Thompson"  Wheel. 
14th,  "  "New  American,"  being  a  wheel 
of  the  Swain  type  of  bucket, 
with  the  case  and  gates  for- 
merly used  for  the  "American 
Wheel." 

October  15th,    The  "  Humming  Bird  "  Wheel. 

16th,       "    "  Success  "  Wheel. 
17th,       "    "  Tait  Centennial,"  2  wheels. 
"  18th,       "  "  "         1st  wheel  repeated. 

"          "    "  Sherwood  "  Wheel. 
"  2ist,       "    "  Nonesuch "  Wheel,  from  Clark  & 

Chapman. 

22nd,       "    "  Gates  Curtis  "  Wheel. 
27th,        "  "     pair  of  wheels  on  draft  tube. 

Nov.  llth  and  12th,       "    "  Hercules  "  Wheel. 
"  13th,       "    "  Houston "  Wheel. 

14th,       "    "  Wetmore"  Wheel. 
15th,       "    "Monarch"  Wheel. 

During  all  these  tests,  I  verified  the  measurements  of  the  weir, 
the  revolutions  of  the  whejl,  the  head  of  water,  and  the  weight  on 
tlie  steelyard,  and  in  these  measurements  I  was  assisted  by  Mr. 
Stockwell  Bettes ;  and  from  the  data  so  obtained  I  have  made  up 
complete  calculations  of  the  results. 

1  have  examined  the  pr  jof  sheets  sent  me  by  Mr.  James  Emerson, 
of  his  report  and  calculations  of  these  tests,  and  have  no  hesitation 
in  accepting  them,  as  in  very  many  cases  we  agree  exactly,  while  in 


no  case  is  there  a  variation  of  over  1  percent.,  and  these  differences 
are  mainly  due  to  slight  differences  in  the  weir  readings,  as  taken 
by  Mr.  Emerson  and  Mr.  Bettes. 

I  was  also  present  during  a  portion  of  the  gear  and  belt  tests  in 
April,  1880,  and  can  certify  to  the  correctness  of  Mr.  Emerson's 
report  of  those  tests,  so  far  as  the  results  then  obtained  are  con- 
cerned. 

I  cannot,  however,  consider  these  tests  as  conclusive,  from  the 
fact  that  the  gears  were  entirely  new,  and  that  there  was  no  accu- 
rate method  of  regulating  the  proper  depth  to  which  the  gears 
should  be  put  in  contact — a  slight  change  in  such  depth  having 
shown  a  great  difference  in  the  net  power  attained. 

Neither  was  there  any  method  for  regulating  or  ascertaining  the 
the  tension  of  the  belts. 

Nor  should  I  be  satisfied  to  accept  the  result  obtained  from  the 
15-inch  Victor  wheel  as  conclusive  of  the  merits  of  wheels  of  that 
make,  as  from  various  tests  the  very  small  wheels  of  almost  all 
patterns  usually  give  a  higher  percentage  than  the  larger  ones. 

Yours  very  truly, 

SAM'L  WEBBER,  C.  E. 


REPORT  OF  JAMES  EMERSON. 

WILLIAM  A.  CHASE, .... 

Agent  Water  Power  Co.,  Holyoke,  Mass. 

SIR  :  Having,  in  connection  with  the  engineers  named,  completed 
the  series  of  turbine  and  dynamic  experiments  announced  by  your 
Company,  the  results  obtained  by  myself,  with  accompanying 
remarks,  are  here  submitted  for  your  consideration. 

In  presenting  this  report,  it  is  a  pleasure  to  recall  the  interest 
taken  in  the  experiments,  from  the  beginning  to  their  close,  by 
engineers  and  experts  in  such  matters.  There  was  hardly  a  trial 
of  any  kind  without  the  presence  of  such.  Mr.  Bettes  assisted 
almost  invariably;  James  M.  Sickman,  C.  E.  of  Holyoke,  often 
examined  the  arrangements;  Prof.  Norton,  of  the  Sheffield  Scien- 
tific School  of  New  Haven,  Ct.,  with  members  of  his  class,  spent  a 
day  in  witnessing  the  tests,  and,  later,  six  graduates  of  his  class 
assisted  in  testing  the  15-inch  Victor.  Prof.  Whittaker,  of  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  with  some  sixteen  members 
of  his  class,  not  only  witnessed  the  experiments,  but  had  charge  of 
the  apparatus  for  several  hours,  and  tested  the  33-inch  Hercules  for 
practice.  The  Principal  of  the  Holyoke  High  School,  with  a  large 
delegation  of  scholars,  both  male  and  female,  spent  some  hours  in 
witnessing  the  tests,  and  seemingly  with  much  pleasure.  There 
were  also  witnesses  from  very  distant  places,  and  some  that  one 
would  hardly  expect  would  feel  an  interest  in  such  matters,  but 
they  seemed  to  do  so. 

JAMES  EMERSON. 

WlLLIMANSKTT,     MASS.,   Aug.    1,   1880. 


Weniple  Wheel. 


Sent  by  Wm.   Wemple's  Son*,  FuUonvilte,  2f.  I 


1  discharge.     Inside  register  gate. 


nte.     Multiply  revolutions  1))'  10.     April  17, 1879. 


(Jiitc  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Jtev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

\Vhole  (!ate  

18.30 

30) 

000 

000 

"           "         

18.24 

150 

335.3 

15.24 

623.06 

.7265 

((           " 

18.36 

IriO 

327.6 

15.88 

627.43 

.7298 

tt            « 

18.40 

170 

319 

16.43 

640.98 

.737f. 

18.23 

180 

3J3.5 

16.55 

C45.48 

.7434 

•  «           «* 

Iv4u 

1;IO 

296 

17.04 

C48.48 

.7561 

u            t. 

183J 

200 

280 

16.97 

C51.49 

.7516 

18.24 

210 

259.5 

16.51 

<'i60.44 

.7257 

c           « 

13.2  ) 

185 

2J3 

16.42 

648.48 

.732.) 

"           <*         

18  17 

195 

282 

16.66 

651  .49 

.7451 

Part  Gate  

18.  '23 

150 

326 

14.81 

624.55 

.6887 

1*.20 

]75 

2.16 

C26.04 

.7290 

«                      

18.20 

170 

294.6 

isln 

C42.48 

68  68 

l- 

18.21 

165 

2825 

14.12 

r,99.42 

.6850 

"                

J8.23 

160 

210 

14.05 

596.42 

.6851 

l-Sl'4 

HO 

278 

11.79 

542.63 

.6306 

•  ' 

18.24 

!:>.-) 

2^3.5 

11.11 

525.45 

.6137 

"                      

18.31 

100 

259 

7.8  '» 

437.65 

.5178 

'* 

1831 

100 

291.5 

8.83 

447  21 

.5700 

18.43 

75 

227.3 

5.65 

330  80 

.4906 

" 

1S.3.I 

75 

300.5 

6.83 

370.86 

.53W 

u 

18.41 

75 

301 

6.84 

373.48 

.5842 

18.42 

8) 

2H.5 

7.07 

382  69 

.5309 

11 

18.48 

55 

2S8.5 

4.81 

299.28 

.4722 



18.48 

60 

303 

4.5D 

2)8.03 

.4412 

Mr.  Wempk;  not  being  able  to  get  up  u  wheel  of  the  size  requi 
allowed  this  to  he  reported  us  :i  representative  of  the  kind. 


332 
Tyler  Wheel. 


wh<-<-h  xmt  l>t/  John    Tyler,  I'laremotit,  -Ar.  JJ. 


This  wheel  was  furnished  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  those  seeking  for  such 
information  to  compare  its  power  of  transmission  with  those  of  the  same  size 
made  by  others,  as  the  most  of  the  popular  builders  have  had  30-inch  wheels 
tested.  One  fact,  however,  must  be  taken  into  consideration  in  making  such 
comparisons,  namely,  that  while  the  increase  in  the  sizes  of  one  builder  i.«,  say, 
6,  12,  18,  21  and  30  h.  p.,  the  increase  in  another  make  will  be  6,  9,  18,  40,  48, 
75,  &c. ;  but,  in  the  aggregate,  the  total  power  of  all  the  sizes  of  each  builder 
amount  to  about  the  same.  The  Tyler  flume  wheel  represents  very  fairly  the 
average  capacity  of  the  most  popular  turbines  known  previous  to  1876,  except- 
ing, however,  the  Boyden,  which,  for  its  diameter,  is  far  less  in  capacity  than 
any  of  the  others. 

This  particular  wheel  was  made  from  the  same  patterns  as  the  one  tried  at  the 
Centennial  tests,  and  several  times  at  the  Holyoke  flume.  Special  pains  was 
taken  that  it  should  be  an  exact  duplicate  of  that  one.  The  curb  was  the  same 
as  the  Centennial,  yet,  as  will  be  seen  by  those  who  have  the  means  to  make  the 
comparison,  the  discharge  of  this  wheel  was  one-sixth  greater  than  the  first. 
Mr.  Tyler  was  so  unwilling  to  accept  the  results,  that  he  had  the  wheel  taken 
out,  reset,  and  retested  on  three  successive  days,  each  trial  giving  the  same 
results. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15.     Aug.  1,  1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

18.30 
18  28 

375 
385 

218 
213  7 

37.15 
37  42 

1373.63 
1373  63 

.7831 

7896 

"            ,'        •    •     •     •     • 

18.27 
18.27 
18.27 
18.26 
18.25 
18.28 

400 
425 
440 
450 
475 
440 

209.6 
201.6 
198.5 
194 
180 
194.5 

38.10 
38.96 
39.70 
39.68 
38.86 
38.90 

1373.6:5 
1386.77 
1400.0U 
1421.11 
1445.03 
1418.46 

.8045 
.8148 
.8225 
.8103 
.7809 
.7950 

333 


Moessinger  &  Heathecote. 

Sent  by  Mottsinger  <£>  ffeathecote,  Glenrock,  Pa. 


20-inch  wheel. 


This  turbine  was  a  Jonval,  with  register  gate,  as  represented  above. 
Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    Sept.  3  and  4, 1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Hov  [H'j 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

"Whole  Gate 

18  40 

100 

320  5 

10  47 

511  13 

5894 

18.40 
18.40 
38.39 
18.39 
18  38 

110 
120 
130 
140 
150 

325 
330 
32.3.5 
310.5 
300 

11.16 
12.00 
12.74 
13.17 
13  63 

513.84 
517.92 
524.75 
531.59 
535  71 

.6250 
.6668 
.6988 
.7133 
7329 

((                        (C 

18  38 

160 

281  6 

13  65 

541.23 

.7265 

«              u 

18  39 

170 

254  5 

13  11 

543  99 

6938 



18.38 

180 

230 

12.54 

545.37 

.6623 

The  wheel  bound  upon  the  step  during  the  above  trial;  and  it  was  taken  out  ot 
the  flume,  overhauled,  then  re-tested,  giving  the  results  recorded  below. 


it            « 

18  56 

160 

307  5 

14  90 

546.00 

.7784 

Part  Gate.         .              !     ! 

18.53 
18.53 
18.53 
18.71 
18.65 
18.59 
18.55 

170 
180 
190 
50 
75 
100 
125 

300.5 
287.5 
270 
295 
296 
292 
2925 

15.48 
15.68 
15.54 
4.47 
6.72 
8.85 
11.08 

551.51 
551.51 
555.68 
381.41 
432.22 
478.14 
517.17 

.8016 
.8123 
.7990 
.3316 
.4414 
.5272 
.6114 

334 


Victor  Turbine. 

Stilwell  &  Bierce  .^Manufacturing  Co.,  ]><ujtim,  OMo. 


This  wheel  is  of  recent  origin ;  discharges  the  water  used  outward,  downward 
and  centrally;  his  a  register  gate  that  works  easily  and  opens  in  full  with  half  a 
turn  of  gate  rod.  It  is  so  designed  that  its  buckets  miy  be  made  of  bronze,  if 
desired.  Its  discharge  in  proportion  to  its  diameter  is  only  equaled  by  that  of 
the  Hercules.  Price  of  this  35-inch  wheel,  $650;  weight.  4oOO  pounds. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  20.     Sept.  5, 1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  Gate  

16  95 

2660 

000 

003. 

.000 

17.18 
17.10 

1500 
1550 

147.5 
141.5 

131.09 
132  98 

4994.79 
499SI.22 

.8289 
.8232 

17  11 

1600 

137  5 

133  33 

0012  56 

.8230 

"        

17.03 
17  07 

1650 
1700 

131.5 
125  6 

131.50 
130  43 

5025  86 
5030.31 

.8121 
.8048 

17  11 

1450 

150 

131  81 

4990  36 

8172 

17.11 
17  10 

1400 
1475 

156 
150 

132.36 
134  03 

4972.64 

4'lSl  50 

.8236 
.8334 

<f 

17  09 

1525 

142  3 

131  52 

4<i,s5  ct:; 

.8172 

1475 

4941  67 

8237 

17  23 

1350 

152 

124  36 

4739  63 

.8063 

I               «C 

17  55 

133  3 

9290 

7131 

«               « 

17  56 

1100 

136  5 

91  00 

3892  00 

.7050 

;     ;;       

17.59 
17.68 

1050 
1000 

141 
H5 

89.72 

8787 

3855.07 
3777.48 

.7006 
.6989 

4               If 

17  66 

900 

149  5 

81  54 

3619  75 

.6754 

•               II 

18.00 
18.07 

575 
500 

144.2 
149.3 

50.25 
45.24 

2726.05 
2616.35 

.5421 
.5066 

335 
Walsh  Douhltt  Turbine. 

Sent  !>>/  Ji.  E.  SanforrJ,  Xhelioygan  Falls,  "Wisconsin. 


divided  discharge,  as  represented  in  the  small  wheel  at  the  right.    The  curb  had 
cylinder  gate  without  flange. 
Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  20.    Sept.  8,  1879. 

Gate,  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per     Morse 
minute     Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

4110.90 
4157.13 

4224.ii:) 
4228.88 
4228.88 
42IH.42 

4224^63 
4211.96 
4027.25 
4023.08 
4019.00 
4019.00 
3632.61 
£038.93 
3600.82 
3608.89 
3279.00 
2350.32 
2550.32 
2311.00 
2311.00 
1827.74 
2136.79 
2140.23 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gi*e 

1  .29 
1  .44 
1  .42 

i  !ss 

]  .45 
]  .4.3 

1  .4:3 

1  .43 
1  .61 
1  .81 
1  .60 
1  .60 
1  .73 

1  ^98 
18.09 
18.0'J 
18.24 
18.23 

2525 
1250 
1350 
1500 
1600 
1650 
1550 
K79 
1625 
1475 
1350 
1300 
1275 
1260 
1000 
750 
900 
950 
850 
675 
625 
450 
500 
250 
350 
400 

000 

m 

123.5 
114 
106.3 
101 
109.5 
107 
111 
114.5 
100 
110.5 
113 
114.5 
114 
113.6 
122 
120 
112.5 
110.6 
115.5 
120 
113.5 
114.5 
125 
IK. 

000 
97.72 
101.04 
103.63 
103.07 
101.00 
102.86 
102.13 
102.59 
102.35 
86.72 
87.06 
87.31 
87.73 
69.09 
51.63 
66.54 
69.09 
57.95 
45.24 
43.75 
32.72 
34.39 
17.34 
26.51 
28.15 

000 
.7216 
.7386 
.7473 
.7429 
.7292 
.7423 
.7359 
.7397 
.7402 
.6534 
.6565 
.6591 
.6623 
.5718 
.5051 
.5558 
.5759 
.5278 
.5223 
.5170 
.4143 
.4356 
.2755 
.3603 
.3820 

tt             <; 

;;     ;;     

"     "     

«i     tt 

Part  Gate  

HI 

386 


King's  Turbine. 

Sent  by  A.  8.  King,  Ponttac,  Michigan. 


Wheel,  30  inches  diameter. 

This  turbine  was  a  central  discharge,  constructed  with  a  thick  crown  plate  that 
could  be  raised  or  lowered  on  the  buckets,  so  that  the  wheel  itself  could  be 
changed  in  depth  from  ten  inch  openings  to  zero — so  constructed  with  the  ex- 
pectation of  getting  the  highest  percentage  for  the  water  used,  whether  the  wheel 
was  opened  two  or  ten  inches.  There  was  no  separate  gate,  the  crown  plate 
shutting  down  to  the  bottom  rim  of  wheel,  thus  forming  gate  an  itself. 

Data  below  for.  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15.    Sept.  20,  1879. 


Gate  Opened. 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  pel 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate      . 

17  93 

920 

00  00 

1866  47 

0000 

17  86 

450 

185 

37  84 

!!)()<»  ::4 

.5695 

«*         K 

17  85 

500 

39  77 

]t(87  04 

5937 

*•         I* 

17  85 

550 

165 

41.25 

1U99.02 

.6120 

<i         «i 

17  85 

600 

154 

4200 

•'o;!7  ^1 

.6256 

1         "        

17.80 
17  80 

650 
700 

141.6 
130  5 

41.83 
41  55 

•JOlil.  SO 
2091  .88 

.6084 
.!i!08 

<         « 

575 

157 

41  03 

•>0->5  86 

6018 

«              c« 

17  82 

590 

154 

41  30 

2043.80 

.6004 

1            « 

17  82 

610 

150  5 

41  73 

2043  80 

6067 

17.81 
17  88 

625 
550 

146.2 
152  5 

41.53 
38  12 

2055.80 
1936.83 

.6006 
.5829 

17  87 

505 

37  81 

]<!•>•>   ]•) 

6829 

1 

17  93 

450 

163  8 

33.50 

1  782.48 

.5550 

( 

17  93 

480 

156 

34  03 

1796.88 

.5592 

•     :  :  :  :  : 

17.93 
18.01 
18.02 

500 
450 
425 
350 

152 
150.2 
158.5 

34.54 
29.01 
30.62 
26  17 

1802.64 
1640.36 
1629.14 
1455  45 

.5658 
.5199 
.5523 
5260 

4I 

18  12 

375 

155  5 

26  51 

1455  45 

5322 

« 

18  24 

300 

154 

21  00 

1222  65 

4998 

M 

18  34 

250 

139  5 

1048  53 

4364 

<i       «i         *    " 

18  35 

200 

173  5 

15  77 

1041  16 

.4370 

(i      « 

18  35 

225 

159  2 

16  °8 

1043  62 

4501 

«       ii 

18  48 

140 

155 

986 

808.00 

.3496 

••   "     

18.57 

90 

150 

3.74 

65200 

.1635 

In  furnishing  wheels  for  an  open  comparative  trial,  Mr.  Tvler  took  a  course 
alike  creditable  to  his  manhood  and  sense  of  fair  dealing,  H"e  knew  perfectly 
well  that  recent  improvements  in  turbines  had  greatly  increased  their  capacity, 
without  a  corresponding  increase  in  cost,  and  that  his  wheels  would  have  to 
contend  against  such  improvements. 

This  turbine  weighed  about  six  tons;  price,  $1,000.  Bv  comparing  its  cost, 
capacity  of  transmission,  and  general  efficiency  with  the  Hercules,  Victor  or  New 
American,  its  relative  value  may  be  approximated. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  after  partially  closing  the  gate,  the  discharge  was  greater 

than  with  the  gate  opened  in  full— a  rather  curious  feature,  though  the  same  may 

be  observed  in  the  test  of  the  Monarch,  the  second  test  of  the  Success,  and  others. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  20.    Oct.  8, 1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate 

16  94 

1950 

102  5 

vn  is 

4730  67 

7996 

Part  Gate  ! 

16.94 
16.94 
16.88 
16.88 
17.13 
17.15 
17  18 

2000 
2050 
2000 
1900 
1800 
1750 
1700 

100.5 
98 
98.6 
106 
97 
99 
100  7 

121.81 
121.75 
119.51 
122.06 
105.81 
105.00 
103  72 

4743.84 
4774.60 
4809.82 
4809.82 
4251.42 
4192.08 
4162  50 

.8027 
.7970 
.7775 
.7959 
.7692 
.7733 
7679 

Full  Gate.        .'    .'    .'    .' 

17.27 
17.28 
17.28 
17.64 
17.63 
17.67 
17.85 
17.85 
16.85 

1500 
1500 
1550 
1200 
1150 
1100 
950 
850 
2000 

105 
105 
102 
98.2 
100.5 
104 
98.3 
102 
100.3 

95.45 
95.45 
95.81 
71.41 
70.04 
69.33 
56.62 
52.54 
121.57 

3878.45 
3870.19 
3890.86 
3137.24 
3040.77 
3106.27 
2619.96 
2510.49 
4757.01 

.7545 
.7557 
.7544 
.6832 
.6909 
.6687 
.6414 
.6208 
.8030 

Thompson  Wheel. 

Sent  by  Thompson  Iron  Work*,  Union  City,  Pa. 
40-Inch  wheel,  diagonal  in  shape,  like  the  Houston. 


Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  20.    Oct.  II,  1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

w<HSKr 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate  

17.66 
17.49 
17.47 
17.48 
17.50 
17.50 
17.50 
17.48 
17.48 
17.50 
17.58 
17.58 
17.56 
17.72 
17.94 
18.16 
18.15 
18.10 
18.23 
18.27 

1800 
900 
1000 
1100 
1200 
1075 
1125 
1100' 
1100 
1125 
1100 
1100 
1050 
950 
800 
600 
7i>0 
675 
500 
475 

000 
139.6 
128 
117 
102.5 
120.5 
115 
118.6 
119.2 
117.3 
111 
112 
119.7 
118 
120 
126.5 
114.5 
117.5 
118.5 
123 

000 
76.14 
77.57 
78.00 
74.54 
78.50 
78.40 
79.06 
79.46 
79.97 
74.00 
74.66 
76.17 
67.94 
58.18 
46.00 
48.57 
48.06 
35.90 
35.41 

2958.73 
3302.55 
3314.46 

3330.38 

:;:;4'-S 
3:;4ii.-js 

3133J8 
3133.18 
3114.64 
2783.48 

1963.12 
2004.19 
1993.90 
1545.00 
1538.57 

000 
.6982 
.7092 
.7085 
.6771 
.7122 
.7096 
7155 
.7192 
.7239 
.7113 
.7176 
.7529 
.7292 
.7212 
.6832 
.7069 
.7052 
.6748 
.6671 

H 

Pa  t  Gate  

;;      

ii 





••    •«      

339 


Perry's  Improved  Turbine. 

Sent  by  Wm.  F.  Perry,  Bridgton,  Me. 


Dat 


Downward  discharge.     Register  gate.    36-inch  wheel. 
below  for  one.  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  15.     Oct.  13,  1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Ucv  pci 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  Gate  

17.98 
17.5H5 
17.96 
17.9f, 
17.9") 
17.95 
W.9S 
17  95 

600 
650 
00 
50 
00 
25 
40 
GO 

201 
li»1.5 
Is-J 
173 
161.5 
177 
175 
170  5 

54.81 
56.58 
57.90 
58.97 
5S.72 
58.32 
58.86 
58  90 

2108.42 
2120.50 
2135.60 
2138.64 
2144.70 
2129.56 
2132.58 
•'Ms  (14 

.7655 
.7865 
.7992 
.8133 
.8075 
.8077 
.8142 
8124 

T.i  t  Gate.         '.'.... 

1794 
18.00 
18.0(5 
18.00 

IS  Ulj 

775 
700 
690 
675 
665 

1(17.5 
157 
160.5 
165 

167  ") 

59.01 
49.95 
50.35 
50.62 
50  63 

2147.73 

1894.69 
1S94.69 
1891.77 
1888  85 

.8109 
.7727 
.7786 
.7844 
.7859 

•          "             '.'.'.'.'. 

18.17 
18.10 
18.13 

550 
550 
565 

155 
161 
173.5 
174  5 

38.75 
40.25 
4456 
45  60 

1592.69 
162889 
1719.00 
1761  74 

7090 
.7204 
.7569 
7571 

"(            

18.10 
18.22 
18.22 
18.47 
18.42 
18  39 

595 
465 
485 
350 
270 
300 

169.7 
173.5 
169 
146 
165 
158 

45.89 
36.67 
34.22 
23.22 
22.25 
21.72 

1761.74 
1513.82 
1532.00 
1144.80 
1072.42 
1099.79 

.7620 
.7043 
.6490 
.5414 
.5964 
.5694 

"     :  :  :  :  : 

18.4'J 
18.42 
18  37 

290 
250 
340 

160 
169 
157  5 

21.03 
19.20 
21  31 

1079.92 
1069.90 
1158.96 

.5610 
.5158 
.5318 

"      

18.30 

375 

107 

28.46 

1298.89 

.6339 

340 


Reynold's  Champion  Wheel. 

24-im-h  wheel,  sent  l»,  Jl!oon>,-r  <(•  Co.,  Ellenville,  JV.  F. 


Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    Oct.  13,  1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

KPV  pei- 
miii  nte 

Horse 
power 

Cubic 
feet 

Per 
Cent. 

000 
.7198 
.7564 
.7689 
.7857 
.7837 
.7649 
.7836 
.7753 
.7802 
.7755 
.7767 
.7594 
.7742 
.7492 
.7287 
.7479 
.7512 
.7202 
.6670 
.6697 
.6666 
.5877 
.5827 
.4498 
.4310 
.3873 

hole 
irt  G 

18.34 
18.32 
18.30 
18.30 
18.30 
18.29 
18.29 
18.28 
18.28 
18.27 
18.28 
18.28 
18.28 
18.28 
18.27 
18.28 
18.27 
18.27 
18.31 
18.40 
1841 
18.41 
18.46 
18.46 
18.54 
18.54 
18.60 

550 
275 
300 
325 
350 
375 
400 
365 
385 
375 
350 
375 
350 
365 
350 
315 
335 
350 
300 
275 
250 
245 
200 
190 
125 
110 
90 

000 
313 
304 
290.5 
276.7 
260 
243.7 
2665 
251.5 
260 
273 
257.5 

262.5 
263 
282.5 
272.5 
262 
261 

256.5 
260.5 
252.5 
260 
243 
260 
260 

000 
26.08 
27.63 
28.48 
29.37 
29.54 
29.50 
29.47 
23.34 
29.54 
28.95 
29.26 
28.42 
29.03 
27.89 
26.96 
27.66 
27.78 
23.72 
19.66 
19.43 
19.34 
15.30 
14.99 
9.20 
8.66 
7.09 

1010.64 
1047.06 
1059.28 
1071.55 
1081.39 
1091.20 
1103.63 
1088.75 
1096.20 
1088.75 
1081.39 
101)1.2(1 
1083.85 
1086.30 
1081.39 
1071.55 
1071.55 
1071.55 
950.79 
848.08 
834.35 
834.35 
746.66 
737  .83 
584.11 
573.81 
521.12 

t 



;     

ite.        .    . 

•    .... 

341 


New  American  Wheel. 

48-iiu-ft  n-fieel,  sent  by  Stout,  Mills  <&  Temple,  Uayton,  O/tio. 


This  turbine  has  the  same  curb  in  form  as  the  well-known  American  Turbine, 
made  by  that  company  ;  but  the  wheel  is  downward  discharge — very  similar  in 
form  and  plan  to  the  Swain. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  20.     Oct.  14,  1879. 


Gate  Opened. 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  pei 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

16.45 
16.33 
16  32 

2933 
2000 
2050 

000 
110.5 
103  3 

000 
133.94 
134.55 

5397.95 
5603.83 
5608  43 

000 
.7749 
7783 

Par    Gate.         .     !     '.     '.     '. 

16.30 
16.29 
16.32 
16.32 
16.40 
16.40 
16.38 
16.49 
16.43 
16  52 

2100 
2150 
2025 
2075 
2050 
2025 
2075 
2000 
2025 
1975 

104.6 
101.5 
103 
105.5 
107 
108 
106.3 
108.5 
106.8 
109  1 

133.12 
129.48 
133.77 
132.67 
132.93 
132.54 
133.68 
131.51 
131.07 
130  58 

5594.63 
5599.23 
5590.03 
5603.83 
5484.60' 
5475.46 
5484  60 
5280.09 
5271.00 
5257  46 

.7727 
.7516 
.7763 
.7679 
.7824 
.7814 
.7879 
.7996 
.8013 
7961 

"         :  :  :  :  : 

16.69 

16.88 
16  90 

1900 
1800 
1700 

109 
106 
111  7 

125.51 
115.63 
115  05 

4984.41 
4546.23 
4477  28 

.7989 
.7978 
8051 

ii 

16  89 

108  3 

114  86 

,, 

16  87 

1775 

107  3 

115.73 

4529  00 

8019 

17  16 

1500 

108  8 

98  '.'  1 

3966  32 

7694 

;;            

17.15 
17  17 

1525 
1475 

108.2 
110  3 

100.00 
98  54 

3962.18 
3937  34 

.7792 
7717 

«         :  :  :  :  : 

17.43 
17.44 
17  60 

1175 
1200 
1050 

111.3 
109.4 
106  3 

79.25 
79.56 
67  64 

3336.22 
3348.02 
2969  24 

.7216 
.7214 
6853 

«i 

103  3 

62  60 

41 

17.68 

975 

106 

62  63 

2818  70 

6638 

K 

17  6ft 

950 

108  3 

62  35 

2774  00 

6728 

Whole     ate  

16.31 

2050 

106.3 

132.07 

6567.06 

.7701 

342 


Success  Wheel. 

36-inch  wheel,  sent  by  S.  JA  Smith,  York.  Pa. 


Called  the  Improved  Success,  very  fragile  in  construction. 
Da»a  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15.    Oct.  16, 1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  Gate  

17.99 
17.93 
17.90 

1350 

675 
750 

000 
191.5 
185 

ODO 
58.75 
62.76 

2243.17 

23*0.46 
2433.92 

GOOD 
.7287 
.7627 

17.89 

800 

178.2 

64.80 

2437.50 

.7867 

|         |         

17.87 
17.87 

850 
900 

170.5 
162.5 

65.88 
66.47 

2484.14 
2494.94 

.7857 
.7893 

.<                 * 

17  86 

950 

153  3 

66  19 

2523  82 

7774 



17.85 
17.86 

1000 

875 

145.5 
165 

63.13 
65.62 

2523.82 
2491.34 

.7773 
.7809 

17.85 
17.85 
1796 

900 
925 
800 

161.5 
157 

163  2 

66.06 
66.07 
59.34 

2502.15 
2512.98 
2197  96 

.7829 
.7798 
7959 

17.98 

825 

159.2 

59  70 

220s.:;7 

.7961 

tl 

18.19 

550 

163.5 

4087 

164944 

.7212 

;;            

18.19 
18.09 

575 
650 

loll.  2 
165 

41.6J 

48.75 

1653.80 
1876.29 

.7321 
.7604 

:':         :  :  :  :  : 

18.26 
18.26 
18.25 
18  25 

450 
476 
500 
525 

171.5 
165 
160 
154  5 

35.07 
35.62 
36.36 
36  86 

1477.05 
1486.77 
1499.10 
1  51  1  46 

.6884 
.6947 
.7037 
7076 

u 

18.37 

375 

159.5 

27.18 

1223.47 

.6403 

»         :  :  :  :  : 

18.37 
18.34 

375 

157.5 
162.5 

26.84 
27.69 

1217.67 
125S.46 

.6352 
.6351 

Second  test  of  the  sai 


vhecl,  the  buckets  having  been  chipped  and 
changes  made. 


Whole  Gate  
Part  Gate  

17.78 
17.80 
17.80 

900 
800 
800 
800 

164.1 
179 
178 
166 

67.13 
65.09 
64.72 
60.86 

•J4.82.6ti 
2410.98 
2378.93 
2168.65 

.8051 
.8031 
.8091 
8241 

l«             <c 

17  ~6 

875 

167  5 

66  61 

2164  68 

8051 

t<         it 

17  74 

925 

161  2 

67  61 

2482  66 

8120 

"         "           

17.75 

900 

165 

67.50 

2493.46 

.8076 

343 


\onesuch  Wheel. 

40-iwh  wheel,  sent  by  A.  S.  Clark,  Turners  Full*,  Man*. 


The  designer  sends  the  following  description  : 

The  wheel  consists  of  downward  discharge  buckets,  enclosed  by  bell-shaped 
cylinders.  The  one  forming  the  hub  of  the  wheel  has  the  concave  surface  next 
to  the  buckets.  The  other  forms  the  flange  or  band  which  encloses  the  lower 
or  reacting  parts  of  the  buckets,  aud  has  the  convex  surface  next  to  them,  or 
larger  end  downward.  By.  this  construction,  the  lower  parts  of  the  buckets  are 
expanded  on  their  outer  extremity,  which  gives  a  very  easy  discharge.  The 
curb  of  the  wheel  has  a  short  draft  tube  in  which  is  the  step  on  which  the  wheel 
revolves.  The  water  enters  the  wheel  at  the  .side  and  above  the  outer  flange, 
through  a  system  of  straight  chutes,  within  which  is  a  cylinder  gate  having  on  the 
l»wer  edge  fins  or  blades,  which  extend  into  the  chutes.  The  downward  pres- 
sure on  these  blades  and  the  weight  of  the  gate  is  counterbalanced  by  an  upward 
pressure  on  an  external  sectional  flange  near  the  top  of  the  gate,  and  within  the 
dome  in  which  the  gate  rises  to  open.  By  this  means  the  gate  opens  easy  under 
pressure.  The  wheel  i}  constructed  on  the  theory  that  water  should  not  be 
changed  in  direction  horizontally  after  leaving  the  chutes,  but  take  a  downward 
direction  o;ily,  as  the  wheel  absorbs  the  power  of  the  moving  water. 


This  wheel  was  very  deep,  like  the  Hercules;  conical  in  shape,  40  inches  in 
diameter  at  the  top  and  48  at  the  bottom,  which  turned  outward  like  the  Risdon^. 
hardly  distinguishable  in  outward  appearance  of  curb  from  the  Hercules. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  20.     Oct.  21,  1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

\VcMght 

Hev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Pei- 
Cent 

Whole  Gate  

1  .37 
1  .14 

1  15 

2100 
1100 

]  200 

000 
157.6 
149 

000 
105.06 
108  36 

3999.93 
4449.00 
4453  23 

000 
.7294 
7512 

Part  Gate 

1  12 
1  .15 
]  .13 
1  .12 
1  .11 
1  1° 

i:;oo 

1400 
1500 
1600 
1375 
1425 

13:1.2 
181 

118.5 
105.5 
130.5 
125  5 

109.67 
111.15 
107.74 
102.30 
108.75 
108  75 

4461.89 
4470.51 
4470.51 
4149.00 
4444.38 
4444  38 

.7600 
.7676 
.7448 
.7112 
.7571 
7503 

]  .12 
1  .10 
1  .19 

1400 

noo 

1350 

128.2 
120 
125.5 

108.77 
101.82 
102.63 

444'J.OO 
42.J6.59 
4239.56 

.7562 
.7368 
.7461 

"            '.'.'.''. 

1  .42 
1  .38 
1  .38 
1  .4S 
1  .65 

1100 
1300 
1200 
1100 

950 

106 
114 
124.7 
125 
125 

85.51 
89.81 
90.70 
83.33 
71.96 

3711.41 
3859  00 
3838.38 
3865.58 
3197.18 

.6839 
.7060 
.7206 
.7079 
.6750 

;;    :  •'  '•  •'  : 

17  75 
17.81 
11.93 
1792 
18.04 
18.03 
17.09 

800 
850 
700 
675 
650 
500 
550 
1400 

130 
123.5 
127.5 
123 
126.5 
131 
122.5 
126 

63.03 
63.62 
54.09 
50.31 
41.83 
3J.69 
40.83 
106.91 

2935.63 
2328.04 
2666.18 
2512.67 
2501.81 
2224.52 
2221.03 
2449.00 

.6404 

.6481 
.6021 
.6053 
.5885 
.5237 
.5398 
.7443 

344 


Tait  Wheel. 

Sent  by  Thomas  Tait,  Rochester,  JK  F. 


36-inch  wheel. 

This  wheel  discharged  downward.    It  had  thick  cast  iron  buckets,  left  squ»r 
»t  the  edge,  between  the  hoop  and  crown  plate. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15.    Oct.  17, 1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate  

18.25 

18.27 
18  26 

1125 
550 
560 

000 
156.5 
154 

000 
39.12 
39  20 

1685.09 
1614.60 
1618  97 

000 

.7022 
7021 



18.25 
18  25 

570 
580 

152.5 
151  5 

39.51 
39  94 

1622.16 
16'77  35 

.7066 
.7119 

||                   

18.25 
1825 

590 
600 

150 
147.5 

40.22 
4022 

1633.73 
1640.13 

.7142 

.7109 

| 

18  25 

610 

146  2 

40  50 

1643  33 

7149 

4 

18.24 

144  7 

40.77 

1643.33 

.7202 

« 

18  24 

630 

142  5 

40  81 

1656  15 

7153 

1 

18.24 

650 

139 

41.06 

1665.78 

.7154 

•         :  :  :  :  : 

18.22 
18.21 
18  20 

700 

750 
800 

133 
125 

42.31 
42.61 

1694.78 
1720.68 
1749  96 

.7271 

.7200 

18  30 

500 

158  3 

35  97 

1485  61 

.7005 

18.30 
18.29 
18.29 
18.33 
18  32 

515 
530 
545 
500 
515 

156 

152.5 
149.7 
152 
149  2 

36.82 
36.73 
37.11 
34.54 
34  92 

1494.94 
1507.41 
1516.78 
1420.78 
1426  92 

.7126 
.7053 
.6921 
.7022 
.7074 

:':     :  :  :  :  : 

18.37 
18.37 
18.42 
18.43 
18.49 

450 
480 
430 
400 
350 

153.5 
147.5 
146 
152.5 
145 

31.40 
32.18 
28.53 
27.72 
23.06 

1293.67 
1311.62 
1196.28 
1173.01 
1011.04 

.6996 
.7071 
.6854 
.6788 
.6530 

ii   ii     

18.50 
18.56 
18.56 

320 
250 
270 

155 

157 
147.5 

22.54 
17.84 
18.10 

994.39 
848.19 
848.19 

.6487 
.6000 
.6080 

345 


TAIT  ( Continued ). 


Another  wheel,  similar  to  the  first,  but  the  edge  of  the  buckets  had  bcci 
finished  "quarter  round."    It  was  tested  in  the  same  curb  as  the  first. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  pe 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate  

18.18 

550 

158.3 

39.57 

1779.38 

.6476 

18.17 
18  17 

575 
600 

155 
150 

40.51 
40.90 

1782.  f6 
1818  84 

.6620 
.6553 

« 

18.16 

625 

148 

42^04 

1838.66 

.6667 

it           *f 

18.16 

650 

144 

42.54 

1845.26 

.6722 

.     .     '. 

18.15 

675 

140.5 

43.11 

1871.83 

.6718 

"        

18.14 

700 

136 

43.27 

1888.48 

.6687 

"        

IS  13 

725 

133.5 

43.99 

1905.18 

.6743 

i. 

18  13 

750 

129.5 

44.14 

1911.87 

.6742 

(i           a 

18.13 

775 

125 

44.03 

1918.57 

.6701 

«<           ti        

18.11 

800 

121.5 

44.18 

1938.71 

.6663 

Part  Gate  

18.18 
18.19 

600 

575 

146.2 
150 

39.87 
39  20 

1802.36 
1749  96 

.6562 
.6520 

ii 

18.25 

470 

160.5 

34.28 

1601.88 

.6208 

H 

18.24 

500 

155 

35.22 

1615.78 

.6327 

i*             

18.23 

530 

150.2 

36.18 

1637.00 

.6419 

18.28 

470 

151.5 

3236 

1504.29 

.6231 

i 

18.35 

410 

151.7 

28.27 

1341  69 

.6079 

i 

18.43 

350 

149.8 

23.83 

1170.11 

.5850 

18.50 

2)5 

150.2 

18.09 

972.31 

.5324 

18.55 

240 

143.5 

1565 

850.80 

.5250 

i 

18.52 

270 

145 

17  79 

934.03 

.5445 

'            

18.53 

250 

150 

17.04 

924.88 

.5264 

econd  test  of  the  No.  1  Tait  wheel,  the  buckets  having  been  "  chipped"  bark 
tn    e-eighths  of  an  inch,  and  edges  rounded  on  front  side,  so  as  to  leave  them 
sh   -p  on  back  side,  between  the  hoop  and  crown  plate. 

Whole  Gate  

1828 

700 

144.5 

45.98 

1710.11 

.7787 

*'                    "               *        .        * 

18.27 

725 

140 

46.13 

1719.83 

.7772 

f<                    (( 

18.32 

675 

148.7 

45.63 

1697.18 

.7771 

If                    it 

18.31 

650 

151.5 

44.76 

1687.50 

.7670 

Part  Gate  

18.34 

650 

144.7 

42.75 

1610.69 

.7663 

18.36 

600 

153.5 

41.86 

1579.00 

.7645 

*«                 <* 

18.39 

600 

145.5 

39.68 

1509.92 

.7566 

<« 

18.40 

580 

149 

39.28 

1500.57 

.7533 

((                                              

1845 

525 

150 

35.79 

1380.58 

.7440 

<« 

18.50 

475 

145.2 

31.56 

1248.86 

.7230 

18.50 

450 

152 

31.09 

1240.00 

.7176 

*< 

18.57 

350 

157.2 

25.01 

1161.43 

.6717 

** 

18.57 

375 

150.5 

25.65 

1067.07 

.6853 

i< 

18.66 

300 

141.5 

19.29 

869.71 

.6293 

«< 

18.67 

270 

151.2 

18.55 

843.22 

.6238 

Full  Gate  

18.28 

750 

135 

46.02 

1742.56 

.7648 

To  the  Engineer^  making  Hydro-Dynamic  E.rperimfn-fx  for  Water  Poictr  Co., 

Ho! yoke,  J/rtw. 

GENTLEMEN  :  The  wheel  which  we  had  tested  by  you  was  an  experimental 
one,  differing  somewhat  from  the  others  heretofore  tested,  and  from  what  we 
furnish  our  customers.  The  results  you  obtained  did  not  warrant  us  in  continu- 
ing its  manufacture,  so  it  has  been  abandoned,  and  we  have  returned  to  our 
onginal  plans  represented  above. 

Respectfully, 

SULLIVAN  MACHINE  CO. 
Nov.  14, 1879.  C.  B.  RICE,  Treas. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  Gate.    .    .    .    .    . 

18.38 
18.38 
1838 

350 
375 
400 

250 
237 
2-24 

39.77 
40.36 
40.72 

1508.19 
1511.29 
1513.29 

.7596 
.7692 
.7762 

ii 

18  38 

425 

210  5 

40.66 

1505.09 

.7781 

If 

18  38 

450 

196 

40  09 

1502  00 

7689 

« 

18  39 

390 

227.5 

40.32 

1502.00 

.7727 

« 

18  33 

410 

217 

40  44 

1498  89 

7772 

Pa  t  Gate  

18.44 
18.20 
18  21 

350 
300 
275 

2235 
199 
216 

35.51 
27.H 
27  00 

1361.62 
I144.6d 
1138  96 

.7488 
.6894 
€892 

.  :  :  :  : 

18.21 
18.39 
18  39 

260 
200 
175 

223.5 
204 
2->5 

26.41 
18.54 
17  89 

1138  96 
917.76 
917  75 

.6741 

.5818 
5613 

II      

18.53 
18.70 

125 

275 

222 
2-25 

12.61 
23.12 

761.30 
117621 

.4733 
.6769 

347 
Houston  Wheel. 


I,  sent  by  one  who  had  purchased  the  wheel. 


<*r"^ 

Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  15.     Nov.  28,  1879 


Gate  Opened 


Head 

Weight 

Rev  pei 

Horse 

Cubic 

Per 

14.07 

550 

165.8 

41.45 

1944.61 

.8022 

14.05 

600 

155 

42.27 

1944.61 

.81«2 

14.04 

625 

140.2 

4-2.38 

1946.63 

.8166 

14.05 

650 

143 

42  25 

1956.67 

.8129 

14.01 

075 

138 

42.30 

1964.81 

.8135 

14.11 

9S& 

140.2 

41.53 

1918.46 

.8121 

13.62 

600 

136.5 

36.95 

1812.81 

.7925 

13.66 

142 

37.11 

1818.75 

.7907 

14.15 

600 

136.5 

31.02 

1635.19 

.7099 

14.29 

450 

149.2 

30.51 

1623.66 

.6960 

13.85 

250 

136 

15.45 

1223.47 

.4827 

13.68 

225 

146.5 

14.98 

1202.14 

.3869 

14.58 

120 

139 

7.58 

922.81 

•2983 

14.45 

120 

142 

7.74 

939.37 

.3019 

1428 

120 

148.5 

8.10 

964.36 

.3114 

Sherwood  Wheel. 

20-inch  wheel. 

Downward  discharge,  similar  to  the  Risdon,  with  plain  cylinder  gate ;  had  been 
in  use  two  years;  was  sent  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  efficiency  of  the 


plan. 


Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    Oct.  7,  1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate  

18.31 
18.32 
18.32 
18  31 

260 
270 
280 
250 

248.2 
242.2 
230 

19.55 
19.81 
19.51 
19  63 

835.13 
848.37 
84837 
848.37 

.6769 

.6748 
.6647 
.6692 

Part  Gate  

.18.36 
18.41 

260 

250 

248 
212 

19.53 
16.70 

805.01 
746  59 

.6996 
.6432 

"     ••        !  !  1  !  ! 

18.4:; 

18.43 
18.43 
18.43 

225 
245 
235 
230 

255 
231.5 
243 
251 

17.38 
17.18 
17.30 
17.49 

756.00 
754.42 
754.42 
754.42 

.6606 
.6543 
.6588 
.6608 

348 


Royer  Wheel. 

24-incf^  wheel,  sent  by  ]!.  li.  Royer,  Ephr*tat  f». 


Downward  discharge, 


ii{?  1-1* 


•  gate. 


Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    Dec.  5, 1879. 


Gate  opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  pel- 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Pei- 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate     

18.05 

225 

277  5 

1892 

829.98 

.6686 

18.02 
18.00 
17.98 
17.97 

250 
275 
300 
325 

261 
219.5 
238 
227.5 

19.77 
20.80 
21.63 
22.41 

840.29 
854.88 
867.91 

877.72 

.6313 
.7158 
.7339 
.7184 

«         :  :  :  :  : 

17.95 
17.93 

17.95 

350 
375 
400 
340 

213.7 
198.5 
181.2 
220  5 

22.66 
22.49 
21.96 
22  71 

889.19 
897.41 
905.66 
885.91 

.7517 
.7400 
.7161 
.7562 

ii 

17.95 

360 

206.5 

22.52 

890.83 

.7456 

Gate  closed    4  turns.    .     . 
»          "        4      "        .     . 
*     -    "        8      " 
"8 
'         "12         '       .    . 
«                 12                .. 
16                .     . 
'                 16                .. 
'                 20                .    . 
20                .    . 
24                .     . 

17.96 
17.96 
17.95 
17.96 
17.96 
17.97 
18.03 
18.02 
18.15 
18.15 
18.30 

325 
340 
325 
315 
300 
290 
250 
235 
175 
165 
75 

228 
207.5 
216.7 
223 
215 
222 
211 
223 
214 
222.5 
226 

82.46 

21.37 
21.34 
21.28 
19.54 
19.50 
15.98 
15.88 
11.35 
11.25 
5.14 

885.91 
885.91 
897.41 
8-J5.96 
8S4.27 
879.35 
812.90 
798.48 
683.14 
079.54 
529.35 

.7471 
.7595 
.7014 
.7003 
.6514 
.6519 
.5772 
.5843 
.4847 
.4828 
.2745 

349 


Monarch  Wheel. 

Kent  by  Albred  &  Koellscli,  Itandlema-n  Mf'g  Co.,  High  Point,  N.  C. 


Three  wheels,  placed  one  above  the  other,  the  middle  wheel  being  loose  on 
nhaft,  but  being  bolted  firmly  to  the  curb— arranged  in  this  manner  that  it  might 
act  as  chutes  to  the  lower  wheel.  Chutes  and  gates  to  upper  wheel  similar  to  the 
Leffel,  but  so  very  leaky  as  to  be  anything  but  creditable  to  the  workmanship. 


HIGH  POINT,  N.  C.,  August  15, 1S79. 
W.  A.  CHASE,  ESQ., 

Dear  Sir:  I  have  a  turbine  water  wheel,  finished  ;  size,  sixteen  inches— a  new 
invention,  which  has  not  been  tested  except  by  myself.  It  will  use  the  water 
twice,  and  increases  the  power  one-quarter  over  any  wheel  known.  My  16-inch 
wheel  run  over  eight  horse  power,  under  nine  foot  head,  with  34  square  inches 
discharge.  As  the  test  is  open  to  all  wheels,  I  would  be  pleased  to  send  on  my 
wheel  to  you,  under  such  rule  and  regulations  an  you  desire,  for  a  test  with 
other  wheels. 

Very  respectfully, 

II.  L.  KOELLSCH. 


The  letter  of  Mr.  Koellsch  is  given  as  the  best  means  of  introducing  his 
device  and  ideas;  also,  as  a  sample  of  hundreds  of  other  letters  received  of  the 
same  tenor. 

During  the  past  few  years  many  patents  have  been  issued  for  devices  known 
to  be  perfectly  worthless  by  those  acquainted  with  the  subjects  to  which  they 
belong.  Particularly  has  this  been  the  case  in  turbine  plans.  It  is  hardly  possible 
to  conceive  of  a  device,  no  matter  how  absurd,  that  has  not  been  tried  in  the 


350 


hopes  of  circumventing  nature  in  its  claim  for  friction  and  waste,  or,  what  is 
more  generally  the  case,  hopingto  achieve  "  perpetual  motion  "  through  a  double 
use  of  the  same  fall  of  water.  Boyden's  "Diffuser,"  or  the  "  Double  Turbines  " 
of  Wynkoop,  Leffel,  or  any  other  make,  have  proved  equally  fallacious.  The 
highest  results  have  been  obtained  from  the  f-ingle,  simple  plans.  As  the  most 
effective  means  of  presenting  this  fact  to  Mr.  Kocllsch,  the  Monarch  was  first 
tested  in  the  combined  form  designed.  The  results  may  be  seen  in  the  first  table 
below.  Then  the  lower  wheel  C  and  chutes  B  were  removed  and  the  wheel  A 
alone  tested ;  results  obtained  in  the  lowest  table.  Whenever  the  efficiency  of  a 
single  turbine  is  increased  by  the  addition  of  a  second  wheel  or  diffuser  beneath, 
it  may  safely  be  concluded  that  the  upper  wheel  i*  defective. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    Nov.  15,  1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  G'  te 

265  5 

6  09 

18.49 
18  49 

85 

250 

288  3 

6.40 

6  86 

423.60 
407  Ytj 

.4326 
4592 

•                    '.'.'.'.'. 

18.51 
18.51 
18.51 
18  51 

103 

120 
130 
140 

223 

207.5 
172 

182 

7.06 
7.51 
7.56 

7  72 

429.1  1 
423.U 
429.14 
430  50 

.4708 
.5025 
.5007 
5135 

Gate  closed   5  turns.     .     . 
"        10      " 

'       15      "          .'     '. 

18.51 
18.51 
18.51 
18.52 
18.53 
18.52 
18.55 
18.56 
18.67 
18.65 

150 
130 
135 
135 
135 
140 
130 
140 
75 
95 

166 
19-1.5 
187 
187 
193.7 
187 
194.5 
179.5 
152.6 
184 

7.51 
7.66 
7.65 
7.65 
7.92 
7.90 
7.66 
7.61 
3.46 
5.29 

433.2-1 

430.50 
430.50 
429.  14 
418.19 
415.47 
383.11 
376.41 
242.80 
232.24 

.4978 
.5095 
.5087 
.5096 
.5411 
.54S6 
.5706 
.5767 
.4135 
.5139 

After  the  above  tests 
removed. 


*re  made,  the  lower  wheel  and  set  of  chutes  wen 
Test  of  upper  wheel  A. 


Whole  Gate  

18.32 
18.33 
18  34 

130 
140 
150 

267 
229 
184  5 

9.00 
9.71 
8  38 

602.24 
594.81 
587  40 

.4319 
.4405 
4119 

Gate  closed  5  turns.    .     . 

"10                !     ! 
"       15                '.     '. 
"       13                 .'     '. 

18.34 
18.35 
18.35 
18.37 
18.37 
18.38 
18.39 

130 
140 
130 
140 
130 
140 
130 

270.3 
'  232.5 
277.5 
232.5 
293-5 
247.5 

2ao.s 

10.64 
9.86 
10.93 
9.86 
11.56 
10.50 
11.41 

605.22 
600.75 
605.22 
590.36 
578.54 
565.33 
539.11 

.4847 

.4775 
.5210 
.4813 
.5759 
.5350 
.5969 

I   21       ;  : 
::  •  I?      :  : 

13.46 
18.47 
18.65 
18.62 

110 
105 
75 
50 

267 
235 
263.3 
215 

5.90 
7.47 
5.98 
3.25 

429.14 
401.62 
317.65 
212.80 

.5942 
.5292 
.5344 
.3806 

351 


New  American  Wheel. 

tl,  *<nt  by  Stout,  mils  <£  Temple,  Dayton,  Ohio. 
A 


Chutes  and  gates  complete. 


Gates  cut  away. 


Another  turbine  of  the  same  size,  but  of  increased  discharge,  made  after  the 
test  of  the  one  recorded  upon  tho  opposite  page.  The  capacity  of  this  wheel  is 
double  that  of  the  old  43-inch  American  with  central  discharge. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  20.    Jan.  3,  1880. 


Head 

Weight 

Kevperl  Horse  i  Cubic 
minute  !  Power  |    Feet 

Pel- 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

13.36 

1650 

109 

109.00    !  5823.77 

.7418 

«          « 

13.22 

1800 

104.6 

114.10 

;")''•'•'  7'i 

.7715 

(          n 

13.00 

1900 

96.5 

111.12 

6016.59 

.7471 

<          "        

12.92 

2000 

90.5 

109.69 

6030.76 

.7454 

13.20 

1750 

105 

111.36 

r  85  7.38 

.7626 

13.21 

1775 

105 

112.9.-) 

5S62.04 

.7723 

*          (« 

13.10 

1825 

100 

110.6:.) 

5876.05 

.7608 

*          «i 

13.06 

1850 

99 

111.0:) 

5885.39 

.7647 

*          *« 

13.11 

1800 

101 

110.18 

5871.38 

.7578 

Part  Gate  

13.47 

1700 

101.5 

104.57 

5685.60 

.7231 

13.48 

1750 

106.5 

112.95 

5722.61 

.7752 

<i 

13.70 

1700 

10S.5 

111.78 

5574.9!) 

.7749 

<t 

12.45 

1750 

'.Hi..', 

102.34 

5414.85 

.7855 

1°  62 

1700 

97 

99.93 

5278  71 

7943 

1, 

13.22 

1500 

112.3 

102.03 

5031.86 

.8126 

it 

13.20 

1550 

107.5 

100.98 

5054.15 

.8014 

12.95 

1700 

100 

103.03 

5211.04 

.8083 

ft 

13.10 

1350 

106 

86.72 

4462.82 

.7853 

" 

13.34 

1400 

102 

86.54 

4351.51 

.7893 

13.17 

1450 

101 

88.75 

4441.35 

.8034 

14.40 

1200 

107.8 

78.40 

3823.42 

.7716 

" 

13.07 

1150 

99 

69.00 

3637.22 

.7685 

13.08 

850 

10.2 

52.84 

2963.38 

.7177 

Betest  of  the  same,  having  cut  the  wings  A  of  gates  off.     This  change  wasmade 
for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  whether  those  wings  had  an  injurious   effect 
upon  the  efficiency  of  the  wheel  when  the  gates  were  opened  in  fu.l. 

Whole  Gate  

13.02 
13.19 
13.20 
13.31 

17SO 
1800 
1850 
1700 

102.5 
102 
100 
106.5 

108.63 
111.27 
112.12 
109.72 

5829.43 
5852.72 
5862.04 
5806.15 

.7450 
.7631 
.7671 
.7517 

Part  Gate.         ',.'... 
Whole  Gate.     '.'.'.'.'. 

13.17 
14.15 
13.14 
13.10 

1900 
1700 
1700 
2000 

98 
107 
98.5 
92 

112.XI 
110.24 
101.48 

111.51 

5876.05 
5:;s:j.oi 
5233.57 
5946.20 

.7721 
.7668 
.7814 
.7577 

352 
Royer  Wheel. 

24-inch,  wheel,  sent  by  R.  R.  Royer,  Ephrata,  P«. 


After  the  test  of  the  flist  wheel,  Mr.  Royer  returned  lu.me  and  prepared  the  one 
here  reported. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    March  9,  1880. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  pei 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  Gate  

17.86 
17.79 
17  76 

655 
325 
350 

000 
235.7 
227 

000 
23.03 
24  07 

978.04 
890.33 
004  95 

000 
.76C8 
7929 

4 

17.74 

375 

212  5 

24  14 

91800 



17.70 
17.69 

400 
425 

198.5 
185.5 

24.0(5 
2389 

929.47 
931.97 

.7744 
.7673 



17.70 
17.70 

340 
350 

229.5 
226.5 

23.64 
24.02 

901.69 
904.95 

.7843 
.7636 

t 

17.69 

360 

222  5 

24.27 

908.21 

.8000 

( 

17  73 

370 

217  5 

24  3S 

913  11 

7974 

Part  Gate  

17.73 
17.77 
17.80 

17.82 
17.84 
17.86 
17  90 

370 
370 
360 
350 

350 
330 
300 

215 
207.6 
215 
219.5 
206 
219.5 
215  7 

24.10 
23.27 
23.4.5 
23.28 
21.84 
21.95 
19  60 

918.00 
922.91 
922.91 
620.64 
909.84 
904.95 
880  61 

.7512 
.7733 
.7514 
.7124 
.7191 
6434 



17.92 
17.95 
17.97 
17.98 
18.01 
18.02 

290 
250 
270 
250 
225 
215 

223 
225 
212.5 
187 
207.5 
216 

19.5'J 
17.01 
17.38 
14.16 
14.14 
14.07 

869.32 
815.05 
818.18 
769.47 
750.83 
746.19 

.6658 
.6269 
.6258 
.5418 
.5536 
.5541 

1809 
18  13 

150 
145 

216 
224 

9.81 

9  84 

640.16 
632  75 

.4485 
.4541 

.    .    .     .     • 

18.17 
18.17 

125 
115 

201 
209 

7.61 
7.28 

574.35 
567.16 

.3861 
.3740 



18.17 
18  25 

105 

75 

217 
191 

6.60 
4  34 

562.85 
478  59 

.3417 
2630 

«       « 

18.25 

60 

210 

3.8'2 

467.64 

.2370 

•<       "             

18.27 

50 

222 

3.37 

462.18 

.2113 

353 
Cyclonic  Turbine. 


More  than  ordinary  pains  was  taken  to  obtain  a  decisive  trial  of 
this  device,  not  from  any  belief  in  its  superior  efficiency,  but  be- 
cause cyclonic  minds,  .llled  with  vorticose  ideas,  are  far  more  abun- 
dant than  is  generally  realized,  not  only  with  the  illiterate  but 
quite  as  plentifully  with  the  educated,  the  turbine  user  as  well  as 
builder.  The  cyclone,  tin;  whirlpool  and  centrifugal  force  have 
been  harped  upon  in  connection  with  .urbine  building  since  the 
conception  of  that  business. — Uriah  A.  Boyden  and  the  author  of 
the  cyclonic  alike  trying  to  profit  'hereby,  to  ^ain  something  from 
nothing.  It  should  be  plain  to  any  level  headed  person  that  to 
produce  a  centrifugal  force  of  one  hundred  ounds,  a  somewhat 
greater  force  must  !>e  expended  lo  do  it.  Were  the  reverse  the  case, 
then  "perpetual  motion  "  would  not  only  °;3  possible,  but  would  be 
very  philosophical.  The  following  explanation  and  description  is 
by  the  author : 

The  laws  that  govern  tlio  action  of  this  wheel,  as  it«  name  implies,  is  copied 
from  Niituiv,  and  is  founded  on  the  principles  and  l.iws  that  govern  '.he  rotary 
mo-ion  of  the  Cyclone — the  great  motor  engine  of  i.ur  atmosphere.  It  is  a  well 
known  fact  in  meteorology,  that  all  storms,  from  the  smallest  whirlwind  to 
the  most  extended  cyclone,  are  translated  along  their  course  in  a  rapid  vorti- 
cose mttion,  revolving  around  its  axis,  which  is  the  point  of  lowest  barometer. 
Imnvd;ately  the  vapor  jadcned  air  ru-hing  along  the  earth's  surface  from  points 
of  high  birometer,  ri-e  in  spirals  till  they  reach  the  cooler  currents  of  the  upper 
atmosphere,  and  there  r.ipidlv  condense  into  clouds  and  rain,  setting  free  the 
latent  heat  produced  hy  condensation  and  greatly  expanding  the  surrounding 
atmosphere  and  correspondingly  increasing  the  point  of  low  barometer.  This 
rapid  rotary  in  >tion  calls  into  play  the  centripetal  and  centrifugal  forces,  and  they, 
acting  almost  equally  in  apposite  directions,  and  on  both  sides  of  the  whirling  air, 
it  escapes  spira  ly  upwards  with  the  power  of  both  forces  combined.  It  is  the 
upward,  twisting  vorticose  motion  that  makes  the  tornado  the  most  destructive 
engine  that  comes  within  onr  experience,  and  as  nature  ever  follows  the  line  of 
least  resistance,  so  it  must  be  the  most  perfect  and  powerful  mechanical 
contrivance  with  which  we  are  acquainted— air  and  water  in  motion  being  gov- 
erned by  the  same  laws,  with  the  exception  that  air  is  compressible  and  elastic- 


354 


In  order  to  meet  the  differences,  I  have  made  the  upper  part  of  my  wheel  i 
large  air  chamber,  then,  as  the  water  comes  up  into  the  wheel,  instead  of 
striking  an  iron  plate,  it  strikes  a  column  of  confined  air,  and  by  the  force  of 
elasticity,  it  is- thrown  back  upon  the  wheel  without  loss  of  power  and  escapes 
horizontally  at  the  perimeter  of  the  wheel— thus  doiug  away  with  most  of  the 
impact  and  friction  which  seems  to  be  a  necessity  lo  most  other  wheels.  The 
claims  th.it  I  have  got  allowed  are,  first,  the  air  chamber,  which  is  described  as 
spherical,  surmounting  the  wheel;  second,  a  scroll  shaped  flume,  with  a  central 
aperture  through  the  top  plate  corresponding  to  one  in  the  lower  section  of  the 
wheel.  The  water  enters  the  flume  and  is  made  to  assume  a  vortical  or  cyclonic 
motion  before  it  reaches  the  wheel,  so  that  the  wheel  does  not  have  to  expend 
the  power  in  changing  a  direct  motion  of  the  water  column  to  a  rotary  or  spiral 
one,  but  it  gains  in  power  from  the  application  of  the  cyclonic  motion,  which 
the  water  IMS  gained  in  passing  through  the  flume,  so  that  the  wheel  gets  not 
only  the  head  pressure  but  th  it  due  to  the  acquired  centrifugal  motion.  The 
value  of  this  wheel  seems  to  be,  first,  in  rapid  whirlpool  motion  before  it 
touches  the  wheel,  and  consequently  does  not  have  to  perform  that  labor;  sec- 
ond, its  great  velocity  of  revolution;  third,  the  water  coining  in  at  the  center 
and  flowing  outward  makes  the  most  of  centrifugal  force,  which  force  is  addi- 
tional to  head  pressure,  and  will  increase  in  proportion  to  the  square  of  its 
velocity;  fourth,  a  small  wheel  will  do  as  much  work  as  others  two  or  three 
sizes  larger,  because  the  pressure,  being  greater,  will  discharge  more  water 
through  the  same  vent  with  corresponding  power. 

24-inch  wheel ;  six  outlets,  each  2g  inches  square. 
Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    March  10, 1880. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate          .... 

17  10 

''00 

000 

0  00 

307  20 

000 

16.98 

50 

380 

5.75 

459.87 

.3900 



17.03 
17  02 

75 
100 

299 
204 

6.70 
6  18 

428.46 
392  '*> 

.4861 
4901 

"        

17.00 
17  00 

60 
70 

321  5 

6.40 
6  81 

443.41 
437  96 

.4495 
4842 

<*                 (4 

17.00 

80 

288.5 

6.99 

425.77 

.5113 

If                 t( 

17  00 

90 

252.5 

6.88 

409  61 

5231 

t<                 K     ' 

17  00 

85 

266  5 

6  86 

406  93 

5250 

«                 <t 

17.00 

85 

247 

6.36 

384  36 

5153 

((                  <( 

17  00 

75 

290 

6  59 

402  92 

5094 

-    "    '  '  '  :  : 

17.00 
17.00 

65 
50 

323.5 
195 

6.37 
2.95 

420.36 
268.93 

.4719 
.3416 

Another  test  of  same  wheel,  the  outlets  being  enlarged  to  2J  inches  square. 


Whole  Gate  

16.93 
16.80 
16  80 

230 
75 
85 

000 
322.5 

289  5 

0.00 
7.32 
7  45 

416.31 
564.50 
555  81 

000 
.4086 

«*•         <t 

16  83 

95 

262 

7  54 

;;    ::   :  :  :  :  : 

16.84 
16.80 
16.82 

105 

100 
90 

235.5 
246.5 

278 

7.49 
7.46 

7.58 

508.69 
515.76 
534.23 

.4630 
.4558 
.4466 

355 


Mercer's  Reliable  Turbine. 

n-het-l,  »,>„/.  Ijij  M<  ,•<•  f  <r  >H,n,i>in,  Lancaster,  Pa. 


Downward  discharge.    Outside  register  gate. 


Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    May  2!», 


Gate  Opened 

rfead 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
feet 

Pei- 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

18.28 

775 

000 

000 

1028.77 

000 

*                        **                 

18.24 

350 

211.6 

22.42 

998.95 

.6514 

18.31 

360 

209.5 

22.85 

1001.43 

.6449 

'                         " 

18.31 

370 

206.7 

23.17 

100  1.*} 

.6690 

*                         *« 

18.30 

380 

204.5 

23.54 

1003.91 

.6784 

'                         *< 

18.30 

am 

201.5 

23.81 

10CHi.:i9 

.6845 

18.29 

400 

200 

24.24 

1008.87 

.6954 

*«                      '< 

1-S.l!.! 

411) 

198.5 

24.ISG 

1011.35 

.7058 

((                  it 

18.28 

420 

193.5 

24.62 

1013.87 

.7033 

*«                  <«              

18.29 

430 

189 

24.62 

1016.32 

.7012 

Part  Uate  

18.22 

375 

195 

22.15 

961.56 

.6694 

"         **              

18.28 

375 

192.5 

21.87 

947.34 

.6686 

"         " 

18.36 

325 

198.7 

19.56 

896.45 

.6292 

"          (t 

18.34 

275 

201.5 

16.79 

839.22 

.5775 

**         "              

18.25 

250 

210.5 

15.94 

836.86 

.5525 

««         «* 

18.50 

190 

207 

11.91 

730.07 

.4668 

4i         **              

18.52 

17") 

212 

11.24 

723.23 

.4443 

18.57 

1  :,i  i 

225 

10.22 

698.31 

.4173 

•'       '.'.'.'.'. 

18.71 
18.71 

115 
100 

197 
212.5 

6.86 
6.44 

555.72 
551.46 

.3302 
.3304 

356 
Rechard  Wheel. 

24-inch  wheel,  sent  by  George  F.  Baugher,  York,  Pa. 


Turbine  building,  like  the  other  arts,  started  with  low  beginnings,  how  far  back 
it  is  impossible  to  determine.  Water  wheel*,  working  upon  vcitiele  shafts,  were 
used  centuries  since.  The  tub  wheel,  with  buckets  made  of  wood,  and  shaped 
substantially  like  those  of  the  Jonval  wheel,  were  the  earliest  in  my  recollection, 
though  the  impact,  flutter,  undershot,  breast  and  overshot  were  also  common  at 
that  time — all  of  which  were  objectionable  under  certain  conditions.  Fourneyron, 
Jonval,  Parker,  Boyden,  and  many  others,  attempted  to  produce  wheels  free 
from  such  objections,  but,  in  doing  so,  overlooked  the  essential  feature  necessary 
to  make  their  efforts  successful. 


357 


In  supplying  a  mill  with  motive  power,  a  surplus  forremergencies  is  absolutely 
necessary.  The  plans  of  the  builders  alluded  to  were  generally  capable  of  pro- 
ducing wheels  reasonably  efficient,  when  working  with  the  maximum  supply  of 
water  that  would  pass  through  their  openings.  Half  that  quantity  would  hardly 
turn  the  wheel  to  speed.  Consequently,  with  such  wheels  in  use  upon  our  vari- 


able streams,  it  was  necessary  to  have  them  so  small  that,  during  nine  months 
of  each  year,  from  half  to  three-fourths  of  the  water  would  run  to  waste  over  the 
dam,  or  the  works  must  stand  idle  through  the  dry  months  —  a  fact  that  prejudiced 
manufacturers  to  such  an  extent  that  breast  or  overshot  wheels  have  been  dis- 
placed with  reluctance. 

Mr.  Rcchard,  like  a  few  other  recent  builders,  lias  worked  upon  a  different, 
plan,  as  may  be  seen  by  an  examination  of  the  tabulated  results  below,  or  in  the 
diagram  connected  with  this  report,  instead  of  striving  for  high  results  at  full 
gate,  where  a  turbine  is  seldom  used  unless  during  back  water,  when  the  quan- 
tity used  is  of  no  account..  -He  has  so  arranged  chutes  and  buckets  as  to  gain 
his  eighty-five  per  cent,  at  three-fourths  gate,  or  at  the  point  at  which  the  wheel 
is  most  likely  to  be  used,  instead  of  from  thirty  to  sixty  per  cent,  that  would  be 
realized  by  the  use  of  the  Fourneyron  or  any  of  the  early  whole  gate  turbines. 
Wheels  equal  to  the  one  tested  of  this  make  arc  far  superior  in  efficiency  to  any 
breast  or  overshot  wheel  that  can  be  produced,  no  matter  what  the  head  may 
be  ;  and  such  wheels  cnatflc  the  user  to  get  the  full  benefit  of  his  stream,  either 
in  its  highest  or  lowest  supply. 


The  results  below  show  this  wheel  to  he  the  most  economical  in  the  use  of 
water  at  about  three-fourths  discharge ;  and  Mr.  Baugher  takes  the  very  novel 
course  of  tabling  the  capacity  of  his  wheels  at  that  point,  thus  insuring  the  pur- 
chaser not  only  the  full  power  represented  in  the  table,  hut  a  surplus  for  emer- 
gencies. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  15.    June  8,  1880. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate.  

18.03 
18  05 

660 
300 

000 

280  5 

000 
38  25 

1749.33 
1669  66 

000 
6719 

Part  Gate  

18.05 
18.05 
18.04 
18.0U 
18.04 
18.02 
1802 
18.18 

325 
350 

375 
400 
340 
360 
370 
325 

269 
252 
234 
215 
257 
244.5 
235.5 
247 

39.73 
40.09 
39.88 
39.00 
39.71 
40.00 
39.61 
36.48 

1678.15 
1686.64 
1703.67 
1712.20 
1689.48 
1692.31 
1695.15 
1356.80 

.6944 
.6972 
.6870 
.6700 
.6898 
.6943 
.6865 
7829 

18  22 

300 

255 

34.77 

128813 

7844 

<t      «< 

18  21 

325 

236  5 

3493 

1293  38 

7851 

"      "         

18.26 
18  28 

300 
275 

255.5 
253 

34.84 
31  62 

1192.19 
1153  92 

.8481 
7937 

'•'•  '•'•    :::::: 

18.34 
18.38 
18  39 

250 
225 
225 

253.5 
253.5 
248 

28.80 
25.92 
23  21 

1070.96 
977.66 
960  73 

.7763 
.7639 
7555 

:;  ::    :  :  :  :  :  : 

18.41 
18.46 
18.46 
18  52 

225 

185 
200 
150 

244.5 
251.5 
240 
250 

25.01 
21.15 
21.81 
17  04 

946.29 
851.59 
856.26 
728  26 

.7fOO 
.7123 
.7305 
6689 

;;    ;;     

18.51 
18  55 

150 
150 

247.5 
233 

16.87 
15  88 

721.57 
666  43 

.6687 
6800 

«       «< 

18.62 

100 

243.5 

11.06 

555.61 

.5662 

"•    "     '.'.'.'.'.'. 

18.61 
18.67 

80 
80 

257 
224 

9.34 
8.14 

534.91 
452.20 

.4968 
.5104 

358 


The  Economical  Turbine. 

24-inch  wheel,  sent  by  S.  Martin,  York,  Pa. 


BV 

This  turbine  consisted  of  an  upper  plain  downward  discharge  wheel  above 
one  of  an  outward  discharge.  The  builder  declined  to  have  a  test  made  of  the 
upper  wheel  alone. 

During  this  test,  the  area  of  aperture  was  102  square  inches. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  10.     June  15, 1880. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
feet 

Pel- 
Cent 

Whole  Gate 

18  29 

485 

000 

752  36 

18.26 
18.25 

200 
210 

244.5 
234 

14.81 
14.89 

787  !09 

.5446 
.5489 



18.25 
18  27 

220 
230 

225 
•'la  a 

15.0J 
15  02 

785.50 
783  91 

.5527 
5552 

Part  Gate  

18.27 
18.27 
18.58 

240 
260 

51) 

206 
194.2 
234.3 

14.98 
14.71 
3.55 

780.74 
777.58 
371.10 

.5560 
.5482 
-27i'6 

18.55 
18.53 

70 
100 

205.5 
203 

4.35 
6.15 

368.40 
415.23 

.S369 
.4232 

«t       « 

18.51 

95 

210 

605 

424.94 

.4072 

\\       \\             

18.49 
18.48 

125 
120 

201.5 
209 

7.63 
7.60 

478.63 
481.43 

.4£66 
.4522 

18.44 
18.41 
18.41 
18.41 
18.39 
18  34 

140 
160 
170 
165 
190 
210 

209.5 
210 
197.5 
205.5 
204.7 
198  5 

8.88 
10.18 
10.17 
10.27 
11.78 
12  63 

524.00 
570.30 
673.24 
571.77 
623.57 
656  70 

.4866 
.5134 
.5102 
.5154 

.5438 
.5552 

"       "             

1835 

205 

204.5 

12.70 

659.73 

.5554 

Second  test  of  same  wheel,  area  of  aperture  being  reduced  to  72  square  inches. 


Whole  Gate  

1S.31 
18.01 
18.32 
18.33 
18.33 
18  33 

200 
210 
220 
230 
250 
215 

231.2 
222.5 
212.5 
204 
184 
201  5 

1312 
13.10 
11.37 
11.86 
9.75 
13  12 

C,K-,.(Ki 
681.07 
682.60 
682.60 
684.13 
638  58 

.6f08 
-CC07 
.5£95 
.5688 
.5872 
£934 

"       "            

18.34 
18  39 

210 
175 

206 
214  5 

13.10 
11  37 

634.07 
590  87 

.6f64 
5541 

tl             « 

18.40 

190 

206 

11.86 

582.04 

.5864 

::  ::     :  :  :  :  : 

18.44 
18.46 
18.52 
18.54 
18.61 
18.61 

150 
160 
125 
115 
65 
60 

214.5 
206 
194 
207  . 
196 
202 

9.75 
9.98 
7.34 
7.21 
3.86 
3.67 

521.08 
510.49 
431.57 
424.74 
321.72 
320.44 

.5372 
.EC07 
.4862 
.4848 
.3413 
.3558 

359 
81  owe  Wheel. 

24-inch  wheel,  sent  by  E.  W.  Roff,  Newark,  N.  J. 


The  claim  for  merit  in  this  combination  is  u 


ine  claim  lor  merit  in  this  combination  is  upon  tl 
which  open  two  at  a  time,  up  to  sixteen  in  all.  The  ph 
chutes  or  buckets  of  a  turbine,  for  the  purpose  of  usiii| 


i  of  closing  a  part  of  the 
purpose  of  using  the  water  economically 
has  been  tried  by  all  of  our  noted  tu 


the  arrangement  of  gates , 

-_-,---  r  —,  -     3  Of  US 

with  a  partial  supply  or  at  "  part  gate,"  lias  be 

bine  builders,  and  is  still  a  favorite  idea  with  amateurs  or  inexperienced  person 
interested  in  such  matters.  Walter  S.  Davis,  of  Warner,  N.  II.,  patented  a  plan 
nearly  identical  with  that  of  the  Stowe  about  1870.  J.  B.  Case,  of  Bristol,  Ct., 
also,  at  about  the  same  time,  patented  a  plan  the  same  in  principle,  though 
differing  in  detail. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10.    June  17, 1880. 


Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Pei- 
Cent. 

16  Gates  Opened.     .     .     . 

17.85 

755 

000 

0000 

1429.48 

000 

"        **                        ... 

18.0') 

340 

276 

28.43 

1137.77 

.7350 

*'        " 

18.08 

350 

274 

29.06 

1139.52 

.7466 

K          * 

18.05 

360 

269 

29.34 

1150.00 

.7484 

*'          '                        ... 

18.04 

370 

267 

29.90 

1158.76 

.7574 

"          ' 

38.04 

380 

265 

30.51 

1167.54 

.7669 

((                ( 

18.05 

390 

260 

30.72 

1176.33 

.7556 

'*                '                                         ... 

18.05 

400 

255.5 

30.97 

1188.66 

.7639 

t<                ( 

18.02 

410 

253.5 

31.49 

1195.73 

.7739 

<>                ( 

18.01 

420 

247.5 

31.50 

1202.81 

.7700 

"                * 

18.02 

430 

245 

31.92 

1213.44 

.7729 

I* 

18.01 

450 

32.45 

1224.06 

.7795 

17.97 

475 

231 

33.25 

1256.05 

.7800 

17.95 

500 

221 

33.45 

1265.21 

.7799 

t* 

17.94 

550 

202 

33.66 

1292.21 

.7678 

JU                                      ... 

18.22 

300 

249.3 

22.66 

942.03 

.6989 

18.17 

325 

238 

23.43 

968.68 

.7047 

8                                    \     \     \ 

18.33 

225 

244 

16.63 

728.55 

.6592 

18.31 

235 

240 

17.09 

744.09 

.6642 

«( 

18.31 

245 

233.5 

17.33 

753.45 

.6650 

6                                    .     \     . 

18.46 

175 

233 

12.35 

561.98 

.6303 

** 

18.43 

VK 

236 

11.80 

563.43 

.6017 

4                                 .     ]     \ 

18.60 

100 

224 

6.78 

363.48 

.5309 

18.60 

90 

231 

6.30 

362.17 

.4952 

«« 

18.61 

85 

234.2 

6.03 

359.57 

.4770 

2                                 '.     '.     . 

18.18 

50 

210 

3.18 

203.66 

.4546 

360 
Hard  Working  Gate. 


To  ascertain  the  comparative  efficiency  of  a  plain  cylinder  gate  at 
stages  of  gate  opening,  the  following  experiments  were  made  :  A  36-in( 


different 
nch  Hisdon 


turbine  was  selected  for  the  purpose.  It  was  one  of  the  best,  and  from  the  same 
patterns  the  90  per  cent,  wheels  reported  of  that  make  were  made.  The  gate- 
hoisting  rods  and  geared  levers  were  changed  to  the  plan  to  be  seen  upon  the- 
Hunt  wheel  reported  upon  another  page.  As  the  gate  raised  to  open,  it  worked 
the  other  side  up  from  what  it  is  illustrated  here  and  thi-  four  hoisting  rods  were 
connected  to  what  is  represented  as  the  bottom,  running  up,  and  in  no  way  ob- 
structing the  chutes.  In  this  condition  the  wheel  was  carefully  tested. 
Data  below  for  one  minute.  Multiply  revolutions  by  15. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weigh 

Rev  pe 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate  

»4                «( 
•4                 1. 

18.19 

18.19 
18  19 

700 
725 
750 

170.6 
166 
161  3 

54.28 
54.90 
54  98 

190.J.76 
1972.76 
1970  76 

.8033 
.8070 
8120 

•«                «« 

18.18 
18  18 

775 
800 

155.6 
150  3 

54.80 
54  6^ 

1970.76 
1979  76 

'  .8099 
8039 

t«                 it 

18  18 

740 

163 

54  82 

1966  76 

8118 

Part  Gate.         !    !    !    1     ! 

18.18 
18.19 
18  20 

760 
760 

158.2 
152.1 
155   • 

54.65 
52.54 
52  48 

1953.76 
1901.16 
1901  16 

.8110 
.8044 
8030 

;;    ;;       ..... 

18.22 
18  25 

725 
725 

159.5 
151 

52.5. 
49  76' 

1898.19 
1824  45 

.8045 
7914 

;:        :  :  :    : 

18.27 
18.27 
18.30 
18.31 
18.32 
18.37 
18.38 
18  38 

700 
675 
665 
645 
625 
600 
585 
570 

156.5 
162.5 
154.5 
158 
163.7 
154.5 
158.2 
162  5 

49.79 
49.85 
46.70 
46.32 
46.50 
42.13 
42.06 
42  10 

1818.59 
1818.59 
1728.38 
1722.60 
1713.9(5 
1608.2?, 
1602.5!! 
16H5  42 

.7934 
.7944 
.7817 

.me 

.7840 
.7660 

.7560 
7554 

« 

18  42 

525 

155  5 

37  10 

1476  7° 

T>Q'> 

••         :  :  :  :  : 

18.42 
18.44 
18.49 

18  49  i 

510 
495 
450 
435 

158.8 
162.8 
152.5 
155  5 

36.81 
36.63 
31.19 
30  74 

147ij.72 
479.48 

326.  S4 
324  15 

,7Jf4 

.718C 
.67:  o 
.670!i 

ii 

18.50  1 

415 

161.2 

30.40 

32U4SI 

.6583 

\\                  

18.57 
•18  57 

350 
340 

156 
159  5 

24.81 
24  65 

100.69 
160  rt'.l 

.6095 
.6055 

::         :  :  :  :  : 

18.57 
18.62 

330 
300 

160.5 
143.7 

24.07 
19.59 

15552 
983.26 

.5939 
.5666 

361 


Easier  Working  Gate. 


Risdon  Wheel.  Gate. 

Retest  of  the  same  wheel,  the  flange  of  the  gate  having  l>een  cut  away  about 
half  the  length  of  the  chutes,  as  represented  above. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  pe 
minuti 

•    Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Pei- 
Cent 

Whole  Gate  

18.21 

700 

171 

54.40 

1962.74 

.8058 

18.20 

725 

165.7 

54.60 

1965.53 

.8080 

"        

18.21 

7M 

162 

55.22 

1968  52 

.8149 

•  i 

18.21 

775 

155.2 

54.67 

1965.53 

.8086 

"        

18.21 

800 

149.7 

54.43 

1977.49 

.8003 

*< 

1821 

740 

162.5 

54.65 

1971  51 

.8058 

H 

18,20 

76') 

158.5 

5475 

1983.48 

.8031 

Part  Cate 

18.20 

760 

151.5 

52  33 

1911  94 

7950 

18.22 

745 

154.3 

52.25 

1908.98 

.7952 

"        <             

18.23 

725 

159.5 

52.56 

1906.02 

.8008 

«<        < 

18.25 

725 

150.5 

49.59 

1835.31 

.7838 

"        \             

18.26 
18.26 

700 
675 

155.3 
160.5 

49.41 
49.24 

1829.39 
1826  48 

.7832 
.7817 

i 

18.30 

665 

151.3 

45.73 

1727.80 

.7656 

i 

18.29 

615 

136 

45.73 

1719.16 

.7700 

* 

18.31 

625 

160.6 

45.62 

1716.28 

.7685 

18.35 

600 

151 

41.18 

1613.65 

.7363 

18.34 

585 

155.2 

41.26 

1605.18 

.7420 

18.35 

570 

158 

40.91 

1605.18 

.7352 

18.34 

555 

163 

41.12 

1601.56 

.7413 

18.40 

510 

152.6 

35.37 

1482.40 

.6865 

18.40 

495 

158.7 

35.70 

1479.64 

.6943 

18.40 

480 

163 

35.56 

1476.88 

.6928 

"                      • 

18.46 

430 

154.6 

30.11 

1335.51 

.6466 

18.46 

415 

158.5 

29.89 

1330.15 

.6401 

it 

18.47 

400 

163.5 

29.72 

1327.47 

.6403 

'*                      • 

18.53 

340 

155.6 

24.04 

1169.65 

.5789 

ii 

18.54 

325 

160 

23.63 

1167.07 

.5781 

tt 

18.53 

315 

163 

23.33 

1164.49 

.5726 

•'                     

18.60 

260 

155 

18.31 

1000.06 

.5211 

362 
Easy  Working  Gate. 


Risdon  36-incti  wheel.  (fob  . 

A  third  test  of  the  same  wheel,  the  flange  of  tlio  gate  having  been  cut  entirely 
away,  leaving  a  plain  cylinder  gate. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  pe 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Pei- 
C'ent 

Whole  Gate     

18  23 

700 

177 

56  3t 

2120  25 

7713 

18.24 
18.25 
18.24 
18.22 
18  23 

725 
750 
775 
800 
740 

171.2 
165.6 
1605 
154.5 
168 

56.48 
56.75 
56.54 
56.18 
56  50 

2139.40 
2139.46 
2136.39 
2136.39 
2139  46 

.7662 
.7695 
.7681 
.7643 

76C9 

18  23 

760 

163  7 

56  41 

•'136  3<» 

Part  Gate  

18.24 

18  26 

760 

745 

156.5 
161  5 

54.06 
54  68 

2096  50 
2090  41 

.7484 

7585 

<«             « 

18.24 

725 

165  6 

54.27 

2081.25 

7,  'it  9 

(f             If 

18.28 

725 

155 

51  07 

2023  49 

7317 

«             « 

18  27 

700 

161  5 

51  38 

201  7  43 

7i;80 

:;        :  •  :  :  : 

18.26 
18.28 
18-30 

675 
665 
645 

166.6 
157 
15S.5 

51.12 
47.45 
46  46 

2017.43 
1942.20 
1939.21 

.7347 
.7076 

.6532 

<i 

18  2S 

625 

166 

47  17 

192>  •>:> 

7103 

it 

18.30 

600 

155  5 

42.40 

1850.02 

.C631 

"                

18.31 
18  31 

585 
570 

1585 
163 

42.14 
42  23 

1850.02 
1844  12 

.6586 
6622 

11 

18  31 

555 

166  2 

41  92 

1838  22 



1836 
18  38 

510 
495 

157.7 
164 

36.55 
3690 

1727.17 
1727  17 

.6101 
6154 

4( 

18.37 

480 

1675 

3654 

1727.17 

.€0i7 

|| 

18.42 

430 

158 

31  18 

1601  01 

5CCO 

;:          :  :  •  : 

18.42 
18.42 

18.48 
18.47 

415 
400 
340 
325 

162.5 
167.5 
160 
165 

30.65 
30.45 

24.72 
2i.37 

1595.34 
1595.34 
1458.15 
1455.39 

.5323 
.54H5 
.4856 
.4800 

;;'    ;;           .'  '.  .'  .* 

18.48 
18.55 
18.54 
18.54 
18  62 

315 
260 
245 
230 
150 

167.6 
156.6 
162.5 
167.2 
164 

23.96 
18.51 
18.09 
17.48 
11  18 

1455.39 
1289.50 
1284.16 
1281.49 
1083 

.4717 
.40t7 

.4023 
.3895 
2935 

«    «•        

18.64 

140 

166 

10.56 

1077.89 

.2782 

363 


EXPERIMENTS 

WITH 


Gears,  Belts  and  Draft  Tubes, 

[These  experiments  occupied  the  time  from  March  18  to 
April  23  inclusive.] 


'In  presenting  these  results,  it  is  not  pretended  that  they  exhaust 
the  subjects,  for  such  is  far  from  being  the  cage,  as  every  change 
made,  no  matter  how  slight,  caused  a  change  in  the  rate  of  trans- 
mission. The  best  results  obtained  are  given,  while  the  conditions 
under  which  they  were  obtained  were  certainly  quite  as  favorable 
as  gears  and  shafting  are  likely  to  be  placed  in  mills.  The  great 
loss  in  transmission  through  the  spur  gears  was  entirely  unexpected, 
and  the  experiment  was  repeated  at  intervals,  during  several  weeks, 
with  substantially  the  same  results  at  each  repetition,  and  it  would 
seem  desirable  to  make  a  more  exhaustive  trial  by  trying  a  greater 
variety  of  gears  of  different  make  and  relative  proportion,  and  par- 
ticularly of  gears  made  from  the  same  patterns,  but  of  different 
brands  of  iron.  There  must  be  some  discoverable  cause  why  one 
gear  will  run  without  perceptible  wear  for  years,  when  another,  put 
in  to  replace  it,  cuts  out  in  a  day  or  two.  So  of  water  wheel  steps, 
where  two  wheels,  seemingly  alike,  placed  in  the  same  pit,  with  one 
the  step  lasts  for  years,  while  the  other  requires  anew  one  monthly. 
Is  there  not  some  property  in  the  iron  that  causes  such  different 
effects?  At  any  rate,  it  is  hardly  worth  while  to  spend  time,  brains 
and  money  in  efforts  to  produce  turbines  and  other  engines  of  the 
highest  efficiency,  unless  corresponding  efforts  are  made  to  transmit 
a  reasonable  proportion  of  such  efficiency. 


To  find  the  loss  of  power  in  transmission  through  gears,  and  the 
loss  by  use  of  draft  tubes,  the  highest  efficiency  in  each  case  must 
be  compared  with  that  of  the  15-inch  Victor  wheel  reported  upon 
the  next  page. 


364 
Victor  Turbine. 

5  inches  in  Mamtter.    Price,  $250. 


This  wheel  was  in  use  several  weeks  to  make  the  following  gear,  draft  tube 
ind  belt  experiments.     The  results  below  show  the  efficiency  of  the  wheel. 
Data  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate  

17.98 
17  97 

310 
320 

323.2 
300  5 

30.36 
29  13 

981.15 
981.15 

.9111 

.8747 

I                    (( 

17  97 

290 

348  5 

30  62 

974  47 

9258 

*                    <C 

17.98 

290 

347.5 

30.53 

972.80 

.9242 

18.00 
17.98 

280 
300 
300 

355 
337.3 
331 

30.12 
30.66 
30  09 

969.47 
977.81 
972.80 

.9139 
.9234 
.9102 

17  99 

290 

345 

30  31 

972  80 

9174 

"                 '                             

18.00 
17  99 

300 
290 

334.5 
334 

30.40 
29  35 

972.80 
971.13 

.9191 

8896 

«(                 « 

1799 

275 

339 

2825 

962.82 

.8634 

<(                 t 

18  02 

260 

331  5 

26  11 

901  88 

8506 

If                 < 

18  03 

2)0 

338  5 

25  64 

897  00 

8394 

(t                 i 

18.09 

230 

331  2 

23  08 

820  67 

.8231 

«                 < 

18  09 

225 

339  5 

23  14 

808  53 

8376 

"        '              

18.20 
18  38 

175 
105 

339 
334 

17.97 
10  62 

695.06 
482  59 

.7538 
6345 



18.41 

95 

340 

9.78 

460.56 

.6108 

Re-test  of  the  wheel  some  weeks  later,  several  alterations  having  been  made. 


Whole  Gate. 


|     17.94   |     285 


30.40   |  981.46   |     .9141 


The  results  obtained  from  a  23-inch  Boyden  wheel,  price  $500,  tested  in  the 
same  place  and  under  precisely  the  same  conditions  is  here  given.  The  Boyden 
wheel,  however,  ha<l  a  sort  of  flanged  gate  specially  fitted  for  the  trial.  With  the 
ordinary  gate,  the  results  are  shown  in  the  lowest  table.  Made  at  Ames  Works. 


Best  Whole  Gate.    .     .     . 
Part  Gate  

18.16 
18.14 
18.29 

195 
155 

75 

263.5 
264 

15.21 
12.35 
6.00 

553.15 
477.27 
325.49 

.8364 
.7551 
.5336 

Whole  Gate  

18  2o 

195 

257  5 

15  21 

545  79 

8084 

Part  Gate. 

18.33 

75 

259.5 

5.87 

380.63 

.4973 

365 


Draft  Tube  in  Backwater. 

Experiment  to  determine  whether  a  draft  tube  causes  a  loss  of  efficiency  during 
backwater. 


i.-«  make  the  test  below,  tlit- 
•SKheel  was  placed  in  the  floor 
of  the  flume  in  the  usual  way, 
under  the  fullhead.  The  iron 
draft  tube  of  the  wheel  which 
held  the  bridge-tree  for  step 
was  about  21  inches  inside 
diameter.  Around  this,  un- 
derneath floor  of  flume,  was 
placed  a  piece  6  feet  10  inches 
in  length  of  the  23  inches  draft 
tube  described  on  a  follow- 
ing page.  The  bottom  of  this 
was  22  inches  above  the  apron 
of  wheel  pit,  the  discharge 
being  through  6  feet  10  inches 
of  submerged  draft  tube.  Thus 
placed,  the  wheel  was  tested 
with  the  gate  opened  ill  full. 
Results  may  be  seen  below. 

Data  below  for  one  minute. 
Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

17.80 
17.80 
17.81 
17.81 
17.83 
17.84 

270 
280 
290 
265 
260 
255 

349 
330  7 
325 
356 

369.2 

28.55 
28.05 
2S.56 
29.89 
28.52 
28.52 

999.34 
1006.65 
1000.65 
1003.30 
1003.30 
1001.02 

.8496 
.8279 
.8424 
.8559 
.8402 
.8450 

366 
Draft  Tube  Experiments. 


In  preparing  for  these  tests,  the  wheel  was  placed  10  feet  above  the  flume  floor 
upon  the  top  of  a  draft  tube  23  inches  inside  diameter,  10  feet  4  inches  in  length. 
Results  on  opposite  page. 


367 


DEPARTMENT  or  THE  INTERIOR,  UNITED  STATES  PATENT  OFFICE, 

Washington,  J).  C.,  June  17th,  1880. 

SIK  :  lu  reply  to  your  letter  of  14th  hist.,  you  are  informed  that  the  records  of 
this  office  show  that  the  first  patent  granted  for  "  Draft  Tube  for  Water  Wheels  " 
was  issued  June  28th,  1840,  No.  1658.  It  appears  to  have  been  the  invention  of 
Zi-bulon  and  Austin  Parker  of  Licking  Co.,  Ohio.  The  patent  was  issued  to 
Zebulon  Parker  and  R.  McKilby,  administrator  of  Austin  Parker,  deceased. 
Respectfully  yours, 

F.  A.  SEELEY,  Chief  Clerk. 
J>M£8  EMERSON,  Williiuiuisett,  Mass. 


Tests  of  15  inch  wheel  placed  as 


on  opposite  page. 


The  wheel  was  far  less  steady  during  this  trial  than  when  placed  at  the  bottom 
of  the  flume.  As  the  tube  was  surrounded  by  8  feet  of  water,  of  course  there 
was  no  leakage  of  air. 


Gate  Opeiu'd 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  G-ite 

17  73 

285 

3°2 

17  77 

|06 

307  5 

27  48 

957  §5 

"          "        

17.77 
17  79 

305 
270 

291.5 
345 

26.94 
28  22 

961.18 
954  52 

.8352 

*«          <i 

17  78 

275 

336  ° 

28  02 

(i          ft 

17  79 

280 

"        

17.80 

275 

338.5 

28.20 

957.85 

.8737 

Test  of  the  same,  the  lower  end  of  draft  tube  being  unsubmerged. 


|   17.80   |     100      |     266      |      8.06 


Second  tost  of  the  same  draft  tube  taken  several  days  later. 


Whole  Gate  

17.91 
17  87 

200 
230 

349.3 
356  2 

24  82 

869.88 
937.09 

.7194 

7848 

"        

17.82 
17.81 

250 
260 

354.5 

27.42 
27.93 

957.00 
967.12 

.8512 
.8585 

"        

17.81 
17.79 

270 
280 

341.7 
325.5 

27.95 
27.62 

974.77 
983.75 

.8523 
.8356 

Part  Gate  

17.96 
17  95 

200 
190 

340°7 

19.90 
19  61 

789.75 
783  43 

.7428 
.7383 

«              «4 

18.11 

100 

356.6 

1080 

550.66 

.5733 

"               "                       

18.11 

110 

345 

11.50 

549.22 

.6122 

The  wheel  was  more  difficult  to  control  with  brake  than  during  the  first  trial. 
It  took  a  long  time  to  clear  the  tube  of  air.  Quite  a  number  of  tests  were  taken 
before  anything  like  the  power  due  the  head  could  be  obtained,  though  they 
*ere  not  recorded. 


368 


369 


Reduced  Draft  Tube. 

Test  with  19-inch  draft  tube. 

During  this  test  the  wheel  was  placed  at  the  top  of  the  before  mentioned  23- 
inch  draft  tube,  that  haying  been  diminished  in  diameter  by  the  insertion  of  a 
lining  2  inches  in  thickness,  leaving  the  inside  diameter  of  tube  19  inches  in 
the  clear,  and  10  feet  4  inches  in  length  as  before;  and,  as  before,  about  8  feet 
of  the  head  above  the  wheel. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

17.90 

17.88 
17.89 

irss 

250 
260 
270 
280 
240 

354 
337.5 
324.2 
309 
365 

26.81 
26.57 
26.52 
26.21 
26.54 

959.52 
961.18 
964.50 
966.17 
957.86 

.8264 
.8185 
.8137 
.8029 
.8204 

Test  of  the  above  arrangement  the  lower  end  of  tube  being  unsubmerged. 


"                    1                      140 

|     367 

|     15.57                    | 

Draft  Tube  Again  Reduced. 

Test  with  15-inch  draft  tube. 

Continuation  of  the  same  arrangement  of  tubes  as  before,  another  lining 
having  been  inserted,  leaving  inside  diameter  of  tube  15  inches;  length,  10 
feet  4  inches,  as  before. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 

Feet 

Pei- 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  

17.88 

200 

376 

22,81 

890.78 

.7584 

17.87 

225 

336 

22.90 

898.97 

.7546 

**                      «<                 

17.85 

250 

296 

22.42 

905.53 

.7339 

It                      « 

17.86 

240 

310.6 

22.58 

905.53 

.7391 

(4                         (4 

17.86 

230 

324.5 

22.61 

902.25 

.7429 

!     '.     '.     '.     '.         17.86 

220 

339.5 

22.63 

898.97 

.7462 

17.80 

210 

355.5 

22.62 

894.05 

.7500 

18.08 

125 

3385 

12.82 

591.92 

.6343 

Gate  open  two-thirds.    .     . 
"    one-half.  .    .     . 

18.24 
18.24 

70 
65 

322.5 
329.2 

6.84 
6.48 

415.42 
415.42 

.4779 
.4527 

'•     one-half.  .     .     .         18.24 

60      1     338             6.14       411.37        .4333 

Test  with  the  lower  end  of  draft  tube  unsubmerged. 


Whole  Gate  

1     200           365 
1     225           323 

22.30   1                1 

22.02    |                 1 

370 


s-MI-sl  gJ 
•s  £  ;  a  5  -a  .3   - 

1l 


iillHKl 

'    ;ilsir!li 

^^^^|^«as 

-tTru^oSfeS^    — 


'  o   e  .3   g  «   -  jj  -3,-  s 

'         *«^|l3|25o 


"  -- 


ii.IssT|ii 

5a<S£-<s^^^ 


ffl 

The  Hercules. 


Test  of  whcc 
T>atu  below  for  one  minute 


n  flume  in  the  ordinary  way. 
Multiply  revolutions  by  15.    Dec.  6, 1879. 


Gate  opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Fret. 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  Gate  

.09 
.13 

.02 

.16 
.16 
.16 

1000 
1050 
1100 
950 
900 
975 
925 

177.3 

167.5 
157.5 
190 
199 
182.5 
194 

80.59 
79.94 
78.75 
82.04 
81.41 
80.88 
81.56 

32fH.2i 

32XS.37 
:i2*8.:;7 
3240.09 
:;-jOo.7-2 
32:33.21 
3216.02 

.7648 
•7514 
.7450 
.7817 
.7835 
.7719 
.7824 

Test  of  wheel  for  power  after  it  was  placed  in  the  wheel  case,  A,  and  previous 
to  its  being  geared  to  the  machinery  in  the  mill  near  by. 


Whole  Gate. 


20. (JO   I    900  173      I     70.77 

20.00        850  184  71.09 

20.00        800  188  68.36 


372 


View  of  Testing  Flume,  Horizontal  Wheels  and  Draft  Tulie. 


373 
Curtis  Wheel. 


The  results  in  the  table  below  were  obtained  from  the  test  of  a  35-inch  wheel 
upon  upright  shaft  in  the  usual  way.  The  inside  register  gate  had  been  left  out, 
so  the  chutes  were  open  in  full  and  the  water  was  applied  by  the  head  gates  of 
testing  flume. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  15.     Oct.  22,  1879. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate  

17.69 

2225 

000 

000 

3115.69 

.0000 

17.77 
17  77 

900 
1000 

193 
179 

78.95 
81  36 

2905.30 
2935  63 

.8096 
8258 

;;     ;;     

17.75 

17  74 

1100 
1200 

165.5 
152 

82.75 
82  90 

2950.83 
2981.29 

.8365 
8300 

It           (« 

17.73 

1300 

138.5 

81.82 

3004.21 

.8133 

;;    ;;   :  •  :  :  : 

17.75 
17.74 
17.80 

1050 
1150 
100 

171.2 
159 
•273.5 

81.70 
83.11 
12.43 

2954.63 
2966.05 
2574.47 

.8248 
.8363 
.0000 

After  the  above  test,  the  same  wheel,  with  a  left-hand  mate  of  the  same  supposed 
efficiency,  was  fixed  upon  a  horizontal  shaft,  then  placed  in  the  flume  at  the  top 
of  u  square  draft  tube  ten  feet  in  height,  as  shown  on  the  opposite  page.  The  draft 
tube  and  fittings  were,  furnished  by  Mr.  Curtis,  and  upon  the  same  scale  that  he  had 
furnished  for  other  wheels  of  the  kind  for  mills.  The  dotted  lines  in  bulk-head 
show  the  application  of  the  brake  for  testing.  The  same  may  perhaps  be  more 
clearly  seen  in  the  illustration  of  Measuring  Pit  in  the  first  part  of  this  report. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  20. 


Whole  Gate.    . 

16.26 
16.38 

1500 
1400 

141 
160.5 

128.18 
127.70 

5794.09 
5779.76 

.7204 
.7141 

it         « 

16.37 

1450 

145 

127.42 

5788.43 

.6940 

if         (i 

16.37 

1500 

140.6 

127.81 

5817.38 

.7089 

.*         *i 

16.40 

1350 

126.81 

5761.51 

.7106 

"    •  •  • 

16.39 

1300 

159.2 

125.43 

5738.27 

.7161 

374 
New  American  Wheel. 


30-inch  icheel,  sent  by  Stout 


(•  7V  „,,,/,,  l><t,/t»n,  Ohio. 


]     Wpicriit      ev  l)er'  Horse      Cubic 
Head    Weight    miuut(,  <  Powcr       peet 


Pel- 
Cent. 


WLole  Gate  lOJin.  or  72  turn.-. 


Part  G  te.  .... 


17.75 

17.75 
17.74 
17.74 
17.73 
17.71 
17.77 
17.73 
17.81 
17.81 
17.85 
17.87 
17.89 
17.91 
17.91 
17.90 
17.90 
17.94 
17.92 
17.97 
17.96 
18.04 
18.01 
18.04 
18.11 
18.10 
18.10 
18.09 
18.17 
18.16 
ls.24 


1100 
650 
700 
750 
800 
850 
675 
725 
650 
J675 
675 


000 
610 
610 

liOIJ 


525 
BOO 
430 

440 
450 
475 

mo 

41111 


000 

21  cj.:: 

199 

186.5 

IT:..:. 

163 

207.5 

194 

203 

202 

201.6 

206.5 

2.17.5 


205..") 

207.5 

207-5 

202 

207.5 

205 

207 

202 

205 

200.5 

206.5 

205.5 

199 

208 

205.5 

206 


247S.4-J 
2:.3!i.27 


2207.22 
2354. S2 


61.97 
61.85 
61.02 


47.04  1759.40 

48.20  1794.24 
46.57    I  1727.66 

40.97  1561.16 

41.30  1577.00 
42.34 
42.9i; 


37.36 
31.36 


1  5S-...21 
1613.56 
1443.91 
1427.51 

li'U.Sti 


000 
.7735 
.7793 
.7655 


.7874 
.7997 
.7922 
.7954 
.7951 
.7962 
.S044 
.8017 


.7801 
.7964 

.7912 
.7673 
.7661 
.7793 

.7792 
.7434 
.7631 
.7372 


The  average  efficiency  from  half  to  whole  gate,  .779 


375 
New  American  Wheel. 


Retest  of  the  wheel  af    r  slightly  reducing  its'  diameter,  as  it  was  found  to  have 
touched  the  curb  during    ic  former  trial.    As  may  be  seen,  this  change  raised  the 

whole  gate  efficiency  at      e  expense  of  that  of  the  part  gate. 

Data  below  for  one  ninute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  15.    July  7,  1880. 

Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 

Feet 

Pei- 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  10  1  in  or  72  ti    us 

17.67 

675 

210.4 

64  55 

2487.94 

.7774 

«          it        K           .< 

17.64 

685 

208.5 

64.92 

2494.32 

.7812 

<{          ti        tt           tt 

17.65 

700 

203 

64.59 

2507.07 

.7727 

tt          t(        it           tt 

17.63 

715 

201.5 

65.46 

2513.46 

.7821 

Gate  openS  l-16in.oro9tu  us 

17.67 

700 

200.5 

63.79 

2405.55 

.7964 

17.71 

675 

203 

62.28 

2349.00 

.7926 

"     7j       "        55 

17.72 
17.75 

650 
650 

209.5 
2025 

61.90 
59.83 

2323.99 
2286.62 

.7958 
.7804 

17.74 

•    640 

208.5 

60.66 

2268.01 

.7983 

a           it      tt          «            tt 

17.72 

675 

200 

61.36 

2299.06 

.7976 

^  7      ..     51 

17.77 

650 

201.2 

59.44 

2212.41 

.7990 

17.77 

630 

207 

59.27 

2200.12 

.8027 

'•     G.L       •         47 

17.81 

625 

20  1 

57.95 

2141.97 

.8042 

17.80 

645 

198 

55.02 

2151.12 

.7608 

«.                 tt         tt               tt                  tt 

17.81 

600 

206.7 

56.37 

2135.87 

.7845 

"51o-16"        43                17.85 

575         205 

53.58 

2018.06 

.7875 

17.85 

560         208 

52.94 

2009.08 

.7816 

i<         ti     tt         t         tt 

17.84 

600 

201 

54.81 

2036.06 

.7989 

"         "55-16     '        3'J 

17.92 

525 

206 

49.15 

1890.44 

.7681 

17.90 

545 

204 

50.53 

1899.26 

.7869 

"    4J               35 

17.97 

500 

203 

46.13 

1765.26 

.7700 

17.96 
17.96 

490 
480 

204 

207 

45.43 
45.16 

1759.50 
1750.86 

.7611 
.7604 

"    4j      '      ni 

18.03 

465 

197 

41.63 

1639.76 

.7482 

18.04 

450 

203 

41.52 

1631.30 

.7471 

"     :5's                27 

18.11 

390 

206 

36.51 

1453.89 

.7358 

18.12 

400 

203 

36.90 

1473.00 

.7319 

"215-16  '        23 

18.17 

300 

220 

30.00 

1251.00 

.6988 

18.16 

335 

285.5 

31.44 

1292.99 

.7089 

tt         tt     ti         t         ti 

18.16 

350 

200.5 

31.90 

1293.00 

.7192 

Average,  .771 


376 
New  American  Wheel. 


30-inch  Wheel. 

Retest  of  the  same  wheel  after  changing  the  flaring  for  a  straight  draft  tube. 
The  gate  openings  were  the  same  through  the  three  trials.  The  10£  inches  at 
whole  gate  means  the  extreme  swing  of  gate,  the  openings  at  outer  end  of  chutes 
being  7£  inches  only ;  but  the  gate  had  to  move  the  distance  named  to  clear  the 
openings.  The  averages  are  found  by  adding  the  thirty  tests  of  each  trial 
together  and  dividing  by  that  number. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  15.    July  8,  1880. 


Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent. 

Whole  Gate  lOJin.  or  72  turns 

17.73 

675 

209.8 

64.37 

2491.16 

.7715 

17  70 

700 

205  2 

f>5.29 

2500  72 

.7809 

ii          it 

17.68 

725 

198.5 

65.41 

2513.48 

.7794 

<i          <t 

17.67 

750 

192.5 

65.92 

i-4;i.()4 

.7759 

Gate  open  59  tu    is.     .     . 

17.77 

675 

203.5 

62.43 

2355.41 

.7900 

\\     "    ?.5          *  • 

17.79 

625 

212 

60.22 

2252.75 

.7950 

17.79 

650 

206.5 

60.71 

2258.93 

.8000 

"51 

17.78 
17.82 

675 
650 

200 
202 

61.36 
59.68 

22Vi.'J'J 
222;",  .(HI 

.7979 
.7969 

17.81 

625 

207.5 

58.94 

2194.25 

.7984 

"47                 !     ! 

17.85 

600 

208.5 

56.86 

2136.19 

.7895 

17.85 

625 

203.5 

57.41 

214."..-', 

.7937 

ii        ii       K 

17.85 

650 

197 

58.20 

2154.  -18 

.8012 

"        "       43 

17.90 

575 

208 

54.36 

2015.40 

.7978 

17.90 

600 

201.5 

54.95 

2151.48 

.7923 

"39                 !     ! 

17.96 

525 

208 

47.63 

1885.29 

.7760 

17.96 

550 

206.5 

51.62 

1899.79 

.8009 

«          tt        It 

17.94 

575 

200 

52.27 

1952.9.3 

.7900 

"         "       36                 !    .' 

18.01 

475 

211 

45.56 

1751.52 

.7647 

,«'«,„      ;  ; 

18.00 
18.00 

500 
525 

206 
201 

46.00 
47.96 

1786.09 
1808.35 

.7574 
.7810 

"       31      "          '.     '. 

18.06 

425 

211.5 

40.85 

1599.41 

.7488 

38.05 

450 

207.5 

42.44 

1632,08 

.7629 

«            it          it           *<               ^ 

18.04 

475 

198 

42.75 

1666.00 

.7531 

"       27      " 

18.12 

375 

213.2 

36.34 

1434.85 

.7299 

18.11 

400 

207.5 

37.72 

14S4.90 

.7426 

it        ii       ii       *i         ^ 

18.09 

425 

200 

38.63 

1509.00 

.7489 

ii         ii       03      ii 

18.17 

3->5 

216.5 

31.97 

i:tos.:!2 

.7119 

(i         it       it       it 

18.18 

350 

208 

33.09 

1328.49 

.7253 

"        "       ii       ii          .     , 

18.17 

375 

200 

34.09 

1363.11 

.7287 

Average,  .774 


377 
Exi>erinients  with  Gears. 


Test  of  gears  continued,  the  arrangement  of  gears  named  on  previous  page 

being  reversed,  or  the  small  gear  having  20  teeth  being  on  turbine  shaft,  that  of 

46  teeth  on  "Jack  Shaft  "—gears  being  worked  without  lubrication  of  any  kind. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Pei- 
Cent 

18.10 

210 

267.5 

17.02 

882.34 

.5642 

18.08 

220 

261.5 

17.43 

893.69 

.5712 

18.07 

230 

256 

17.84 

896.95 

.58-26 

18.07 

24fl 

253 

18.40 

898.58 

.6000 

18.08 

•-'.-.ii 

248.5 

18.82 

901.84 

.6117 

18.05 

260 

245 

10.30 

910.00 

.6221 

18.03 

270 

•241 

19.71 

923.10 

.6270 

18.03 

280 

•23:1.2 

20.95 

926.38 

.6650 

1--.OI 

290 

2:;:.:, 

20.87 

926.38 

.6613 

18  03 

300 

230.5 

20.95 

928.02 

.8628 

Test  of  above  named  arrangement  of  gears,  the  gears  being  well  oiled. 


17.83 
17.81 

350. 
400 

229   i  24.28 
221     26.78 

902.45 
937.06 

.7989 
.8494 

17.78 

425 

213 

27.43 

962.00 

.8490 

17.77 

450 

204 

27.81 

968.68 

.8555 

17.76 

475 

196 

28.21 

972.00 

.8653 

17.75 

500 

187 

28.33 

978.71 

.8634 

17.74 

525 

173.5 

27.60 

798.71 

.8416 

Verification  of  the  same  arrangement  of  gears  taken  several  days  later. 


18.02 
18.03 
18.02 
18.05 

475 
525 

500' 

197.5 
176.5 
180.6 

187.8 

28.42 

28.07 
28.04 
28.45 

963.56 
969.63 
971.31 

973.59 

.8665 
.8500 
.8482 
.8571 

During  the  above  tests,  the  teeth  of  the  gears  ran  rather  close  together,  though 
perfectly  free  and  were  correctly  placed  according  to  the  opinion  of  experts  in  sucli 
matters.     They  were  separated  about  1-16  in.  more,  then  gave  the  results  below. 

18.02 

is!oo 

500 
510 
520 

191.5 
187.5 
184.2 

29.01   I    972.67 
28.97       979.33 
29.02  |    981.00 

.8762 
.8706 
.8700 

378 


Experiments  with  (*ears. 


Tests  made  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  loss  of  power  in  transmission 
through  gears.  To  make  these  the  brake,  as  shown  above,  was  placed  upon  one 
end  of  a  horizontal  shaft,  representing  "Jack  Shaft,"  the  other  end  being  con- 
nected to  the  turbine  shaft  in  the  usual  way  by  bevel  gears.  These  gears,  shafts 
and  fittings  were  generously  furnished  for  the  purpose  by  the  Messrs.  Poole  & 
Hunt,  of  Baltimore,  Md.  Other  gear  makers  were  applied  to  but  none  of  them 
seemed  willing  to  submit  their  gears  to  such  trial.  Plain  cast  gears  with  un- 
finished surfaces  were  furnished.  The  workmanship  of  the  gears,  shafts  and 
boxes  was  pronounced  by  experts  to  be  excellent  and  superior  to  the  average  work 
of  the  kind  furnished  in  this  vicinity.  The  form  of  the  teeth  of  the  gears  was 
invariably  approved.  With  every  change  of  gear*,  experts  were  called  in  to 
examine  their  position  and  condition.  During  these  experiments  the  largest 
gear,  which  had  46  teeth,  was  used  upon  the  turbine  shaft  as  crown  gear,  wnile 
the  smallest,  which  had  26  teeth,  was  on  the  horizontal  or  "Jack  Shaft."  The  bear- 
ings were  kept  well  oiled,  but,  as  it  is  a  common  idea  with  gear  makers  that 
the  teeth  of  gears  roll  together  so  that  they  work  just  as  easy  when  dry  as 
when  well  lubricated,  the  first  trial  was  made  with  dry  gears.  The  table  below 
shows  results. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

17.96 

17.98 
17.96 
17.% 
17.96 

150 
125 
135 
130 
120 

487.5 
611.5 
564 

565 
612 

22.14 

23.16 
2:1.07 
22.25 
22.25 

1012.14 
997.02 
997.02 
993.67 
995.34 

.6449 
.6840 
.6821 
.6601 
.6589 

Test  through  same  gears,  the  gears  being  thoroughly  lubricated. 


18.04 
18.04 

150 
160 

646 
606 

29.36 
29.38 

961.93 
966.94 

.8957 
.8913 

18.04 

170 

558 

28.74 

978.66 

.8619 

18.03 

180 

506 

27.60 

976.14 

.8303 

18.05 

165 

584 

29.20 

975.31 

.8779 

379 
Experiments  with  Gears. 


Test  of  gears  continued,  a  second  horizontal  shaft  being  added  to  the  previ- 
ous arrangement  described  on  foregoing  page.  This  shaft,  representing  the 
main  line  of  shafting  through  a  mill,  was  connected  to  the  "  Jack  Shaft"  by  a 
pair  of  spur  gears — the  large  one,  about  27  inches  diameter,  Ij  inches  pitch.  5- 
inch  face,  having  49  teeth,  was  secured  upon  the  second  horizontal  shaft  or  main 
line,  and  was  driven  by  a  gear  on  "Jack  Shaft,"  same  face  and  pitch  as  the 
above,  and  about  16^  inches  diameter,  having  30  teeth.  The  brake  was  placed 
upon  the  end  of  second  line,  the  power  of  wheel  being  transmitted  through  the 
two  pairs  of  gears,  as  represented  above. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Head   (Weight^- 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

17.94 

300 

165.5 

15.16 

841.18 

.5319 

17  <)1 

350 

158.5 

16.81 

857.35 

.57t6 

17  '.") 

4(10 

151 

18.30 

870.33 

.6234 

17.87 

500 

139 

21.06 

90632 

.6884 

17!85 

550 

133.5 

22.25 

934.34 

.7064 

17.84 

600 

126.5 

23.00 

947.68 

.7202 

17.00 

625 

125 

23.65 

939.37 

.7443 

17  90 

675 

118 

24.13 

956.01 

.7465 

17.94 

650 

120 

2.'1.63 

966.03 

.7219 

17.S.J 

700 

109 

23.12 

964.36 

.7112 

The  gears  were  thoroughly  lubricated  with  a  mixture,  used  for  the  same  pur- 
iose  in  a  mill  near  by,  probably  composed  of  tallow  and  tar. 


Experiments  with  Gears. 


Continuation  of  the  combined  spur  and  bevel  gear  expftiments,  the  spur  gears 
having  heen  changed,  the  one  having  49  teeth  being  placed  upon  the  "Jack 
Shaft  and  working  into  the  one  having  30  teeth  on  second  horizontal  shaft  upo 


iich  the  brake  was  placed — the 
gear  through  all  these  test?. 


lall  bevel  gear  being  continued  as  crown 


Data  below  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Head    Weight  Kev  per 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

972.87 
977.28 
971.21 
978.96 
985.61 
961.18 

Per 
Gent 

.7727 
.77:u 
.7798 
.77.-,:, 
.7380 
.7641 

17.86          270 
17>>>    :       286 
17.84          260 
17.S4          280 
17.84          290 
17.H4    !       250 

310 
317.5 
323.5 
301.5 
277.5 
326.7 

23.30 
ir,.4!i 
25.52 
25.58 
24.47 
21.75 

Yeriticatiou  test,  taken   several  days  later. 

|     18.03    |       275     |     305.1    |     2542   |   980.22   |     .7614^ 
Another  test  of  tlie  same  arrangement  after  being  taken  down,  then  reset. 


17.66 

28* 

278.5 

24.05 

972.63 

.7409 

17.67 

275 

288.1 

23.84 

962.70 

.7419 

17.6) 

265 

304 

24.41 

964.36 

17.78 

270 

297.5 

24.34 

971.00 

.7504 

17.82 

275 

296.5 

24.41 

974  33 

.7442 

17.86 

270- 

300.5 

24.58 

971.00 

.7504 

381 


Belt  Experiments. 


To  prepare  for  the  experiments  to  determine  the  loss  of  power  in  transmission 
through  belts,  the  wheel  was  raised  in  flume  sufficiently  to  bring  top  of  shaft 
above  upper  bearing,  to  give  room  for  placing  a  30-inch  pulley  thereon;  this 
was  done  by  adding  another  10-inch  platform  to  the  first. 

The  wheel  itself  was  first  tested  by  placing  the  brake  on  the  wheel  shaft  in  the 
usual  way.  That  it  did  not  repeat  the  efficiency  shown  previously,  was  due  to 
alterations  made  in  the  conditions.  First,  the  step  was  altered  somewhat  in  form, 
then  the  wheel  was  placed  considerably  above  the  floor  of  the  flume  for  the 
purpose  named  above,  and  the  difference  in  the  head  probably  effected  it ;  but 
the  conditions,  however,  continued  the  same  through  the  belt  tests. 


Wheel  Test. 

Data  below  for  one  minute.    Multiply  revolutions  of  wheel  by  10. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

12  03 

150 

292  5 

13  29 

735  43 

7954 

12.00 

170 

278  5 

14  34 

740  05 

8550 

"          I! 

11.97 
11.95 
11.94 
11.95 
11.96 

185 

200 
195 
190 
180 

270 
239 
247 
262.5 
271 

15.13 
14.48 
14.59 
15.11 

14.78 

760.16 
772.61 
772.61 
771.06 
763.27 

.8804 
.8303 
.8375 
.8682 
.8559 

Quarter-Turn  Belt. 


In  order  to  make  the  experiments,  the  turbine  or  ver- 
tical shaft  was  connected  to  a  horizontal  shaft  by  the 
belt,  as  shown;  the  pulleys  were  each  30  inches  in 
diameter,  8-inch  face.  The  brake  was  placed  upon 
the  end  of  the  horizontal  shaft,  at  the  place  where 
the  word  "  brake  "  is  to  be  seen.  The  difference  in 
efficiency  shown  in  the  table  below  from  that  obtained 
by  direct  test  of  wheel;  shows  the  loss  in  transmission. 
The  belts  were  kindly  furnished  by  J.  W.  Cumnock, 
Agent  Dwight  Mills,  Chicopee,  Mass.  They  were  se- 
lected specially  for  the  purpose,  eight  inches  in  width, 
single  but  thick  and  even  their  whole  length,  and  had 
been  used  sufficiently  to  make  them  pliable.  They 
were  stretched  as  tight  upon  the  pulleys  as  it  was 
deemed  advisable,  by  experts  present,  to  have  belts 
work.  The  weights  named  in  the  tests  were  all  the 
belts  would  carry.  Heavier  weights  were  tried,  but 
the  belts  slipped,  and  slipped  upon  the  pulley  on  the 
horizontal  shaft  instead  of  the  vertical  or  wheel  shaft. 

Whole  length  of  belt,  46  feet. 


Data  below  for  or 


lute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

12.4t> 

125 

303 

11.47 

794.52 

61S4 

12  42 

135 

279.5 

11  43 

787  66 

6185 

ii         <f 

12  35 

145 

256 

11  24 

787  66 

i<         « 

1228 

155 

236.5 

11  11 

803  96 

5957 

,t                 u 

12  30 

120 

300 

10  91 

783  68 

5992 

"       "       

12.27 

130 

285.8 

11.25 

788.24 

.6158 

383 


Quarter-Twist  Belt, 


Pulley,  30  inches  in  diameter;  8-inch  face. 


.  -LEVATION 


3RAKE  PLAN 


Whole  length  of  belt,  about  35  feet. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

•.VLole  Gale  

12.13 
12.00 
11.98 

100 
125 
135 

349.6 
319.5 
305 

10.59 
12.10 
12.47 

724.86 
761.71 
767.73 

.6376 
.7009 
.7177 

ii         *t 

11  95 

155 

281  5 

13  22 

78°  00 

7490 

«         « 

11  94 

165 

268 

7584 

"         "         

11.95 

175 

252 

13.30 

783.54 

.7521 

384 


Open  Belt. 


Whole  length  of  this  belt  about  36  feet. 
Data  for  one  minute.     Multiply  revolutions  by  10. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 

minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 

Cent 

Whole  Gate 

12  28 

150 

324  2 

14  73 

12  11 

175 

286  2 

15  17 

785  11 

'8447 

12  05 

190 

260  5 

11.99 

180 

273  5 

14  92 

788  24 

8359 

11  98 

185 

261  5 

14  66 

788  24 

8220 

170 

780  36 

7980 

11.96 

165 

289.2 

14.47 

788.24 

.8126 

Cross  Belt. 


Pulleys  the  same  and  in  the  same  position  as  when  tried  with  open  belt. 


Gate  Opened 

Head 

Weight 

Rev  per 
minute 

Horse 
Power 

Cubic 
Feet 

Per 
Cent 

Whole  Gate  

12.03 
11.99 
11  97 

150 
160 
170 

311 
291 

271  5 

14.13 
14.10 
13  98 

774.17 

778.85 
783  54 

.8032 
.7993 
7891 

"*                 *'                        •        •        •        • 

11.96 
11.99 

180 
140 

251.5 
317 

13.71 
13.45 

788.24 
769.49 

.7700 
.7719 

385 


EMERSON'S  SAFETY  CAR  HEATING  AND 
LIGHTING   SYSTEM. 

These  plans  are  believed  to  be  as  perfect  as  human  foresight  can 
make  such  for  the  safety,  comfort,  and  convenience  of  the  traveling 
public,  and  employees  of  the  roads,  also  for  the  convenience  and 
economy  of  the  companies. 

From  the  successful  production  of  the  locomotive  down,  almost 
yearly  attempts  have  been  made  to  heat  trains  by  steam  from  the 
locomotive  ;  such  attempts  for  a  generation  in  each  case  were  soon 
( abandoned. 

Our  cold  winters  have  made  traveling  so  uncomfortable  for  many 
1 1 mil ilis  of  each  year  that  innumerable  plans  have  been  devised  to 
obviate  such  discomfort. 

The  horrors  caused  by  the  yearly  roasting  of  passengers  have 
kept  up  the  demand  for  safer  methods,  so  that  in  many  cases  crude 
and  unlit  plans  have  been  hastily  adopted  by  many  railway  com- 
panies that  render  their  cars  excessively  hot  one  hour,  the  next  as 
much  too  cold,  and  so  slow  in  operation  as  to  be  unfit  for  use 
during  the  changeable  weather  of  the  spring  and  fall  months,  as  all 
who  ride  in  the  hot  water  heated  drawing-room  or  sleeping  cars  at 
such  seasons  too  well  know.  These  plans  are  far  more  expensive 
and  difficult  to  manage  than  those  based  upon  skilled  experience 
designed  for  use  instead  of  to  sell. 

The  past  severe  winter  Las  kept  the  yard  hands  constantly  em- 
ployed thawing  out  pipes  and  the  abortions  called  couplings,  or  in 
replacing  the  burst  pipes  and  hose  couplings,  while  cars,  filled  with 
shivering  passengers,  with  frozen  pipes,  have  often  been  compelled 
to  run  hundreds  of  miles  without  any  means  of  heating  whatever. 

Were  this  a  matter  that  could  not  lie  obviated,  it,  of  course, 
would  have  to  be  endured,  but  such  is  far  from  being  the  case,  for 
the  system  here  recommended  is  the  oldest,  and  has  patiently  been 
worked  upon  to  perfect  instead  of  to  sell,  and  now  is  the  cheapest, 
most  convenient,  safest,  and  most  comfortable  extant.  The  tem- 
perature of  a  car  may  be  kept  at  any  standard  required,  while  frozen 
pipes  or  couplings  are  unknown,  and  no  unsightly  pipes,  heating 
cylinders,  or  hose  couplings  are  necessary  outside  of  cars,  which 
are  often  found  so  much  in  the  way  when  changing  tracks  or 
making  repairs.  No  hose  used  in  this  system. 


386 


Emerson's  New  System  of  Car  Heating. 

My  attention  was  called  to  the  subject  of  car  heating  early  in 
1854.  OnFastday  of  that  year  1  wrote  to  the  editor  of  IheS&entiftc 
American,  suggesting  a  plan  of  placing  a  small  boiler  in  each  car. 
connecting  it  with  the  locomotive  boiler  and  a  systeiruof  piping  for 
warming  the  cars  and  operating  the  brakes.  A  written  reply  was 
returned  in  which  it  was  stated  that  George  Stephenson  tried  to 
warm  trains  front  his  locomotive  but  failed.  Numerous  inventions 
then  in  hand  prevented  me  from  proceeding  with  this  at  that  time, 
but  immediately  after  the  Ash  tabula  horror  I  commenced  to  prepare 
plans  for  such  heating,  but  it  was  difficult  to  find  railroad  managers 
willing  to  make  a  trial  of  them.  The  frightful  holocaust  in  which 
Wagner  was  cremated,  caused  Mr.  Mulligan,  superintendent  of  the 
Connecticut  River  road,  to  offer  me  a  train  to  experiment  with.  A 
small  boiler  was  placed  hi  the  baggage  car,  the  steam  from  which 
warmed  three  cars.  The  capacity  of  the  boiler  proved  the  practi- 
cability of  taking  the  necessary  quantity  of  steam  from  the  loconn  >i  ivc 
boiler,  and  a  change  to  that  was  immediately  made. 

I  think  that  I  may  justly  claim  to  be  the  first  to  produce  a  success- 
ful system  for  heating  cars  from  the  locomotive,  and  the  only  one 
who  has  produced  a  complete  system  for  ordinary  use  and  emer- 
gencies. 

Mr.  George  A.  Houston  was  sent  by  the  managers  of  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  Co. ,  to  examine  and  report  upon 
the  merits  of  the  various  systems.  The  substance  of  his  report  is 
here  given. 

BELOIT,  Wis.,  March  30,  1887. 
MB.  W.  B.  STRONG,  Pres.  A.,  T.  &  S.  F.  R.  R.  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Dear  Sir: — Referring  to  the  matter  of  wanning  cars,  I  have  examined 
several  systems  now  in  use  and  being  introduced  for  warming  by  steam, 
viz.:  the  MARTIN,  the  SEWAI.L.  the  EMKHSON,  and  the  GOLD.  The  C.  R. 
R.  R.  Co.  placed  a  train  at  my  disposal  to  test  the  quantity  of  steam  used  for 
heating,  this  test  made  with  four  cars  and  during  twelve  hours.  From 
this  result,  I  am  satisfied  that  cars  can  be  warmed  during  a  northern 
winter  with  an  average  of  not  to  exceed  three-fourths  horse  power  of  steam 
per  car.  This  test  was  made  with  the  EMERSON  system,  ana  I  recommend 
the  EMERSON  system  as  the  best. 

Mr  Houston's  report  was  accepted,  and  train  fitted  up. 


Atchison,  Topeka  A  Santa  Fe  Railroad  fow/«</M/. 

Topeka,  Aug.  7,  1888. 
James  Emerson,  Esq. 

Dear  Sir:— Your  letter  to  Mr. Hi/ton  was  handed  me.  by  him  i/rst< -rdn ;/. 
In  reply  to  same  1  will  say  that  f  continued  to  use  th>-  cars   1/011  liiicil  i'in 

'ni,l    liiire   <iiii/ 


-llatr  in  the  spring.     They  {/are  entire  mitisfuction,  did  ....  .. 

trouble  with  than  irliaterer.     I  think  all  cur*  fitted  "j>  should  It, 

put  under  the  seats,  as  they  can  be  heated  so  much  ij-nicker  and  ke/il  iimn 

comfortable.  I  am,  yours  rery  respectful/ //, 

Samuel  mack, 
( •<„,<!, ictor  A.,  T.  &  S.  F.  I!.  /,'. 

Had  Mr.  Houston  stopped  after  making  his  report  all  would  have 
been  well,  but  unfortunately  he  imagined  himself  to  be  a  genius 
and  persuaded  the  president  of  the  road  to  be  of  the  same  opinion, 
so  that  Mr.  Houston  had  entire  control  of  the  heating  matter  and  it 
is  safe  to  say  that  the  botch  he  made  of  the  matter  stands  unequaled. 
Thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  of  dollars  were  expended  under 
his  management,  all  of  which  with  his  plans  are  among  the  "Lost 
Arts." 


387 
HEATING  CARS  BY  STEAM. 

At  a  railroad  commissioners'  hearing  at  Augusta,  Maine,  two 
years  ago,  the  following  replies  were  elicited  to  questions  asked  by 
the  chairman : — 

"Mr.  Sewall,  what  provision  have  you  made  for  heating  the 
Pullman,  Wagner,  and  other  cars  taken  on  to  the  train  cold,  that 
run  over  a  given  route,  then  stop  off  for  a  time  but  require  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  heat  during  the  stop-over  ?  " 

"  Mr.  Chairman,  my  plans  are  such  that  in  an  hour  and  forty- 
nine  minutes  from  tke  time  the  cold  car  is  taken  to  the  train  every 
pipe  in  the  car  will  be  warm." 

"Well,  Mr.  Martin,  how  about  your  plans  ?" 

'•Mr.  Chairman,  in  one  hour  and  forty-six  minutes  from  the 
time  the  heating  steam  is  let  into  the  car  every  pipe  will  be  warm." 

•'  Well.  Mr.  Emerson,  how  about  your  plans  ?  " 

••  Mr.  Chairman,  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Committee,  in  two  minutes 
from  the  time  the  steam  is  let  into  the  car  every  pipe  will  be  hot,  and 
in  ten  minutes  the  car  will  be  as  warm  as  it  is  desirable  to  have  it." 

ELECTRIC  LIGHTING. 

For  seven  years  a  train  lighted  by  electricity  has  been  in  constant 
use  upon  the  C.  H.  \l.  K.,  and  recent  improvements  in  dynamos  and 
engines  have  rendered  lighting  cars  by  electricity  as  practicable  as 
it  is  for  cities,  mills,,  stores,  and  dwellings. 

Six  or  seven  years  since  a  universal  cry  went  out  to  have  the 
"deadly  car  stove  "  done  away  with,  which  was  done,  but  the  far 
more  dangerous  oil  lamps  still  remain,  and  yearly  we  hear  of  col- 
lisions and  trains  being  set  on  fire  by  the  locomotive  and  wonder 
how  it  is  possible  that  the  inclosed  fire  of  the  locomotive  can  come 
in  contact  with  the  woodwork  of  the  train  so  as  to  set  it  on  fire;  but 
the  frightened  passengers  of  the  9.30  A.  M.  train  on  the  C.  R.  road 
had  a  chance  to  witness  the  modus  operandi  a  few  weeks  since. 
The  locomotive  of  that  train  jumped  the  track  and  dashed  into  a 
train  standing  upon  the  next  track,  the  "  head  light  "  was  smashed 
and  its  oil  scattered  over  the  hot  boiler.  Instantly  the  forward 
half  of  the  locomotive  was  enveloped  in  a  sheet  of  fire  which  con- 
tinued to  burn  a  sufficient  length  of  time  to  set  ordinary  cord  wood 
on  fire,  to  say  nothing  of  cars  covered  with  varnish  nearly  as 
inflammable  as  gunpowder.  Only  from  the  fact  that  the  collision 
caused  a  recoil  and  separation  of  trains  was  a  firing  of  the  trains 
prevented  at  that  time.  There  is  no  excuse  for  the  continued  use 
of  oil  or  gas  for  lighting  at  this  time,  for  it  may  be  done  by  elec- 
tricity at  less  expense  and  trouble,  and  the  railroad  commissioners 
are  derelict  in  their  duty  in  allowing  it  to  be  done,  for  prevention 
is  better  than  excuses  after  a  catastrophe. 


388 


389 
TO  RAILROAD  MANAGERS. 

Gentlemen,  why  not  save  and  utilize  your  Hot  Water  Heaters  ? 

The  system  of  piping  found  best  for  such  after  thirty  years'  expe- 
rience is  far  better  adapted  for  rapid  and  economical  car  heating 
than  the  system  of  piping  employed  by  Sewall,  Martin,  or  Gold,  and 
at  small  expense  may  easily  be  so  arranged  that  steam  from  the 
locomotive  may  be  substituted  for  the  hot  water  circulation  or  the 
hot  water  circulation  restored  at  will. 

The  change  either  way  is  easily  made,  without  attracting  atten- 
tion, while  the  train  is  .running. 

No  trap  of  any  kind  is  needed,  for  the  temperature  is  controlled 
inside  of  car  at  any  time  when  in  use 

When  heating  from  locomotive  the  fire  is  drawn  from  heater  and 
water  from  the  pipes. 

Half  an  hour  before  stopping  car  for  night  or  long  detachment 
from  locomotive,  open  all  valves  and  blow  all  condensation  from 
pipes  by  hot  steam  from  locomotive. 

Leave  all  valves  open  until  steam  again  enters  pipes  for  heating. 

A  few  minutes  before  arriving  at  a  place  where  a  car  is  to  be  set 
off  and  kept  warm,  fill  pipes  with  water  from  the  tender,  start  the 
fire  in  heater,  and  the  hot  water  circulation  is  at  once  restored. 

This  was  done  at  first  by  taking  hot  water  from  the  lower  part 
of  boiler  along  through  the  steam  supply  pipe  A,  but  that  water 
was  so  expanded  by  its  intense  heat  that  it  required  an  auxiliary 
tank  above  the  heater  to  supply  the  shrinkage  invariably  following 
the  filling  in  that  way. 

Then  an  injector  placed  in  a  pipe  taken  from  the  tender  as  shown 
at  B  was  tried  and  proved  perfect,  as  the  steam  forcing  the  water 
heated  it  to  a  desirable  temperature  for  instant  use,  so  that  a  Pull- 
man or  excursion  car  may  use  steam  or  the  hot  water  system  at 
will.  As  the  plan  has  been  in  use  two  years  it  is  past  the  exper- 
imental stage. 

All  who  ride  much  in  cars  fitted  with  hot  water  heaters  know  how 
uncomfortable  such  cars  are  in  the  spring  and  fall.  This  is  entirely 
remedied  by  changing  them  so  as  to  use  steam,  so  that  any  sudden 
change  of  temperature  may  be  met  at  once  whether  of  heat  or  cold, 
which  is  impossible  with  any  of  the  other  plans. 

An  auxiliary  heater  is  necessary  on  all  roads. 

A  car  from  a  Connecticut  Riv.er  Railroad  train  is  daily  taken  from 
Windsor,  Vt.,  to  White  River  Junction  by  a  Central  Vt.  train.  That 
car  stands  at  the  Junction  over  night  without  heat,  then  in  the 
morning  it  is  hitched  to  a  freight  train  to  take  early  passengers  over 
the  road  fourteen  miles,  before  steam  for  heat  can  be  obtained. 
Sometimes  an  attempt  is  made  to  start  a  fire  in  a  stove,  for  the 
writer  early  in  the  winter,  during  a  snow  storm,  saw  the  conductor 
after  collecting  tickets  strike  a  match  and  stick  it  into  the  stove ; 
but  the  match  soon  went  out,  and  he  did  the  same,  leaving  us  to 
enjoy  the  winter  weather  in  full. 

Properly  fitted  cars  may  be  set  off  with  sleeping  passengers  to 
wait  for  morning  or  to  be  hitched  to  freight  or  branch  trains,  or  as 
stop  over  excursion  trains,  without  requiring  stationary  steam  heat- 
ing facilities  or  any  special  arrangements  whatever. 


390 

SAFETY  AUXILIARY  CAR  HEATER. 

An  illustration  of  this  heater  may  be  seen  upon  the  opposite  page, 
made  with  double  shells  of  quarter  inch  steel  plates  of  such  height  as 
to  do  away  with  the  necessity  for  separate  expansion  tank  and  numer- 
ous connecting  joints  which,  accidentally  ruptured  by  derailment, 
collision,  or  other  causes,  allow  the  burning  coals  to  be  thrown  around 
the  car. 

In  this  heater  there  is  no  coil  to  be  burst  by  freezing  or  burned  out, 
as  is  so  commonly  the  case  with  the  Baker  heaters. 

As  the  hot  water  circulation  is  only  designed  to  be  used  in  emer- 
gencies, such  as  the  absence  or  disability  of  the  locomotive,  stop-over 
sleeping,  or  excursion  cars  set  off  to  be  hitched  to  freight  or  branch 
road  trains,  the  heater  is  so  arranged  that  the  fire  may  be  instantly 
dumped  and  the  burning  coals  removed  from  the  car  as  the  steam  from 
the  locomotive  drives  the  water  from  the  heater  and  circulating  pipes. 

Where  cars  are  already  fitted  for  hot  water  heating,  the  heaters 
may  be  retained,  but  they  are  not  so  convenient,  effective,  safe,  or 
economical  as  the  one  illustrated. 

Cars  properly  piped  with  this  system  should  never  have  the  ventila- 
tors closed,  and  with  very  little  care  the  temperature  in  the  car  need 
never  vary  over  two  degrees.  There  should  be  a  thermometer  at  or 
near  each  end  of  the  car. 

The  usual  drip  is  under  the  middle  of  the  car,  but  that  may  be  closed 
when  nearing  a  station,  another  opened  above  the  heater,  and  the  train 
may  stand  in  the  station  an  hour  without  wetting  the  floor. 

The  same  process  may  be  followed  where  a  car  is  to  be  set  off  and 
kept  warm  by  hot  water  circulation,  thus  saving  the  condensation  for 
refilling  the  heater. 

Any  car  fit  to  be  used  can  be  kept  properly  warmed  and  well 
ventilated  by  the  use  of  three-fourths  of  a  h.  p.  of  steam  in  sharp  winter 
weather  by  the  use  of  this  system. 


A  STRANGE  SYSTEM  FOR  CAR  HEATING. 

Of  all  the  many  wild  plans  for  car  heating  developed  by  the  demand 
for  a  safe  substitute  for  the  deadly  stove,  no  other  plan  can  be  named 
so  dangerous,  extravagant,  inconvenient,  and  uncomfortable  as  the 
continuation  of  the  hot  water  circulation,  if  the  water  is  to  be  heated 
by  steam  from  the  locomotive. 

In  no  way  can  steam  be  so  rapidly  condensed  as  by  discharging  into 
water.  Then  night  and  day,  while  at  rest,  the  heat  must  be  kept  up  by 
stationary  boilers  so  that  at  least  five  times  the  steam  necessary  to  heat 
direct  is  required  to  heat  by  such  hot  water  circulation,  which  is  the 
worst  of  all  systems  for  meeting  sudden  changes  of  temperature,  liable 
at  all  times  in  extreme  cold  weather  to  freeze  up  or  be  unable  to  keep 
the  cars  warm. 

Then  if  a  pipe  bursts  the  whole  boiler  pressure  is  behind  the  barrel  of 
boiling  water  ready,  i.n  the  old  war  style  of  repelling  boarders,  for  boil- 
ing the  passengers.  The  danger  is  so  obvious  that  a  jury  would  hardly 
excuse  a  manager  on  the  plea  that  "  he  didn't  think  it  was  loaded." 


391 


II? 


CD    ?*  P 

yi 


ill 


I! 


392 


393 

CAR  HEATING  BY  STEAM  FROM  THE  LOCO- 
MOTIVE. 

•  Undoubtedly  the  method  of  the  future,  because  the  simplest, 
safest,  cheapest,  most  comfortable,  and  convenient ;  but  to  obtain 
the  advantages  named  above,  common  sense  must  be  used  in  fitting 
up  the  cars  for  the  heating. 

In  no  way  can  a  car  or  room  be  so  pleasantly  heated  as  by  having 
a  steam  chamber  beneath  and  the  floor  perforated  with  minute  open- 
ings throughout  its  entire  surface,  but  as  that  is  not  conveniently 
practicable  the  next  best  plan  is  to  distribute  the  heat  in  small 
pipes  over  as  much  of  the  floor  space  as  is  practicable,  and  a  liberal 
supply  of  the  pipe  should  be  placed  at  the  ends  of  the  car  near  the 
doors. 

All  who  have  traveled  in  cars  where  the  Martin  system  is  in  use 
know  how  the  feet  and  legs  suffer  through  the  intense  heat  from 
tliose  large  pipes ;  if  there  is  any  possible  danger  of  scalding  passen- 
gers by  steam  escaping  from  broken  pipes  it  rests  entirely  in  the 
use  of  large  pipes,  for  with  pipe  sufficient  for  the  purpose  the  steam 
cannot  escape  fast  enough  to  create  heat. 

Steam  has  no  heat  unless  compressed,  and  a  car  has  too  many 
openings  to  allow  of  compression  unless  through  the  use  of  pipes 
that  no  competent  master  mechanic  would  allow  to  be  used  after  a 
moment's  consideration. 

For  thirty  years,  experience  has  proved  one  and  one-fourth  inch 
pipe  best  for  car  heating  by  hot  water,  and  the  caliber  of  that  pipe 
is  reduced  by  the  use  of  "  double  thick  "  to  afcout  the  same  as  that 
of  the  ordinary  inch  pipe,  consequently  the  two-inch  pipe  carrying 
four  times  the  steam  contained  in  the  one-inch,  the  danger  from 
scalding  is  increased  four  to  one,  while  its  heating  capacity  is  but 
two  to  one. 

The  average  maximum  heat  that  can  be  produced  by  the  hot  water 
system  throughout  a  car  is  168°,  while  the  average  from  steam 
is  at  least  one-third  greater,  consequently,  as  the  inch  pipe  is  four- 
fifths  the  heating  capacity  of  the  inch  and  a  fourth,  the  inch  pipe 
with  steam  must  exceed  the  one  and  one-fourth  inch  pipe  for  heat- 
ing with  hot  water,  leaving  no  excuse  whatever  for  increasing  the 
danger  through  the  unnecessary  use  of  two-inch  pipe  ;  besides  the 
space  for  piping  a  car  is  limited,  so  the  smaller  the  pipe  the  better 
for  the  space. 

The  various  supply  pipes  in  use  are  at  the  best  but  make-shifts 
and  used  at  serious  loss  of  steam.  The  proper  place  for  such  pipe 
seems  to  be  through  the  buffers,  then  in  direct  line  between  -the 
floor  timbers  of  the  car  as  shown,  free  from  all  abrupt  turns,  also 
out  of  the  way  of  repairs  below,  yet  leaving  it  in  the  most  accessi- 
ble condition  for  repair  that  is  possible. 

The  piping  of  cars  piped  and  coupled  as  in  this  system  cannot 
freeze  up  as  is  so  common  with  the  other  systems  of  piping,  for 
there  are  no  depressions  for  the  condensation  to  lodge  in. 


394 


395 


COMPOUND  STEAM  ENGINES. 

That  there  have  been  great  improvements  made  in  obtaining  power  from 
steam  during  the  past  third  of  a  century  there  can  be  no  question,  but  there 
fairly  may  be  as  to  whether  such  improvements  are  in  any  way  due  to  the 
use  of  compound  engines. 

For  many  years  there  was  quite  as  strong  belief  in  double  turbines,  but 
positive  tests  proved  the  fallacy  of  such  beliefs  ;  and  the  tests  that  1  have 
been  able  to  make  of  compound  engines  have  not  shown  gain  for  that  method 
of  construction.  Twenty  years  since  the  test  of  a  compound  proved  it  to  be 
giving  far  less  than  expected,  and  the  test  of  a  Westinghouse  compound  a 
few  months  since  proved  it  to  be  less  economical  than  a  simple  Buckeye  and 
much  less  satisfactory  in'its  daily  operation. 

The  marine  engine,  with  its  short  cylinders,  producing  rapid  rotary  motion, 
may  in  that  way  obtain  advantage,  but  it  may  fairly  be  questioned  whether 
its  increased  economy  is  not  owing  more  to  the  use  of  high  pressure  steam 
than  to  triple  expansion. 

Recently  numerous  papers  have  published  articles  relative  to  the  won- 
derful efficiency  of  the  Pelton  water  wheel  and  that  some  great  English  engi- 
neer had  selected  that  wheel  in  preference  to  that  of  any  other  to  be  used  at 
Niagara  Falls  in  the  new  plans  now  under  way  there,  —  which  may  all  be  true, 
but  as  that  wheel  is  simply  the  old  Flutter  wheel  slightly  modified  in  form, 
its  efficiency  can  hardly  exceed  70  per  cent,  in  useful  effect,  yet  under  a  head 
of  several  hundred  feet  it  may  produce  an  astonishing  amount  of  power  to 
those  not  acquainted  with  such  matters.  So  of  steam  engines  working  under 
a  pressure  of  160  pounds  instead  of  the  40 


_,  »    ¥»        »,      a    i 

wr>ar  »cale. 


pounds  of  thirty  years  since.  The  locomotive 
is  generally  considered  an  extravagant  type 
of  engine,  but  that  idea  is  founded  upon  the 
lack  of  knowledge  of  the  enormous  amount 
of  work  the  locomotive  performs.  The  White 
Mountain  train,  running  during  the  summer 
on  the  C.  K.  R.  R.,  made  up  of  seven  cars  all 
told,  going  north  requires  370  h.  p.  An 
ordinary  passenger  coach  upon  that  road,  on 
straight  and  level  track  making  local 
schedule  time,  requires  50  h.  p. 
There  are  many  reports  of  engines  that 


produce  a  h.  p.  per  hour  for  each  2,  21/,,  or  H 
pounds  of  coal  burned,  but  the  best  result 
have  ever  found  was  4.28  pounds  per  h.  p. 


The  Indicator  is  of  no  value  whatever  in 
determining  the  power  developed  by  an 
engine,  in  proof  of  which  the  tests  on  the 
following  page  are  given  as  but  a  few  of 
many  I  have  made. 

One  pound  on  the  dial  of  the  drawbar 
scale  indicates  one  hundred  on  the  link  of 
the  drawbar.  This  scale  is  placed  in  the 
buffer  of  the  tender  as  shown,  and  can  be 
shifted  easily  to  any  other  tender  using  the 
same  kind  of  buffer  ;  its  cost  is  small  and  its 

use  might  prevent  many  useless  changes,  save  in  the  selection  of  oils  and 

in  many  other  ways. 

SUGGESTIONS. 

Twenty  feet  head  room  for  bridges  to  avoid  grade  crossings  means  steep 
grades  and  much  digging  and  filling.  Why  not  instead,  spread  tracks  three 
feet  and  have  eighteen  inch  walk  with  rail  on  side  of  freight  cars? 

Prevention  is  better  than  cure.  The  practice  of  building  cars  with 
windows  and  door  outlets  that  cannot  readily  be  opened  for  egress  will 
some  day  result  in  terrible  loss  of  life;  it  is  the  unexpected  that 
astonishes  us. 


396 

Hartford  Engineering  Co.,  Buckeye  Twin  Engine;  Cylinders, 

14  inches  Diameter,  28-inch   Stroke.      Simultaneous 

Trial  by  Indicator  Cards  and  Power  Scale. 

WILLIAM  A.  CHASE, 

AGENT  HOLYOKE  WATER  TOWER  Co.* 

Dear  Sir: — On  Thursday  last  the  trial  for  power,  etc.,  at  the  New 
York  Woolen  Mills,  Connor  Brothers,  was  conducted  as  follows : — 

Ten  "  sets"  were  run  through  the  day  of  eleven  hours.  The  coal  was 
taken  from  the  surface  of  pile  and  weighed  as  used ;  though  not 
screened,  it  was  much  cleaner  than  the  average  of  the  pile. 

The  weight  on  Power  Scale  was  taken  every  fifteen  minutes.  The 
boiler  pressure  was  kept  at  70  pounds.  The  driving  pulley  on  engine, 
9  feet  diameter,  with  3<>inch  double  belt,  drove  5-feet  pulley  upon  main 
line.  Throwing  on  and  off  machinery  caused  variation  of  four  revolu- 
tions of  pulley  on  engine,  or  from  120  down  to  116  per  minute. 

Mr.  Hayes  took  cards  at  various  times,  seemingly  with  care  and  skill. 
The  results  obtained  by  the  Power  Scale,  a  No.  5,  were  as  follows  :— 

Divisions  of  46  timings  gave 1,248  Ibs. 

Revolutions,  196  per  min.  cen.  force,       ....  85 

Average  net  weight  for  n  hours, i»'63  Ibs. 

Coal  burned  in  n  hours, 4>955  l°s. 

Average  power  in  1 1  hours, 82.9  H.  P. 

4055-5-1 1  =450.4-1-82.9=5.43  Ibs.  coal  per  horse-power  per  hour. 

An  attempt  was  made  Friday  morning  to  do  the  work  with  one 
cylinder,  resulting  in  a  complete  failure.  Sixty-five  horse-power,  with 
7O-pounds  boiler  pressure,  would  be  all  one  cylinder  could  stand  steady 
under.  Indicated  force,  101.5  horse  power. 

Respectfully  yours,  JAMES   EMERSON. 

WlLLIMANSETT,    MASS.,  Sept.    14,  1884. 

E.  BLAKE,  Needle  Works,  Chicopee  Falls,  Mass. 

Rated  by  indicator  to  use  6.22  horse  power. 

Maximum  possible  with  every  machine  in  the  works  running,  shown 
by  power  scale  to  be  2.74  horse 'power,  but  with  the  machinery  ordinari- 
ly in  use,  1.24  horse  power. 
"  Oct   21,  1884. 

AMOS  W.  PAGE,  Needle  Works,  Chicopee  Falls,  Mass. 

Rated  by  indicator  to  use  7.38  horse  power. 

Maximum  with  all  machinery  in  works  running,  shown  by  scale  to  be 
3.35  horse  power,  but  with  the  machinery  generally  in  use  2.49  horse 
power.  JAMES  EMERSON. 

Oct.  27,  1884. 

It  is  safe  to  say  that  15,000  horse  power  is  the  full  equi  vn  • 
lent  of  20,000  indicated  horse  power. 


307 


'['he  present  period  may  lie  denominated  as  tl\e  Musical  Age.  Almost 
eveiy  family  of  ordinary  culture  has  its  Piano  or  Cabinet  Organ,  in  many 
cases  both. 

To  develop  the  capabilities  of  these  Instruments  in  oicheslial  effect, 
much  of  the  popular  music  of  the  day  is  -nriangcd  in  Pucls,  requiting  four 
hands  for  its  proper  execution,  of  course  necessitating  the  use  of  two  stools 
or  seats  for  the  playets.'jl- Probably  there  are  few  persons  of  oidinniy  obser- 
vation and  expeiience,  \\lio  have  not  .seen  a  chair  filled  \viili  bound  volumes 
of  Music.  "  Webster's  Unabridged,"  or  other  material  to  supply  a  seal  for  the 
second  player. 

For  the  most  of  llic  time  but  one  Stool  is  required  in  a  family,  so  that  a 
second  Stool  is  an  encumbrance,  except  for  the  short  time  it  is  needed. 

To  obviate  this  objection,  many  attempts  have  been  made  during  the 
past  fifteen  years  to  produce  a  Stool  suitable  for  either  one  or  two  players. 
Numerous  patents  have  been  granted  for  such  devices,  but  these  generally 
have  been  conspicuous  as  to  their  double  nature,  and  very  inconvenient  either 
as  single  or  double  stools. 

The  plan  herewith  illustrated  is  believed  to  be  the  long  sought  con- 
venience for  the  purpose  named, — insurpassable.  in  beauty  as  a  single  Stool, 
(6r  in  convenience  for  teacher  and  pupil  while  giving  and  receiving  instruc- 
tion in  music,  or  the  execution  of  four  hand  pieces  by  two  players. 


398 


BROWN'S  FACING  MILL,  POWER,  ETC. 

Willimansett,  Mass. 

In  this  case  the  ordinary  question  cannot  be  raised  as  to  whether 
steam  or  water  power  is  cheapest,  because  the  great  expense  neces- 
sary for  land,  dam,  turbine,  etc.,  etc.,  has  already  been  incurred, 
consequently  the  loss  of  the  water  power  would  necessitate  the  ex- 
pense almost  of  a  double  plant  without  any  corresponding  gain,  for 
the  present  plant  is  located  close  to  the  depot,  upon  the  road  to 
Springfield,  in  proximity  to  Holyoke,  and  probably  in  as  convenient 
and  desirable  a  place  as  could  be  found  in  the  New  Hi  inland  States. 

The  whole  plant  must  now  stand  to  the  owner  at  a  cost  of  some 
seven  or  eight  thousand  dollars  and  completely  fitted  for  business, 
to  be  operated  by  water  power. 

This  power  consists  of  an  almost  unchanging  supply  of  water 
falling  sixteen  feet.  Very  few  water  powers  can  be  found  so  regu- 
lar in  quantity  as  this.  About  three  hundred  cubic  feet  per  minute 
can  be  depended  upon  the  year  round,  though  in  extreme  droughts 
it  may  be  a  little  less,  and  during  the  spring  something  more. 
Three  hundred  cubic  feet  of  water  per  minute  falling  sixteen  feet 
evolves  nine  horse  power ;  ponding  the  twenty-four  hours'  supply 
and  using  it  in  eight  hours  furnishes  twenty-seven  horse  power,  of 
which  eighteen  may  be  utilized  or,  say,  fifteen  horse  power,  ten  hours 
per  day,  and  this  without  waiting  to  get  up  steam  as  would  be  the 
case  for  every  little  job  with  a  steam  plant. 

Mr.  Brown's  work  is  not  such  as  to  require  constant  power,  hence 
the  advantage  of  the  power  that  may  be  called  upon  to  operate  the 
machinery  for  ten  minutes,  or  an  hour,  as  the  case  may  be,  then 
stopped  and  remain  idle  without  expense  or  care  until  again  needed, 
which  could  not  be  the  case  with  steam  power.  Besides,  with  steam 
power  to  be  safe  for  mill  land  neighborhood,  a  qualified  engineer 
would  be  necessary  to  take  charge  of  engine  and  boiler.  I  do  not 
mean  to  be  understood  that  engineers  are  always  employed  in  such 
cases,. but  I  do  mean  decidedly  that,  to  obtain  the  same  safety  and 
convenience  now  enjoyed  by  Mr.  Brown,  one  thousand  dollars  per 
year  will  not  make  an  equivalent  for  the  value  of  his  water  power, 
which  is  now  in  good  condition  throughout,  to  the  best  of  my 
belief. 

JAMES  EMERSON, 

WILLIMANSETT,  MASS.,  Feb.  21,  1892. 


399 


BOND  vs.  CITY  OF  SPRINGFIELD. 

\\  ILLIMANSKTT,  Jan.  6,  1892. 
To  the  Water  Commissioners  of  Springfield:  — 

All  through  the  New  England  States  may  be  seen  relics  of  old  mills 
wheelwright  shops,  etc..  located  upon  streams  of  little  capacity,  except  in 
the  spring  of  the  year  or  during  heavy  rains.  These  were  very  useful  in 
early  times,  but  now  almost  every  want  is  supplied  by  large  manufacturers 
at  a  lower  price  than  the  raw  material  would  cost  at  these  isolated  places, 
hence  few  of  them  continue  in  operation  and  such  as  do  bear  the  marks  of 


lingering  old  age  going  to  seed. 
Portable  saw  mills  are 


Portable  saw  mills  are  now  moved  to  timliered  lands,  and  the  lumber  is 
sawed,  the  slabs  and  refuw  wood  furnishing  the  fuel  for  steam  power,  at 
lesa  cost  than  the  timber  can  be  drawn  to  stationary  mills  on  water  powers. 

.Mr.  Bond,  of  Belchertow.i.  continues  the  use  of  one  of  these  ancient  mills. 
The  grist  mill  building  was  burned  a  few  years  since,  and  its  place  sui>- 
plied  by  a  superannuated  depot  building.  The  sa\v  mill  seems  to  be  de- 
pendent upon  the  most  primitive  means  for  taking  logs  from  the  pond. 
The  old  cobble  stone  or  bowlder  dam  and  rotting  surroundings  offer  evi- 
<h?nce  that  at  no  distant  day  extensive  and  expensive  repairs  will  have  to 
IK-  made  from  the  foundation  to  retain  the  pond,  and  evidence  that  the 
future  prospects  have  not  warranted  the  expense  of  repairs  and  improve- 
ments. The  assessed  value  of  mills,  houses,  blacksmith  shop,  etc..  is  si'.ir.n. 
and  were  the  property  well  advertised  for  sale  there  is  110  reason  to  think 
the  rush  of  purchasers  would  be  so  great  as  to  cause  the  suspicion  of  undue 
favoritism  on  assessed  valuation. 

Springfield  takes  about  one-half  of  Mr.  Bond's  water  supply  during  the 
summer. 

October  3,  18D1,  the  flow  into  Bond's  pond  was  72.77  cubic  feet  per  minute, 
while  the  flow  in  Springfield  canal  was  !K;.<M)  cubic  feet;  but  from  this 
quantity  must  be  deducted  as  a  constant  a  half  million  gallons  daily,  or 
46.4  coble  feet  per  minute  supplied  by  springs  in  the  bottom  of  the  canal 
below  the  place  where  the  water  is  diverted  from  Mr.  Bond. 

Taking  the  4'i.4  from  the  93.90  of  course  does  not  leave  a  quantity  equal 
r<>  the  flow  to  Mr.  Bond,  but  the  Springfield  supply  varies  as  the  mill  above 
is  or  is  not  in  operation. 

November  LT>.  the  flow  direct  to  the  Bond  pond  was  252  cubic  feet  per 
minute;  in  the  Springfield  canal,  less  4U.4  for  percolation.  21)5.1!  cubic  feet 
per  minute.  But  the  mill  above  was  then  in  operation,  and  so  large  a  flow 
woul.l  at  the  most  continue  but  for  ten  of  the  twenty-four  hours,  while 
during  the  other  fourteen  there  would  be  much  less. 

Two  millions  of  gallons  daily  is  a  liberal  allowance  for  all  of  the  water 
that  Springfield  can  draw  from  'Mr.  Bond's  supply.  This  quantity,  185.6  cubic 
feet  per  minute,  falling  13  feet  evolves  4.56  h.  p.  Holyoke  Water  Power 
Company  furnishes  such  power  per  year  for  s4.:i:;  pcr'h.  p.  free  from  all 
expense  to  purchaser  for  maintaining  dam,  canal,  etc.  Willimaiisett  brook 
has  a  fall  a  n  I  constant  water  supply  for  25  h.  p.  the  year  round  within  a 
third  of  a  mile  of  depot  and  within  a'  mile  of  the  business  center  of  Holyoke, 
that  has  run  to  waste  for  twenty  years,  no  one  considering  it  worth  *-he 
expense  of  fitting  it  up  for  utilization.  A  steam  engine  that  would  cost 
.-dun  would  do  more  work  than  all  of  Mr.  Bond's  water  power  much  of  the 
year  and  be  far  more  reliable. 

There  are  two  classes  of  milling  men  that  I  often  come  in  contact  with 
that  do  not  seem  creditable  to  the  age.  The  first  are  shocked  and  tilled  with 
indignation  at  the  mere  mention  of  making  examination  or  measurements  in 
their  mills  on  Sunday,  yet  in  the  most  bare-faced  manner  they  will  steal 
water  for  power  every  other  day  of  the  week  the  year  round.  The  other 
class  seem  to  consider  it  a  commendable  token  of  smartness  to  extort  ten 
times  the  value  of  a  thing  from  a  corporation  if  possible. 

Springfield  is  able  to  pay  a  fair  price  for  what  it  needs.  I  would  advise  a 
tender  of  $1,500  to  Mr.  Bond  for  the  water  taken,  and,  at  the  utmost,  if 
§2,000  wjll  not  satisfy  his  demands,  then  decidedly  let  the  courts  settle  it. 

JAMES  EMERSON. 


400 
ATWATER  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY, 

,  COXXECTICUT. 


The  annexed  illustrations  show  the  (lain  substantially  as  it  appeared  in 
1880.  The  coping  stone  of  the  dam  had  in  several  places'  been  crushed  and 
carried  a  way  by  ice.  leaving  the  iron  dowels  projecting  above  as  shown.  The 
coping  stonesN  and  O  remained,  as  was  the  case  with  some  at  The  other  end 
of  the  dam.  The  necessity  for  repairs  of  the  daniat  that  Time  was  so  appar- 
ent that  it  was  made  a  matter  of  my  report  and  record.  The  crest  of  dam 
has  since  been  evened  up  by  timber  and  cement  on  a  level  with  the  top  of  the 
original  coping,  as  shown  by  the  stone  X.  Soon  after  a  suit  was  commenced 
by  the  mill  owners  above,  1  examined  the  dam  and  saw  tliat.no  improper 
raising  had  been  made,  nor  wa-s  there  any  indication  that  the  set-back  of 
water  from  the  dam  interfered  with  the  mills  above.  I  went  to  the  plaintiffs 
and  proposed  to  test  the  power  of  their  mills  under  existing  conditions,  then 
draw  down  the  pond  several  feet  and  again  test  their  power. 

The  land  above  and  below  is  swampy;  on  such  foundation  a  stone  dam  is 
sure  to  settle,  as  well  as  to  be  worn  away  on  top  by  the  overflow.  The  mill 
upon  the  east  side  has  three  turbines,  the  Manufacturing  Co..  one.  For  years 
the  four  wheels  had  kept  the  water  constantly  drawn  down,  leaving  the  banks 
of  streams  and  the  marshes  uncovered,  so  as'  to  cause  sanitary  complaint.  At 
about  the  time  the  dam  was  repaired,  the  three  wheels  in  the  old  mill  were 
closed  for  good,  since  when  the  pond  has  remained  full,  perhaps  causing  the 
belief  that  cue  dam  had  been  raised.  Had  that  been  the  case  there  would  be  a 
belt  of  dead  trees  up  the  banks  of  the  pond  and  river,  for  those  banks  were 
lined  with  trees,  but  no  dead  ones  were  to  be  found. 

The  Manufacturing  Co.  purchased  the  place  under  the  assurance  that  the 
fall  was  eight  feet.  The  dam  has  been  the  ••  overflow  "  of  the  pond  and  much 
debris  had  settled  below  the  dam  in  the  tail  race  at  F.  The  small  island 
marked  D,  and  loose  stone  and  gravel,  have  l>een  removed  and  the  head  is 
now  but  seven  and  a  half  feet.  The  pond  is  quite  extensive  and  extends 
considerable  of  the  distance  towards  the  mills  above,  and  of  course  substan- 
tially is  level  from  end  to  end,  while  the  current  from  the  pond  to  the  mills 
above  is  quite  rapid;  at  the  line  marked  A,  it  is  one  foot  per  second  when 
the  wheels  above  are  in  operation.  A  surface  mark  was  made  at  L  just 
before  noon;  as  the  wheel  gates  closed  in  the  mills  above,  the  water  settled 
two  inches  during  the  noon  hour,  though  it  must  have  risen  on  the  At\\atcr 
dam,  for  the  wheel  gate  was  closed  there.  In  the  tail  race  at  V.  the  surface 
fell  six  or  more  inches.  Several  hundred  feet  down  stream  from  the  plaintiff's 
mill,  a  stake  is  driven,  the  top  of  which  is  live  and  one-eighth  inches  above 
the  crest  of  Atwater  dam  ;  with  the  wheels  above  in  full  operation  the  depth 
of  water  on  stake  was  one  and  three-eighths  inches.  From  the  stake  up. 
the  current  was  very  rapid,  so  as  to  make  it  hard  to  row  a  boat.  I  nder  the 
bridge  on  .Main  street,  a  sewerand  the  road  wasli  has  partially  forme.  I  :i  bar. 
through  the  middle  of  which  the  current  has  cut  its  way.  carrying  the  debris 
down  near  the  line  marked  X.  where  it  meets  the  set-back  of  water  from 
the  Atwater  dam,  and  there  has  formed  an  extensive  bar  across  the  stream 
that  raises  the  water  above  and  in  the  vicinity,  and  this  bar,  the  whole  cause 
of  the  misunderstanding,  had  not  been  found  by  the  several  different  civil 
engineers  employed  in  the  case,  though  the  action  of  the  water  easily  made 
such  obstruction  apparent. 

This  bar  has  doubtless  rapidly  increased  since  the  stopping  of  the  three 
wheels  in  the  old  Atwater  mill,  for  previous  to  that  the  water  was  so  con- 
stantly drawn  down  that  the  meeting  of  the  waters  would  have  been  in  pond. 

To-understand  the  conditions  fully,  consideration  must  be  had  of  the  fact 
that  the  plaintiff  ponds  the  twenty-four  hours'  supply  of  the  stream,  and 
then  sends  the  whole  down  in  ten  hours  or  less  ;  consequent  ly  as  t  he  A  t  \\  a  t  cr 
wheel  can  use  but  a  portion  of  that  quantity,  much  of  it  must  go  over  the 
dam,  causing  the  surface  there  to  be  higher  than  if  only  the  natural  flow  of 
the  stream  came  down. 

Now  one  hundred  dollars  properly  expended  as  I  proposed,  by  testing  the 
power,  would  have  made  the  matter  so  plain  that  there  could  have  remained 
no  possible  cause  for  dispute,  instead  of  which  the  law  was  invoked,  to  the 
great  benefit  of  the  lawyers  at  least. 

In  court  the  case  must  be  fitted  to  the  law,  not  the  law  to  the  case.  Each 
witness  is  sworn  to  tell  the  truth,  the  whole  truth,  and  nothing  but  the  truth, 
and  then  every  effort  is  made  to  suppress  all  undesirable  truth  by  one  side. 
the  other  side'  trying  to  confuse  and  make  the  witness  lie  if  possible. 


401 


WILLIMANSETT,  MASS.,  July  14, 1890. 
To  the  Hoard  of  Water  Commissioners  of  Willimantic,  Conn. 

GENTLEMEN  : — Having  made  several  examinations  of  your 
arrangements  for  supplying  the  borough  with  water,  I  report  as 
follows  :  My  first  examination  was  made  when  the  estimated  flow 
of  water  over  Mr.  Johnson's  dam  was  eighteen  inches  in  depth,  the 
next  when  it  was  ten,  and  one  last  week  when  there  was  but  a  slight 
flow  over  it.  At  the  same  time  the  water  was  drawn  down  several 
feet  at  the  pumping  station  dam,  leaving  only  the  flow  of  the 
natural  stream  at  Johnson's  line.  From  surface  of  water  there  to 
the  level  of  your  dam  it  was  two  feet  five  and  a  half  inches.  The 
lower  line  in  the  sketch  annexed  represents  the  approximate  sur- 
face there  at  that  time,  and  I  believe  the  higher  lines  would  do  the 
same  under  the  conditions  named,  could  your  pond  be  drawn  down 
at  such  times.  Two  feet  average  for  the  year  round  of  backwater 
would  certainly  be  more  than  Mr.  Johnson  would  suffer  from  your 
darn. 

The  sketch  of  dam  also  annexed  does  not  represent  your  dam  as 
it  is,  but  as  I  would  earnestly  advise  it  be  made  and  the  dam  backed 
with  gravel  before  the  season  closes.  The  cracks  in  the  walls  of 
the  station,  embankments,  and  dam  show  that  a  rapid  process  of 
disintegration  is  going  on.  The  mortar — it  has  no  claim  to  be 
called  cement — is  poor.  With  such  an  abundance  of  water  it  is 
hard  to  conceive  why  more  than  fifteen  feet  head  was  ever  desired. 
The  present  dam,  made  with  an  overflow,  and  waste-gates  that  can 
be  used  in  time  of  need  as  I  have  shown,  well  backed  with  gravel, 
should  stand. 

The  wheels  selected  show  the  engineer  to  be  ignorant  of  the 
improvements  made  in  turbines,  and  the  general  mechanical  con- 
struction displays  a  lamentable  lack  of  mechanical  ability ;  while 
placing  the  waste-gates  where  it  is  impossible  to  use  them  when 
most  needed,  shows  a  lack  of  ability  and  judgment  that  seems 
incredible. 

James  B.  Francis  of  Lowell,  Mass.,  has  had  constant  care  of  dams 
for  nearly  sixty  years.  I  would  seriously  advise  you  to  employ 
him  to  make  an  examination  of  your  dam ;  have  the  water  drawn 
down  at  the  time.  Stone  dams  have  a  fatal  tendency  to  tumble 
down,  and  there  seems  a  possibility  of  yours  doing  so.  Owing  to 
the  poor  mortar  there  is  little  strength  in  the  dam  except  in  its 
weight. 

Very  respectful^  yours, 

JAMES  EMERSON. 

The  above  reported  works  were  planned  by  Mr.  J.  T.  Fanning,  and  con- 
structed under  his  supervision.  The  pumps  work  at  half  speed  designed  but 
broke  the  iron  frames  connecting  the  pumps  to  the  wheels  at  thai  speed 
s  .on  after  si.'irting.  The  waste-gates  are  placed  about  fifty  feet  from  the 
abutments  of  the  dam,  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  get  at  them  unless  the  water 
is  below  crest  of  dam. 


403 


404 
SUIT  FOR  DAMAGES. 

PALMER  (Mass.)  WATER  WORKS  vs.  STOXE,  Plaintiff. 

Visited  the  reservoir  and  streams,  also  pond,  and  works  of  Mr. 
Stone,  in  June.  Stream  below  water  works  dry,  as  was  the  pond 
of  plaintiff.  His  shop  was  closed. 

At  the  reservoir  there  were  plain  indications  that  the  supply  was 
but  little  more  than  equal  for  water  company's  use. 

Early  in  November  made  another  examination  with  similar 
results,  except  that  the  plaintiff's  pond  was  full,  yet  his  shop 
remained  idle. 

November  14,  made  a  more  thorough  examination  of  the  streams, 
reservoirs,  and  stream  supplying  reservoirs  ;  made  a  crude  measure- 
ment of  the  supplying  stream,  also  of  capacity  of  plaintiff's  pond. 

There  was  more  water  the  14th  than  at  the  previous  examinations, 
yet  evidently  but  little  surplus,  as  the  lower  reservoir  was  not  quite 
full.  There  had  been  quite  a  heavy  rain,  for  a  day,  between  my 
second  and  last  visit. 

The  crude  measurement  of  the  supplying  stream  showed  about 
one-half  of  a  cubic  foot  per  second,  which,  for  safety  and  convenience 
of  computation,  I  call  four  gallons  per  second  as  the  total  supply 
to  the  reservoirs,  though  there  may  be  small  springs  in  or  near 
the  edges  of  the  reservoirs,  yet  as  there  are  but  about  two  hundred 
families  supplied,  aside  from  depots,  hotels,  and  wire  mills,  the 
supplying  stream  will  seem  sufficient. 

Four  gallons  per  second  will  supply  5,760  persons  each  with  sixty 
gallons  of  water  per  day  of  twenty-four  hours. 

The  plaintiff's  pond  is  irregular  in  shape  and  depth,  estimated 
surface  ninety  by  one  hundred  feet,  of  which  two  and  one-half  feet 
in  depth  may  be  used,  or  say  22,500  cubic  feet.  This  is  gauged  to  the 
conduit  to  wheel  through  a  ten-inch  pipe  the  top  of  which  is  three 
feet  below  the  surface  of  the  water  when  the  pond  is  full. 

Overshot  wheel  coarsely  made,  set  and  supplied  with  water.  Area 
of  gauge,  78.5  square  inches,  sixty  per  cent,  of  which  is  47  square 
inches. 

Spurting  velocity  of  water  under  say  an  a'verage  .head  of  two  feet 
is  11.84  feet  per  second,  equaling  a  discharge  of  3.7  cubic  feet  per 
second;  3.7  cubic  feet  per  second  falling  sixteen  feet  evolves  6.7 
h.p.  propelling  force,  for  which  the  old  wheel  could  not  return  a 
co-efficient  of  more  than  fifty  per  cent.,  or  3.4  h.p.  Two  hours'  run 
at  that  rate  would  draw  all  of  the  water  that  could  be  utilized  from 
the  pond,  then  it  would  require  twelve  hours  to  refill  the  pond  so 
that  two  and  one-half  to  three  hours  per  day  would  be  all  the  time 
during  the  working  hours  of  the  day  the  machinery  could  be  kept 
in  use. 

In  the  spring  and.during  the  melting  of  the  snow,  and  heavy  rains, 
undoubtedly  there  is  a  larger  supply  of  water,  but  the  water  courses 
below  or  above  the  reservoirs  do  not  indicate  a  much  larger  quan- 
tity generally  than  at  the  present  time.  One  horse  power  ten 
hours  per  day  is  as  much  as  could  be  made  available. 

JAMES  EMERSON. 

WlLLIMANSETT,  MASS.,  NOV.   16,   1891. 


405 
L.  L.  DEAN  &  CO.,  AMSTERDAM,  N.  Y. " 

GENTLEMEN  : — In  accordance  with  your  request,  I  have  at  differ- 
ent times  made  examinations  of  your  mill  and  its  surroundings  at 
Rock  City  and  report  as  follows  : — 

On  May  28,  current  year,  made  my  first  examination  ;  the  water 
was  high',  flowing  over  the  dam  below  your  mill  24  inches  in  depth. 
The  next  day,  after  the  water  had  fallen  on  the  dam  to  six  inches  in 
depth,  the  depth  in  tail  race  back  of  your  mill  on  the  boundary  line 
was  about  thirty-four  inches.  I  made  examinations  of  the  surround- 
ings and  found  the  conditions  good  so  far  as  they  could  be  ascer- 
tained until  the  water  .could  be  drawn  from  the  pond  below  your 
mill.  I  was  then  informed  that  a  suit  had  been  commenced  to  com- 
pel the  lowering  of  the  dam  below  sufficiently  to  prevent  its  backing 
the  water  upon  the  turbine  that  furnished  the  power  to  drive  the 
machinery  in  your  mill,  and  was  requested  to  ascertain  if  the  dam 
did  back  the  water  upon  your  turbine,  and,  if  so,  to  what  extent ; 
then  to  ascertain  by  the  most  accurate  method  the  loss  so  caused, 
then  to  ascertain  the  cost  of  an  equivalent  power  by  steam  at  the 
mill. 

Stumps  in  the  water  on  the  west  side  of  the  pond  offer  positive 
evidence  that  the  dam  below  has  been  raised  within  a  comparatively 
recent  period. 

To  ascertain  the  cost  of  the  equivalent  a  dynamometer  or  power 
scale  was  placed  in  the  main  driving  pulley  of  the  mill.  The 
machinery  of  the  mill,  except  the  dynamo  for  lighting,  was  then 
driven  by  the  steam  engine  during  the  day,  the  coal  as  used  being 
carefully  weighed,  when  it  was  found  that  each  h.  p.  required  4.28 
pounds  of  coal  per  hour  or  102. 72  pounds  of  coal  each  day  of  twenty- 
four  hours  per  h.  p. 

Sept.  24,  the  water  in  the  pond  below  your  mill  was  drawn  down 
so  that  the  surface  set  back  exactly  to  the  boundary  line  back  of 
your  mill.  The  surface  at  the  dam  was  twenty-four  and  a  half 
inches  below  the  crest  of  dam  and  twenty-seven  and  a  half  below 
the  usual  water  line  permanently  marked  by  discoloration  on  the 
abutments.  This  would  show  a  loss  from  backwater  of  about 
eighteen  h.  p.  As  neither  the  turbine  nor  steam  engine  can  work 
economically  so  harnessed  together  as  is  usually  done  to  make  up 
for  the  loss  of  water  power,  it  would  be  a  moderate  estimate  to  rate 
the  loss  at  twenty  horse  power,  requiring  a  ton  of  coal  for  each 
twenty-four  hours.  Taking  the  coal  at  five  dollars  per  ton,  the  pay 
of  two  engineers,  and  wear  and  tear  of  machinery,  into  considera- 
tion, the  loss  cannot  be  less  than  ten  dollars  per  day  of  twenty-four 
hours,  though  the  cost  of  steam  power  would  be  less  if  furnished  by 
a  large  engine  running  regularly  for  furnishing  power. 

The  plaintiff's  attorney  requested  me  to  proceed  and  state  the  facts 
in  my  own  way  which  I  proceeded  to  do,  when  the  defendant's  attor- 
ney, with  his  long  arms  wildly  flying  about  his  head  like  those  of 
a  frantic  windmill  let  loose,  shouted,  "  I  object,  your  honor,  I 
object  ! ' '  and  his  honor  sustained  his  objections  for  no  perceptible 
reasons  other  than  that  such  positive  evidence  so  easily  verified 
left  no  chance  for  the  quibbles  of  the  law  to  continue  the  case  to  an 
indefinite  period.  JAMES  EMERSON. 

AMSTERDAM,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  24,  1890. 


406 


MASCOMA   RIVER    IMPROVEMENT   CO.,     PLAINTIFF, 

YS. 

EMERSON  EDGE  TOOL  CO. 


GENTLEMEN,  this  certifies  that  on  the  27th  day  of  this  month  I  made  an 
examination  of  the  reservoir  dam  above  your  works  at  East  Lebanon, 
N.  H.  ;  that  I  had  the  apron  planking  removed  at  four  several  places  and 
that  I  found  the  main  timbers  sound  and  the  whole  structure  in  a  condition 
to  render  it  safe  for  many  years  to  come.  To  continue  its  duration,  however, 
I  would  advise  that  annually  as  convenient  the  cribbing;  or  frame  work  of 
the  dam  be  rilled  more  and  more  with  cobble  stone,  and  gravel  be  added  to 
that  above  the  dam.  By  so  doing  in  a  few  years  the  whole  may  lie  rendered 
permanent  for  ages  to  come. 

I  would  also  earnestly  advise  not  only  you  but  all  other  owners  of  dams 
to  fix  in  some  unchanging  place  such  as  a  ledge  in  the  side  of  the  pond 
at  the  exact  level  of  the  crest  of  the  dam  a  mark  that  can  never  be  changed 
to  denote  the  height  of  dam  and  have  such  mark  recorded.  The  neglect  to 
take  this  precaution  has  been  the  cause  of  innumerable  cases  of  litigation 
where  dams  have  gone  out,  as  is  so  common,  or  where  they  have  settled  or 
worn  away  as  all  dams  do  in  time.  This  mark  need  not  be  near  the  dam, 
for  the  water  will  give  the  level  when  at  crest  of  dam. 

The  deed  conveying  the  right  to  this  dam.  pond,  and  water  power  is 
wildly  worded,  rendering  it  necessary  for  you  to  observe  great  care  in 
carrying  out  its  conditions.  The  reservoir  is  to  be  so  maintained  that  at 
all  times  sufficient  water  may  lie  sent  down  to  furnish  power  for  all  the 
mills  that  now  are  or  may  be  erected  ;  a  condition  very  likelv  soon  to 
become  an  impossibility  from  lack  of  water,  hence  you  must  use  discretion 
as  to  the  quantity  you  allow  to  pass  your  gates. 

The  mill  owners  have  the  to-be-unquestioned  right  to  open  or  close  the 
waste  gate  in  the  dam  at  discretion  but  in  no  way  to  meddle  with  the  old 
mill  gates  of  yours  represented  above.  To  do  so  must  render  them  liable 
not  only  as  trespassers,  but  also  for  heavy  damages  that  may  occur  through 
fires  caused  by  the  starting  up  of  machinery  when  there  is' no  one  present 
to  care  for  it,  or  by  rendering  tire  pumps  useless  by  the  shutting  the  gates, 
etc.,  etc. 

Whenever  there  is  a  scarcity  of  water  my  advice  to  you  is  to  regulate 
your  gates  so  that  the  water  in  the  reservoir  decreases  but  slowly  :  then  it' 
more  is  required  grant  the  request  only  when  made  in  writing  bv  a  respon- 
sible agent,  who  shall  hold  you  harmless.  Even  then  you  will  care  for  your 
own  rights,  and  riparian  rights  below. 

The  three  gates  of  the  ol(T  mills  represented  above,  when  the  reservoir  is 
full,  will  discharge  .'545.2  cubic  feet  of  water  per  second  ;  less  in  proportion 
of  course  with  decrease  of  head  :  345.2  cubic  feet  of  water  falling  14  feet 
evolves  547.7  h.p. ;  adding  the  discharge  of  the  waste  gate  the  center  of 
which  has  7  feet  3  inches  head  and  will  discharge  53  cubic  feet  per  second, 
sufficient  water  is  sent  down  the  river  to  produce  a  force  of  631.7  h.  p. 
where  the  fall  is  14  feet,  other  faiisin  proportion.  67  per  cent,  of  such  force 
is  the  estimated  average  realized. 

There  are  numerous  places  below  your  works  before  arriving  at  the 
I^ebanon  Mills  where  dams  and  mills  may  be  constructed.  Such  mills  will 
if  constructed  have  the  right  to  the  natural  flow  of  the  river. 

JAMES  EMERSON. 

WILLIMANSETT,  MASS.,  NOV.  28,  U591. 


40? 


WlLLIMAXSETT,    MASS.,  Aug.   10,  1893. 

\V.  H.  GUILDS.  Secretary  of  the  Village  Water  Supply  Company, 
Manchester,  Conn. 

I)I:AI;  Sn: :  As  requested.  I  yesterday  made  a  general  examin- 
ation of  your  water  supply  system,  and  report  as  follows  : — 

The  watershed  of  the  village  tends  to  return  the  water  taken 
from  the  stream.  This  stream  enters  i  lie  I  lockanum  river  below  the 
village.  The  mill  stream  is  small  and  made  up  from  three  limited 
smuves.  The  mill  owners  upon  this  stream  have  erected  two  com- 
paratively large  dams  or  reservoirs  upon  these  sources,  to  save  the 
abundance  of  the  spring  and  rainy  seasons,  and  these  mill  owners 
alone  form  the  Village,  Water  Supply  Company.  I  find  that  there 
are  139  water  takers  ;  calling  six  persons  to  each  family.  834 persons 
are  supplied  with  water. 

As  the  village  has  no  sewer  system,  60  gallons  per  individual  is  a 
liberal  allowance  ;  a  few  mill  owners  are  furnished  with  wash  water, 
which  immediately  returns  to  the  stream. — call  the  whole  equal  to 
on  ;  gallon  per  second  per  day,  or  8(5,400  gallons  per  each  24  hours. 

Tin  "stimated  surface  of  the  upper  reservoir  is  1000  by  400  feet, 
which  I  found  drawn  down  three  feet ;  its  average  depth  is,  say  10 
feet.  The  stream  above  the  reservoir  was  perfectly  dry  while  the 
outlet  gate  was  letting  out  five  gallons  per  second,  consequently 
the  discharge  into  the  Ilockanum  river  is  now  five  gallons  per  sec- 
ond, where  there  would  have  been  nothing  from  the  natural  stream 
at  this  time. 

The  two  reservoirs  store  sufficient  to  supply  the  village  70  days 
were  there  no  renewal  during  that  time,  while,  owing  to  their  con- 
struction, the  average  flow  of  the  stream  has  been  much  increased. 
Tl :e  valuation  of  village  properly  has  been  increased  through  the 
safety  arising  from  the  water  supply  hydrants  located  by  an  inde- 
pendent village  commission. 

The  loss  of  power  in  the  Ilockanum  river  caused  by  the  diversion 
of  one  gallon  per  second  from  a  fall  of  14  feet  would  be  something 
like  one-lift h  of  a  horse  power,  but  without  the  reservoirs  there 
would  be  considerable  time  when  the  gallon  would  not  be  there  to 
fall.  The  quantity  would  hardly  equal  the  capacity  of  an  inch  and 
a  half  pipe  under  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  head. 
Yours  truly, 

JAMES  EMERSON. 


408 


F.  A.  Smith,  Jr.,  Treasurer  Electric  Light  and  Power  Co.,  Water- 
•  vUle,  Maine : 

This  certifies  that  from  the  9th  to  the  16th  of  this  month  I  have 
made  numerous  tests  at  the  works  of  your  company,  to  deter- 
mine the  power  required  to  drive  your  lighting  machinery,  also  to 
ascertain  the  maximum  power  your  two  *  turbines  can  furnish,  it 
being  understood  that  the  head  of  water  during  the  year  is  often 
less  than  at  present,  and  that  at  the  present  stage  it  is  hardly 
sufficient  to  operate  the  six  dynamos,  as  desired. 

Your  company  have  an  alternating  dynamo  connected  with  a  cir- 
cuit of  six  hundred  incandescent  lights,  and  five  other  dynamos  of 
a  different  style  for  arc  lights,  all  of  the  same  make  and  capacity, 
operating  five  separate  circuits,  which  circuits  differ  somewhat  in 
conditions  and  number  of  lights. 

The  tests  were  made  by  belting  from  the  pulleys  on  driving  shaft 
to  dynamo  through  an  Emerson  No.  4  power  scale,  that  carries  its 
load  nine  feet  at  each  revolution  of  shaft  and  scale,  the  weight 
being  shown  in  pounds,  as  upon  the  ordinary  platform  scale. 

Operation  for  computation  of  data :    Multiply  each  revolution  by 
9,  and  that  product  by  the  weight  as  shown,  then  dividing  by  33,000 
shows  the  amount  of  work  done  hi  horse  power. 
Test  of  alternating  dynamo :    Revolution  of  scale  per  minute,  495 ; 

of  dynamo,  1,500 ;  weight,  390  pounds. 

495  X  9  =  4,455  X  390  =  l,737,450-i-33,000  =  62.05  horse  power. 

Test  of  arc  dynamo  connected  with  a  circuit  of  thirty  arc  lights, 

1,200  candle  power  each :    Revolutions  of  dynamo,  900 ;  of 

scale,  323  per  minute ;  weight  carried,  180  pounds. 

323  X  9  =  2,907  X  180  =  523,260-^33,000  =  15.85  horse  power. 
Test  second,  connected  to  different  circuit :    Revolution  of  scale, 

324  per  minute  ;  weight,  180  pounds. 

324  X  9  =  2,916  X  180  =  524,880-r33,000  =  15.90  horse  power. 
Test  of  third  circuit :    Revolution  of  scale,  325  per  minute ;  weight, 

190  pounds. 

325  X  9  =  2,925  X  190  =  555,750-r33,000  =  16.84  horsepower. 

Test  of  fourth  circuit :    Revolution  of  scale,  324  per  minute ;  weight, 

200  pounds. 

324  X  9  ==  2,916  X  200  =  583,200j33,000  =  17.84  horse  power. 
Fifth  circuit,  same  as  the  first  arc  circuit  tested. 

The  six  dynamos  with  all  lights  in  use  require  150  horse  power 
to  be  safe. 

The  two  turbines  at  the  best  cannot  transmit  over  140  horse 
power,  oftentimes  not  that. 

*  Risdon,  the  most  unreliable  turbine  I  ever  tested.  Owing  to  some  peculi- 
arity, it  could  never  be  told  until  tested  whether  it  would  do  well  or  not. 
One  set  by  a  millwright  was  tested  that  gave  73 ;  next  day  after  resetting  it 
gave  87  per  cent. 

JAMES  EMERSON. 
WILWMANSEXT,  MASS.,  Feb.  18, 1891. 


409 


410 


THE   LAW. 


During  the  past  decade  complaint  has  frequently  been  made  of  a  lack  of 
reverence  for  the  law. 

Has  the  law,  with  a  continuation  of  its  obsolete  absurdities  and  rules 
requiring  cases  to  be  fitted  to  the  law,  instead  of  making  the  law  tit  the  case 
in  hand,  any  just  claim  to  respect?  Has  there  been  any  attempt  made  by  the 
fraternity  to  simplify  and  bring  it  up  to  the  necessities  of  the  time  ? 

Nearly  twenty-four  hundred  years  ago  Herodotus  wrote  of  its  delays  and  un- 
certainties jcst'as  is  done  to-day.  At  the  left  of  the  illustration  of  court-room 
is  a  view  of  what  a  century  since  was  thought  desirable  to  put  back  of  the  hnu^f 
while  the  travel  was  in  front.  Once  in  agroove  the  plan  has  continued, 
though  a  hundred  from  the  car  windows  are  now  annoyed  by  the  disgusting 
sight  where  one  would  have  been  formerly  if  placed  in  front.  The  two  views 
are  intended  to  show  the  force  of  habit.  The  "  O  yes,  O  yes,"  miniature  gal- 
lows, and  bullying  of  witnesses  should  be  matters  of  the  past. 

THE  EAW  OF  THE  LAWYERS. 

Safeguards  for  Professional  Honesty — The  Attorneys'  Oaths,  1884. 

A  frequent  charge  against  members  of  the  bar,  made  indeed  facetiously  in 
most  cases,  Is  that  of  insincerity  and  lack  of  veracity.  The  attorneys'  oath  of 
office  is  in  all  conscience  strict  enough,  and  if  there  is  such  a  thing  as  a  dis- 
honest lawyer  he  must  be  a  perjurer  as  well.  Below  is  given  the  form  at 
present  in  use. 

THE  ATTORNEYS'  OATH,  1884. 

You  solemnly  swear  that  you  will  do  no  falsehood,  nor  consent  to  the  doing 
of  any  in  court;  you  will  not  wittingly  or  willingly  promote  or  sue  any  false, 
groundless,  or  unlawful  suit,  nor  give  aid  or  consent  to  the  same:  you  will 
delay  no  man  for  lucre  or  malice;  but  you  will  conduct  yourself  in  the  office 
of  an  attorney  within  the  courts  according  to  the  best  of  your  knowledge  and 
discretion,  and  with  all  good  fidelity  as  well  to  the  courts  as  your  clients.  .So 
help  you  God. 

1.  A  lawyer  ought  to  be  a  gentleman.    His  function  as  an  attorney  gives 
him  no  dispensation  to  disregard  the  ordinary  rules  of  good  manners,  and  the 
ordinary  principles  of  decency  and  honor.     He  has  110  right  to  slander  his 
neighbor,  even  if  his  neighbor  be  the  defendant  in  a  cause  in  which  he  appears 
for  the  plaintiff.     He  has  no  right  to  bully  or  browbeat  a  witness  in  oross- 
examination,  or  artfully  to  entrap  that  witness  into  giving  false  testimony. 
Whatever  the  privilege  of  the  court  may  be,  the  lawyer  who  is  guilty  of  such 
practices  in  court  is  no  gentleman  out  of  court. 

2.  A  lawyer  ought  not  to  lie.    He  may  defend  a  criminal  whom  he  knows  to 
be  guilty,  but  he  may  not  say  to  the  jury  that  he  believes  this  criminal  to  be 
innocent.     It  is  notorious  that  some  lawyers  who  would  think  it  scandalous  to 
tell  afalsehood  out  of  court  in  any  business  transact  ion  lie  shamelessly  in  court 
in  behalf  of  their  clients,  and  seem  to  think  it  part  of  their  professional  duty. 
That  bar  of  justice  before  which  by  their  professional  obligations  they  are 
bound  to  the  most  stringent  truthfulness  is  the  very  place  where  they  seem 
to  consider  themselves  absolved  from  the  common  law  of  veracity.    So  lontr 
as  the  legal  mind  is  infected  with  this  deadly  heresy  we  need  not  wonder  that 
our  courts  of  justice  often  become  the  instruments  of  unrighteousness. 

3.  A  lawyer  ought  not  to  sell  his  services  for  the  promotion  of  injustice  and 
knavery.     Swindlers  of  all  types  are  aided  by  lawyers  in  their  depredations 
upon  society.     It  would  be  more,  difficult  to  believe  this  if  its  truth  were  not  so 
often  illustrated  in  the  stupendous  frauds  and  piracies  of  great  corporations, 
all  of  which  are  carefully  engineered  by  eminent  lawyers.    Our  modern 
"buccaneers" — our  brave  railroad  wreckers — are  in  constant  consultation 
with  distinguished  lawyers.    They  undeniably  have  "the  best  of  legal  ad- 
vice "  in  planning  and  executing  their  bold  iniquities. 


411 


Bob  Ingersoll  rails  much  against  a  venal  priesthood,  yet  defends  Star  Route 
thieves  with  a  gusto  that  denotes  a  labor  of  love.  The  mote  he  so  dislikes  is 
not  small,  but  he  seems  to  carry  a  whole  lumber  yard  in  his  eye  without 
inconvenience. 

IS  THE  LAW  ITSELF  MORE  COMMENDABLE  ? 

Governor  Butler  said:  "Shall  I  call  your  attention  to  the  time  when  no 
lawyer  was  allowed  to  practice?"  and  he  added,  "it  was  a  credit  to  the 
legal  profession  that  110  lawyer  had  participated  in  the  witchcraft  tricks." — 
and  so  it  was;  but  when  he  said,  "  .No  judge  presided  over  them,"  he  simply 
blundered,  for  it  is  well  k.ntnvn  tc  jvery  school  boy  familiar  with  the  history 
of  those  times,  that  it  was  the  notorious  Chief  Just  ice  Sewell  who,  in  his  blind 
bigotry  and  desire  to  serve  two  masters,  both  God  and  man.  at  the  same  time, 
as  he  thought,  condemned  twenty-four  innocent  people  to  death,  and  after- 
ward stood  up  in  church  in  Boston,  with  bowed  down  head  and  sorrowful 
countenance,  while  a  paper  was  read,  in  which  he  begged  the  prayers  of  the 
congregation,  that  the  innocent  blood  which  he  haa  erringly  shed  might  not 
be  visited  on  the  country  or  on  him. 

"As  far  as  we  know, "'says  Texa*  Sif tings,  "  there  is  not  a  single  instance 
on  record  in  Texas  of  a  murderer  of  means  having  been  punished  by  law,  no 
matter  how  many  homicides  he  committed."  Texas  is  not  •  .  exceptional 
state  where  such  eases  transpire. 

The  result  of  the  Sellon  trial  confronts  the  people  of  this  community  with 
some  serious  questions.  Where  and  what  is  the  influence  which  rende'rs  the 
conviction  of  a  man  for  the  taking  of  human  life  impossible?  How  is  it  that 
the  machinery  of  the  law  is  wrenched  and  money  poured  out  like  water  to 
convict  two  men  of  a  crime  which  a  majority  of  people  believe  to-day  was 
never  committed  by  anybody,  while  three  men,  each  with  the  blood  of  a  fel- 
low being  on  his  hands,  walk  the  streets  free  men,  one  of  them  not  even  hav- 
ing been  indicted  for  his  crime?  it  has  become  so  in  this  community  that  if 
a  murder  is  committed  and  the  man  who  does  the  deed  has  any  influence, 
political,  pecuniary,  or  social,  which  can  be  brought  to  bear,  it  is  immediately 
taken  for  granted  that  he  will  not  be  punished  for  the  crime. 

THE  KEMMLER  REPRIEVE. 

The  case  of  the  condemned  murderer  Kemmler  certainly  offers  the  most 
remarkable  instance  of  judicial  procrastination  on  record  in  this  country. 

A  FATAL  FLAW  IN  THE  INDICTMENT. 

A  highly  respected  citizen  was  arraigned  before  court  for  shooting  ami  kill- 
ing a  friend.  The  evidence  was  direct,  and  after  exhaustive  arguments  had 
been  made  the  judge  said: — 

"  It  is  clearly  proven  that  you  are  guilty.  a<  charged  by  the  indictment." 

"But  I  protest  my  innocence,"  replied  the  prisoner.  "The  indictment 
reads  that  I  did  shoot  and  kill  the  gentleman  with  powder  and  a  leaden  bullet. 
This  is  a  mistake.  I  had  no  bullets  at  the  time,  so  I  loaded  my  gun  with  pow- 
der and  a  horseshoe  nail." 

"That  indeed  alters  the  case,"  said  the  judge.  "  The  indictment  said 
bullet,  when  it  should  have  said  nail.  You  are  discharged,  sir." 

Frank  Weiss,  the  editor  of  an  illustrated  German  comic  paper  at  Erie,  Pa,, 
is  on  trial  for  libel,  and  has  succeeded  in  lighting  the  law  with  its  own  weapons 
in  a  very  amusing  way.  The  district  attorney  at  the  opening  of  the  prosecu- 
tion claimed  the  right  to  "stand  aside"  jurors  under  an  ancient  law  of 
Edward  I.,  never  repealed  and  once  sustained  by  the  supreme  court  of  Penn- 
sylvania by  some  musty  decision  In  this  way,  every  German  or  Irish  juror 
was  thrown  out,  the  court  assenting  to  the  absurd  supremacy  of  this  law  of 
900  years  ago.  Weiss,  who  is  a  small,  feeble,  melancholy  looking  man,  then 
concluded  if  they  were  going  in  for  medieval  law  he  would  have  some.  So 
he  insisted  on  the  trial  of  the  case  by  ordeal  of  tire  and  by  combat!  He 
floored  the  court  with  his  citations  of  uiirepealed  law,  and  at  last  accounts  the 
suit  was  still  in  progress,  with  more  fun  in  the  court  than  there  ever  was  in 
the  newspaper. 


412 


The  fallibility  of  Juries  has  recently  had  a  striking  illustration  In  the  case 
of  a  man  under  life  sentence  for  murder  iu  Michigan,  having  been  recently 
pardoned,  after  passing  twenty -seven  years  in  prison,  on  the  ground  that  he 
is  innocent  of  the  crime  for  which  he  was  convicted.  He  was  convicted 
mainly  on  the  false  testimony  of  a  worthless  wretch  who  had  a  grudge  against 
Wm,  and  who  afterwards  confessed  that  the  evidence  given  by  him  at  the  trial 
i  as  ji  lie.  It  is  sad  enough  to  consider  the  long  years  of  confinement  suffered 
\j  an  innocent  man,  but  still  more  sad  to  think  of  his  blasted  life,  and  that 
now  he  is  set  free  he  has  no  remedy  or  redress  for  the  suffering  and  shame 
endured  or  the  gross  injustice  of  which  he  has  been  the  victim. 

A  QUESTION  OF  PARDON. 

I  see  that  the  papers  notice  the  "  pardon  of  an  innocent  man."  How  can 
an  innocent  man  be  pardoned  ?  What  is  there  to  pardon  him  for  ?  If  there 
is  anybody  to  be  pardoned,  isn't  it  the  ones  who  imprisoned  him? 

Has  a  people  that  will  allow  such  a  damnable  law  to  continue  to  exist  any 
claim  to  be  considered  civilized  ?  Surely,  if  the  safety  of  the  community 
requires  the  punishment  of  a  supposed  guilty  person,  the  commonest  justice 
requires  the  most  ample  retraction  and  compensation  in  case  innocence  is 
afterward  proved. 

A  well  known  lawyer  said:  "  If  I  had  my  way,  I  would  abolish  all  the 
courts  in  the  state  once  every  ten  years.  The  courts  are  the  masters  of  the 
people.  Talk  about  their  being  the  servants  of  the  commonwealth— they  are 
its  masters.  You  can  see  how  it  is  when  anything  is  attempted  at  the  Legis- 
lature which  touches  any  of  these  courts.  Jf  a  measure  is  proposed  which 
would  disturb  any  of  them,  it  is  impossible  to  get  it  through  the  Legislature. 
They  have  such  control  over  the  senators  and  representatives  that  nothing 
can  be  done.  A  judge  has  so  much  prestige  that  the  representative  thinks  he 
is  doing  just  the  right  thing  if  he  votes  as  the  judge  thinks  is  the  best  way,  and 
the  consequence  is  that  it  is  absolutely  impossible  to  get  any  reform  through. 
A  judge  isn't  any  better  man  after  he  goes  on  the  bench  than  he  was  before. 
Giving  him  a  commission  doesn't  make  any  better  man  of  him,  or  give  him 
any  new  faculties,  or  make  his  opinion  any  more  entitled  to  respect  than  it 
was  before." 

And  if  I  could  have  my  way  the  Legislature  should  meet  but  once  in  ten 
years;  then  select  a  few  fundamental  principles  of  justice,  never  exceeding 
one  hundred  in  number;  then  repeal  all  previously  existing  laws  from  the 
beginning  of  recorded  acts,  and  have  all  disputes  settled  by  arbitration,  allow- 
ing no  lawyer  to  be  employed. 

JURY  TRIAL. 

What  a  travesty  upon  both  law  and  justice;  agree  or  starve!  One  venal 
member,  by  providing  beforehand,  could  easily  compel  the  others  to  submit. 

Yet  further,  it  is  a  well-established  point  of  law  that  an  agreement  under 
duress  is  illegal 

A  diligent  reader  with  a  good  memory  may  be  a  successful  lawyer  without 
being  a  statesman  or  much  of  a  man. 

Congress  is  rotten  with  lawyers  and  notoriously  lacks  statesmanship. 

It  is  a  strange  condition  of  society  that  its  laws  that  all  are  to  live  by  become 
so  complicated  that  lawyers  at  from  five  to  a  thousand  dollars  per  day  must 
be  employed  to  explain  their  meaning. 

IN  CONCLUSION. 

Can  ami  intelligent  person  accustomed  to  our  courts,  witnessing  the 
silly,  obosolete  forms  for  opening  and  closing,  its  suppression  of  undesired 
evidence,  its  use  of  private  correspondence,  its  attempts  to  trick  witnesses 
into  contradictory  statements,  itsJamdyce  and  Jarndijce  procrastinations, 
its  breaking  of  wills,  its  pandering  to  the  influential,  nave  any  respect 
therefor  or  look  upon  it  in  any  other  light  than  that  it  is  a  bondage  alike 
disgraceful  to  those  who  practice  and  those  who  endure  its  continuance  ? 


413 


414 


The  Law  Antagonistic  to  Knowledge  and  Justice. 

A  thorough  study  for  a  score  of  years  of  hydrodynamics  makes  it  evi- 
dent at  least  to  myself  that,  except  through  imperfect  deeds,  no  cause  nil- 
disputes  in  milling  matters  can  arise  that  may  not  be  made  so  clear  as  to 
leave  no  just  cause  for  litigation.  Kvery  ell'ect  has  a  cause,  and  such  cause 
may  readily  be  ascertained  by  an  intelligent  engineer. 

Such  cases  usually  have  an  individuality  and  each  must  lie  considered  in 
itself. 

The  ordinary  surveyor's  level  between  mills  is  seldom  of  much  account 
in  backwater  cases  so  far  as  determining  the  cause  of  complaint.  A  num- 
ber of  such  cases  will  be  reported  in  this  exlition  of  my  work,  from  which 
information  of  my  method  of  ascertaining  facts  may  be  obtained.  A  wide 
experience  of  the  practice  of  law  in  many  states  in  hydraulic  cases  con- 
vinces me  that  while  Massachusetts  from  its  early  manufacturing  should  be 
one  of  the  most  intelligent  in  such  matters  it  is  in  fact  like  its  Andover  the- 
ology and  gallows  witness  stand  more  iron-clad  and  backward  in  its  rules 
than  any  other.  The  assessors'  valuation  of  a  plaintiffs  property,  the 
verdict  of  a  parallel  case  in  the  same  county,  mention  of  the  obsolete  char- 
acter of  the  property  in  question,  nor  in  fact  anything  that  would  show  the 
litter  worthlessness  of  the  whole  claim  was  presented  in  a  recent  case  for 
damage.  This  may  have  been  owing  to  the  mcompetency  of  the  attorney, 
but  certainly  the  most  essential  evidence  necessary  to  enable  the  jury  to 
decide  intelligently  and  justly  was  left  out;  both  attorneys  seemed  desti- 
tute of  knowledge  in  such  matters  and  equally  desirous  of  preventing  the 
jury  from  obtaining  knowledge. 

The  Willimantic  Borough  case  offered  another  lesson  for  litigants.  It 
would  hardly  he  possible  to  find  a  case  more  decisive  in  character  ;  one  any 
intelligent  manufacturer  would  easily  understand. 

The  case  is  one  for  mutual  concession  by  which  both  could  be  benefited. 

There  is  a  trifle  less  than  three  feet  in  the  level  between  the  level  of  the 
crests  of  the  Borough  and  Johnson's  dams.  Johnson  claims  to  lie  desirous 
of  digging  a  new  tail-race  12  feet,  wide  and  4(io  feet  in  length  extending  from 
his  wheel  down  to  Borough  line  where  the  water  backs  tip  2  1-2  feet  in  depth. 

Mr.  Johnson  desires  to  send  down  through  the  said  tail-race  l.r><)  cubic  feet 
of  water  per  second,  which  moving  three  feet  per  second  would  require  a 
depth  of  four  feet,  or  a  foot  and  a  half  more  than  the  depth  of  water  at  the 
dividing  line  of  the  two  properties,  consequently  the  set-back  of  water 
could  cause  no  real  loss  of  power  to  Johnson.  Like  all  such  conditions  the 
discharge  from  the  race  meeting  the  standing  water  of  the  pond  would 
soon  form  a  bar  that  would  constantly  increase  in  height  and  reduce  the 
head  on  Johnson's  wheels.  By  mutual  concession  such  bar  could  yearly  be 
removed.  During  the  average  flow  of  water  the  supply  gorges  the  chan- 
nel below  Johnson's  land  so  that  there  is  no  backwater  at  the  line  at  all, 
and  the  channel  is  constantly  tilling  up  so  that  the  rock  B  represented  in 
the  illustration  of  1WM)  is  now  submerged  and  invisible. 

Instead  of  defending  the  case  upon  its  merits,  the  defense  was  that  the 
river  was  variable  in  supply  and  of  little  value.  There  is  little  encourage- 
ment for  knowledge  if  the  law  is  to  render  such  knowledge  worthless. 

What  is  the  difference  in  principle,  for  lawyers  to  band  together  in  Con- 
gress and  Legislature  and  use  their  influence'to  perpetuate  laws  and  rules 
of  a  barbarous  age  for  personal  benefit,  and  the  uniting  in  mobs  to  destroy 
power  looms  and  other  improved  machinery  as  was  done  by  the  laboring 
classes  ? 

On  another  page  I  have  stated  that  I  seldom  leave  the  witness  stand  with- 
out feeling  outraged,  but  since  attorneys  of  reputation  confine  their  cross 
examination  of  my  testixumy  to  reading  extracts  from  my  legal  criticisms 
it  rather  looks  as  though  they  consider  their  case  weak  and  "  get  oil'  their 
head,"  and  so  almost  unconsciously  give  out  information  where  it  should 
do  the  most  good. 


-115 


416 


417 


Expurgation  and  Pretension. 

The  real  value  of  a  book  consists  in  its  representation  of  its  time, 
to  expurgate  destroys  its  representative  character. 

Expurgate  the  atrocity  and  obscenity  of  the  Bible  and  only  spirit- 
ualism would  remain.  Expurgate  what  at  this  day  cannot  publicly 
be  read  from  Shakespeare's  works,  and  the  pith  is  gone.  Expurgate 
the  loathsome  rilthiness  from  Rabelais'  description  of  the  Chris- 
tianity of  his  time,  and  only  the  covers  of  his  book  remain.  The 
delicacy  that  causes  the  teacher  to  send  the  bare  legged  boy  from 
school  does  not  prevent  her  from  displaying  more  than  legs  at  the 
bathing  beach.  The  age  that  sentences  the  poor  thief  to  years  of 
imprisonment  for  stealing  a  suit  of  clothes,  pronounces  the  rich  rail- 
road director  free  from  guilt,  though,  in  defiance  of  law,  he  has  caused 
the  death  of  passengers  by  roasting.  Talmadge  in  his  church,  the 
clown  in  his  circus,  and  the  self-styled  statesman,  each  worship  the 
Christian's  God,  and  there  can  be  little  doubt  but  that  the  clown 
floes  the  most  for  humanity.  The  unpretentious  farmer  that  places 
a  watering  trough  by  the  wayside  for  the  thirsty  man  or  horse,  in 
my  opinion,  does  more  for  the  elevation  of  man  and  glory  of  God 
than  the  rich  man  who  builds  a  church  or  endows  a  college. 
Rotten  Statutes. 

As  a  people  few  are  more  ready  than  ourselves  to  censure  the 
tolerance  of  abuses  by  others,  m-  more  servile  in  submitting  to  such 
of  our  own.  How  we  smile  at  the  Jay  (Moulding  of  a  railroad 
through  the  chicanery  of  the  law,  or  even  the  acquittal  of  a  mur- 
derer by  the  resurrection  of  a  rotten  statute  that  should  have  been 
buried  by  obliteration  centuries  since.  Such  successes  in  any  other 
walk  of  life  would  be  considered  infamous,  but  in  law  successful 
rascality  is  called  smartness.  If  law  is  designed  to  aid  justice  why 
is  such  rascality  tolerated  by  a  people  claiming  to  be  civilized  ? 
Savages  would  scorn  such  trickery. 

Patents,  notes  of  hand,  judgments,  etc.,  etc.,  are  limited  in  dura- 
tion. "Why  not  statutes?  With  nearly  fifty  independent  States 
each  constantly  issuing  volumes  of  new  statutes,  where  is  it  to  end? 
Lawyers  produce  nothing  but  strife  and  their  support  comes  from 
labor.  Will  the  laborer  forever  continue  to  support  a  class  so  useless 
yet  so  expensive;  We  claim  to  be  a  free  people,  but  can  there  be 
freedom  with  such  a  mountainous  pile  of  rotten  statutes  hanging 
over  us?  Can  anything  be  more  senseless  than  the  common  prac- 
tice of  legislators  referring  matters  pertaining  to  the  law  to  the 
judiciary  committee  ?  Lawyers  if  no  worse  certainly  are  no  better 
than  others.  Simple  laws  are  not  for  their  interest.  The  ideal  law 
of  the  lawyer  is  of  the  mattock  and  spade,  mailed  shirt  and  bow 
and  arrow  age.  If  the  steel  plow,  harvester,  rifle  cannon  and  re- 
peating rifle  are  superior  to  those,  then  in  proportion  has  the  me- 
chanic proved  his  superiority  to  the  lawyer.  Then  what  excuse  is 
there  for  suffering  the  designing  or  inferior  to  determine  the  laws 
for  the  superior  ?  Law  is  for  man  not  man  for  the  law.  Get  up 
out  of  the  ruts,  Messrs.  Legislators  !  if  your  heads  hit  the  roof  when 
doing  so  your  brains  are  safe,  that  is  not  their  location.  Why  not 
to  every  new  statute  enacted  add,  "and  all  previous  enactments  in- 


418 


consistent  with  this  are  hereby  repealed"?  The  best  governed  peo- 
ple are  those  governed  the  least.  Blot  out  every  statute  over  twenty 
years  of  age,  and  the  occupation  of  the  smart  lawyer  would  be  gone. 

Arbitration. 

When  a  proposition  is  made  by  one  of  a  party  to  leave  a  case  in 
dispute  out  to  three  disinterested  persons  to  decide  and  the  other 
refuses  to  do  so,  we  invariably  believe  the  latter  to  be  the  one  in 
the  wrong.  Then  why  not  make  such  arbitration  obligatory, 
whenever  one  party  demands  it?  Do  away  with  the  so-called  law 
and  lawyers.  Have  fewer  officials  and  those  directly  amenable  to 
the  people.  Form  a  general  plan  for  arbitration  and  make  such 
decisions  final,  except  in  cases  of  finding  new  and  undeniable 
evidence,  then  in  serious  cases,  such  as  unjust  criminal  convictions 
and  punishments,  have  the  highest  official  of  the  state  apologize 
for  the  wrong  and  so  far  as  possible  make  the  fullest  restitution  for 
the  injustice,  instead  of  as  is  now  done  adding  outrage  to  injustice 
by  the  mockery  of  pardoning  a  martyr,  what  a  barbarian  would  be 
ashamed  to  do.  In  God's  name,  is  there  not  statesmanship  in 
Massachusetts  sufficient  to  remedy  a  wrong  so  glaring  ? 

The  Sacredness  of  an  Oath. 

In  a  story  about  Catiline,  a  companion  says,  "Who  believes  in  an 
oath?  Did  you  ever  believe  in  one,  Catiline.'"  "Well,  perhaps  so, 
when  a  boy,"  was  the  reply. 

Those  accustomed  to  the  us\ial  style  of  administering  the  oath, 
"Hold  up  your  hand.  You  solemnly  yum,  yum,  yum,  s'elp  you 
God,"  can  hardly  be  much  impressed  with  its  sanctity,  and  the  ob- 
servance of  the  interested  witness  with  his"I  don't  remember,  "ami 
burning  face  when  the  question  has  struck  home,  will  be  likely  to 
cause  the  observer  to  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  person  who 
in  ordinary  conversation  embellishes  his  scory  merely  for  self 
exaltation,  will  hardly  hesitate  to  lie  when  under  oath  if  it  is  for 
his  interest  to  do  so.  There  are  penalties  for  perjury;  why  not 
depend  upon  those  ? 

Irresponsible  Commissions. 

If  "eternal  vigilance  is  the  price  of  liberty,"  can  it  be  well  to  take 
the  power  to  act  direct  from  the  people,  and  place  it  in  the  cart-  of 
a  commission  chosen  more  through  political  partisanship  than  per- 
sonal fitness? 

Are  three  hackneyed  politicians  more  likely  to  be  just  to  all 
than  "those  interested  for  the  best  good  of  their  homes?  Are  our 
schools  as  effective  now  in  producing  practical  men  and  women, 
as  formerly  under  the  old  district  or  local  governing  system? 

Responsibility  begets  consideration.  How  quick  staid  citizens, 
after  enlisting  as  soldiers  during  the  late  war  and  losing  their  per- 
sonal responsibility,  became  like  unruly  boys,  often  worse. 

Is  it  democracy  to  place  the  governing  power  in  the  hands  of  a 
minority  of  wire  pullers?  Can  a  single  instance  of  such  a  course 
being  found  conducive  to  general  good  be  named  since  the  begin- 
ning of  history?  Then  why  ignore  such  ages  of  experience 
and  abandon  the  principle  of  self-government? 


419 
AN  OHIO  IDEA. 

Iu  one  of  the  western  counties  of  Ohio  a  petition  is  being  circulated  asking 
Governor  Hoadley  to  pardon  a  young  man  sent  to  the  penitentiary  for  rob- 
bing a  prominent  Free  Thinker.  The  plea  is  that  he  should  not  have  been  con- 
victed because  the  victim  is  a  "  wicked  and  perverse  infidel."  It  is  peculiarly 
an  Ohio  idea  that  a  man  who  does  not  profess  religion  has  no  rights,  and  that  it 
is  an  act  of  Christian  charity  to  pick  his  pocket  or  set  lire  to  his  barn.  Prob- 
ably an  Ohio  office  holder  would  think  it  a  virtue  to  steal  from  the  govern- 
ment on  the  same  principle. 

"  The  nearer  the  church  the  further  from  God,"  is  an  old  and  a  trite  saying, 
but  ideas  are  changing,  and  we  may  hope  for  improvement. 


TAXATION  OF  ALL  PROPERTY. 

II  taxation  is  right  at  all,  there  should  be  no  exception.  Church  property, 
usually  occupying  the  best  localities,  certainly  should  not  be  exempt,  nor 
should  owners  of  unimproved  land,  contiguous  to  growing  cities  or  towns,  be 
allowed  to  continue  to  hold  such  land  at  a  mere  nominal  rate  of  taxation, 
while  others  are  ready  to  take  it  at  far  higher  valuation.  Let  every  owner 
be  his  own  assessor,  but  with  the  understanding  that  any  purchaser  may 
take  It  at  the  assessed  rate.  Of  course  some  provisions  may  be  made  to  pre- 
vent a  homestead  from  being  unjustly  taken. 

Let  all  property  be  without  the  protection  of  law  that  has  not  paid  for  such 
protection  by  its  taxation.  There  is  no  need  for  many  of  our  officials. 


PROHIBITION. 

There  is  an  old  saying  that  most  of  the  unhappiness  of  life  comes  to  us 
through  the  efforts  of  weak  but  well  meaning  persons  trying  to  direct  our 
lives  instead  of  causing  general  improvement  by  perfecting  their  own. 
Particularly  is  this  the  case  with  the  priestly  order,  and  has  been  so  from 
the  beginning  of  history.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Miner,  the  great  advocate  of  prohi- 
bition in  this  state,  must  well  know  that  his  life  has  been  spent  in  indoctrinat- 
ing the  minds  of  his  hearers  with  a  superstition  that  cannot  be  sustained  by 
evidence,  yet  he  is  ready  to  assume  the  Creator's  place  and  manage  mankind. 
Prohibition  interferes  with  the  rights  of  all,  and  with  very  doubtful  effects. 
Two  gallons  of  liquor,  beer  included,  would  more  than  cover  all  that  1  have 
ever  drank,  yet  I  do  not  believe  in  prohibition,  nor  would  I  vote  for  license, 
for  to  me  it  would  seem  wrong  to  dignify  a  disreputable  business  by  legal 
recognition  ;  but  as  a  large  portion  of  crime,  poverty,  and  misery  is  caused  by 
the  traffic,  I  would  have  all  places  where  it  is  carried  on  taxed  at  such  a  rate 
that  the  owners  would  refuse  to  rent  for  the  purpose. 


Belt  Transmission. 

Of  all  guess  work,  there  is  none  more  unreliable  than  that  of  computing  the 
power  transmitted  by  the  width  of  belt.  First,  the  kind,  quality  and  condition 
of  the  belt  is  to  be  considered;  then  the  size,  distance  and  position  of  pulley; 
whether  their  surfaces  are  wood,  metal,  or  covered  with  leather ;  whether  one  is 
much  larger  than  the  other,  and  whether  the  belt  is  running  vertically,  horizon- 
tally, open  or  crossed  ;  or,  what  is  worse,  is  running  edge  up,  on  pulleys  on  ver- 
tical shafts ;  whether  it  is  tight  or  loose ;  whether  it  is  made  of  leather  or  other 
material,  also  whether  single  or  double.  In  testing  with  lever  dynanometer,  the 
speed  of  belt  is  determined.  A  single  leather  belt,  under  ordinary  conditions, 
running  1,000  feet  per  minute,  will  transmit  a  h.  p.  for  each  inch  01  width,  but 
the  matter  is  one  of  the  greatest  uncertainty 


420 


Doctor  Dodimus 
Ceisbrated  Case  of 


Duckworth's 

Open  Mouth  Lockjaw. 


Sir  Alec.  McMutton- 
head— Oh,  positively 
it  is  not  a  cancer.  He 
died  the  next  week  of 
cancer,  all  the  same. 


Dr.  Hamiltongue— Oh !  undoubtedly 
the  hall  is  here.  Haven't  we  all  said 
so  from  the  first,  and  hasn't  the  elec- 
tro-detector located 
it  here  sure  ? 

Dr.  Doodle  —  Of 
course  it  is  her  " 


Fatsey  McGrath— Loik  at  the  pair  of  them  doinkeys 
saking  for  the  hall  there,  when  it  is  here  be  my  hoind, 
in  the  shoulder. 


422 


PROGRESS  IN  MEDICINE. 

"  It  is  a  fact  that  the  number  of  healthy  men  and  women  is  grow- 
ing less  every  year,  and  the  sick  more  numerous.  In  the  face  of 
these  facts,  it  might  be  noted  that  this  country  is  full  of  doctors 
and  full  of  drug  stores  ;  that  these  doctors  and  drug  stores  increase 
every  year,  and  in  heavy  ratio  the  sick  and  dying  increase  also. 

"  It  would  seem  like  ignorance  and  arrogance  combined  for  any 
physician  or  school  of  physicians  to  claim  a  monopoly  in  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine,  when  all  physicians  of  all  the  schools  of  medicine 
combined  are  powerless  in  curing  but  a  fair  percentage  of  acute, 
and  still  less  of  chronic,  diseases. 

"And  instead  of  doctors  opposing  new  discoveries,  condemning 
new  systems  of  practice,  they  should  welcome  them,  for  no  one 
knows  better  than  the  doctor  himself  how  powerless  he  frequently 
is  to  cure,  or  even  aid.  in  the  sick  room." 

Two  thousand  years  ago  Cato  wrote  of  physicians  precisely  as  we 
do  to-day.  He  said:  "  If  they  attempt  to  treat  of  the  practice  in 
any  other  language  than  the  Greek,  they  are  sure  to  lose  credit, 
there  being  all  the  less  confidence  felt  by  our  people  in  that  which- 
so  nearly  concerns  their  welfare  if  it  becomes  intelligible  to  them. 
In  fact,  this  is  the  only  one  of  the  arts  in  which  the  moment  he 
declares  himself  an  adept  he  is  at  once  believed.  Besides,  there  is 
no  law  to  punish  the  ignorance  of  a  physician.  It  is  at  our  peril 
they  experimentalize,  the  only  person  that  can  kill  another  with 
impunity." 

Pliny  speaks  of  Rome  trying,  then  condemning,  the  employment 
of  physicians  and  going  without  six  hundred  years. 

Le  Sage  in  his  *L  Gil  Bias  "  has  been  more  severe  than  Cato. 

Dr.  Majendie  says  :  Medicine  is  a  humbug. 

Sir  Astley  Cooper:  Medicine  art  is  founded  on  conjecture  and 
improved  by  murder. 

Dr.  Baker  :  1  )rugs  destroy  more  than  disease  does. 

Dr.  Forth  :  There  cannot  be  found  a  more  dishonest  trade  than 
medicine. 

Dr.  Thomas  Watson  :  Our  profession  is  always  floating  on  a  sea 
of  doubts  about  questions  of  the  most  serious  importance. 

Dr.  Coggswell :  If  medicine  was  abolished,  mankind  would  be  the 
greatest  gainers. 

Dr.  Mason  Good  :  Medicine  is  a  jargon,  and  has  destroyed  more 
than  war,  pestilence,  and  famine  combined. 


423 


Dr.  Frank :  Thousands  are  annually  slaughtered  by  the  worst  of 
all  impositions— medicine.  —Anglice. 

Dr.  0.  W.  Holmes  of  late  years  perhaps  has  the  oftenest  been 
quoted  in  depreciation  of  medicinal  knowledge.  Egregious  blun- 
ders hi  high  places  have  made  the  general  ignorance  of  the  class 
more  conspicuous,  particularly  of  those  posing  as  the  "  great  Doctor 
So  and  So." 

Perhaps  nothing  better  could  have  been  expected  of  Cato  or 
Le  Sage,  but  that  modern  physicians  should  acknowledge  such 
ignorance  is  undoubtedly  owing  to  the  superstition  and  material- 
istic ignorance  of  the  time. 

>  Those  who  have  read  Mrs.  Shelley's  "  Frankenstein  "  will  recall 
the  monster  without  the  governing  soul,  because  only  the  physical 
man  could  be  created  ;  so  of  the  physician  who  only  knows  of  the 
physical  structure.  Suppose  a  mechanic  of  the  highest  skill  as  a 
mechanician,  yet  knowing  nothing  of  electricity,  should  undertake 
to  repair  a  complicated  electric  engine  in  which  he  could  see  noth- 
ing of  the  moving  power  as  it  entered,  moved,  or  left  the  engine, 
could  he  expect  to  command  success  ? 

Man  is  of  a  dual  nature,  physical  and  spiritual ;  the  spiritual  or 
governing  part  that  cannot  be  seen  is  the  life  of  the  man  engine,  as 
the  unseeable  electricity  is  that  of  the  electric  engine. 

The  man  engine  is  the  acme  of  mechanism,  the  most  perfect  and 
the  most  complicated,  and  every  mechanic  knows  that  complicated 
machines,  even  of  perfect  construction,  often  get  out  of  order, 
require  repairs  and  to  be  put  in  order. 

The  creative  mechanic  existed  before  doctors,  and  he  created 
vast  fields  for  all  other  professions.  The  lawyer  and  priest  are 
fungous  growths  due  to  diseased  surroundings,  and  in  time  to  be 
done  away  with,  but  the  healer  or  physician  as  a  mechanic  has  a 
vast  field  of  usefulness  open  to  him,  yet  he  must  seek  for  real 
knowledge  of  man's  nature,  and  depend  upon  that  knowledge  for 
professional  success  instead  of  upon  trades  union  or  class  legislation. 

The  healing  art  is  of  such  universal  importance  that  no  intelli- 
gent legislature  will  ever  attempt  to  prevent  discoveries  of  means 
to  prevent  or  to  cure  disease,  and  discoveries  are  usually  outside  of 
the  classes  to  which  they  seemingly  belong.  Great  progress  has 
been  made  in  surgery,  and  there  is  no  good  reason  to  doubt  that 
the  same  progress  may  be  made  in  medicine  by  proper  study.  I, 
for  one,  believe  that  there  is  a  remedy  for  every  disease,  and  that 
such  remedy  can  be  found,  but  the  old  rats  of  conventionalism  must 
he  left  behind. 


424 


MARRIAGE,  DIVORCE,  NUDITY. 

TOUTHS'  PREPARATORY  EDUCATION  FOR  POLYGAMOUS  ACTS. 
AUABIAN  Mi. III-. 


Camaralzaman  \vas  proclaimed  king,  and  married' on  the 
same  day  with  the  greatest  magnificence ;  being  thoroughly 
satisfied  with  the  beauty,  wit,  and  affection  of  the  princess 
Haiatalnefous. 

The  two  queens  continued  to  live  together  in  friendship 
and  union,  and  were  each  well  contented  with  the  equality 
which  king  Camaralzaman  observed  in  his  conduct  towards 
them  in  sharing  his  bed  with  them  alternately. 

From  time  immemorial,  theoretically,  love  lias  been  represented  as 
heavenly,  in  practice  almost  invariably  gross.  Death  in  any  form  for 
a  woman  before  dishonor.  Lucretia  has  been  the  model,  but  it  should 
be  borne  in  mind  that  the  other  side  of  that  story  has  never  been  told. 
From  the  earliest  history  down  to  Anthony  Comstock  the  clergy 
have  been  the  most  strenuous  promoters  of  such  ideas  and,  unless 
sadly  belied,  the  most  common  violators  of  them,  not  because  nat- 
urally worse  than  others  but  because  of  having  leisure  and  oppor- 
tunity. The  wise  man  of  the  Bible  requiring  a  thousand  women. 
the  Lord  taking  his  share  of  captive  virgins,  Lot  and  his  buxom 
daughters,  Camaralzaman  and  his  two  wives,  and  the  classics 
describing  the  loves  of  the  gods  and  goddesses  are  not  reading  likely 
to  inculcate  monogamy  in  the  youthful  mind,  yet  society  as  de- 
scribed by  Eabelais  when  the  clergy  had  entire  control  wHs  far 
worse ,  humanity  is  better  off  with  less  of  that  control. 

The  marriage  laws  are  unequal  and  unjust,  often  causing  the  inno- 
cent to  suffer  for  the  fault  of  others.  The  "for  better  or  worse  " 
is  a  device  of  evil  because  of  it  the  beautiful  bride  soon  becomes  the 
dowdy  wife ;  the  passionate  lover,  the  indifferent  husband. 

Marriage  by  equitable  contract  should  produce  equality  and  con- 
tinued effort  to  please.  Give  both  the  same  right  to  propose  such 


425 


partnership.  Motherhood  is  a  natural  right,  its  desire  inherent 
from  infancy,  proved  by  the  craving  for  dolls.  This  right  is  often 
denied  to  the  best  through  lack  of  self-assertion.  Free  woman  from 
her  bombmc  of  conventionalism  and  long  petticoats,  encourage  her 
to  think  and  talk  of  something  besides  dress,  give,  her  equal  rights 
with  man.  Protect  by  making  all  children  legitimate  and  have 
their  rights  secured,  but  allow  of  separation  of  parents  on  the 
breaking  of  marriage  contract  by  either  party.  Parties  properly 
mated  will  need  no  law  to  keep  them  together,  while  those  only 
kept  together  through  compulsion  had  much  better  be  apart. 

From  the  earliest  record  of  such  matters,  the,  status  of  woman 
has  been  that  of  the  inferior.  She  lias  been  credited  with  being  an 
unmitigated  gossip,  a  never  ending  tattler,  and  a  nuisance  as  a 
••mother-in-law":  these  are  old  ideas  of  prehistoric  times,  common 
two  thousand  years  ago.  Terence  wrote  a  comedy  twenty-one 
hundred  years  ago  called  the  ••  Molher-in-Law."  and  our  daily 
papers  have  kept  the  idea  before  their  readers  for  the  past  twenty 
years  as  a  remarkable  find,  (lossip  and  inquisitiveness  are  matters 
of  condition,  and  not  sex.  ( 'online  a  man  to  the  house  or  backwoods 
for  the  most  of  his  life,  and  it  would  be  a  .smart  woman  that  would 
excel  him  in  inquisitiveness  or  tattle. 

The  barber  a  generation  since  was  known  as  a  tattler  of  unlimited 
capacity,  but  the  smart  daily  paper  of  the  present  time  has  thrown 
him  into  the  shade  so  deeply  that  neither  he  nor  women  have 
any  show  in  that  line  now. 

Nudity  is  a  matter  of  conventionalism  and  climate.  Nakedness 
is  out  of  The  question  where  clothing  is  necessary  for  warmth,  and 
the  weight  of  this  clothing  hanging  to  the  waist  was  most  likely  the 
cause  of  the  change  of  the  natural  and  healthy  form  of  our  women 
to  the  unnatural,  wasp-waisled  creatures  that  pride  themselves  on 
having  a  twenty-two  inch  waist  measure.  .Man,  it  is  claimed,  was 
formed  in  the  image  of  his  Creator,  yet  prurient  minds,  with  exag- 
gerated pretensions  to  modesty,  demand  that  the  limbs  of  their 
bedsteads  be  veiled.  .Much  opposition  has  been  offered  of  late  to 
the  illustration  of  the  female  form  upon  the  theater  billboards,  or 
to  the  form  itself  upon  the  stage,  yet  the  intelligent  observer  will 
note  the  improvement  in  manners  during  the  past  thirty  years. 
There  is  far  less  of  the  "Peeping  Tom  of  Coventry''  now  than 
t  liirty  years  since.  Then  every  traveler  must  have  noticed  the  holes 
cut  in  stateroom  partitions,  the  crowds  standing  at  the  base  of 
church  steps  to  get  sight,  of  the  I  huh*  of  female  worshipers,  etc.,  etc. 

It  happened  in  my  young  days  that  several  years  of  my  life  were 
passed  with  primitive  people  near  the  equator.  There  the  young 
of  both  sexes  went  naked  much  of  the  time  until  ten  or  twelve  years 
of  age,  the  mothers  having  a  cloth  around  the  waist  reaching  to  the 
knee.  Beautiful  girls  of  any  age  often  went  with  a  narrow  piece  of 
cloth  formed  like  an  a] iron,  first  hung  in  front,  the  lower  end  then 
passed  between  the  thighs,  then  up  the  back  to  the  waist,  where 
the  strings  were  then  passed  around  the  waist  and  end  of  cloth  or 
apron,  securing  it  in  that  position.  With  girls  thus  clothed  I  have 
swum,  fished,  hunted,  and  wandered  through  the  forests  for  days 
and  days,  without  hearing  an  improper  thought  expressed,  or  wit- 


426 


nessing  an  immodest  action.  Plain  words  were  always  used  to 
convey  ideas.  Marriage  and  its  responsibilities  were  freely  dis- 
cussed, the  children  listening  as  in  other  matters,  and  they  wen- 
taught  to  realize  the  importance  of  the 
very  foundation  for  the  perpetuation  of 
the  human  race,  instead  of  being  taught 
to  look  upon  it  as  a  matter  to  be  lied 
about  or  kept  in  the  background,  as  is 
done  in  our  claimed  higher  civilization. 
Of  course,  under  such  conditions  the 
form  was  developed  as  nature  intended  ; 
there  were  no  wasp  waists  or  distorted 
feet;  no  need  for  padding,  nature  formed 
calves  and  bosoms:  the  form  itself  as 
upright  as  their  native  palm  trees. 

Bible  idolatry  has  distorted  the  heads, 
law  the  morals,  and  ill  fitting  shoes  the 
feet  of  our  people.  Dress  reform  is 
impracticable,  because  women,  like  the 
peacock,  are  ashamed  of  their  feet. 
High  heels  have  furnished  business  for 
corn  doctors ;  is  the  product  worth  the  cost  ?  Look  at  the  feet ! 

TWO  WOMEN. 

I  know  two  women  ,  and  one  is  chaste 

And  cold  as  the  snows  on  a  winter  waste; 

Stainless  ever  in  act  and  thought 

(As  a  man  born  dumb  in  speech  errs  not). 

But  she  has  malice  toward  her  kind— 

A  cruel  tongue  and  a  jealous  mind. 

Void  of  pity,  and  full  of  greed, 

She  judges  the  world  by  her  narrow  creed. 

A  brewer  of  quarrels,  a  breeder  of  hate, 

Yet  she  holds  the  key  to  "  Society's  "  gate. 

The  other  woman,  with  a  heart  of  flame, 
Went  mad  for  a  love  that  marred  her  name. 
And  out  of  the  grave  of  her  murdered  faith 
She  rose  like  a  soul  that  has  passed  thro'  death. 
Her  aim  is  noble,  her  pity  so  broad 
It  covers  the  world  like  the  mercy  of  God. 
A  healer  of  discord,  a  soother  of  woes, 
Peace  follows  her  footsteps  wherever  she  goes. 
The  worthier  life  of  the  two,  no  doubt ; 
And  yet  "  Society  "  locks  her  out. 
The  other  woman  for  rue.  —Ella  Wheeler  Wllcox. 

WOMAN  SUFFRAGE. 

With  the  manifest  destiny  so  plainly  marked  upon  the  face  of  the  age  that 
woman  suffrage  is  bound  to  come,  it  seems  strange  to  seethe  ordinary  repub- 
lican seven  by  nine  rural  member  so  readily  join  the  Irish  statesman  in 
defeating  the  measure.  A  biped  with  ordinary  manhood  should  freely  grant 
such  equality  of  right,  and  certainly  the  American  woman  is  likely  to  vote 
as  intelligently  as  the  newly  manufactured  citizen  from  any  foreign  country. 

Politics  are  not  likely  to  be  reduced  in  quality  by  the  addition  of  a  more 
reputable  class  of  voters.  Massachusetts  is  not  doing  itself  credit  ip  the 
matter. 


427 


RELIGION,  MYTH,  AND  SUPERSTITION. 

That  there  is  a  sympathetic  chord  between  man  and  his  Creator, 
I  believe  in  be  a  matter  of  positive  knowledge,  though  such  knowl- 
edge may  be  obscured  by  superstition  or  perversion  of  intellect, 
such  as  the  opacity  of  a  Saviour.  In  the  lowest  animal  stage  of 
humanity  there  could  have  been  no  religion  any  more  than  now  in 
tlie  next  link  lower  of  the  animal  world.  Tn  time  the  organs  of 
generation,  as  the  palpal  tie  cause,  were  esteemed  as  the  creator  and 
then  worshiped  as  such,  at  first  in  undisguised  form,  then  as  sym- 
bols more  or  less  veiled,  as  priestly  regalia  or  ornaments  of  church 
structures,  up  to  this  time. 

Can  anyone  of  common  sense  suppose  forty-two  children  were 
torn  in  pieces  by  the  prophet's  two  she-bears  for  saying,  "  Go  up, 
baldhead  ?  "  No,  no  !  the  shaven  crown  or  bald  head  had  a  sym- 
bolic meaning,  which,  if  our  street  gamins  understood,  or  the 
meaning  of  the  priest's  regalia,  they  would  be  likely  to  say  some- 
thing more  than  Go  it,  old  baldhead,  even  if  a  menagerie  of  wild 
beasts  \vere  close  by. 

Superstition  has  been  a  great  hindrance  to  progression  in  knowl- 
edge and  happiness.  My  purpose  is  to  show  that  what  is  called 
Christianity,  with  its  impossible  dogmas,  is  paganism  disguised  by 
change  of  name ;  really  a  conglomerate  of  various  myths,  all  origin- 
ating from  symbol  worship,  easily  traced  to  their  source.  The 
illustrations  of  the  five  following  pages  are  taken  from  Inman's 
"Ancient  Faiths  and  Symbols."  They  were  culled  from  many  popu- 
lar works  not  familiar  to  the  multitude,  which  cannot  be  explained 
in  this  work,  though  they  are  fully  so  in  the  work  from  which  they 
are  taken.  Intelligent  persons  should  see  that  work.  The  first 
figure,  half  male  and  half  female,  is  of  very  ancient  date  ;  a  very 
interesting  reference  thereto  may  be  found  in  the  Banquet  of  Plato, 
namely,  that  man  and  woman  were  made  as  one  and  called  man- 
woman,  having  four  arms  as  represented  in  the  figure  on  the  second 
page,  that  the  gods  became  jealous  and  cut  them  separate,  and  that 
it  is  only  when  the  original  halves  come  together  that  true  affinities 
in  marriage  are  formed.  "The  Virgin  and  Child,"  third  page,  "as 
painted  in  the  South  Kensington  museum,  represent  them  exactly 
as  they  used  to  be  represented  in  Egypt,  India,  Assyria,  Babylonia, 
Pho3iiicia,  and  Etruria  ;  in  the  framework  the  triform  leaf  rep- 
resenting Asher,"  etc.,  etc.  The  plates,  selected  from  many,  are  the 
least  objectionable,  but  at  the  same  time  too  significant  to  be  ex- 
plained here.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  four  arms  of  the  Hindu  gods 
hold  many  of  the  same  symbols.  The  Hindus  also  had  their  cruci- 
fied Saviour  and  Chrishna.  The  cross  or  nilometer  originated  from 
the  symbol  worship,  and  is  coeval  with  man. 


428 


SUPERSTITION.  IDOLATRY  OR  WORSHIP,  WHICH? 

Devil  worship. 


Oh  ho!  My  lord  Jupiter,  Jupi 
Oh  my  hatchet,  my  hatchet, 
'my  hatchet! 


Oh  Virgin  Mother,  ask  y 
"on  to  intercede  for   us  and  bear 

our  sins,  it  saves  us  so  much  tro  Oh,  thou  great  and 
uble,  but  caution  him  to  be  careful,  fearful  God,  hold  not 
You  remember  that  after  making  thy  peace  but  do  as  I 
the  earth  he  thought  it  was  flat,  request,  Psalms  CIX 
had  ends  and  that  the  eastern  yo,ir  holy  word, 
continent  was  all  there  w?s  of  it.  Amen. 


me.' 


So  glad  she  finds  a 
lover !  But  how  about 
Jesus?  Can  it  be 
pleasant  for  him  to 
shelter  all  of  the  hypo- 
crites, thieves,  mur- 
dere,re  and  sour  old 
maids  that  propose  to 
rest  in  his  bosom? 


420 


ARDANARI-ISWARA. 

KKOM    4N    ORiaiNUL    DRAWINU    BY  CHRISNA   S«AMI.    PUNOIT. 


430 


431 


432 


433 


431 


£|S*J2  L  ! 

mm 
Hi 

illiilllli 

~^f^~^<ozc-3 


iflili1! 
!i!!l!?il 

3«iS52] 


435 


The  Hindu  Religion. 


The  ancient  religion  of  the  Hindus  was  different  from  that  which  now 
exists.  One  supreme  being  was  worshiped  under  the  name  of  Brama,  and 
the  two  gods,  Siva  and  Vishnu,  Vishnu  as  the  Preserver,  and  Siva  as  the 
I  )estroyer. 

The  simple  religion  which,  at  first,  taught  the  people  to  adore  one  divine 
power  as  the  universal  Creator,  and  other  gods  merely  as  personifications 
of  his  various  attributes,  in  course  of  time  degenerated  into  idolatry,  by 
the  practice  of  setting  up  numerous  heroes  as  objects  of  adoration',  and 
filling  the  temples  with  their  images.  Among  the  most  celebrated  of  these 
were  Rama  and  Crishna. 

The  peculiar  doctrine  of  the  Hindus,  as  is  well  known,  is  transmigration  ; 
but  they  believe  that,  between  their  different  stages  of  existence,  they  will, 
according  to  their  merits,  enjoy  thousands  of  years  of  happiness  in  sonic  cu' 
the  heavens  already  described,  or  suffer  torments  of  similar  duration  in 
Home  of  their  still  more  numerous  hells.  Hope,  however,  seems  to  lie  denied 
to  none :  the  most  wicked  man,  after  being  purged  of  his  crimes  by  ages  of 
Buffering,  and  by  repeated  transmigrations,  may  ascend  in  the  scale  <>t 
being,  until  he  may  enter  into  heaven  and  even  attain  the  highest  reward 
of  all  the  good,  which  is,  incorporation  in  the  essence  of  Cod. 

Their  descriptions  of  the  future  states  of  bliss  and  penance  are  spirited 
and  poetical.  The  good,  as  soon  as  they  leave  the  body,  proceed  to  the 
abode  of  Yama,  through  delightful  paths,  under  the  shades  of  fragrant 
trees,  among  streams  covered  with  the  lotos.  Showers  of  flowers  fall  on 
them  as  they  pass ;  and  the  air  resounds  with  the  hymns  of  the  blessed,  anil 
the  still  more  melodious  strains  of  angels.  The  passage  of  the  wicked  is 
through  dark  and  dismal  paths;  sometimes  over  burning  sand,  sometimes 
over  stones  that  out  their  feet  at  every  step:  they  travel  naked,  parched 
with  thirst,  covered  with  dirt  and  blood,  amidst  showers  of  hot  ashes  and 
burning  coals:  they  are  terrified  with  frequent  and  horrible  apparitions, 
and  fill  the  air  with' their  shrieks  and  wailing. 


436 


Prometheus  Unbound. 

From  tin-  Dramas  of  /Kschylus. 
DRAMATIS  PERSONS. 

PKOMETIIEirS,  1 1  K  It  M  KS. 

OCEANOS,  STRENGTH  and  FOKCE, 

HEPHJESTOS,  lo,  Daughter  of  Inaehos. 

Chorus  of  Nymphs,  Daughters  of  Oceanos. 

[SCENE. — Scythia ;  to  the  right,  a  rocl.'i/  /n-omo/i/nri/  of  Caucasus,  to  the 
left  the  Euxine.  Enter  HEIMI.KSTOS,  //•/'///  limuim  ,-  mid,  i-hunis;  PRO- 
METHEUS i.f  led  in  by  STRENGTH  and  FORCE.] 

Among  the  grand  ideals  bequeathed  to  the  world  by  Hellenic 
genius  there  is  none,  perhaps,  which  lias  more  deeply  impressed 
the  poetic  imagination  than  the  much-enduring  Titan  ;  none,  cer- 
tainly, which  has  for  a  longer  period  colored  the  stream  of  philo- 
sophic thought.  The  Promethean  myth,  if  must  be  remembered. 
was  not  the  invention  of  either  Hesiod  or  .Kschylus  ;  its  root,  as 
Bunsen  remarks,  is  older  than  the  Hellenes  themselves.  Even  at 
the  present  day,  the  legend,  in  its  rudest  form,  may  be  traced 
among  the  Iranian  tribes  of  the  Caucasus,  while  in  our  western 
world  it  has  inspired  the  genius  of  more  than  one  great  poet  of 
modern  times. 

The  three  dramas  of  which  the  trilogy  consisted  are  believed  to 
have  been  "  Prometheus,  the  Fire-bringer."  ••  Prometheus  Hound.'' 
and  "Prometheus  Unbound,"'  of  which  the  second  has  alone  sur- 
vived.* Prometheus  there  appears  as  the  champion  and  benefactor 
of  mankind,  whose  condition,  at  the  close  of  the  Titanic  age,  ia 
depicted  as  weak  and  miserable  in  the  extreme  : 

"  Seeing,  they  saw  in  vain  ; 

Hearing,  they  heard  not:   but.  like  shapes  in  dreams. 
Through  the  long  time  all  things  at  random  mixed." 

/ens,  it  issaid,  proposed  to  annihilate  those  puny  ephemerals.  and 
to  plant  upon  the  earth  a  new  race  in  their  stead.  Prometheus 
represents  himself  as  having  frustrated  this  design,  and  as  being 
consequently  subjected,  for  the  sake  of  mortals,  to  the  most  ago- 
nizing pain,  inflicted  by  the  remorseless  cruelty  of  Zeus.  We  have 
thus  the  Titan,  the  symbol  of  finite  reason  and  free  will,  depicted 
as  the  sublime  philanthropist,  while  Zeus,  the  supreme  deity  of 
Hellas,  is  portrayed  as  the  cruel  and  obdurate  despot,  a  character 
peculiarly  revolting  to  Athenian  sentiment. 


*<Tttippe  has,  I  think,  satisfactorily  refuted  the  plausible  hypothesis  of 
Hermann,  that  the  "Prometheus  Unbound"  was  composed  prior  to,  and 
independently  of,  the  "  Prometheus  Bound." 


43? 
PROMETHEUS  UNBOUND. 

By  many  supposed  to  be  the  origin  of  the  Christ  myth. 


48$ 


THE  MYTHOLOGY  OF  THE  GREEKS. 

The  mythology  <>t'  the  Greeks  serins  to  have  been  taken  from 
traditions'  reaching  hark  into  the  mist  of  time,  from  people  so  re- 
mote as  to  he  even  unheard  of.  Homer  being  credited  with  furnish- 
ing the  earliest  account  of  actions  having  any  claim  to  authenticity, 
and  that  of  doubtful  reliahiliiy.  Hesiod's  Thcogony  treats  of  the 
fabled  gods  and  goddesses,  but  it  is  difficult  to 'make  up  any  con- 
nected idea  of  the  beliefs  of  the  most  intelligent  minds  of  his  time, 
though  AVC  have  accounts  of  Pythagoras'*  ideas  of  reincarnation 
somewhat  later. 

Many  of  the  allegories  are  most  likely  the  work  of  writers  of  ro- 
mances like  that  of  the  "Golden  Ass"  by  Apnleius.  in  which  the 
story  of  Psyche,  her.  envious  sisters,  and  irate  mother-in-law.  Venus. 
is  so  charmingly  told.  The  beautiful  allegories  of  Diana  surprised 
by  Actseon  in  her  sylvan  bath,  where  he  is  changed  to  a  stair  and 


Diana  and  Action. 

lorn  by  his  own  hounds,  or  passions;  Juno,  with  her  Argus  having 
a  hundred  eyes  located  in  the  tail,  as  the  representative  of  jealous 
watchfulness;  Minerva,  Niohe.  Kcho.  Narcissus,  and  many  others, 
— have  no  parallel. 

Then,  in  statuary,  Greece  stands  alone  in  representing  ideas  : 
Venus  with  form  to  represent  what  perfect  womanhood  requires  to 
perpetuate  the  human  race  in  condition  suitable  for  progression  ; 
Bacchus,  representing  innocent  pleasure  that  may  result  from  a 
proper  use  of  the  grape.  Science  can  raise  no  ludicrous  contradic- 
iions  to  the  ideals  of  Greece,  but  it  is  difficult  to  gather  these  ideals 
from  works  of  those  days,  and  much  more  pleasant  to  take  them 


439 


THE    COUJSCIL    OF    THE    GODS. 


440 


from  such  works  as  Bulfinch's  "Age  of  Fable,"  a  work  that  must 
have  required  much  time  and  patience  and  which  contains  a  vast 
amount  of  interesting  reading,  and  from  which  I  gather  the  follow- 
ing account  of  creation. 

PROMETHEUS   AM)    PANDORA. 

The  creation  of  the  world  is  a  problem  that  interests  the  intelli- 
gent, and  the  account  is  as  follows :  In  the  beginning  chaos  reigned. 
The  seeds  of  things,  earth,  sea,  and  air  were  mixed  in  confusion. 
God  and  nature  interposed,  separating  earth  from  sea,  and  heaven 
from  both.  A  god  appointed  places  for  bays  ami  rivers,  raised 
mountains,  scooped  out  valleys,  distributed  woods,  fountains,  and 
fields.  Fishes  took  possession  of  the  seas ;  birds,  of  the  air  ;  and 
beasts,  of  the  fields.  A  nobler  animal  was  wanted,  and  man  was 
made. 

Prometheus  took  some  of  the  earth,  and.  kneading  it  with  water. 
made  man  in  the  image  of  God,  giving  him  an  upright  stature,  so 
that,  while  all  other  animals  looked  down  to  the  earth,  man  ua/.ed 
to  the  stars.  Kpimethtm  undertook  to  provide  animals  with  suita- 
ble faculties  for  preservation,  but,  when  he  came  to  provide  for 
man,  he  had  been  so  prodigal  that  there  was  nothing  left  to  bestow 
upon  him.  Prometheus  went  up  to  heaven,  lighted  Ids  torch  from 
the  sun,  and  brought  fire  down  to  man.  With  this  gift  man  was 
able  to  make  weapons,  tools,  and  warm  his  dwelling,  .so  as  to  l>e 
independent  of  climate,  and  introduce  all  conveniences.  Woman 
was  not  yet  made,  so  Jupiter,  being  displeased  with  Prometheus 
and  Epimetheus.  made  her  and  sent  her  to  them,  to  punish  them 
for  having  stolen  the  fire  from  heaven,  and  also  t<>  punish  man  for 
having  accepted  the  gift.  Her  name  was  Pandora.  Every 


contributed  something  to  perfect  her.  Venus  gave  her  beauty  : 
olio,  music;  etc.,  etc.  Thus  equipped, 
she  was  conveyed  to  earth  and  presented  to  Epimetheus,  who  gladly 


accepted  her,  though  cautioned  by  Prometheus  to  In-ware  of  Jupiter 
and  his  gifts.  Epimetheus  had  in  his  house  a  jar  in  which  wen- 
kept  certain  noxious  articles.  Pandora,  seized  with  curiosity,  one 
day  slipped  off  the  cover  and  looked  in.  Forthwith  then-  escaped 
plagues,  gout,  rheumatism,  spite,  envy,  and  revenge.  Pandora 
hastened  to  replace  the  cover,  but,  alas!  the  whole  contents  had 
escaped,  except  hope,  which  lay  at  the  bottom,  so  that  hope  never 
leaves  us.  The  world  being  furnished  with  inhabitants,  truth  and 
happiness  prevailed,  and  it  was  called  the  (iolden  Age.  The  Silver 
Age  followed ;  then  labor  was  required  to  raise  crops.  Then  came 
the  Brazen  Age,  and.  later,  the  Iron  Age  ;  trade,  commerce,  mur- 
ders, and  pillage  prevailed.  Jupiter,  becoming  indignant  at  tin- 
wickedness,  determined  to  destroy  mankind  and  begin  anew.  First 
he  thought  of  burning,  but  concluded  to  drown,  so  set  the  torrents 
to  work  after  the  deluge  style. 

Parnassus  alone  of  all  the  mountains  overtopped  the  waters. 
Deucalion  and  his  wife  Pyrrha  of  the  race  of  Prometheus  found 
refuge  on  top  of  Parnassus.  Deucalion  and  Pyrrha  were  faithful 
worshipers  of  the  gods,  so  Jupiter  ordered  the  north  winds  to  dry 
up  the  waters,  and  the  winds  obeyed.  Then  Deucalion  thus 


441 


addressed  Pyrrlia  :  ':O  wit'r,  only  surviving  woman,  would  that  we 
possessed  the  power  of  our  ancestor  Prometheus  and  could  renew 
the  race  as  he  made  it !  but,  aw  we  cannot,  let  us  seek  yonder  temple 
and  inquire  of  the  gods  what  remains  for  us  to  do." 

They  entered  the  temple  and  fell  prostrate  and  prayed  the  god- 
dess to  inform  them  how  they  might  retrieve  their  miserable  affairs. 


442 


The  Oracle  answered.  "  Depart  from  the  temple  with  head  veiled 
and  garments  unbound,  and  cast  behind  you  the  bones  of  your 
mother."  They  heard  the  words  with  astonishment.  Pyrrha  first 
broke  silence  :  "We  cannot  obey,  \\v  dan-  not  prof  ane  the  bones 

of  our  parents."  They  revolved  the  oracle  in  their  minds.  At 
length  Deucalion  spoke:  "Either  my  sagacity  deceives  me  or  the 
command  is  <>:ie  we  may  obey  without  impiety.  The  earth  is  the 
great  parent  of  all  :  the  stones  are  her  bones  ;  these  we  may  cast 
behind  us."  They  veiled  their  faces,  picked  up  stones  and  cast 
them  behind  them',  and.  wonderful  to  relate,  these  began  to  grow 
soft  and  assume  shape  and  resemblance  to  human  beings.  Those 
thrown  by  Deucalion  bec.une  men.  and  those  thrown  by  1'yrrha 
women. 

That  this  is  another  version  of  the  Adam  and  Kve  story  there 
can  be  no  doubt,  only  a  more  manly  one  than  that  xhc.  did  it. 


Deucalion  and  Pyrrlu. 

HEBREW  MYTHOLOGY. 

In  the  beginning  (rod  created  the  heaven  and  the  earth.  And 
the  earth  was  without  form,  and  void  :  and  darkness  was  upon  the 
face  of  the  deep;  and  the  Spirit  of  God  moved  upon  the  face  of 
the  waters.  And  God  said,  Let  there  be  light:  and  then-  was 
light.  And  God  made  the  tirniaiuent.  and  divided  the  waters  which 


443 


were  under  the  firmament  from  tin-  waters  which  were  above  the 
firmament  :  and  it  was  so.  And  God  called  the  firmament  Heaven: 
and  the  evening  and  the  morning  were  the  second  day.  And  God 
said,  Let  there  be  lights  in  the  firmament  of  the  heaven,  to  divide 
the  day  from  the  night  :  and  let  them  be  for  signs,  and  for  seasons, 
and  for  days,  and  years. 

And  God  said.  Let  us  make  man  in  our  image,  after  our  likeness  : 
and  let  them  have  dominion  over  the  fish  of  the  sea.  and  over  the 
fowl  of  the  air.  and  over  the  cattle,  and  over  all  the  earth,  and 
over  every  creeping  thing  that  creepeth  upon  the  earth.  And  so 
God  created  man  in  his  own  image,  in  the  image  of  God  created  lie 
him  ;  male  and  female  created  he  them. 

And  the  Lord  God  formed  man  of  the  dust  of  the  ground,  and 
breathed  into  his  nostrils  the  breath  of  life;  and  man  became  a 
living  soul.  And  the  Lord  God  planted  a  garden  eastward  in  Eden; 
and  there  he  put  the  man  whom  he  had  formed.  And  out  of  the 
ground  made  the  Lord  God  to  grow  every  tree  that  is  pleasant  to 
the  sight,  and  good  for  food  ;  the  tree  of  life  also  in  the  midst  of 
the  garden,  and  the  tree  of  knowledge  of  good  and  evil. 

And  the  Lord  God  took  the  man.  and  put  him  into  the  garden  of 
Kden.  to  dress  it  and  to  keep  it.  And  the  Lord  God  commanded 
the  man.  saying.  Of  every  tree  of  the  garden  thou  mayest  freely 
eat :  but  of  the  tree  of  the  knowledge  of  good  and  evil,  thou  shalt 
not  eat  of  it:  for  in  the  day  that  thou  eatest  thereof  thou  shalt 
surely  die.  And  the  Lord  God  said,  It  is  not  good  that  the  man 
should  be  alone  :  I  will  make  him  an  help  meet  for  him. 

And  the  Lord  God  caused  a  deep  sleep  to  fall  upon  Adam,  and 
he  slept  ;  and  he  took  one  of  his  ribs,  and  closed  up  the  flesh  in- 
stead thereof:  and  the  rib,  which  the  Lord  God  had  taken  from 
man.  made  he  a  woman,  and  brought  her  unto  the  man.  And 
Adam  said,  This  is  now  bone  of  my  bones,  and  flesh  of  my  flesh  : 
she  shall  be  called  Woman,  because  she  was  taken  out  of  man. 
Therefore  shall  a  man  leave  his  father  and  his  mother,  and  shall 
cleave  unto  his  wife  :  and  they  shall  be  one  flesh.  And  they  were 
both  naked,  the  man  and  his  wife,  and  were  not  ashamed. 

Now  the  serpent  was  more  subtile  than  any  beast  of  the  field 
which  the  Lord  (rod  had  made  :  and  he  said  unto  the  woman,  Yea, 
hath  (rod  said,  Ye  shall  not  eat  of  every  tree  of  the  garden  '.'  And 
the  woman  said  unto  the  serpent.  We  may  eat  of  the  fruit  of  the 
trees  of  the  garden  :  but  of  the  fruit  of  the  tree  which  is  in  the 
midst  of  the  garden,  God  hath  said.  Ye  shall  not  eat  of  it.  neither 
shall  ye  touch  it,  lest  ye  die.  And  when  the  woman  saw  that  the 
tree  was  good  for  food,  and  that  it  was  pleasant  to  the  eyes,  and  a 
tree  to  be  desired  to  make  one  wise  ;  she  took  of  the  fruit  thereof, 
and  did  eat ;  and  gave  also  unto  her  husband,  with  her.  and  he  did 
eat.  And  the  Lord  said,  Who  told  thee  that  thou  wast  naked  ?  Hast 
thou  eaten  of  the  tree  whereof  I  commanded  thee,  that  thou 
shouldest  not  eat?  And  the  man  said,  The  woman  whom  thou 
gavest  to  be  with  me.  she  gave  me  of  the  tree,  and  I  did  eat.  Unto 
the  woman  he  said,  I  will  greatly  multiply  thy  sorrow  and  thy  con- 
ception ;  in  sorrow  thou  shalt  bring  forth  children:  and  thy  desire 
shall  be  to  thy  husband,  and  he  shall  rule  over  thee. 


444 


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445 


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446 


447 
NOAH  AS  A  HUSBANDMAN. 


\vaid,  and  covered  the  nak' dnu.-s  n["  their  father1 
and  their  faces  xere  backward,  and  they  saw  not 
their  father's  nakedness. 

24  And  Noah  awoke  from  his  wine,  and  knew 
what  his  younger  son  had  done  unto  him. 


20  And  Noah  began  to  4« 'a  Husbandman,  and  lie 
|>lnnted  a  vineyard : 

21  And  he  drank  .,f  tl,e  wine.'and  was  drunken, 
and  ho  wa«  nn  ovcred  wi'liin  his  tent. 

22  And  Ham.  th,1  lathe,  nf  Canaan,  saw  the  naked- 
ness of  hb  f':.il:.-T.  and  t'.M  his  two  brethren  mtle,.,! 

L'o /And  She,,,  and   da,.hetl,  k  a  "arment.  and 

Ian!  it  upon  both  their  >hnuld.T,,  and   went    I,.,,  k 


Shortly  after  the  publication  of  a  st-nuou  uplioldinfr  slavery, 
founded  upon  the  above,  the  writer  heard  Theodore  Parker 
exclaim.  "When  a  minister  says  that  he  believes  that  slavery 
is  rh>'ht.  1  believe  lie  lies,  and  1  believe  that  he  knows  that 
he  lies.1'  It  is  well  known  by  the  intelligent  that  that  absurd 
story  was  the  bulwark  of  the  slaveholder  and  excuse  of  the 
northern  dou<rh faced  trader  in  merchandise  of  souls.  For  aiics  it 
has  been  the  excuse  for  robbinu  the  ne^ro  of  his  entire  rights,  and  a 
stumbling  block  in  the  way  of  temperance  reform.  Yet  the  Chris- 
tian minister  who  pretends  to  leadership  in  morals  keeps  up  the  old 
claim  of  divine  inspiration  and  authority  for  the  heathen  stuff. 
Pity  that  there  were  not  mere  Theodore  Parkers  !  It  is  true  that  in 
making  improvements  bogs  "nave  lobe  wriggled  through  as  well  as 
mountains  to  be  shattered,  so  that,  if  a  man  lacks  the  thunder  and 
dynamite  necessary  to  shatter  the  mountain  that  he  may  penetrate 
to  the  coal,  he  may  still  be  useful  as  a  scullion  by  tilling  the  hod 
and  carrying  the  coals  to  the  cook.  But  it  would  take  a  great 
many  preachers  even  of  the  late  Henry  Ward  Beecher  or  the 
present  Minot  J.  Savage  stamp  to  make  one  Theodore  Parker,  or 
to  check  the  universal  adulteration  of  the  necessaries  of  life,  or  the 
selfishness  of  the  rich  who  shout  for  a  high  tariff  to  keep  up  wages, 
knowing  full  well  that  the  pretense  of  high  wages  is  filling  the 
coiiii  ;•/  wiih  the  1"  west  class  of  labor  t<  >  such  a  n  extent  that  hardly 
one  in 'three  of  the  better  class  can  obtain  employment. 


448 


OF  THE  CHURCH  UN 


13  A  bundle  of  myrrh  is  my  well-beloved  uiTt 
a';  he  shall  he  all  ni°-ht  IIP!        • 


And  she  smote  twice  upon  his  neck  with  all  her  might 
and  she  took  away  his  head  from  him.  JUDITH  XIII.  -8. 


UDITH  CUTTETII  OFF  THE  HEAD  CF  HDLOFERNES. 


449 

DAXIEL'S  VISION  OF  THE  FOUE  BEASTS. 
DANIEL  VII.  3. 


And  four  great  beasts  came  up  from  the  sea,  diverse  one  from  another. 

••  Vice  is  a  monster  of  so  frightful  mien, 
As  to  be  hated  needs  bur  to  be  seen  ; 
Yet  seen  too  oft,  familiar  with  her  face, 
We  iirst  endure,  then  pity,  then  embrace." 

And  to  prevent  such  familiarity  the  Bible  should  be  banished  from  our 
schools. 


Holbein's  Bible  illustrations  so  much  admired  iu  the  sixteenth  century  that 

kipon  the  walls  of  buildings  of  the  streets;  if  so  exhibited 
y  our  clerical  Pandarus,  Anthony  Comstock,   would   have  the  author 


arrested  for  obscenity  and  profanity.  The  illustrations  of  the  Creation, 
Expulsion,  Jewish,  and  Puritan  ideal  of  the  Creator,  with  the  vision  above, 
are  from  that  lovely  work  and  are  published  as  tlie  readiest  means  of  display- 
ing the  cream  of  Bible  ideal.  If  we  should  hear  of  ••  Times,  times,  and  a  half 
times,"  from  an  author  to-day,  we  should  look  upon  it  as  the  maudlin  utter- 
ance of  a  lunatic  or  inebriate,  and  such  visions  as  the  above  or  the  beast 
with  its  seven  heads  and  ten  horns  of  Revelations  as  the  effect  of  nightmare 
or  delirium  trernens. 

The  Bible  represents  the  opinions  of  the  writers  of  its  times  and  is  as  much 
out  of  place  to-day  in  family  or  school  as  would  be  the  writings  of  Apuleius. 
Boccaccio,  Rabelais,  Fielding,  or  Smollett,  yet  either  may  be  very  useful  to 
the  student.  Blind,  ignorant  prejudice  and  'idolatry-  only  can  account  for  the 
continuance  of  the  former  in  schools;  the  woman  that  reads  the  passages 
illustrated  (by  no  means  the  worst  that  can  be  found  therein),  and  then  desires 
its  continued  use  as  the  word  of  God,  must  be  a  human  monstrosity  and  cer- 
tainly unfit  for  motherhood ;  but  she  presents  a  terrible  example  of  the  effect 
of  early  instruction  in  religious  superstition. 


450 


451 


TO  THE  INNOCENT  AND  INTELLIGENT. 

If  espionage  and  discrimination  are  to  be  practiced  at  all,  is  this 
a  proper  book  to  be  carried  in  the  mails  ? 


If  so,  then  please  define  where  xacr&l  license  ends  and  profane 
obscenity  begins. 


And  the  Lord  said.  "  Who  hath  told  thee  that  thou  wast  naked  ?  " 
Ah,  sure  enough,  Messrs.  Parklmrst  and  Comstock,  how  happened 
you  two  to  have  such  keen  sight  for  nakedness  ?  Why,  if  made  in 
his  own  image,  should  the  sight  so  offend  your  purity  ?  Would  not 
the  interrogation  of  the  Creator  imply  your  impurity?  "God's 
last  and  best  gift  to  man,"  in  her  natural  perfection,  offers  evidence 
of  creative  design,  to  the  author,  that  the  world  could  not  shake. 


452 


"  The  Bible." 

My  mother,  like  most  New  England  mothers  of  her  time,  firmly 
believed  in  the  infallibility  of  the  Bible  and  insisted  that  her  children 
should  study  its  contents,  so  that  its  stories  from  my  earliest  child- 
hood have  been  familiar  to  me,  for  T  cannot  remember  back  when 
I  could  not  read  any  story  that  I  could  get  hold  of.  I  can  well  re- 
member how  the  story  of  "Susanna  and  the  Klders"  was  given  to 
me  to  read  as  a  reward  for  some  slight  assistance  in  her  many 
duties,  the  dear  soul  not  thinking  that  the  unbiased  mind  of  a  child 
might  seethe  rascality  of  the  priest  as  well  as  the  smartness  of  the 
Daniel. 

The  reliability  of  the  Bible  stories  have  often  been  fiercely  dis- 
puted in  my  hearing,  yet  without  causing  me  to  think  the  authors 
guilty  of  intentional  misrepresentation,  but  I  do  believe  that  through 
ignorance  or  fraudulent  piety  what  were  beautiful  allegories  have 
been  given  meanings  very  different  from  their  original  purposes. 

Allegory  has  ever  been  common  with  primitive  people.  Many 
beautiful  ones  have  been  handed  down  through  Homer,  llesiod.  and 
others,  not  as  original  with  them  or  their  times  but  as  fragmentary 
traditions  of  a  much  earlier  people,  so  probably  of  the  Bible  stories. 

It  was  common  with  the  writers  of  Plato's  time  to  commence  a 
story  with  "  Away  back  in  the  dark  ages."  Many  of  those  writers 
mention  dates  of  ten  to  twenty  thousand  years  previous,  and  in  the 
works  of  one  I  cannot  recall  it  is  stated  that  the  Babylonians  claim 
to  have  authentic  records  reaching  back  four  hundred  and  seventy 
thousand  years,  certainly  sufficient  time  for  the  production  of 
myths. 

We  have  stories  of  the  Cyclops,  Polyphemus,  Perseus,  and 
Andromeda,  Penelope,  yEneas,  Anchises,  the  beautiful  story  by 
Apuleius  of  Psyche,  her  envious  sisters.  Cupid  and  his  mother 
Venus,  and  a  thousand  others  all  coeval  with  the  Bible  myths  and 
quite  likely  different  versions  from  the  same  originals. 

It  is  not  difficult  for  a  person  of  ordinary  imagination  to  perceive 
how  easy  it  would  be  to  construct  an  allegory  from  the  meaning  of 
the  names  of  individuals  as  given  in  the  appendix  of  all  complete 
editions  of  the  Bible.  ••  David  dancing  naked  before  the  Lord,"  as 
there  explained,  can  hardly  be  looked  upon  as  akingly  performance, 
but  allegorically  it  might  mean  much  ;  so  of  Jonah  and  the  fish 
story,  Samson  and  Delilah,  etc. 

It  is  my  sincere  belief  that  if  we  could  have  the  true  meaning  of 
the  Bible  stories,  we  should  at  least  have  common  sense  and  often 
very  applicable  parables,  instead  of  which  they  have  been  so  dis- 
torted that  only  fanaticism  can  make  their  application  percepti- 
ble. For  instance  to  pretend  that  the  salacious  rhapsodies  of 
Solomon's  songs  refer  to  the  love  of  the  Church  for  Christ,  puts  the 
love  of  the  Church  on  a  very  low  plane  to  say  the  least,  and  makes 
a  large  draft  upon  the  credulity  of  the  unbiased  mind  and  certainly 
is  expecting  too  much  to  suppose  that  children  uninstructed  will  ever 
look  upon  such  reading  in  that  way.  The  allegory  of  the  Witch  of 
Endor  as  given  by  W.  II.  C.,  coincides  so  entirely  with  my  idea  of 
Bible  stories,  that  I  herewith  give  it  space. 


453 


THE  WITCH  OF  ENDOR. 

The  definitions  of  words  as  understood  by  the  ancients  is  necessary  to  be 
learned  before  it  is  possible  to  understand  this  beautiful  allegory. 

"  Saul,"  in  the  Hebrew,  means  death,  or  hell,  or  the  grave,  or  winter,  or 
demanded,  or  sepulcher,  or  lent,  or  ditch;  for  every  noun  and  verb  in  that 
jargon,  erroneously  called  a  '•language,"  had  a  great  variety  of  significations, 
often  self-contradictory.  Winter  was  the  beggar,  the  asker,  the  receiver.' 

••  David  "  means  the  lover,  the  beloved,  the  giver,  the  summer,  etc. 

"  Samuel "  means  heard  of  (rod,  or  asked  of  God,  or  earth  at  the  vernal 
equinox,  where  Samuel  died  and  was  buried,  where  the  Jewish  ecclesiastic 
year  always  began  and  does  to  this  day,  the  civil  year  beginning  at  the  au- 
tumnal equinox. 

"  Endor  "  means  fount  of  the  dwelling  place,  or  the  last  summer  constel- 
Isftion,  or  Virgo,  the  virgin. 

Winter  ended  at  the  vernal  equinox,  and  it  was  there  that  summer  began. 
Saul,  or  winter,  arrives  there  and  finds  David  with  the  Philistines  (those  that 
dwell  in  villages,  or  summer  constellations)  gathered  to  meet  him,  "  and  he 
was  afraid."  He  wanted  a  fortune  teller  to  advise  him,  but  he  had  "  put 
away  those  that  had  familiar  spirits,  and  the  wizards,  out  of  the  land." 
That  is,  Virgo  had  set  the  previous  year,  just  as  Aries,  the  harbinger  of 
summer,  rose  in  the  east  with  the  sun.  But  now,  at  the  venial  equinox, 
where  winter  must  end,  Virgo  was  visible;  for  the  first  point  of  this  con- 
stellation is  distant  from  Aries  150  and  the  last  point  180  degrees. 

"  Saul  disguised  himself."  This  is  a  very  pretty  conception  on  the  part 
of  the  author,  for  winter  moderates  as  the  sun  approaches  the  vernal 
equinox,  about  March  21,  and  is  not  at  all  like  the  winter  in  January.  So  it 
is  no  wonder  the  old  woman  of  Endor  did  not  know  him.  But  when  Aries 
rose  with  the  sun  she  knew  the  end  of  winter  was  at  hand ;  that  is,  knew 
Saul,  which  means  the  five  winter  months,  or  the  brethren  of  the  rich  man 
in  hell.  Saul  asked  her  what  she  saw,  and  she  replied :  "  I  saw  gods  [Elohim 
in  the  Hebrew,  and  the  very  word  which  is  translated  God,  as  the  God  of  the 
Bible]  ascending  out  of  the  earth." 

At  the  vernal  equinox  the  sun  enters  Aries,  and  the  two  together,  sun  and 
Aries,  are  Elohim  in  the  plural  number,  or  "  gods,"  for  im,  added  to  the 
singular,  forms  the  plural  in  Hebrew;  thus  clierub,a,  bull;  cherubim,  bulls. 
Therefore,  as  Virgo  was  setting  in  the  west  she  saw  the  "  gods,"  sun  and 
Aries,  rising  out  of  the  earth,  or  Rainah,  where  Samuel  was  buried. 

During  winter  the  earth  may  be  said  to  be  "  dead,"  but  is  revived  at  each 
coming  spring. 

So  Virgo  raised  Samuel  from  the  dead,  for,  as  she  sets  in  the  west,  up 
comes  the  sun  and  Aries  in  the  east, the  signal  for  the  death  of  Saul,  or  end 
of  winter.  Saul  complained  to  Samuel  that  the  Lord  had  departed  from 
him;  that  is,  the  cold,  the  spirit  of  winter;  even  Jack  Frost  would  not 
answer  when  he  called.  The  earth  in  spring  putting  on  her  beautiful 
garments  of  green,  now  informs  winter  that  its  last  hour  is  at  hand.  Once 
more  the  battle  has  been  fought  between  heat  and  cold,  light  and  darkness, 
and  once  more  cold  and  darkness  have  been  conquered. 

"  Then  Saul  fell  straightway  all  along  on  the  earth,  and  was  sore  afraid 
because  of  the  words  of  Samuel :  and  there  was  no  strength  in  him  [of  course 


454 


not,  for  cold  is  the  strength  of  winter] ;  for  he  had  eaten  no  bread  all  the 
day,  nor  all  the  night."  I.  Sam.  xxviii..  20. 

The  supply  of  provisions  for  the  winter  was  often  exhausted  before  the 
sun  reached  Pisces,  the  fishes,  when  the  people  lived  on  fish  for  just  forty 
days  before  the  sun  reached  the  vernal  equinox,  or  Aries,  the  "  Lamb  of 
God  that  takes  away  the  sins  of  the  world";  not  the  sins  of  the  people: 
but  the  evils  of  winter.  Here  was  the  origin  of  Lent,  or  abstaining  from 
meat  and  living  on  fish. 

All  the  ancient  mythologies  abound  with  allegories  descriptive'  of  the 
changes  from  summer  to  winter,  and  winter  to  summer.  Vishnu  had  a 
thousand  names,  and  it  may  be  summer  and  winter  had  equally  as  many  : 
but  whether  more  or  less,  the  prominent  idea  seemed  to  lie  that  all  those 
names  for  summer  meant  heat  and  light,  while  those  for  winter  meant  cold 
and  darkness.  Twice  each  year  these  opposing  elements  made  war  upon 
each  other,  the  decisive  battles  being  fought  at  the  two  equinoxes.  Light 
always  conquered  at  the  vernal  equinox,  only  to  be  defeated  by  darkness 
six  months  later  at  the  autumnal  equinox.  "  More  light !  "  was  the  agonized 
cry  of  those  in  the  bonds  of  darkness,  or  "outer  darkness,"  weeping  and 
gnashing  their  teeth  because  they  had  no  food  to  gnash.  True,  the  sun  is 
darkened  during  winter  by  reason  of  the  clouds  and  storms,  but  its  •'  tire  is 
never  quenched,"  and  the  fire  of  the  sun  is  the  only  fire  that  time  does  not 
quench. 

Samuel  anointed  Saul  king  of  winter,  well  knowing  that  Saul  would  be 
dethroned  by  the  king  of  summer  when  the  sun  reached  the  spring  equinox. 
David,  a  mere  youth,  was  chosen  king  of  summer.  He  was  sent  to  Saul  on 
an  ass  (the  sun  while  transiting  through  Cancer,  a  summer  constellation, 
passes  the  two  asses,  "  whereon  no  man  ever  sat").  Leaving  Cancer,  the 
sun  transits  through  Leo,  the  lion  (Hercules),  passing  a  conjunction  of  Trsa 
Major,  the  bear,  when  both  the  lion  and  the  bear  are  invisible,  being 
metaphorically  slain.  David  boasts  of  these  victories,  and  prepares  to  meet 
Goliath  (passage,  revolution,  heap,  discovery),  the  spirit  of  summer,  which 
can  be  "  laid  "  only  by  winter.  Therefore,  he  takes  "  five  smooth  stones," 
symbolical  of  the  five  winter  months,  from  the  brook,  or  by  metonymy,  the 
zodiac,  and  kills  this  giant. 

Saul  was  so  delighted  with  the  valor  of  the  beardless  youth  (the  crops 
were  not  yet  ready  for  harvest)  that  he  gave  him  his  daughter. 

This  is  very  ingenious,  depicting  the  strategies  of  war.  David  plays  the 
courtier  to  Saul,  yet  means  to  overcome  him  in  the  end;  Saul  professes  to 
loVe  David,  but  is  jealous  of  him,  and  gave  him  Michal  (complete)  as  a 
snare ;  that  is,  leaving  Leo,  the  sun  comes  to  Virgo,  which  "  completes  "  the 
summer.  Not  much  gift  about  it,  however,  for  Virgo  was  a  summer  con- 
stellation and  belonged  to  David,  king  of  summer.  The  strife  between  Saul 
and  David  was  descriptive  of  the  struggle  between  cold  and  heat.  David 
is  conquered  when  the  sun  leaves  A'irgo,  and  must  now  flee  before  Saul  till 
the  end  of  winter,  when  Saul  falls  "all  along  on  the  earth." 

W.  H.  ( . 


455 


A  MYTH  OF  UNSETTLED  ORIGIN. 


That  an  event  so  remarkable  as  the  one  illustrated  above  could 
take  place  without  beinu  in  it  iced  and  fully  recorded  by  such  a  man  as 
the  elder  Pliny,  will  not  be  credited  by  persons  of  ordinary  intelli- 
gence unless  their  minds  have  been  perverted  by  their  infant  edu- 
cation. 

All  accounts  of  that  period  agree  that  skepticism  prevailed  in 
relation  to  the  myths  handed  down  from  the  earlier  times,  and  that 
the  ablest  minds  believed  that  to  do  right  was  the  best  religion. 

'•  Love  thy  neighbor  as  thyself,  and  do  unto  others  as  you  would 
have  the  others  do  unto  you."  was  all  the  creed  needed  by  man. 
But  a  creed  so  simple  offered  no  excuse  for  the  support  of  a  priest- 
hood, the  curse  of  humanity  from  the  dawn  of  history.  Certainly 
no  worse  plagues  were  let  loose  by  the  curious  Pandora  than  these 
useless  vampires  that  have  fattened  upon  the  labor  of  others,  doing 
all  in  their  power  to  prevent  the  enlightenment  of  mankind,  because 
enlightenment  is  disastrous  to  superstition,  and  dogma  and  super- 
stition are  twins. 

The  history  of  Christianity,  by  (ribbon,  is  a  history  of  continual 
strife  for  fifteen  hundred  years  of  bloodshed  and  horror  ;  not  to 
gain  rights,  but  to  prevent  the  masses  from  gaining  their  rights. 

Not  one  single  instance  can  be  named  where  Christianity  worked 
for  human  progression.  And  no  other  emperor  can  be  named  that 
can  compare  favorably  with  "Julian  the  Apostate,"  as  called  by 
the  Christians.  Eusebius  the  eunuch,  the  historian  of  Christianity, 
upon  whose  testimony  the  whole  fabric  rests,  is,  or  was,  such  a  con- 
summate liar,  that  it  is  evident  none  of  the  other  historians  believed 
him,  though  they  used  his  testimony  to  carry  out  the  fraud.  It 
would  almost  seem  that  Eusebius  was  a  sort  of  wag  that  enjoyed 
testing  the  credulity  of  his  brother  historians,  for  if  the  Bible  is  cor- 


456 


rect  (see  Deuteronomy,  xxiii:  1),  he  could  have  no  interest  in  the 
heaven  lie  was  so  ready  to  lie  about,  but  he  let  out  one  fact  of  in- 
terest to  those  seeking  knowledge  of  the  Christianity  of  his  time, 
namely  :  "That  there  was  nothing  new  or  strange  in  the  doctrine  ;  " 
in  other  words,  it  was  the  old  paganism  with  a  new  name. 

What  the  human  race  has  suffered,  and  still  continues  to  suffer. 
in  consequence  of  the  old  time  preaching  of  cruel  hell  fire  and  brim- 
stone terrors,  it  will  never  be  possible  to  compute.  The  deep  and 
lasting  injuries  wrought  by  the  relentlessly  steady  inculcation  of 
these  most  woeful  of  dogmas  can  never  lie  compensated  for  in  untold 
generations.  Think  of  the  murderous  wars  between  different  peo- 
ples ;  of  the  reckless  dismemberment  of  empires  ;  of  the  barbarous 
sacrifice  of  innocent  and  unoffending  lives  ;  and,  not  least  of  all.  of 
the  insanity  caused  by  these  events  and  the  tenets  that  were  their 
undeniable  cause  ;  and  then  say,  if  it  be  possible,  that  the  world 
has  in  the  whole  course  of  its  experience  undergone  equal  paroxysms 
of  torture  and  wretchedness  from  any  other  cause,  or  because  of 
any  combination  of  circumstances  whatever. 

Tertullian  (A.  I).  200)  held  that  the  "Hooks  of  Moses"  were 
"not  only  all  truth,  but  that  all  truth  was  contained  in  them." 
Consequently  every  attempt  to  promulgate  knowledge  was  met  by 
horrible  persecution. 

In  529  the  Christian  emperor  Justinian  suppressed  the  schools  of 
philosophy  at  Athens,  and  the  night  of  "the  dark  ages"  closed 
down  on  what  was  then  known  as  the  Christian  world  ;  the  night 
of  a  thousand  years,  in  which  the  church  ruled  both  temporally  and 
spiritually  ;  a  church  that  claims  to  be  the  light  of  the  world  ;  and 
yet  this  period  was  the  darkest  that  history  has  known. 

Think  of  the  thirty-five  thousand  diseased  natives  of  the  Sand- 
wich Islands,  all  that  remain  of  the  four  hundred  thousand  after 
being  subjected  to  the  Christianizing  process  named  below.  "A 
steamer  recently  left  her  European  port  for  the  Congo  country,  now 
exciting  such  unmeasured  sympathy  on  account  of  its  paganism  and 
want  of  modesty  in  dress,  with  a  cargo  of  00,000  gallons  of  rum,  720 
gallons  of  gin,  460  tons  of  gunpowder,  and  twelve  missionaries  !  " 

For  fifteen  hundred  years  Christianity  has  held  undisputed  sway, 
and  to-day  every  man  is  looked  upon  as  a  thief.  Corruption  in  our 
government  is  openly  talked  of,  free  passes  are  readily  accepted  by 
our  legislators,  who  well  know  at  the  time  that  much  of  the  legisla- 
tion will  be  relative  to  the  business  of  those  from  whom  the  passes 
are  received.  A  car  conductor  is  not  allowed  to  take  a  five  cent 
ticket  unless  tied  to  a  bell  punch  ;  a  clerk  in  a  store  must  be  checked 
and  counter-checked.  It  is  doubtful  if  a  pound  of  honest  cheese  is 
made  in  the  northern  states  notwithstanding  the  immense  pasturage. 

If  you  require  medicine  it  is  adulterated  ;  if  you  vote,  you  must 
do  so  through  a  process  that  implies  that  rascality  is  general  ;  in 
short,  that  society  is  rotten  to  the  core.  And  this  state  of  affairs 
exists,  say  the  shallow-minded,  because  there  is  not  enough  of 
Christianity;  an  assertion  easily  disproved  by  turning  to  the  de- 
scription of  its  most  flourishing  days  as  described  by  Boccaccio, 
Rabelais,  or  any  other  early  writer. 

l\To  crime  or  wrong  can  be  named  that  has  not  been  tolerated  by 


457 


Christianity.  Whenever  it  has  been  found  profitable,  lying  and 
deception  have  been  cardinal  principles. 

I  believe  that  the  proselyting  Christian  of  to-day  is  a  far  more 
injurious  citizen  than  the  rumseller,  because  he  begins  his  perni- 
cious work  with  the  infancy  of  the  individual,  which  is  seldom  the 
case  with  the  rumseller. 

What  Good  has  Christianity  ever  Done  2 

The  teachings,  nominally  of  Jesus  of  Nazareth,  were  like  those 
of  our  Spiritualists  of  to-day,  and  for  the  purpose  of  substituting  a 
living  religion  for  that  of  the  dead  belief  then  as  now  popular. 
With  those  teachings  went  the  inspirations  and  manifestations  now 
so  common. 

"  By  their  works  ye  shall  know  them."  The  works  referred  to 
are  ignored  by  all  of  our  popular  churches. 

*  Every  phase  of  mediumship  practiced  now  was  practiced  then 
by  the  Christians,  and  now  by  the  pretended  Christians  ridiculed. 
New  gospels  were  produced  in  abundance  then  as  are  the  spiritual 
wonders  now,  and  this  continued  up  to  the  Council  of  Nice,  and  the 
organization  of  the  Christian  Church,  when  inspiration  and  angel 
visits  ceased  and  Christianity  like  a  dead  world,  our  moon,  became 
dead,  having  neither  life,  light,  nor  warmth  therein,  but  instead 
was  fitted  out  with  an  impossible  and  incomprehensible  God  of 
three  in  one,  the  idea  of  which  could  only  have  originated  from  the 
ancient  Phallic  worship,  that  certainly  should  cause  any  modest, 
intelligent  woman  to  hesitate  before  professing  a  belief  therein  ;  at 
any  rate,  Miss  Abby  A.  Judson,  born  in  India,  where  the  Phallic 
worship  is  likely  to  be  understood,  has  abandoned  the  religion  of 
her  father,  the  once  well  known  missionary,  Adoniram  Judson,  and 
taken  up  with  Spiritualism  as  the  living  religion  of  to-day. 

Can  an  instance  be  named  where  Christianity  has  made  a  people 
better  ?  The  victims  of  a  single  battle  field  have  exceeded  all  the 
sacrificial  victims  that  would  have  been  required  in  a  thousand 
years.  Think  of  the  battles  fought  to  prove  Christians  to  be  canni- 
bals and  vampires,  worse  in  fact,  for  they  claim  to  eat  the  flesh  and 
suck  the  blood  of  their  God. 

Is  the  Christian's  oath  in  court  or  his  note  in  bank  preferred  to 
that  of  the  unbeliever  ?  Is  he  a  better  neighbor  or  citizen  '.'  Is  ii 
possible  that  a  noble  mind  can  desire  to  benefit  through  the  suffer- 
ings of  another  ?  Can  belief  in  vicarious  atonement  produce  noble 
people  ?  Are  there  any  countries  upon  the  earth  where  such  strong 
bank  vaults  are  required  as  among  Christians,  or  where  crime  is 
more  common  ? 

If  Christianity  is  founded  upon  divine  evidence,  why  discourage 
investigation  ?  Why  lie  and  misrepresent  the  best  of  men  because 
they  cannot  discover  this  evidence?  What  wrong  can  be  placed 
against  Epicurus  or  Paine  that  one  should  be  known  through  Chris- 
tian falsehood  as  a  glutton,  the  other  a  drunkard  ?  Why  should  the 
works  of  the  world's  best  historians  be  destroyed  or  falsified  ? 

"The  meek  and  lowly  Jesus ''  has  been  an  ideal  for  ages;  the 
following  illustrations  will  show  how  the  ideal  has  been  prac- 
ticed :— 


458 


FILTHY  CHRISTIAN  SAINTLINESS. 

Egypt,  through  its  gloomy  temperament,  has  produced  more 
misanthropy  in  proportion  to  its  extent  than  any  other  part  of 
the  world.  It  was  there  those  gloomy  sects,  the  Kssenes  and 
Tlferapeutse,  dwelt,  also  the  Gymnosdphists.  These,  like  their 
Christian  imitatoi-s,  went  nearly  naked.  The  most  rigid  ancho- 
rets dispensed  with  all  clothing  except  a  rug  or  a  few  palm  leaves 
around  the  loins.  Most  of  them  abstained  from  the  use  of  water 
for  ablution,  nor  did  they  change  the  garments  once  put  <>n  ;  thus 
St.  Anthony  bequeathed  to  Athanasius  a  skin  in  which  his  sacred 
person  had  been  wrapped  for  a  half  century.  They  also  allowed 
their  hair,  beard,  and  nails  to  grow  so  long  as  to  be  actually 
mistaken  for  bears  or  hyenas. 

At  what  time  these  persons  changed  from  paganism  to  Chris- 
tianity it  is  impossible  to  determine. 

The  most  remarkable  early  instance  of  this  fanaticism  on  record 
is  Paul  the  hermit.  About  A.I).  :>">(»  lie  betook  himself  to  the 
solitary  desert  of  Egypt,  where  for  a  space  of  more  than  ninety 
years  he  lived  a  life  more  worthy  of  a  savage  than  a  human  being. 

Anthony,  an  Egyptian,  founder  of  the  monastic  life,  fixed  his 
abode  later  than  Paul  and  died  in  :>;"><>.  at  the  age  of  105. 

Influenced  by  these  examples,  immense  multitudes  followed  suit. 
Nearly  a  hundred  thousand  at  one  time  could  be  found  in  Egypt. 
With  a  crowd  so  filthy  is  it  strange  that  the  plague  was  ever  with 
them? 

It  was  during  such  a  pestilence  (1848)  in  Florence,  Italy,  that  the 
stories  of  Boccaccio  originated;  a  work  not  approved  by  Anthony 
Comstock  because  it  mirrors  too  faithfully  the  Christianity  of  that 
time.  According  to  that,  work  one  hundred  thousand  persons  died 
of  plague  in  that  city  between  the  months  of  March  and  July  of  that 
year.  The  terror  was  so  great  that  all  ties  of  affection  were 
sundered. 

One  of  the  most  renowned  of  those  saints  on  record  is  St. 
Symeon,  a  native  of  Syria,  who  devoted  himself  to  a  monkish  life 
for  six  and  thirty  years  and  in  such  a  way  as  to  exceed  all  others 
in  glorifying  God.  He  first  mounted  upon  a  low  column,  changed 
five  times,  the  last  being  sixty  feet  in  height  and  three  feet  square 
at  the  top,  where  he  stood  nearly  naked  summer  and  winter  for 
fifteen  years  without  leaving  it. 

He  would  not  allow  a  female  to  approach,  even  his  own  mother. 
His  principal  occupation  consisted  in  bowing;  touching  his  forehead 
to  his  toes.  An  observer  counted  his  doing  this  1244  times  without 
cessation,  and,  being  tired  of  counting,  left  him  at  it.  And  for  this 
glorifying  of  God  the  church  canonized  him  8t.  Symeon  Stylites. 
\Vell,  reader  !  if  his  God  was  glorified  by  such  a  performance  what 
would  he  have  thought  of  a  circus  ? 

No  wonder  Christianity  needed  a  savior,  but  it  should  have  been 
soap  and  plenty  of  water,  and  still  less  wonder,  now,  that  the  express 
route  to  Jesus  is  to  be  jerked  to  him  by  the  hangman's  noose.  Oh, 
credulity ! 


459 


§ymeon  - 


460 
THE  TRUE  CROSS. 


Constantine,  soon  after  his  remarkable,  ami.  as  some  suppose,  mirac> 
iilous  conversion  to  Christianity  in  the  year  :>12,  took  the  religion  of 
Christ  to  the  unhallowed  embraces  of  tlio  state,  assumed  to  unite  in  liis 
own  person  the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  dominion,  and  claimed  the  power 
of  convening  councils  and  presiding  in  them,  and  of  regulating  the  exter- 
nal affairs  of  the  church.  The  account  of  C'onstantine's  conversion, 
which  is  related  by  Eusebius  in  his  life  of  the  Kmperor.  is  as  follows : 
At  the  head  of  his  army.  CunxUntine  was  niiirliiiii;  from  France  into 
Italy,  oppressed  with  anxiety  as  to  the  result  ..f  .1  battle  with  Maxentius, 
and  looking  for  the  aid  of  some  deity  to  assure  him  "f  success,  when  IIP 
suddenly  beheld  a  luminous  cross  in  the  air,  with  the  w..r.l,  inscribed 
thereon,  "Bv  THIS  OVERCOMI:."  Pondering  on  the  event  at  night,  he 
asserted  that  Jesus  Christ  appeared  to  him  in  a  vision,  and  directed  him 
to  make  the  symbol  of  the  cross  liis  mllit-u-y  ensign.  Different  opinions 
have  been  entertained  relative  to  the  credibility-  of  this  account.  Dr. 
Milner  receives  it,  though  in  evident  inconsistency  with  his  creed; 
Mosheim  .supposes,  with  the  ancient  writers,  Sozomen  and  Itunnus,  that 
the  whole  was  a  dream;  Gregory,  Jones,  llaweis,  and  others  reject  it 
altogether,  and  Professor  Gieseler.  with  his  usual  accuracy  and  good 
sense,  reckons  it  among  "  the  lesends  of  theage.  which  had  Uicir  origUI  in 
the  feeling  that  the  final  fstruaj-U-'  wa.-.  conic  between  Paganism  and  rhris- 
tianity."  For  my  part,  I  have  no  hesitation  in  regarding  the  whole  as  a  fable. 
It  was  not  till  many  years  after  it  was  8aid  to  have  occurred,  that  Constan- 
tino related  the  story  to  Knsehiu«,  and  in  all  probability  he  did  it  then  by 
the  instigation  of  hi*  superstitions  mother,  Helena,  the  celebrated  discov- 
erer.  of  the  true  cross  (?)  at  Jerusalem,  some  2V)  years  after  the  total 
destruction  of  that  city,  and  all  that  it  contained,  and  the  disappearance 
of  the  identity  of  its  very  foundations,  under  the  ploughshare  of  tin- 
Roman  conqueror  Vespasian.  The  subsequent  life  of  Constantine  fur- 
nished no  evidence  that  he  was  a  peculiar  favorite  of  Heaven  ;  and  the- 
results. of  his  patronage  of  the  church,  eventually  so  disastrous  to  it* 
purity  and  spirituality,  are  sufficient  to  prove  that  God  would  never  work 
a.  miracle  to  accomplish  sucli  a  purpose. 

DOWURO, 


461 


CONSTANT1NE,  THE  FIRST  CHRISTIAN  EMPEROR. 

The  Lord's  Day  or  Sunday,  as  its  name  implies,  was  the  pagans' 
day  for  the  worjhip  of  their  god,  the  sun,  and  every  ide«  or 
coremony  of  the  Christian  religion,  except  iu  thirst  for  blood,  is 
paganism  disguised  by  change  of  name. 


xConstantme  a*  Sun  Worshiper. 


The  good  Constantine  presiding  a.t  the  council  of  Nice,  A.  D.  336. 
Coimantine  as  the 


"Absolve  you,  oh,  of  course,' 
°li(?e.         says  his  Christian    reverence. 
'.« Vours  were  mere  peccadillos, 


hut  holy  grease  is  expensive, 


rch- 


must  endow 

Let  us  roast  doubters  an 
raisb.  our  Mary  with  a 
.new  petticoat   dyed 
with  the  blood  of  th 
o»e  who  dispute  our 
word.  A 


462 


Hjpatia,  Daughter  of  Tlieon,  Mathematician. 

Beautiful,  learned  and  noble.  In  the  holy  season  of  Lcnf. 
she  was  torn  from  her  carriage,  stripped  miked,  dragged  to 
the  church  under  the  figure  of  the  crucified  Christ,  and 
butchered  by  Peter  the  Header,  her  ijiiivering  flesh  scrape.! 
from  her  bones,  then  buraud,  auJ  tiiii  because  Cyril  \vu » 
jealous  (.-f  her  iioblc  lite.  A.D.  415. 


463 


52»  JLSTIMAN    SUPPRESS  THE  SCHOOLS  OF  PHILOSOPHY 
OF  ATHENS 


And  darkness  of  the  atrocious  Christianity  closed  in  upon  humanity.  Three 
•times  during  the  century,  Rome  witnessed  the  disgraceful  scene  of  rival  pontiffs 
striving  for  supremacy,  andduring  these  strifes  originated  the  assertion  that  the 
Bishop  or  Pope  of  Rome  is  responsible  to  no  earthly  power,  that  he  is  the  vice- 
gerent of  God  ;  and  Gregory,  to  establish  his  own  power,  invented  the  fiction  of 
St.  Peter  and  the  keys.  A.D.  60C,  Popery  was  established  and  suck  scenes  as 
that  below  continually  followed. 


(1 


464 


Saint  Gregory,  Inventor  of  the  Key  Myth,  about  A.  D.  590. 


13.  When  Jesus  came  unto  the  coasts  of  Cesarea  Philippi,  he 
asked  his  disciples,  saying,  Whom  do  men  say  that  I,  the  Son  of 
man,  am  ? 

14.  And  they  said,  Some  say  that  thou  art  John  the  Baptist : 
some,  Elias ;  and  others,  Jeremias,  or  one  of  the  prophets. 

15.  He  saith  unto  them,  But  whom  say  ye  that  I  am  ? 

16.  And  Simon  Peter  answered  and  said,  Thou  art  the  Christ, 
the  Son  of  the  living  God 

17.  And  Jesus  answered  and  said  unto  him,  Blessed  art  thou, 
Simon  Bar-jona  :  for  flesh  and  blood  hath  not  revealed  it  unto  thee, 
but  my  Father  which  is  in  heaven 

18.  And  I  say  also  unto  thee,  That  thou  art  I'cter,  and  upon 
this  rock  I  will  build  my  church     and  the  gates  of  hell  shall  not 
prevail  against  it. 

19.  And  I  will  give  unto  thee  the  keys  of  the  kinydo>n  of  heaven : 
and  whatsoever  thou  shall  bind  on  earth,  shall  be  bound  in  heaven  : 
and  whatsoever  thou  shall  loose  on  earth,  shall  be  loosed  in  heaven. 

20.  Then  charged  he  his  disciples  that  they  shuuld  tell  no  man 
that  he  was  Jesus  the  Christ. 


465 


The  Emperor  Henry  IV.,  1077,  became  obnoxious  to  Gregory  VII.,  and 
-was  compelled  for  three  winter  days  to  stand  barefooted  in  his  shirt,  as  repre- 
sented, at  the  door  of  his  holiness,  who  at  the  time  -was  tenderly  toying  with  the 
Countess  Matilda,  then  was  allowed  to  enter  and  kiss  his  holiness's  great  toe 
So  like  me  meek  Nazarene,  you  see  ! 


460 


KINGS  LEADING  THE  POPE'S  HORSE,  AT  THE^CASTLE 
OF  TOICI,  IN  FRANCE. 

King  Henry  II.  of  England,  and  Louis  VII.  of  France,  each  dismounting,  each 
holding  a  rein  of  his  horse,  on  foot  in  abject  submission,  conducted  him  to  the- 
castle.  Hume's  History  of  England,  A.D.  1161, 


467 


THE  EMPEROR  FREDERICK  BARBAROSSA  LEADING  THE  POPE'S 
MULE  THROUGH  ST.  MARK'S  SQUARE,  VENICE,  A.D.  H77. 


468 


CONSTANTINOPLE,  A.  I).  1200. 


COITSTANIIXOPLE. 

The  vast  hordes  of  brigands,  by  courtesy  called  Christian  Cm 
.saders,  that  depleted  and  devastated  Kurope  fr>mtlie  ninth  to  the 
thirteenth  century,  like  those  of  the  later  scoundrels,  I'i/.arro.  Corte/. 
and  DC  Soto.  \vcrc  organized  t'>  subjugate  ;i  higher  and  purer  civil- 
ization tlian  that  of  their  own.  and  would  have  been  successful  had 
it  not  been  for  the  unceasing  jealousies  of  the  leaders.  ••  Kichanl 
of  the  Lion's  heart  "  and  bull's  brains,  the  Louis.  Topes,  and  hermits, 
all  anxious  to  lead,  ready  at  any  moment  to  turn  against  each  othei 
instead  of  against  the  Saracens. 

Constantinople  and  .Jerusalem  were  constant  causes  of  conten- 
tion between  the  Kasteni  and  Western  branches  of  a  brotherhood 
claiming  to  have  received  their  faith  from  an  infallible  divine 
revelation,  yet  one  branch  were  continuously  calling  the  other 
idolaters,  the  other  retorting  unorthodox,  because  of  their  pre- 
ferring raised  to  sodden  bread. 

These  differences  between  idolatry  and  unleavened  bread 
were  sufficient  to  cause  either  party  to  stand  idle  whilst  the  other 
was  defending  the  walls  against  the  assaults  of  an  enemy,  or  often 
to  charge  their  differing  Christian  brethren  for  the  purpose  of 
settling  some  hairsplitting  dogma. 

How  unfortunate  that  revelations  were  not  a  little  clearer  on 
dogmas  I 


469 


470 


AURICULAR  CONFESSION  IN  A  CHURCH. 


SICK  LADY  CONFESSING  TO  A  PRIEST. 


471 


CROWNING  OF  NUNS  UPON  TAKING  THEIR  VOWS. 

Of  what  good  to  God  or  Humanity  .' 


Christianity 
seems  as  though 
.... „.. 


inder  another  name,  it 
kept  up  a  purer  repu- 


tation  by  profiting  by  the  experience  of  the  pagans. 

Jupiter,  as  all  know,  had  a  rakish  reputation,  which  caused  Juno  to  have  her 
Argus  with  his  hundred  eyes  to  keep  track  of  her  lord's  gallantries.  These  eyes,  as 
Beecher  would  say,  implied  much,  for  they  were  located  in  her  Argus  or  peacock'* 

The  Mussulman  accepted  the  hint  and  placed  eunuchs  in  charge  of  hia  harem. 
The  Protestant  managers  placed  the  wife,  equal  to  a  regiment  of  Arguses,  over  their 
preachers.  The  experienced  farmer  allows  of  no  indiscriminate  mixing  of  the  males 
and  females  of  his  farm  stock,  yet  in  the  face  of  ages  of  such  experience,  scenes  like 
those  opposite  and  above  are  continued  by  those  that  should  see  the  writing  upon 
the  wall.  The  adoption  of  the  Mohammedan  plan  would  unquestionably  close 
the  nunneries  and  confessionals,  at  the  same  time  give  a  much  purer  reputation  to 
the  faith.  If  willing  to  make  such  asses  of  themselves  as  illustrated  below,  why  not 
go  the  whole  figure  ? 


472 


CRUELTIES  OF  THE  POPISH  PIEDMONTESE 
SOLDIERY  TO  THE  WALDENSES. 


CRUELTIES  OF  THE  POPISH  PIEDMONTESE 
SOLDIERY  TO  THE  WALDENSES* 


Were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  the  same  intolerant  dis- 
position continues  at  this  time,  it  would  be  best  to  let  by- 
gones be  forgotten  or  at  least  ignored,  but  a  few  years  of 
power  by  either  Catholic  or  Protestant  would  bring  a  return 
of  the  same  hell-born  scenes,  of  dashing  innocent  women 
and  children  from  precipices,  smothering  them  in  caverns, 
or  inclosing  them  in  churches  or  other  buildings  and  firing 
the  same.  ' 

"  Eternal  vigilance  is  the  price  of  liberty." 

These  atrocities  for  hundreds  of  years  were  the  work 
of  devils  in  human  forms. 


473 


•Facsimile  of  papal  medal  in  honor  of  the  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew's 


MASSACRE  OF  ST.  BARTHOLOMEWS.  IX  PARIS,  A.D.  1572. 


474 
THE  POPE  OR  GOD. 

mi 


let/,  i  Celling  through  tickets  via  the  Virgin 
I>ateuUKe  from  lackjji  novelty. 


475 


476 


TOAN  OF  ARC. 

(From  a  Piiturt  in  t/it  Htut  >1e   Vitlt,  Kcixn.  ) 


477 


JOAN   OF  AKC. 


Christianity,  when  candidly  examined  from  its  pretended 
commencement,  is  found  to  be  so  indelibly  covered  by  infamy 
that  one  crime  alone  has  but  little  perceptible  effect  upon  its 
appearance,  but  were  its  record  as  white  as  the  newly  fallen  snow, 
the  dastardly  murder  of  this  noble  girl  should  condemn  it  through 
all  eternity,  for  she  has  an  undisputed  record  of  a  higher  life 
than  that  of  the  apochryphal  founder  of  that  superstition. 

I  do  not  desire  to  be  understood  as  asserting  that  there  was 
no  such  person  as  Jesus  of  Nazareth,  for  the  name  was  common, 
but  I  am  unable  to  obtain  evidence  to  that  effect  that  would  con- 
vict a  suspected  thief  of  stealing  a  twenty-five  cent  jackknife. 
The  pretended  record  of  his  life,  however,  is  far  less  creditable 
for  consistency  than  that  of  the  noble  victim  of  the  monkish 
devils  that  imprisoned,  tricked,  harassed,  and  hounded  her  to 
death.  If  their  religion  is  true,  God  pity  them,  for  there  must 
be  an  awful  reckoning  for  their  doings. 

The  life  of  this  pure,  noble-minded  girl  is  so  well  known  that 
it  is  a  waste  of  space  to  attempt  to  give  any  of  it  here,  but  that 
she  was  a  spiritual  medium  of  the  purest  and  highest  type  there 
can  be  no  chance  for  successful  contradiction. 


4?* 
CHRISTIAN  AMUSEMENTS. 

Gibbon  implies  that  Cranmec  only  received  what  he  tried  to  give  others. 


479 


480 


An  Earlier  Anthony  Comstock. 


ew  Hopkins  W5fccK  Finclcr  Genefalt 


This  illustration,  representing  Matthew  Hopkins  examining 
two  witches  who  are  confessing  to  him  the  names  of  their  imps  and 
familiars,  is  copied  from  Caulfield's  Memoirs  of  Remarkable 
Persons,.  1794,  where  it  is  taken  from  an  extremely  rare  print: 


481 


FLOATING  A  WITCH. 


Among  the  ill  weeds  which  flourished  amid,  the  long  dissensions 
01  the  civil  war,  Matthew  Hopkins,  the  witch-tinder,  stands  eminent 
in  his  sphere.  This  vulgar  fellow  resided,  in  the  year  1644,  at  the 
town  of  Manning-tree,  in  Essex,  and  made  himself  very  conspicuous 
in  discovering  the  devil's  marks  upon  several  unhappy  witches. 
The  credit  he  trained  by  his  skill  in  this  instance  seems  to  have 
inspired  him  to  renewed  exertions.  In  the  course  of  a  very  short 
time,  whenever  a  witch  was  spoken  of  in  Essex,  Matthew  Hopkins 
was  sure  to  lie  present,  aiding  the  judges  with  his  knowledge  of 
••such  cattle."  as  he  called  them.  As  his  reputation  increased,  he 
assumed  the  title  of  ••  \V itch-finder  General.'1  and  traveled  through 
the  counties  of  Norfolk,  Essex.  Huntingdon,  and  Sussex  for 
the  sole  purpose  of  finding  out  witches.  In  one  year  he 
brought  sixty  poor  creatures  to  the  .stake.  The  test  he  commonly 
adopted  was  that  of  swimming,  so  highly  recommended  by  King 
•James  in  his  iJriiKniolmjic.  The  hands  and  feet  of  the  suspected 
persons  was  tied  together  crosswise,  the  thumb  of  the  right  hand 
to  the  toe  of  the  left  foot,  and  vice  versa.  They  were  then  wrapped 
up  in  a  large  sheet  or  blanket,  and  laid  upon  their  backs  in  a  pond 
or  river.  If  they  sank,  their  friends  and  relatives  had  the  poor 
consolation  of  knowing  they  were  innocent;  but  there  was  an  end 
of  them  :  if  they  floated,  which,  when  laid  carefully  on  the  water, 
was  generally  the  case,  there  was  also  an  end  of  them ;  for  they 
were  deemed  guilty  of  witchcraft,  and  burned  accordingly. 


Oh,  Brother  Mai  badge,  Theodore  Parker  preach- 
ed long  sermons  but  none  left,  while  half  my  hear- 
ers have  gone  before  I  get  hell  painted  red. " 

Well,  Brother  Button,  old  chestnuts  are  stale: 
be  sensational:  a  few  lies  about  Spiritualism  will 
take  with  our  hearers  and  the  ignorant  generally. 


The  Servant. 


483 


484 


485 


Has  preaching  arrived  at  so  low  a  stage  that  jealousy  should  send  one  of  its 
loudest  howlers  with  flying  coat  tails  to  drink  koumyss  and  eat  wolf  meat  with 
the  Emperor  of  Russia,  because  of  the  rumor  that  "  Buffalo  Bill "  had  dined 
with  the  Prince  of  Wales  ?  And  not  to  be  outdone,  doubtless  Parkhurst  will 
soon  announce  that  he  has  dined  enfamille  with  the  Grand  Turk,  and  that  from 
his  habit  of  seeking  for  things  nasty,  more  particularly  from  his  New  York  brothel 
experience,  he  was  able  to  explain  to  Mrs.  Turkey  why  Dudu  disturbed  the 
Harem,  so  poetically  described  by  Byron  in  his  Don  Juan.  Does  truth  need  such 


486 


487 


488 


li  8 1 1 


489 


THE  AMBITIOUS  FISHERMAN. 


THE  BIBLE  IN  SCHOOLS  AND  A  GOI)  IN  THE  CONSTITUTION. 

The  Bible  is  a  book  useful  for  the  student,  but  is  of  the  past ;  its  worship 
has  been  the  cause  of  oceans  of  bloodshed.  Aside  from  errors  of  translation, 
words  often  are  changed  in  their  meaning  by  change  of  locality,  so  that 
there  is  no  certainty  that  we  have  the  writer's  true  meaning  in  the  Bible 
stories;  but  we  can  'readily  see  from  its  contradictory  statements  that  it  is 
merely  a  history  of  that  people,  and  through  i^s  tribal  conceit  all  others 
were  ignored.  Cain  feared  that  some  one  meeting  would  slay  him,  which 
could  not  have  been  the  case  had  there  been  none  to  meet,  and  the  very  form 
of  statement  proves  that  the  mark  would  be  understood.  Still  further  to  find  a 
wife  at  N'od,  there  must  have  been  people  there.  Its  nine  hundred  year  lives 
must  have,  meant  dynasties.  Its  fish  story  most  likely  belonged  to  the  class 
of  myths  common  at  thatt.im.!  in  connection  with  the  .stories  of  the  gods  and 
goddesses  A  book  that  cannot  be  opened  at  random  and  read  in  society  is 
not  suitable  to  be  put  into  the  schools  to  be  read  by  children. 

It  is  but  a  few  years  since  George  Francis  Train  was  imprisoned  for  pub- 
lishing obscene  literature.  Unfortunately  for  the  complainant  he  was  so  igno- 
rant of  the  Bible  contents  that  he  was  unaware  that  the  dirty  literature 
consisted  of  extracts  from  ih;\t  xavretl  work.  The  arrest  became  a  boomerang 
If  brought  to  trial,  the  character  of  the  contents  of  the  Bible  would  be 
ventilated;  so  that  Train  was  brought  into  court,  and  pronounced  insane, 
consequently  irresponsible:,  so  discharged;  but  as  that  would  leave  him 
irresponsible  if  he  saw  tit  to  shoot  the  complainant,  he  was  the  next  day 
again  brought  into  court  and  pronounced  sane. 

Think  of  the  fool  Freeman  stabbing  his  five  year  old  daughter  to  the  heart 
in  thisStateand  age  through  his  insane  fanaticism  for  emulating  old  Abra- 
ham. 

l<le;is  are  changing  rapidly.  Success  in  keeping  the  Bible  in  the  schools  or 
getting  a  God  in  the  Constitution  is  likely  to  result  something  like  the 
success  of  the  ambit  i"iis  )i-li.>nnaii  at  the  head  of  this  article. 


490 
THE  DAY  OF  THE  CHURCH. 


491 
THE  DAY  OF  THE  MAN. 


THE  rtEGHANlG  TO  THE  FR0NT. 

^ptfWE  MECHANIC 


492 

JONAH  REPINING  AT  GOD'S  MERCY. 

How  long,  .Oh  Lord,  how  long? — Jo*  Cook. 


4  And  Jonah  began  to  enter  into  the  city  a  day's 
journey,  and  "he  cried,  and  said,  Yet  forty  days, 
and  Nineveh  shall  be  overthrown. 

5  II  So  the  people  of  Nineveh  *  believed  God,  and 
proclaimed  a  fast,  and  put  on  sackcloth,  from  the 
greatest  of  them  even  to  the  least  of  them. 

10  IT* And  God  saw  their  works,  that  they  turned 
from  their  evil  way;  and  God  repented  of  the  evil 
that  he  had  said  that  he  would  do  unto  them;  and 
he  did  it  not. 

BUT   it  displeased  Jonah   exceedingly,  and   he 
was  very  angry. 

2  And  he  prayed  unto  the  LORD,  and  said,  I  pray 
ttiee,  0  LORD,  was  not  this  my  saying,  when  I  was 
yet  in  my  country?  Therefore  I  "fled  before  unto 
Tarshish:  for  I  knew  that  thou  art  a  *  gracious  God, 
and  merciful,  slow  to  anger,  and  of  great  kindness, 
and  repentest  thee  of  the  evil. 

4  IT  Then  said  the  LORD,  ||  Doest  thou  well  to  be 
angry  ? 

5  So  Jonah  went  out  of  the  city,  and  sat  on  the 
east  side  of  the  city,  and  there  made  him  a  booth, 
and  sat  under  it  in  the  shadow,  till  he  might  see 
what  would  become  of  the  city. 


493 


THE  MAHOMETAN'S  IDEAL  HEREAFTER. 


Theabo\c  ideal  x-cmsonthe  first  thought  to  offer  a  chance  for  the  seventy 
thousand  unmarried  women  of  .Massachusetts  to  get  even,  but  more  matured 
reflection  causes  the  thought  to  arise  that  if  supplied  as  liberally  to  each 
saint  as  indicated  by  the  illustration,  he  would  soon  regret  his  success  in 
traveling  the  hair  bridge  and  wish  that  he  had  taken  up  his  abode  with  the 
more  open  countenances  represented  in  the  other  place. 


494 


495 


SCIENCE  AND  SCIENTISTS. 

The  nebulous  halo  that  hangs  over  science  is  about  as  misty  as 
that  which  enshrouds  religion.  Daily  we  hear  of  science  and  what 
scientists  are  saying  about  matters  that  ordinary  mortals  are  sup- 
posed to  be  ignorant  of.  Reader,  are  you  so  fortunate  as  to  know 
a  great  scientist  ?  If  so,  what  does  he  look  like,  and  what  has  he 
done  :'  Was  he  labeled  as  the  artist  labeled  his  pig,  that  it  might 
be  understood  that  he  tried  to  represent  a  pig  ?  Who  are  these 
phenomenal  wonders  ? .  The  inventor  reaches  out  into  the  unknown; 
no  matter  whether  he  invents  a  novelty  in  mechanics,  music,  poetry, 
chemical  compound,  or  other  matter,  so  long  as  he  aids  human 
progress  he  is  properly  the  scientist. 

gA  man  is  not  necessarily  a  scientist  or  astronomer,  because,  as 
he  is  somewhat  pompously  inclined  to  assert,  he  holds  the  chair  in 
some  high  sounding  study  or  society,  or  has  charge  of  the  most 
powerful  telescope  extant.  Unless'  he  has  ideas  above  current 
knowledge  of  popular  belief,  he  is  simply  a  laborer  in  that  study, 
as  is  the  ordinary  workman  in  mechanical  trades. 

Much  that  is  published  as  advanced  science  is  the  common 
knowledge  of  the  backwoods.  In  my  boyhood,  it  was  a  common 
diversion  to  lire  a  candle  through  an  inch  pine  board.  If  the  can- 
dle went  through,  the  tallow  was  crumbled  ;  if  the  board  was  so 
hard  as  to  stop  the  candle,  the  tallow  melted.  Professor  Tyndall 
published  as  one  of  his  wonderful  discoveries  that  a  leaden  bullet 
would  melt  if  suddenly  stopped  in  its  flight. 

Prof.  Elisha  Gray  says  that  "  he  who  wishes  to  keep  abreast  of  the  inarch 
of  science  to-day  must  leave  the  college  and  go  to  the  workshop,  and  into 
the  dark  corner's  of  private  laboratories,  for  investigators  rarely  have  time 
to  write,  so  that  text-books  are  years  behind  the  science  itself." 

That  the  colleges  are  a  half  century  behind  in  ordinary  milling 
hydraulics  is  beyond  chance  for  dispute. 

The  most  of  the  popularly  known  professors  of  science  simply 
//ulil  r/,'i  I  rx  in  Institutions  better  known  through  their  high  sounding 
names  than  achievements. 

Some  years  ago  it  was  my  lot  to  walk  from  Bucksport,  Me.,  to 
Ellsworth.  Some  five  or  six  miles  out  a  sight  met  my  view  that 
surprised  me.  Along  beside  the  road,  and  around  in  the  fields 
and  pastures,  there  were  immense  coarse  granite  bowlders,  MUDC 
of  them  perfect  in  condition,  others  crumbling  to  pieces.  This 
disintegration  commenced  perhaps  at  a  corner,  or  upon  all  parts. 
Many  could  be  seen  in  such  a  stage  of  decomposition  that  in  shape 
they  resembled  haycocks  of  a  rnsty-iron-like  appearance.  The 
crumbling  was  so  line  that  it  could  be  used  for  hardening  the  road- 
way. My  previous  experience  had  been  somewhat  extended,  yet 
I  never  had  witnessed  anything  of  the  kind  before.  Professor 
Agassiz,  a  week  later,  passed  over  the  same  route  on  his  way  to 
Mt.  Desert,  yet  did  not  seem  to  consider  the  matter  worthy  his 
consideration.  His  at  ten  lion  \vas  called  V)  the  subject,  and  his 


496 


opinion  of  the  cause  asked,  but  without  obtaining  a  reply.  Years 
previously,  while  wandering  up  the  west  coast  of  South  America. 
near  the  equator.  I  arrived  about  sunset  at  a  fisherman's  hut  in  tin- 
edge  of  the  forest,  and  was  cordially  asked  to  spend  the  night  there, 
as  it  was  unsafe  to  travel  after  dusk  on  account  of  the  jaguars.  A 
tire  was  kept  up  through  the  night  to  keep  them  from  the  hut. 
There  were  the  father  and  mother,  also  a  boy  and  girl  of  ten  and 
twelve  years  of  age,  both  naked.  At  sunset  the  tide  was  at  its 
height,  and  the  father,  calling  the  two  children,  asked  me  to  go  and 
see  them  get  drinking  water.  At  a  point  a  short  distance  from  the 
hut,  the  boy  was  sent  with  his  calabash  shells  a  rod  or  more  into 
the  water,  where  it  was  up  to  his  chin.  He  there  sank  down,  and 
remained  under  water  until  the  two  shells  were  full,  each  holding 
five  or  six  quarts.  When  he  rose,  he  held  the  shells  up  above  the 
surface,  and  brought  them  to  the  shore.  The  girl  did  the  same. 
and  the  shells  were  filled  with  fresh  water.  It  seemed  to  me  that 
there  must  be  an  intermittent  spring  there,  working  on  the  siphon 
principle,  but  on  going  there  at  midnight  there  was  nothing  but  the 
white  sandy  beach  to  be  seen.  On  returning  home,  an  account  of 
the  matter  was  sent  to  Lieutenant  Maury,  who  was  then  in  high 
standing  as  a  real  scientist  in  relation  to  the  winds  and  currents  of 
the  ocean.  He  answered  at  once,  and  made  further  inquiries. 

Much  that  is  talked  of  as  science  has  no  foundation  in  fact. 
For  instance,  how  general  the  belief  that  water  is  alive  with  animal- 
cules! Microscopes  have  been  rather  a  hobby  of  mine  for  many 
years.  I  will  not  give  powers  by  diameters,  but  by  comparison  that 
anyone  will  understand.  One  day,  taking  up  what  I  had  supposed 
was  a  small  plate  of  plain  glass,  a  speck  which  was  thought  to  lie  n 
liyspeck  was  observed  upon  its  surface.  The  glass  was  wiped, 
but  the  speck  remained.  It  was  placed  under  the  magnifier,  when 
the  speck  proved  to  be  a  photograph  of  the  top  of  Mt.  Washington, 
the  Tip  Top  House,— its  sign  easily  readable.— and  twenty-two  life- 
sized  visitors  there.  With  that  glass,  or  others  of  equal  power,  it 
has  never  been  my  lot  to  tind  any  living  things  in  ordinary  well  or 
running  water,  nor  teeth  on  razors,  nor  thorns  on  hairs.  I  have 
studied  many  works  treating  of  natural  history,  yet  have  found 
none  in  which  the  most  noted  animals  have  not  been  caricatured 
rather  than  described.  The  classic  dolphins  of  Arion  were  of  tin- 
whale  family,  either  what  whalemen  call  blacklish  or  porpoises. 
The  dolphin  is  a  fish  of  perhaps  twenty-five  pounds  weight,  and 
changes  tints  when  dying,  as  has  been  described  by  poets,  but 
would  hardly  do  for  riding. 

I  will  here  say  something  of  the  different  kinds  of  whales.  All 
know  that  whales  are  warm  blooded  animals,  and  have  to  come  to 
the  surface  to  breathe.  They  are  designated  by  whalemen  as  bulls. 
cows,  and  calves,  and,  like  their  namesakes  on  shore,  the  calves 
are  nourished  with  milk  from  the  mother,  and  in  the  same  way. 

The  sperm  whale  has  one  nostril,  or  breathing  hole,  in  the  ex- 
treme forward  part  of  the  head,  from  which  a  low  bushy  column  of 
spray  is  blown,  inclining  forward  of  the  whale.  The  other  kind> 
of  whales,  designated  by  American  whalemen  as  the  "  Kight 
whale,"  "Humpback,''  "  Finback,"  and  "  Sulphur-bottom  "  (the 


'497 


last  taking  its  name  from  the  color  of  its  belly),  have  two  breath- 
ing holes  well  back  in  the  head,  from  which  the  spray  is  blown  in 
separate  columns. 

The  sperm  whale  breaches  clear  from  the  water,  but,  instead  of 
pitching  over  and  entering  head  first,  he  falls  back  fiat,  making  a 
great  splash  which  may  be  seen  twenty-five  or  thirty  miles  in 
moderate  weather,  while  from  the  masthead  of  a  ship  his  spout 
cannot  be  seen  more  than  five  or  six  miles ;  that  of  the  right 
whale  about  the  same  distance,  the  humpback  and  sulphur-bottom 
perhaps  a  little  further,  while  the  "spout"  of  the  finback  may  be 
seen  ten  or  fifteen  miles.  At  the  same  time,  either  kind  of  whale, 
in  rough  weather,  might  pass  close  to  the  ship  and  not  be  noticed 
by  the  inexperienced  observer. 

The  sperm  whale  can  fight  with  his  head,  his  jaws,  his  tail,  or 
nukes ;  the  right  whale  only  with  his  flukes  ;  the  humpback  with 
his  long  fins,  by  rolling  and  striking  them  across  a  boat.  The  right 
whale  sweeps  sideways  from  eye  to  eye.  The  tail  or  flukes  of  all 
whales  are  horizontal  or  fiat  on  the  water,  instead  of  being  vertical 
like  the  tail  of  a  fish. 

To  get  near  a  sperm  whale  it  is  necessary  to  meet  him  "head  and 
head''  or  to  follow  in  his  wake  ;  approach  him  on  his  side  and  he 
is  off  at  once,  for  i.he  .smallest  object  will  frighten  any  kind  of 
whale.  The  right  whale  must  be  met  head  and  head  or  on  his  side  ; 
get  in  his  wake,  within  half  a  mile  of  him,  and  he  will  leave  without 
stopping  to  say  good-by.  The  sperm  whale  has  teeth  in  the  lower 
jaw  that  lit  into  sockets  in  the  upper.  The  under  jaw  compares 
with  the  upper  in  size  as  a  man's  arm  with  a  barrel,  when  placed 
on  one  side  of  the  barrel  lengthwise,  and  the  front  part  of  the  head 
is  as  square  across  as  the  head  of  a  barrel,  and  when  the  head  is 
cut  off.  if  it  is  placed  upon  its  forward  end  on  the  deck,  it  stands  as 
will  a  barrel,  though  the  head  is  a  third  of  the  whale. 

The  other  kinds  of  whale  have  what  is  called  whalebone  instead 
of  teeth,  but  only  the  right  whale  has  it  of  a  size  to  make  it  valu- 
able. This  bone  is  in  thin  slabs  from  one-fourth  to  one-half  an 
inch  in  thickness,  and  from  one  to  fourteen  feet  in  length.  The 
slabs  hang  from  the  roof  of  the  month  as  the  rafters  of  a  roof  hang 
from  a  ridgepole,  from  two  hundred  to  two  hundred  and  fifty  slabs 
each  side,  presenting  the  edges  only  to  view  when  the  lips,  which 
are  on  the  lower  jaw.  are  dropped  down,  looking  like  the  slats  in  a 
window  blind,  only  they  are  black  and  are  separated  about  their 
thickness  from  each  other.  The  inner  edges  of  the  slab  have  a 
fringe  the  whole  length  that  looks  like  black  horsehair.  The  slabs 
are  from  three  to  twelve  inches  in  width  where  they  grow  to  the 
roof  of  the  mouth  and  taper  to  a  point  at  the  lower  end.  Whales 
with  such  an  apparatus  feed  on  animalcules.  Their  manner  of 
feeding  is  to  drop  the  lips,  then  move  forward  with  open  mouth 
until  it  is  filled  ;  then  close  the  lips,  blow  out  the  water  through 
the  spout-holes,  the  slabs  of  bone,  with  their  fringe,  acting  as  a 
strainer  ;  then  the  food  is  swallowed. 

The  sperm  whale,  after  being  killed,  floats  buoyantly.  The  right 
whale  often  sinks.  Of  the  eleven  that  I  helped  kill  one  season  only 
five  were  saved — the  rest  sank  as  soon  as  killed.  The  humpback 


498 


always  sinks,  and  is  never  troubled  in  deep  water  ;  but  at  certain 
seasons  of  the  year  they  frequent  bays,  where  they  are  taken.  As 
soon  as  they  are  killed  they  sink,  but  the  line  is  attached  to  a  small 
anchor  which  is  dropped  to  the  bottom  to  prevent  the  whale  from 
being  carried  out  to  sea  by  the  tide.  In  a  day  or  two  decomposi- 
tion commences,  generating  a  gas  that  inflates  the  whale  so  that  he 
rises  to  the  surface,  and  his  oil  is  then  obtained  in  the  usual  way. 
The  finback  is  too  fast  a  team  to  be  easily  managed,  and  is  never 
troubled;  and  the  sulphur-bottom  for  some  reason  is  seldom  mo- 
lested ;  why,  I  do  not  know.  They  are  very  large.  There  arc  sev- 
eral other  kinds  that  belong  to  the  whale  family, — the  narwhal. 
the  grampus,  the  blackfish,  killer,  porpoise,  etc.  After  the  blubber 
is  stripped  from  the  outside,  the  whale's  flesh  looks  like  lean  beef  ; 
that  of  the  porpoise  is  very  good,  resembling  tender  licet'. 

There  are  many  different  kinds  of  sharks,  some  of  which  1 
have  seen,  and  others  that  I  have  not  seen  except  in  story  books. 
The  most  blood  curdling  stories  in  regard  to  them  originated 
probably  from  the  desire  of  ship  captains  and  owners  to  prevent 
sailors  from  deserting  their  ships.  Sharks  are  plenty  in  warm  or 
temperate  climates,  and  in  most  of  the  harbors  of  commerce  in 
warm  countries.  They  feed  upon  smaller  fish,  it  is  to  be  presumed; 
plenty  of  sea  fowl  rest  upon  the  water  but  are  never  troubled 
by  them.  In  harbors  near  the  equator,  where  a  dozen  sharks  may 
be  seen  to  turn  up  for  a  baited  hook  as  minnows  do  in  a  brook, 
sailors  swim  back  and  forth  daily.  I  have  often  swum  in  the 
harbors  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Havana.  Callao,  and  many  other  ports 
in  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific,  and  have  been  on  whales,  when  cutting 
in,  with  hundreds  of  sharks  around,  and  often  on  top  of  a  whale 
so  close  as  to  have  touched  my  side,  and  have  kicked  them  away. 
[  have  seen  a  lance  thrown  through  the  center  of  a  shark's 
body  without  causing  a  flap  of  its  tail,  and  have  seen  them  feeding 
greedily  from  the  torn  blubber  when  their  entrails  were  hanging 
below  them  from  cuts  from  whaling  spades,  so  that  my  faith  is  not 
great  in  the  stories  that  this  or  that  native  dashed  into  the  briny 
deep  and  slew  a  twenty-five  foot  shark, — in  fact,  I  am  doubtful 
about  the  twenty-five  foot  shark,  and  about  their  biting  a  man 
in  two  and  swallowing  a  half  whole.  A  cut  with  a  spade  across 
the  nose  or  in  the  gills  will  kill  a  shark  instantly,  but  the  knife 
combat  is  a  trifle  tough.  A  shark  can  bite  hard.  I  have  seen 
one  grasp  hold  of  a  lump  of  blubber  or  the  side  of  a  blackfish. 
then  turnover  and  twist  out  a  piece  larger  than  his  own  head,  then 
he -had  to  let  go  and  eat  more  decorously. 

I  have  seen  sharks  follow  a  boat  and  snap  at  the  oar  blades 
as  they  dipped  in  the  water,  yet  a  few  minutes  later  a  whale  had 
stove  our  boat  and  all  the  crew  were  floating  on  the  oars  in  the 
water,  but  we  saw  nothing  of  the  sharks.  Probably  no  whale  ship 
was  ever  filled  with  oil  without  more  or  less  of  her  boats  being 
stove.  I  have  seen  three  smashed  to  splinters  by  a  single  whale  in 
an  hour's  time,  yet  I  have  never  known  any  person  bitten  by 
a  shark,  nor  known  any  person  who  has  known  of  a  person  being 
bitten  by  one  ;  nevertheless  at  the  same  time  a  shark  can  bite,  but  I 
should  as  soon  believe  that  Jonah  swallowed  a  whale  as  that  the 
half  of  a  man  entire  was  found  inside  of  a  shark. 


499 


RALPH  WALDO  EMERSON. 

The  question  has  often  been  asked  me,  and  at  times  with  a  sneer, 
"Are  you  related  to  Ralph  Waldo  ?  "  '•  Have  never  inquired,"  has 
been  my  reply. 

The  name  of  Emerson  figures  conspicuously  in  the  history  of 
Hale's  Town  or  Wean-.  X.  II.  Stephen  Emerson  (who  came  from 
Hampstead  to  Weare).  the  son  of  Stephen,  in  1702.  paid  the  largest 
tax  in  the  list  of  taxpayers.  His  son.  Deacon  James,  married 
Lydia  Hoyt  of  Salisbury.  .Mass.  A  story  is  handed  down  that  one 
Sunday  while  riding  to  church  .Mrs.  Emerson,  through  pity, 
requested  the  deacon  to  get  oft'  and  drive  a  fox  away  from  a  rabbit 
that  he  was  chasing  over  and  under  a  log.  After  due  reflection  the 
request  was  declined  upon  the  plea  that  it  would  be  breaking  the 
Satfbath.  The  wife  queried  whether  it  was  not  laziness  instead  of 
piety  that  prevented.  Their  son,  Deacon  James,  was  rny  grand- 
father. He  and  his  wife.  Polly  Cilley,  or  Seelye.  moved  to  New- 
bury,  N.  II.,  where  they  often  dragged  my  father  two  miles  over  a 
mountain  path  lined  with  roots,  stones,  and  stubs,  in  the  dark,  bare- 
footed, to  prayer  meetings.  Their  groans  and  lamentations  there 
were  not  sufficient  to  keep  him  awake,  so  that  I  fear  he  got  in  the 
habit  of  saying  "swearwords"  from  being  aroused  and  dragged 
home  near  midnight.  At  any  rate  their  fervor  of  piety  was  checked 
on  its  way  down. 

0.  W.  Holmes,  in  his  life  of  Ralph  Waldo,  implies  that  he  was 
not  much  of  a  mechanic,  in  fact,  that  In-  could  not  use  a  spade  with 
safety  to  his  legs,  but  that  was  of  no  account,  as  he  was  a  poet. 
Mr.  Emerson  was  a  level  headed  man.  and,  if  living,  would  prob- 
ably object  to  that  idea.  The  Mechanic  or  Creator  made  the  stars 
or  they  could  not  have  sung  together.  Had  not  the  mechanic  made 
the  wooden  horse  there  could  have  been  no  Homer.  The  mechan- 
ic's weapons  raised  up  the  troubadours.  The  poet  is  all  right  in 
his  place  ;  but  the  mechanic  has  come  to  stay,  and  he  has  done 
more  in  the  last  hundred  years  to  improve  mankind  than  ever  had 
been  done  by  the,  poet.  Mechanics  make  poems.  Have  poets  over- 
produced the  equal  of  the  Columbian  Fair? 

What  poem  in  grandeur  equals  the  mountainous  steamship  with 
her  forty  thousand  pent-up  horse  power  under  subjection  to  the  finger 
of  the  engineer  ?  What  tragedy  ever  equaled  the  guillotine  or  the 
gallows  ?  What  comedy  was  ever  more  laughable  than  the  mechan- 
ical fantoccini  ?  Poetry  often  is  grand  and  soul  nourishing,  so  are 
mechanical  movements  if  the  observer  has  the  ability  to  appreciate 
the  beauty  of  nature's  laws.  The  mechanic  has  produced  instru- 
ments of  music  that  have  added  grandeur  and  harmony  to  the 
poet's  words  they  could  never  have  reached  without.  The 
mechanic,  through  his  telescope  and  microscope,  has  added  worlds 
to  man's  knowledge  that  the  pi  >et  might  have  imagined  but  never 
could  have  verified.  Even  in  the  so  homely  convenience  as  specta- 
cles the  mechanic  has  added  one-third  to  mail's  practical  life.  Mr. 
Holmes,  by  reading  Job  xxxviii.,  will  learn  that  poets  were, 
snubbed  at  times. 


500 


THE  BOSTON  OF  1845. 


Do  those  who  so  boastfully  claim  leadership  in  human  progress 
for  Boston  or  Massachusetts  realize  the  difference  between  those 
places  to-day  and  fifty  years  ago  ?  The  typical  Bostonian  of  a 
half  century  since,  who  perhaps  had  never  seen  a  college  unless 
when  passing  its  outside,  was  still  intelligent.  It'  Kgypt  was  spoken 
of,  his  thoughts  turned  to  the  pyramids,  the  Pharaohs,  and  Sphinx 
and  her  conundrum,  and  to  wonder  as  to  its  meaning.  The  typical 
Bostonian  of  to-day,  graduate  of  Harvard,  has  faint  ideas  of  the 
street  in  which  he  resides  or  does  business,  and  if  Kgypt  is  men- 
tioned in  his  hearing,  his  mind  instantly  turns  to  some  dark, 
unsettled  region  where  he  has  sold  a  box  of  flat  footed  brogans. 
ranging  in  size  from  eleven  to  fourteen,  and  if  any  sphinx-like 
conundrum  comes  into  his  mind  it  is  in  relation  to  how  he  is  to  get 
pay  for  his  brogans. 

Think  of  the  Massachusetts  of  fifty  years  ago  crowding  special 
trains  of  cars  for  the  purpose  of  witnessing  the  brutal  uaine  of 
football ! 

Think  of  the  governor  of  Massachusetts  speaking  for  his  state  at 
the  Columbian  Fair,  being  obliged  to  routine  his  eulogies  to  its  past 
glories  instead  of  talking  of  what  it  is  now  doing  to  aid  human  pro- 
gression, as  the  sister  state  in  which  lie  was  speaking  was  doing. 

Look  at  the  opposite  page:  study  and  .  heed  its  suggestions. 
Look  also  to  another  page  illustrating  the  effects  of  forty  years  of 
the  Massachusetts  school  system.  Then  simplify  its  laws,  schools, 
and  religion  so  as  to  agree  with  common  sense,  and  thus  compel  its 
priests,  ministers,  and  lawyers  to  earn  an  honest  livinu.  I'hew  ! 
The  Massachusetts  of  lo-day,  a  leader  in  human  progress  1  In 
what,  pray  ? 


501 

SHOW  INSTITUTIONS  OF  THE  HILLS, 

For  the   Blind,  the  Halt,  the  Idiotic,  the  Insane,  the  Pauper, 
and  Criminal. 


Can  such  an  ostentations  display  denote  a  high  civilization? 

"EDUCATE  THE  IDIOTIC." 

Can  education  to  such  bring  happiness  ?     If  ignorance  is  bliss 
under  any  condition,  it  would  seem  to  be  so  with  the  idiotic. 

\VnnliJ  it  nut  ini/irnti  {/water  intelligence 

To  seek  for  the  cause  and  try  to  stop  the  production  of  idiots, 
paupers,  lunatics,  invalids,  and  criminals  ? 

Whether  f-ntir>'//  x/iti.<fnct<»-//  to  /fie  /tatienfs, 

These  institutions  are  convenient  retreats  for  retiring  rival  politi- 
cians, at  the  same  time  producing  hot-house  culture  of  "  offen- 
sive partisanship." 


502 
SPIRITUALISM. 

A  I.ivinif  Religion,  of  Demonstration,  Personal  Responsibility, 
ami  Consolation. 

This  belief  has  been  latent  in  the  human  heart  since  the  dawn  of  recorded 
intelligence  down  to  the  present  time,  and  is  now  openly  accepted  by  the 
most  intelligent  as  the  truth,  yet  sneered  at  by  the  dollar  stamped  clergy 
from  self  interest. 

The  cause  has  had  a  terrible  load  to  carry  in  carrying  the  vagaries  of  its 
professed  friends,  and  had  it  not  been  based  upon  eternal  truth  it  would  have 
been  annihilated  long  ago. 

Its  mediums,  mere  mortals  of  very  ordinary  clay,  instead  of  being  en- 
couraged and  aided  to  seek  the  truth,  have  too  often  been  surrounded  by 
ruffianly  bands  of  bigoted  ignorance,  and  in  frequent  cases  female  mediums 
have  been  married  by  lazy  loafers  of  the  male  species,  solely  as  a  means  of 
obtaining  a  living  without  labor,  and  the  wife  has  of  ten  been  com]  elled  to  do 
what,  if  properly  cherished,  she  would  never  have  thought  of  doing. 

Then  again,  as  its  expounders  in  many  cases  have  belonged  to.  to  say  the 
least,  not  the  most  learned,  the  vagaries  published  are  not  al\\a\s  \\cll 
established,  to  say  nothing  of  the  long  words  required  to  express  the  pro- 
found depths  of  the  writer's  ideas. 

Then  the  .s///<7/r/-.s  that  seek  for  fraud,  the  self  appointed  witch  tinders  of 
the  Uagool  type  described  by  Rider  Haggard  in  '•  King  Solomon's  Mines." 
who  through  monumental  conceit  and  ignorantly  conceived  notions  of  si  irii 
etiquette  assume  the  office  of  censor  of  spiritual  management,  may  retard  but 
can  never  stop  the  onward  march  of  its  grand  and  humane  truths. 

From  infancy  1  have  ever  desired  to  know  the  wh\  of  any  m\sl<  i\.  .M\ 
tirst  visit  to  a  haunted  bouse  was  in  my  eighth  year.  Of  course  the  Rochester 
knockings  interested  me,  lint  a  wandering  life  of  ten  years'  ]>re\i<ms  e\|  eri- 
ence  in  strange  lands  had  knocked  many  of  childhood's  conceits  from  mv 
mind  and  broadened  the  horizon  of  my  ideas;  personal  expel ieuce  also  had 
caused  consideration.  It,  was  nor  uncommon  for  meat  that  time  to  suddenly 
become  unconscious  and  begin  to  repeat  lines  of  poetry  that  \\ould  be 
seemingly  printed  upon  the  wall  of  the  room  in  front  of  me.  As  the  last  word 
was  repeated,  there  would  be  exactly  such  a  change  in  appearance  as  takes 
place  in  a  kaleidoscope,  and  more  lines  would  come  in  view.  As  tins  was 
about  a  year  before  the  advent  of  the  knockings  my  declamations  were  con- 
sidered uncanny.  A  vivid  impression  of  the  fact  Mas  always  Jet t  upon  my 
mind  but  the  lines  could  never  be  remembered. 

Then  followed  a  phase  of  gradually  rousing  from  sleep  to  a  consciousness 
of  two  or  three  voices  near  by  arnui'ii:  a  case,  so  real  that  it  would  cause 
me  to  turn  and  try  various  methods  to  ascertain  whether  it  was  a  dream  : 
suddenly  all  would  cease  but  the  impression  would  remain  for  days,  yet  the 
subject  could  never  be  recalled  though  perfectly  understood  the  moment 
l>efore  it  ceased. 

To  this  followed  visions  of  beautiful  landscapes,  rarely  persons  or  animal 
life,  but  the  colors  of  mosses,  leaves,  stones,  and  the  thousand  details  so 
perfect  that  at  times  I  would  get  up  and  walk  across  the  room  to  make  sure 
of  being  awake.  For  years  these  were  believed  to  be  optical  illusions,  but 
I  know  better  now  and  deeply  regret  that  such  gifts  were  not  more  thank- 
fully received.  Another  phase  followed  and  to  some  extent  is  still  with 
me,  namely,  impressions,  often  as  palpable  as  spoken  words.  These  usually 
come  when  receiving  or  reading  a  letter,  message,  01  communication,  in  one 
case  causing  me  to  pitch  a  letter  containing  a  check  for  S150  into  the  waste 
basket,  for  doing  which  the  sender  at  times  attempt*  to  be  sarcastic. 

For  years  I  took  but  little  interest  in  Spiritualism,  but  as  its  adherents 
increased  it  became  a  power,  and  I  took  the  Christian's  ideal  of  good,  the 


dollar,  as  a  standard  of  its  popularity. 

hing  a  quarterly  paper, 
EMERSON'S  TlUr.INK  REPORTER,  nve  thousand  copies  each  issue  to 


At  the  time  1  was  publish! 


fill  contract  with  advertisers.  It  had  paid  expenses  less  postage  up  to  that 
time.  I  announced  that  after  four  more  issues  the  paper  would  be  discon- 
tinued and  a  book  take  its  place;  then  commenced  a  series  of  articles  on 
Spiritualism  herewith  republished  in  their  order.  The  tirst  issue  contain- 
ing the  article  paid  all  expense,  the  next  si'5  above,  the  third  over  $100, 
and  the  last  over  £200,  a  supplement  being  required  for  advertising  space. 


50:i 


INVESTIGATION  AND   PHENOMENA. 

The  wonderful  stories  of  spiritual  manifestations  going  the  rounds  of  the 
press  have  caused  a  desire  for  more  light  relative  thereto  ;  such  manifesta- 
tions, under  various  phases,  have  been  common  since  the  dawn  of  history  ;  in 
ancient  times  the  leaders  of  the  people  made  them  useful,  now  those  that 
would  be  leaders  are  careful  to  ignore  interest  in  them.  Editors  that  are 
loudest  in  screeching,  "  See  how  independent  we  are  !  "  dare  not  publish  an 
article  upon  the  subject  without  launching  it  from  the  top  of  the  fence  that 
it  may  be  fitted  for  either  side,  by  the  ever  convenient,  "I  told  you  so  !  " 
Why  this  unmanly  hedging?  A  little  inquiry  will  satisfy  any  one  that  the 
world  is  ready  for  the  trv.lh.  It  is  true  that  there  is  a  feeble  "  tweet,  tweet, 
tweet"  going  out  from  the  pulpit,  as  there  doubtless  was  nineteen  centuries 
since,  but  the  time  now,  as  then,  is  unfavorable  to  pulpits  ;  intelligence  plays 
the  deuce  with  such  places  :  there  is  little  consistency  in  talking  about  the 
Bible  being  a  guide,  while  building  structures  in  which  to  worship  the  son  of 
a  carpenter,  so  very  nice  that  one  of  that  class  has  little  chance  of  ever  see- 
ing the  inside  alter  taking  his  tools  out ;  rive  to  twenty  thousand  dollar  sala- 
.  ries  have  little  in  common  with  the  veritable  Jesus  of  Nazareth,  though  in 
full  accordance  with  the  pulpit  article.  The  time  for  such  is  passing  away, 
the  sneered  at  manifestations  have  had  much  to  do  with  the  change  and 
Church  creeds  are  kept  in  the  background  as  being  too  illiberal  for  the 
times.  Nearly  every  book  of  note  now  issued  is  spiced  with  the  belief  ;  our 
conversation  i's  mixed  with  its  phrases  :  if  one  doubts  the  general  infusion 
let  him  get  into  quiet  conversation  with  the  first  person  met,  and  the  chances 
are  ten  to  one  that  some  wonderful  experience  having  a  bearing  upon  the 
subject  will  be  related.  Some  of  the  best  known  manufacturers  with  whom 
1  am  acquainted  are  deeply  interested  as  investigators.  Such,  invariably,  are 
thinkers,  and  usually  successful  in  their  business,  some  of  them  very  re- 
markably so.  A  large  portion  of  Turbine  builders  are  open  believers  in 
Spiritualism,  and  it  is  but  fair  to  state  that,  in  not  one  single  instance  has 
one  of  that  belief  misrepresented  results  obtained  from  a  test  of  wheel, 
while  the  contrary  has  often  been  the  case  with  builders  ever  ready  to  sneer 
at  the  Spiritualist.  It  is  true  thsnt  Spiritualism  has  been  "  exposed  "  almost 
daily  for  the  last  twenty-five  years,  yet  it  will  not  down.  Would  it  not  be  wiser 
to  meet  the  case  fairly  and  learn  what  right  it  has  to  consideration  ?  It  does 
not  matter  what  this  or  that  professor  has  to  say  upon  the  subject,  unless 
said  after  fair  examination  ;  the  prefix  adds  nothing  to  the  individual's 
power  of  discernment :  besides,  such  persons  are  usually  specialists,  and  have 
some  hobby  upon  the  brain.  Professor  Univalve  spends  twenty  years  in  as- 
certaining'the  exact  number  of  wrinkles  that  a  mussel  of  respectable  habits 
should  have  in  his  shell  at  maturity.  Prof.  Thimble  does  not  believe  in 
spirits,  and,  like  a  cow,  has  no  interest  in  a  Hereafter.  Our  educational 
professors  are  so  deeply  engaged  in  searching  for  the  roots  of  words,  that 
the  useless  abominations  in  spelling  of  those  words,  against  which  nature 
through  every  child  learning  to  read,  is  constantly  protesting,  are  unnoticed 
by  them,  and  the  stone  at  one  end  of  the  bag  to  balance  the  grist  is  con- 
stantly carried,  and  is  likely  to  be.  unless  the  "  heathen  Japs  "  relieve  us  of 
the  useless  weight.  It  is  useless  to  expect  such  minds  to  investigate  any- 
thing aside  from  their  own  narrow  world,  and  perhaps  it  is  better  that  it  is 
so,  for  the  few  have  done  the  thinking  for  the  many  too  long  already.  What 
a  turning  over  of  things  there  would  be  if  prejudice  could  lie  annihilated  and 
questions  be  decided  upon  merit  !  A  sort  of  moral  undertow  compels  general 
progression  now  ;  froth  rises  to  the  top  and  becomes  the  most  conspicuous  ; 
shallow  minds,  without  investigation,  pronounce  anything  humbug  that  is 
new  and  bevond  their  comprehension.  Could  such  control  events  La  Places 
statement  that  "  What  we  know  is  little,  what  we  don't  luiow,  immense," 
would  ever  remain  true.  The  cut  bono  of  the  truckling  editor,  while  pander- 
ing to  popular  prejudice,  is  simply  a  tribute  paid  to  such  minds  and  is 
doubly  shallow  when  written  within  sight  of  a  score  of  steeples  all  claiming 
to  point  the  way  to  the  spirit  land,  and  upon  exactly  the  same  evidence  as 
the  sneered  at  manifestations,  the  latter  witnessed  by  ourselves,  friends,  and 
neighbors,  the  former  by well,  whom?  It  is  a  matter  of  little  conse- 
quence whether  Prof.  Thimble  is  interested  in  the  matter  or  not,  the  world 
has  been  is  and  ever  will  be,  interested  ;  for  myself,  all  other  gain  would  be 


504 


as  nothing  compared  with  the  knowledge  that  life  here  is  but  the  beginning 
of  eternal  conscious  progress,  that  separation  from  our  loved  ones  is  but 
temporary.  If  the  manifestations  are  of  spiritual  origin  as  claimed  they 
offer  the  only  tangible  evidence  of  a  Hereafter.  If  not  of  spiritual,  but  of 
earthly,  origin,  may  they  not  be  the  harbingers  of  knowledge  of  boundless 
importance  to  humanity?  If  neither  of  spiritual  nor  earthly  origin  in  a 
proper  sense,  but  the  result  of  mere  trickery,  then  they  have  a  fearful  bear- 
ing upon  evidence.  1  have  seen  a  table  rise  upon  two  legs  and  walk  out  of 
the  dining-room  into  the  parlor  and  return,  with  no  visible  person  touching 
it.  I  have  seen  two  heavy  men  try  in  vain  to  hold  a  table  to  the  floor  ;  this 
in  Mechanics  Hall.  Lowell,  Mass.,  and  before  an  audience  of  four  hundred 
persons  ;  no  one  pretended  to  doubt  the  fact.  1  have  taken  a  common  accor- 
dion in  my  hand,  holding  it  by  the  molding  around  the  valve  ;  the  instru- 
ment extended  at  arm's  length  from  my  side  ;  the  key  end  of  the  instru- 
ment immediately  rose  to  a  level  in  line  with  my  arm,  but  extended  from 
me.  and  then  commenced  to  play  a  very  lively  tune  ;  the  sun  was  shining 
full  upon  the  instrument.  I  have  taken  a  slate  in  my  hand,  or  one  end  of  it, 
the  other  being  held  by  the  medium  ;  a  bit  of  pencil  was  placed  upon  the 
slate,  which  was  then  held  beneath  the  tible.  not  up  against  it,  but  at  least 
a  foot  below,  and  in  plain  sight  The  pencil  com  inenced  to  write  immedi- 
ately ;  several  messages  were  produced  in  less  time  than  1  could  have  writ- 
ten one  ;  one  of  the  messages  was  as  follows  :  "  There  is  a  large  band  of  us 
around  you  ;  if  you  will  sit  at  home  we  will  show  you  things  that  are  wonder- 
ful." I  have  had  the  Eddys  at  my  house,  also  several  other  well  known  me- 
diums ;  have  had  to  do  with  nearly  all  the  best  known  public  mediums,  and 
many  not  generally  known  to  be  such.  I  have  seen  the  "  exposers  ''  such 
as  Carbonell,  have  spent  hours  with  them  at  a  time  in  private,  and  witnessed 
their  modus  operamii,  have  seen  excellent  imitations,  as  I  have  also  of  green- 
backs, but  an  expert  can  readily  see  and  explain  the  difference.  Have  often 
had  such  mediums  as  Foster  and  Head  try  to  play  tricks  upon  me,  at  the 
same  time  have  seen  things  that  trickery  could  not  accomplish.  1  have  wit- 
nessed the  most  of  the  various  kinds  of  manifestations  described  by  H.  D. 
Owen,  and  others  he  has  not  described  ;  mind  reading  will  account  for  Mans 
field's  letter  answering,  and  some  other  mysteries,  but  there  is  something 
deeper  and  beyond.  It  is  singular  that  a  people  so  boastful  of  intelligence 
should  be  so  shy  of  investigations  outside  of  Congress.  The  following  letter 
to  the  N.  Y.  Graphic,  displays  more  true  manhood  than  is  generally  to  bo 
met  with  in  regard  to  the  subject. 


IRA.  X.  Y.,  November  11,  1874. 

onable  icnticst.    It  is   indeed 


GENTLEMEN  :    Your  circular  indicates  a   most   reasonable  icoticst.    It  is 
burning  shame  that  men  called  scjentilie  and  investigators  should  lie  so  hopelessly  ma- 
terialistic that  they  will  not  look  towards  the  only  windows  through   which  the  tw'ili^ht 
of  a  great  discovery  i>  now  shining. 

Thirty  years  ago  I  would  have  sacrificed  everything  to  undertake,  without  encour- 
agement, the  work  to  which  yon  now  invite  me  and  others.     I'.nt.  as  matters  now  stand. 


I  have  not  the  time  or  strength  to  do  the  work  ;  and  had  1    lx>th,   my  standing  is  not 
-----   of  science  that    discoveries  made  by  me.   however  Important,  could 

-'•  ' 


mannesiauoiis.il  >  "ri,  n-inain>  tat  were  there  s  so  muc  smoe  o  notorety  there 
must  be  some  tire  of  fact.  How  much  let  him  declare  whom  yon  succeed  in  pressing 
into  your  service  as  investigator  and  re|x>rter.  sincerely  regret  ting  that  I  cannot  lie 
the  man,  I  remain  very  truly  yours,  THOS.  K.  BEECH  KR. 

If  people  in  general  were  candid  thinkers,  like  Mr.  Beecher,  we  might 
hope  for  a  speedy  solution  of  the  matter,  but,  unfortunately,  the  majority 
take  their  opinion  second-handed,  while  the  balance  divide  into  two  parties, 
seemingly  running  in  opposite  directions,  but  in  seeming  only.  The  one  be- 
lieve everything,  the  other  nothing;  the  leaders  of  the  first,  with  heads 
shaped  like  a  pineapple  cheese,  or  perhaps  more  on  the  shed  roof  style,  the 
slope  being  such  that  one  is  left  in  doubt  whether  the  forehead  extends  to 
the  crown  of  the  head,  or  the  top  of  the  head  reaches  down  to  the  eyes  ; 
these  swear  by  the  fianner  of  Light  ;  their  followers  are  expected  to  swallow 
mountains  or  mites  ;  mediums  by  such  are  spoken  of  as  "too  sensitive  for 
ordinary  treatment,"  "  heaven  borned."  "  of  the  angels,"  etc.,  etc.  (while 
in  fact,  as  a  general  thing,  public  mediums  are  lazy  sensualists,  generally 
acting  the  part  of  Harold  Skimpole,  and  never  forgetting  to  take  the  "  Fy- 
punnote  ").  and  a  score  of  that  ilk  are  cancerous  excre- 


505 


tions  of  the  cause.  The  other  party  simply  panders  to  popular  prejudice 
and  naturally  ^ravitates  toward  the  Scientific  American,  a  fair  offset  to  the 
Banner  nf  Light,  the  one  certainly  knowing  as  much  of  spirits  as  the  other 
does  of  science.  The  writers  of  this  party  are  generally  nicely  bespectacled 
young  men  with  weak  eyes,  knees,  and  heads,  and  considerable  alphabet 
tailed  on  to  their  address,  with  a  strong  flavor  of  the  apothecary  appren- 
tice about  them.  The  organ  of  this  party  has  just  been  handed  to  me,  and 
in  it  the  announcement  is  gravely  made  'that  the  manifestations  called  ma- 
terializations were  invented  by  one  Gordon,  of  New  York,  about  two  years 
since  (don't  state  whether  he  patented  them  through  that  agency  or  not). 
The  materializations  were  common  ten  years  since,  and  it  was  in  answer  to 
a  request  that  he  would  witness  them,  that  the  following  letter  was  written. 

BOSTON,  November  28,  1865. 

.IAMKS  KMKI:M>.\.  I.tiwi.i.t,.  MA-   .  : 

Dear  Sir:—\  hup.'  I  -hall  ilml  linn-  -sooner  or  later  In  attend  sume  <>t  ilic  best  managed 
so-called  "  spiritual"  *?«««•.-•.  I.HI  .just  now  I  am  I..,,  much  occupied  t»  do  auvthiiiK 
mure  than  listen  to  the  wonderful  -lories  \.>u  ,-n-e  tuld  ,-1111.111  them. 

Yours,  in  haste,  O    W.  HOLMES. 

It  is  often  asserted  that  if  one  commences  to  investigate  the  so-called  man- 
ifestations, he  soon  Incomes  infatuated,  and  a  believer  Well,  suppose  the 
discovery  of  a  gold  mine  to  be  announced,  do  experts  ever  delve  in  a  "salted" 
mine  twenty-five  years  '.'  If  the  assertion  is  true  it  would  rather  seem  to 
favor  the  idea  that  there  is  something  to  become  infatuated  with,  but  per- 
sons are  often  credited  with  being  what  they  are  not.  as  will  be  seen  by  this 
letter. 

20  iloRNiKcxox  RD.,  LONDON.  X.  W..\ 
Alts'.  1«.  1872.  / 

JAMES  EMERSON  : 

Dear  Sir  :—Luusf  traveling  about  on  business  lias  prevented  me  from  previously  ac- 
knowledging the  receipt  of  your  most  interesting  letter  elving  an  account  of  some  phe- 
nomena you  have  witncs.-ed  iii  tin-  presence  of  I  >r.  Slade.  After  the  very  extraordinary 
things  \ou  have  seen.  I  ;,m  particularl]  struck  with  what  >ou  state  your  opinion  to  be 
—viz.  :  that  the  ••  spirit  Wo 
belong  to  OUT 


teased  in  the  presence  ,,l  lip.  Sladc.  Alter  the  very  extraordinary 
[  am  particularij  struck  with  what  \oii  state  your  opinion  to  be 
t  World"  has  nothing  to  do  with  them,  but  that  the  phenomena 

bodies.    If  you  could    explain  what  yon  lia\e  stated  tome,  and 

I  give  me  the  reasons  which  cause  you  :o  think-  thai  the  exertion  of  force  (not  that 
(•  medium  ph>>icitlK  ;  and  Hie  writing  ol  messages  by  a  piece  of  pencil  not  held  in 
a  human  hand,  arccuimecied  «  ith  mil  -physical  body  and  not  with  invisible,  independ- 
ent, intelligent  bi-ings,  I  should  be  very  pleased.  The  latter  opinion  is  the  one  most 
teni.'rally  held  b\  iho-e  who  have  studied  the  phenomena  here.  For  myself,  1  confess  1 
do  not  go  as  far  as  some,  and  nutO  I  can  get  good  proof e  of  identity  I 'prefer  to  keep  to 
the  "force  "only,  for  there  I  am  sale.  With  many  thanks  for  your  polite  attention, 
l>elieve  me  very  sincerely  yours,  WILLIAM  CUOOKS. 

It  would  be  impossible  for  me  to  explain  fully,  why  I  believe  the  manifes- 
tations to  be  of  physical  origin,  but  such  ever  has  been,  and  continues  to  be, 
my  opinion  ;  there  is  a  lack  of  connection  as  well  as  an  earthiness,  that 
seems  to  locate  them  with  ourselves,  but  for  all  that,  there  is  ground  for  the 
spiritual  claim  ;  the  water  of  a  river  partakes  of  the  soil  through  which  it 
flows,  but  remains  water  for  all  that.  The  manifestations  partake  of  their 
earthly  surroundings.  F  " 
says  the  manifestations  ; 
see  why  he  finds  them  so 

pronounced  them  to  be  the  result  of  trickery  ;  his  career  while  Surgeon- 
General  will  perhaps  account  for  his  belief,  but  enough  of  such.  The  weak 
minded  are  credited  with  being  the  most  interested  in  such  matters,  but  in 
all  the  seances  with  which  I  have  had  to  do,  either  public  or  private,  there 
has  never  been  any  trouble  in  filling  the  house  with  the  best  mechanics 
known,  mill  agents,  school  superintendents  and  teachers,  doctors,  lawyers, 
ministers,  members  of  Congress,  etc.,  etc.  The  belief  of  the  better  class  of 
spiritualists  is  substantially  that  taught  by  Jesus  of  Nazareth,  and  it  is  sin- 
gular that  a  belief  so  sensible  and  beautiful  has  not  produced  a  literature  to 
correspond.  That  such  is  not  the  case  is  probably  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
best  minds  tinged  with  that  belief  feel  that  more  good  can  be  done  through 
the  liberal  religious  movement,  which  may  be  the  case,  but  it  leaves  the  cause 
of  Spiritualism  in  the  care  of  those  who  have  done  it  little  credit,  and  at  the 
close  of  a  quarter  of  a  century  there  is  not  a  paper  published  in  that  interest 
that  a  gentleman  would  care  to  be  seen  reading  in  car  or  hotel.  Watching 
the  falling  of  an  apple,  the  rattling  tea-kettle  cover,  or  flying  a  kite,  were 
perhaps  not  the  most  dignified  of  employments,  but  the  results  have  revoln- 


earthly  surroundings.  P.  H.  Vander  Wyede,  through  Scientific  American, 
says  the  manifestations  are  silly  ;  one  has  but  to  read  one  of  his  articles  to 
see  why  he  finds  them  so.  Dr  Hammond  published  an  article  in  which  he 


506 


tionized  the  world.  The  "  Spiritual  Manifestations  "  may,  or  may  not  be,  of 
equal  importance,  but  believing  them  to  be  of  God,  or  nature,  as  the  reader 
chooses,  and  that  they  may  be  made  useful,  I  at  least  shall  do  what  is  in  my 
power  to  ascertain  their  cause. 


POPULAR  SCIENCE. 

During  our  war  of  rebellion  the  idea  became  prevalent  that  our  flunkyism 
relative  to  English  opinion  would  be  cured  :  and  such  might  have  been  the 
case  had  it  not  been  for  a  great  change  in  the  management  of  our  leading  pa- 
pers. Previous  to  the  Avar,  writers  of  age,  talent,  and  experience  were  em- 
ployed thereon  ;  now,  through  motives  of  economy,  boys  take  the  place  of 
such.  The  former  never  quoted  the  Scientific  American  as  authority,  in  fact, 
never  quoted  it  at  all.  The  boy  writers  swallow  its  wonderful  statements 
unquestioned  ;  while  our  local'editor,  with  his  three  hundred  subscribers, 
made  up  of  those  who  advertise  "  pull-backs,"  codfish,  tin-ware  and  skillets, 
pulls  off  his  hat  in  reverence,  as  he  catches  sight  of  a  •'  New  Discovery,"  by 
Prof.  Tyndall,  or  "The  Mystery  Solved."  by  Prof.  Carpenter  ;  though  were 
he  a  reader  and  thinker,  he  would  readily  recognize  the  fact  that  both  dis- 
covery and  solution  were  old  a  hundred  "years  ago.  Look  at  the  following 
fresh  from  the  press,  and  which  fairly  represents  Air.  Tyndall  as  a  scientist. 

Fresh  Discovery  and  Practical  Suggestions. 

PROF.  TYNDALL  ON  HEAT. 

Having  caused  a  ball  of  lead  to  fall  from  the  roof  of  a  theater  on  to  a  stone,  he  drew 
the  ball  tip  again  and  IPT  it  down  gently  with  a  string  and  pulley.  The 

by  the  collision  in  the  first  instance  was  the  e 

his  finger  and  thumb,  and  in  the  string  in  the 

force  expended  in  dr.i wing  up  the  ball  was  made  obvious  by  causing  the  ball  to  be 
drawn  up  again  by  a  small  engine  worked  by  compressed  air.  The  exact  equivalent  of 
the  heat  evolved  by  a  quantity  of  coal,  completely  consumed  by  consumption  withoxy- 


t  liven  the 

velocity  of  "a  body,  the  heat  generated  by  the  destruction  of  that  velocity  could  be 
easily  calculate'!,  and  sometime  ago  he  was  led  to  the  conclusion  that  t 
a  rifle  bullet  would  produce  -iitliciem  heat  to  fuse  the  metal.  This 
proved  in  the  Franco-German  war,  when  bullets  which  had  been  stopped  by  contact 
with  a  bone  showed,  on  being  extracted,  undoubted  marks,  in  many  cases,  of  fusion. 
The  same  thing  had  also  been  illustrate,!  incidentally  in  the  experiments  with  gun-cot- 
ton at  Stowmarket. 

This  "  Fresh  Discovery"  was  a  part  of  the  stock  in  trade  of  a  gassy  lect- 
urer, named  Boynton,  who  traveled  the  country  some  thirty  years  since. 
He  elaborated  it,  however,  by  adding  that  the  "  average  laborer  consumes 
fourteen  ounces  of  carbon  per  day,  and  fourteen  ounces  of  carbon,  consumed 
by  a  man  or  a  steam  engine,  will  lift  the  same  weight  of  brick  to  a  given 
height."  The  statement  was  repeated  by  myself  to  an  old  physician,  then  of 
Worcester,  Mass.  "  Humph  :  "  was  his  rejoinder,  '•  heard  that  in  lectures  at 
college  when  I  was  a  boy."  Mr.  Tyndall  seems  to  be  a  sort  of  Rip  Van 
Winkle,  and  to  have  waked  from  a  nap  of  a  few  centuries.  A  few  years  since 
he  announced  that  he  had  discovered  that  heat  moves  in  waves.  That  fact 
was  a  theme  for  angry  discussion  among  stove  builders  a  half  century  since  : 
a  portion  favoring  the  use  of  sheet  iron  because  its  "  flexibility  caused  it  to 
throw  off  heat  in  more  rapid  waves  than  could  be  possible  with  its  more 
rigid  competitor,  cast  iron."  That  heat  moves  in  waves  is  a  fact  that  has 
been  perceptible  since  hot  surfaces  existed.  This  discovery  by  Mr.  Tyndail 
was  soon  followed  by  the  announcement  that  he  had  also  discovered  that 
motion  moves  in  waves,  which  could  hardly  seem  new  to  any  one  who  ever 
saw  the  ocean,  felt  the  waves  of  an  earthquake,  or  who,  as  a  boy,  ever  gave 
the  end  of  a  long  rope  a  flip,  thus  causing  a  wave  to  run  its  whole  length. 


The  Indian,  however,  who  has  watched  the  flight  of  an  arrow  or  lance,  may 
have  his  doubts  as  to  the  invariable  applicability  of  the  rule.  Not  long 
since,  the  editor  of  the  Scientific  American  urged  the  substitution  of  death 


by  electricity  for  that  of  hanging  ;    innocently  stating  that  Prof.  Tyndall, 
while  experimenting,  was  knocked  senseless  by  a  shock,  and  on  recovery  a 
nounced  the  fact  that  it  didn't  hurt,  thus  adding  another  to  his  charaetf 


prayer. 
with  its 


50? 


istic  discoveries.  Mr.  Tymlall  is  probably  more  generally  known  through 
his  "  Prayer  Gauge"  proposition,  than  in  any  other  way  ;  but  in  this  he  re- 
tained his  consistency.  It  would  be  difficult  to  find  a  boy  of  ten  who  has  not 
heard  very  positive  doubts  expressed  as  to  the  efficacy  of  prayer  ;  and  such 
doubts  have  been  expressed  by  writers  lor  more  than  two  thousand  years. 
"Can  the  Ethiopian  change  his  skin  or  the  leopard  his  spots,"  is  plain 
enough.  Franklin  was  equally  plain  when  he  suggested  that  it  would  save 
time  and  answer  the  same  purpose  to  ask  a  blessing  over  the  food  in  the  lump, 
when  it  was  housed  in  the  fall,  as  to  do  it  at  each  meal  daily.  Paine  in  his 
"  Age  of  Keasoii,"  Allen  in  his  "  Oracles  of  Reason,"  and  many  other  writers 
have  done  the  same.  Vet  it  is  hardly  likely  that  any  observant  person  has 
doubted  the  benefit  of  prayer  to  the  petitioner,  but  merely  that  the  Creator 
is  unlikely  to  change  his  laws  at  the  solicitation  of  individuals.  A  wish  is  a 
To  "  cry  "  is  to  pray.  The  new  born  child  utters  its  first  prayer 
its  first  breath,  and  probably  with  about  the  same  consciousness  of  its 
real  needs  as  have  those  who  make  the  most  show  of  praying.  Plato,  or 
i.n,.  .,f  his  friends,  once  remarked  :  "It  would  be  well  to 'hesitate  before 
praying,  as  the  gods  might  answer  the  prayer."  We"  may  readily  conceive 
that  things  would  become  smiewhai  tangled,  if  the  prayers',  even  of  a  single 
Sunday,  were  all  granted  Prayer,  or  striving  with  a  matter,  brings  recon- 
ciliation with  the  existing  conditions.  Moulton  showed  himself  to  be  a  close 
observer,  when  he  concluded  to  let  "  Theodore  write  himself  out,"  before 
trying  to  stop  his  proceedings.  Every  woman  feels  better  after  she  has  had 
her  "  good  cry."  We  all  pray;  quite  likely  Brother  Seventhly  would  not 
consider  our  prayers  orthodox,  but  that  is  not  important.  What  is  needed  is 
to  bo  more  real,  more  self-dependent.  Superficial  characters  like  Tyndall 
are  soon  forgotten.  Look  back  twenty-five  years,  and  learn  how  quickly  noted 
individuals,  who  have  no  real  claim  upon  humanity,  pass  from  memory. 
Twenty-five  years  ago  there  was  a  very  popular  man.  named  Kdward  Everett, 
who  went  loodling  round  the  country,  very  much  in  the  style  of  Tyndall  : 
that  is,  with  many  words  and  but  few  ideas.  Scarce  ten  years  have  passed 
since  his  death,  yet  he  is  nearly  forgotten,  and  is  sure  to  be  entirely  so  when 
the  generation  in  which  he  lived  has  passed  away.  Twenty-five  years  ago 
the  names  of  .lohn  Brown  and  Abraham  Lincoln  were  far  less  familiar  than 
they  are  likely  to  be  centuries  hence.  Twenty-five  years  ago  the  Tribune 
was  edited  by 'a  MAN.  and  though  issued  from  an  uimoticeable,  dingy,  old 
building,  every  one  was  asking  :  "  What  does  the  Tribune,  or  what  does 
Greeley  say  '.'  "  Now.  edited  by  a  sort  of  Tyndall,  and  advertised  by  its  tower- 
ing steeple,  that  rises  from  a  base  as  narrow  and  as  fiery  as  a  Cal  vin'ist's  creed, 
there  are  none  so  weak  as  to  ask  or  care  what  is  said  by  it  or  its  editor.  There 
is  hardly  a  person  in  the  country,  of  ordinary  intelligence,  who  would  be  at 
a  loss  for  a  reply,  if  asked  to  give  a  reason  why  the  memory  of  Franklin  is 
still  fresh  and  respected  :  yet  not  one  in  ten  thousand  of  the  persons  who 
would  be  influenced  thereby  could  give  any  reason  why  the  opinions  of  Profs. 
Tyndall  or  Carpenter  should  have  any  weight  in  this  country.  It  is  said 
these  two  persons  court  the  society  of  Mrs.  Lewes,  which  is  likely  to  be  the 
case,  for  these  gentlemen  are  very  anxious  to  shine,  even  if  they  have  to  do 
so  by  the  borrowed  light  from  a  woman.  And  it  has  recently  been  in  order 
for  nunkydom,  to  glorify  the  authoress  of  "  Daniel  Deronda . "  ;  but  if  any  mor- 
tal can  tell  why,  1,  for  one,  would  be  glad  to  learn.  I  have  worknl  my  way 
through  the  book  twice,  but  the  opinion  still  continues  with  me,  that  it  is  a 
mess  of  garrulous  twaddle,  and  deserves  to  sink  as  it  has  into  oblivion. 
Gwendolen, like  other  prostitutes,  sells  herself  for  a  consideration,  then  is  too 
shallow  either  to  accept  the  situation  or  to  fight  it  out.  Daniel  Deronda, 
though  voung.  has  the  wisdom  of  a  Solomon,  and  is  as  passionless  as  was  old 
David  in  his  dotage.  Faugh  !  What  a  world  this  would  be  if  filled  with 
Daniel  Derondas  !  There  is  one  point,  however,  in  which  the  work  should 
be  useful  to  us,  namely  :  Jf  the  most  intelligent  classes  of  England  are  so 
far  back  in  barbarism  in  relation  to  the  standing  of  woman,  as  indicated  by 
that  work  and  Keade's  "  Woman  Hater,"  then  this  country  certainly  has  no 
call  to  go  there  for  information  upon  any  subject  whatever,  or  to  be  tickled 
by  the  second  hand  clap-trap  that  is  published  in  the  Science  Monthly  over 
the  signatures  of  such  scientists  as  Tyndall  and  Carpenter. 


508 


Midnight  Musings. 

BY   WASHINGTON    IKYING. 

I  am  now  alone  in  my  chamber.  The  family  have  long  since  retired.  I 
have  heard  their  steps  die  away,  and  the  doors  clap  to  after  them.  The 
murmur  of  voices  and  the  peal  of  remote  laughter  no  longer  reach  the  ear. 
The  clock  from  the  church,  in  which  so  many  of  the  former  inhabitants  of 
this  house  lie  buried,  has  chimed  the  awful  hour  of  midnight. 

I  have  sat  by  the  window,  and  mused  upon  the  dusky  landscape,  watching 
the  lights  disappearing  one  by  one  from  the  distant  village  ;  and  the  moon, 
rising  in  her  silent  majesty,  and  leading  up  all  the  silver  pomp  of  heaven. 
As  1  have  gazed  upon  these  quiet  groves  and  shadowing  lawns,  silvered  ove 


,nd  imperfectly  lighted  by  streaks  of  dewy  moonshine,  my  mind  has  been 
crowded  by  "  thick  coming  fancies  "  concerning  those  spiritual  beings  which 

"  Walk  Hit- earth 
I'nsccii  l>olh  when  we  wake  and  When  we  sleep." 

Are  there,  indeed,  such  beings  ?  Is  this  space  between  us  and  the  Deity 
filled  up  by  innumerable  orders  of  spiritual  beings,  forming  the  same  grada- 
tions between  the  human  soul  and  divine  perfection  that  we  see  prevailing 
from  humanity  down  to  the  meanest  insect?  It  is  a  sublime  and  beautiful 
doctrine  inculcated  by  the  early  fathers,  that  there  are  guardian  angels  ap- 
pointed to  watch  over  cities  and  nations,  to  take  care  of  good  men,  and  to 
guard  and  guide  the  steps  of  helpless  infancy.  Kven  the  doc-trine  of  departed 
spirits  returning  to  visit  the  scenes  and  beings  which  were  dear  to  them  dur- 
ing the  bodies'  existence,  though  it  has  been  debased  by  the  absurd  supersti- 
tions of  the  vulgar,  in  itself  is  awfully  solemn  and  sublime. 

However  lightly  it  may  be  ridiculed,  yet  the  attention  involuntarily  yielded 
to  it  whenever  it  is  made  the  subject  of  serious  discussion,  and  its  prevalence 
in  all  ages  and  countries,  even  among  newly  discovered  nations  that  have  had 
no  previous  interchange  of  thought  with  other  parts  of  the  world,  prove  it  to 
be  one  of  those  mysterious  ami  instinctive  beliefs,  to  which,  if  left  to  our- 
selves, we  should  naturally  incline. 

In  spite  of  all  the  pride  of  reason  and  philosophy,  a  vague  doubt  will  still 
lurk  in  the  mind,  and  perhaps  will  never  be  eradicated,  as  it  is  a  matter  that 
does  not  admit  of  positive  demonstration.  Who  yet  has  been  able  to  compre- 
hend and  describe  the  nature  of  the  soul  ;  its  mysterious  connection  with  tin- 
body  ;  or  in  what  part  of  the  frame  it  is  situated?  We  know  merely  thai  it 
does  exist  :  but  whence  it  came,  and  when  it  entered  into  us,  and  how  it  is  re- 
tained, and  where  it  is  seated,  and  how  it  operates,  are  all  matters  of  mere 
speculation,  and  contradictory  theories.  If,  then,  we  are  thus  ignorant  of 
this  spiritual  essence,  even  while  it  forms  apart  of  ourselves,  and  is  contin- 
ually present  to  our  consciousness,  how  can  we  pretend  to  ascertain  or  deny 
its  powers  and  operations,  when  released  from  its  fleshly  prison-house? 

Everything  connected  with  our  spiritual  nature  is  full  of  doubt  and  diffi- 
culty. "  We  are  fearfully  and  wonderfully  made;  "  we  are  surrounded  by 
mysteries,  and  we  are  mysteries  even  to  ourselves.  It  is  more  the  manner  in 
which  this  superstition  has  been  degraded,  than  its  intrinsic  absurdity,  that 
has  brought  it  into  contempt.  Raise  it  above  the  frivolous  purposes  to 
which  it  has  been  applied,  strip  it  of  the  gloom  and  horror  with  which  it  has 
been  enveloped,  and  there  is  none,  in  the  whole  circle  of  visionary  creeds, 
that  could  more  delightfully  elevate  the  imagination,  or  more  tenderly  af- 
fect the  heart.  It  would  become  a  sovereign  comfort  at  the  bed  of  death, 
soothing  the  bitter  tear  wrung  from  us  by  the  agony  of  mortal  separation. 

What  could  be  more  consoling  than  the  idea  that  the  souls  of  those  we 
once  loved  were  permitted  to  return  and  watch  over  our  welfare? — that  af- 
fectionate and  guardian  spirits  sat  by  our  pillows  when  we  slept,  keeping  a 
vigil  over  our  most  helpless  hours? — that  beauty  and  innocence,  which  had 
languished  into  the  tomb,  yet  smiled  unseen  around1  us,  revealing  themselves 
in  those  blest  dreams  wherein  we  live  over  again  the  hours  of  past  endear- 
ments? A  belief  of  this  kind  would,  I  should  think,  be  a  new  incentive  to 
virtue,  rendering  us  circumspect,  even  in  our  most  secret  moments,  from  the 
idea  that  those  we  once  loved  and  honored  were  invisible  witnesses  of  all  our 


509 


It  would  take  away,  too,  from  that  loneliness  and  destitution  which  we 
are  apt  to  feel  more  and  more  as  we  get  OH  in  our  pilgrimage  through  the 
wilderness  of  this  world  and  tind  that  those  who  set  forward  with  us  lov- 
ingly and  cheerily  on  the  journey  have  one  by  one  dropped  away  from  our 
side.  Place  the  superstition  in  this  light,  and  1  confess  1  should  like  to  be 
a  believer  in  it.  I  see  nothing  in  it  that  is  incompatible  with  the  tender  and 
merciful  nature  of  our  religion,  or  revolting  to  the  wishes  and  affections  of 
the  heart. 

There  are  departed  beings  that  I  have  loved  as  I  never  again  shall  love  in 
this  world  ;  that  have  loved  me  as  I  never  again  shall  be  loved.  If  such  be- 
ings do  even  retain  in  their  blessed  spheres  the  attachments  which  they  felt 
on  earth  ;  if  they  take  an  interest  in  the  poor  concerns  of  transient  mortal- 
ity, and  are  permitted  to  hold  communion  with  those  whom  they  have  loved 
on  earth,  I  feel  as  if  now,  at  this  deep  hour  of  night,  in  this  silence  and  soli- 
tude, I  could  receive  their  visitation  with  the  most  solemn  but  unalloyed 
delight. 

In  truth,  such  visitations  would  be  too  happy  for  this  world  ;  they  would 
take  away  from  the  bounds  and  barriers  that  hem  us  in  and  keep  us  from 
each  other.  Our  existence  is  doomed  to  be  made  up  of  transient  embraces 
and  long  separations.  The  most  intimate  friendship—  for  what  brief  and 
scattered  portions  of  time  does  it  exist  !  We  take  each  other  by  the  hand  ; 
and  we  exchange  a  few  words  and  looks  of  kindness  ;  and  we  rejoice  together 
for  a  few  short  moments;  and  then  days,  months,  years  intervene,  and  we 
have  no  intercourse  with  each  other.  Or,  if  we  dwell  together  for  a  season, 
the  grave  soon  closes  its  gates,  and  cuts  off  all  further  communion  ;  and  our 
spirits  must  remain  in  separation  and  widowhood,  until  they  meet  again  in 
that  more  perfect  state  of  being,  where  soul  shall  dwell  with  soul,  and  there 
shall  be  no  such  thing  as  death,  or  absence,  or  any  other  interruption  of  our 
union. 


The  foregoing  is  taken  from  one  of  our  school  books  that  has  continued  in 
use  for  more  than  fifty  years,  which  would  seem  to  warrant  its  popularity.  It 
expresses  my  own  views  so  perfectly,  that  it  is  republished  as  an  introductory 
to  remarks  upon  the  modern  phase  of  the  same  subject.  It  is  now  generally 
admitted  by  the  intelligent,  that  whether  the  belief  in  spirit  communion  is 
or  is  not  well  founded,  at  least  there  are  strange  phenomena  connected 


therewith  that  demand  investigation.  At  the  same  time  there  is  a  shallow, 
ignorant,  loud-mouthed  class  that  derides  every  attempt  to  solve  the  mystery. 
The  press  pander  to  this  class  in  order  to  become  popular  therewith,  or  through 


natural  stupidity.  The  first  is  well  represented  in  the  Springfield  Republican, 
which  is  racy,  full  of  gossip,  but  every  article  seems  written  in  a  style  to  ren- 
der it  applicable  at  any  time  to  the  side  then  the  most  popular.  The  influence 
gained  by  such  a  course  seems  to  be  made  plain  in  the  fact,  that  at  the  deter- 
mination of  any  public  matter  that  paper,  almost  invariably,  stands  on  the 
losing  side.  Its  neighbor,  the  Union,  seems  to  fill  the  other  position.  Servile 
as  a  partisan,  dumb  with  astonishment  at  the  announcement  of  any  "  wonder- 
ful discovery  "  at  a  distance;  but  implacably  hostile  to  anything  near  by 
that  is  out  of  the  beaten  track,  though  it  may  be  readily  verified  by  personal 
observation.  Perhaps  a  "little  story"  will  best  illustrate.  In  my  young 
days,  a  neighbor  of  my  father  had  a  ram  of  such  combative  propensities  that 
he' was  kept  in  a  small  enclosure  surrounded  by  a  granite  wall.  It  was  soon 
understood  that,  before  making  a  charge,  he  took  aim,  then  closed  his  eyes  and 
went  it  blind  ;  so  that  it  was  fun  to  drop  inside,  make  a  few  "  Masonic  passes," 
then  look  out  for  the  rush  that  was  sure  to  follow,  when  prudence  dictated  a 
flank  movement  and  the  ram  would  bring  up  against  the  wall,  the  contact 
having  as  little  tendency  to  demolish  the  granite  as  to  enlighten  the  ram. 
But  the  strong  points  of  the  editors  of  such  papers  are  yearly  described  in  the 
stock  reports  of  our  cattle  shows,  and  it  is  useless  to  waste  space  upon  them 
here.  From  my  earliest  childhood  I  have  had  an  intense  desire  to  learn  the 
vhy  of  any  seeming  mystery,  and  I  believe  that  it  is  not  only  the  right,  but 


it  is  the  positive  duty  of  every  human  being  to  take  every  possible  opportunity 
y  desire  to  invent   "perpetual  motion."  or 

wanderings  and  investigating 
madejae  slow  to  limit  the  possibilities.     "  Table  tippings  "  seem  contrary  to 


to  do  so.     I  have  never  had  any  desire  to  invent   "perpetual  motion."  or 
seek   buried  treasures  ;  but  rny  wanderings  and  investigating  habits  have 


. 

the  laws  of  gravitation,  but  when  certified  to  by  so  many  they  deserve  con- 
sideration, because  they  have  a  bearing  upon  evidence  in  general.    Millions 


510 


of  lives  have  been  sworn  away  upon  the  tithe  of  evidence  that  can  be  pro- 
duced in  proof  of  the  verity  of  spirit  communion.  "  It  is  electricity  !  ''  shouts 
Mr.  Shallow.  Very  likely,  but  what  then?  What  is  electricity  ?  Suppose 
some  traveler,  out  of  breath,  should  rush  into  the  study  of  Prof  Slioooinks, 
who  has  calmly  settled  down  upon  this  electricity  hypothesis,  shouting  :  '•  Sir, 
sir  !  I  have  been  traveling  in  the  East  for  tive  years  to  find  out  about  the 
marks  that  were  placed  upon  the  ancient  structures,  and  have  discovered  all 
about  them."  •'  Glorious,"  answered  Snoodinks,  "  let  us  hear,  quick  !  " 
"  Why,  they  are  letters  or  words,''  says  our  discoverer.  Imagine  Snoodinks' 
look  of  disgust,  as  he  exclaims  :  "  Why,  you  infernal  donkey,  have  you  been 
traveling  nve  years  to  find  out  what  everybody  else  knew  ?  It  is  not  what 
they  are,  but  what  they  mean,  that  is  wanted."  So  of  the  phenomena  con- 
nected with  spiritualism.  1  have  seen  tables  walk  up  and  down  stairs,  around 
the  house,  give  communications,  etc.,  etc.  "  O,  you  were  mesmerized." 
Possibly,  but  if  mesmerized  in  this,  why  r.ot  in  other  matters  V  What  value  is 
there  in  evidence  ?  This  matter  has  a  very  important  bearing  in  the  every-day 
affairs  of  this  life,  and  the  judge  or  juror  who  fails  to  improve  every  oppor- 
tunity to  gain  information  upon  the  phase  of  our  system  that  may  have  such 
an  important  influence,  in  my  opinion,  is  criminally  negligent  ;  and  a  doctor 
who  neglects  to  inform  himself  upon  the  matter  may  well  turn  back  to 
Hippocrates  for  information,  and  it  will  depend  more  upon  luck  than  his  skill 
if  seventeen  out  of  forty-two  of  his  patients  recover,  as  was  the  case  with 
Hippocrates.  My  study  of  the  subject  ha-s  had  more  to  do  with  its  physical 
than  spiritual  bearing,  still  i  have  studied  the  latter  sufficiently  to  know 
that  it  offers  the  best  evidence  extant,  that  this  life  is  but  a  prelude  to  an- 
other. It  seems  strange  to  me  that  Brother  Nehemiah  cannot  see  that  in 
denouncing  spiritualism  he  is  only  injuring  his  own  cause,  and  is  only  hasten- 
ing the  time  when  his  hearers  will  become  confirmed  materialists.  Only 
his  conceited  blindness  prevents  him  from  seeing  that  the  lady  who  is  so  atten- 
tive, while  he  is  sniveling  and  declaiming  in  his  weak  way,  is  only  looking  at 
some  other  lady's  "  pull-back,"  with  the  intention  of  copying  or  criticising  it ; 
she  neither  knows  nor  cares  anything  about  what  he  is  saying.  She  goes  to 
meeting  from  habit,  and  to  show  her  own  or  to  see  how  others  are  dressed. 

Let  her  lose  her  loved  ones,  then  his  twaddle  becomes  husks,  and  she 
seeks  more  tangible  evidence  of  an  hereafter  where  she  shall  meet  them 
again.  Were  he  of  even  average  intellect  he  would  respect  the  sorrows  of 
such  ;  his  devil  theory  denotes  his  calibf  r,  and  is  just  suitable  for  grannies  in 
breeches.  After  twenty  years  and  more  of  investigation,  I  cannot  accept  the 
spiritual  theory  as  a  solution  of  the  mystery,  though  it  may  prove  much  that 
is  claimed  by  the  spiritualists,  and  1  think  it  does,  but  it  is  a  broader  matter, 
it  covers  our  life  here.  If  it  is  electricity,  it  is  time  to  try  and  find  out  what 
electricity  is.  It  has  happened  that  for  more  than  a  year  past  1  have  had  this 
power  in  my  own  family,  and  have  had  a  chance  to  study  it  at  leisure,  not  in 
the  dark  particularly  but  in  any  of  the  twenty-four  hours  of  the  day.  To  rm 
it  seems  to  be,  our  life  that  flows  through  our  body  operating  it  as  a  river  oper- 
ates a  mill.  The  mill  or  the  body  may  decay  but' this  power  or  the  river  flowv 
on  forever.  We  have  abundance  of  communications  which  are  quite  as  likely 
to  purport  to  come  from  those  who  prove  to  be  living  as  from  those  who  have 
"gone  before."  We  are  not  mediums,  nor  do  we  exhibit  this  power  for 
money  or  to  the  merely  curious,  but  whenever  at  leisure  we  are  always  happy 
to  have  intelligent  seekers  call  for  the  purpose  of  witnessing  its  effect  and 
operation. 


TABLE  TIPPINGS. 


In  the  last  issue  of  the  Reporter  the  fact  was  mentioned  that  for  months 
past  we  have  had  what  are  termed  Table  Tippiiif/s  in  my  family.  The  state- 
ment attracted  more  attention  than  was  expected,  and  many  who  laughed  at 
the  matter  a  few  years  since  have  expressed  a  desire  to  know  more  of  my  ex- 
perience. Great  indignation  is  often  expressed  by  the  believers  in  Spiritual- 
ism, because  scientists  do  not  investigate  the  manifestations,  but  that  is  not 
so  easy  to  do  as  may  at  first  appear  ;  peculiar  conditions  are  required  ;  then 
there  are  few  public  mediums  willing  to  be  thoroughly  investigated  :  beyond 
this,  real  scientists,  like  Franklin,  are  scarce.  He,  silly  man,  believed  in- 
vestigation should  precede  decision  ;  but  the  popular  scientists  of  to-day  are 


511 


so  wise  that  anything  new  is  at  once  condemned.  If  facts  prove  them  to  be  in 
error,  they  damn  thv  facts ;  apian  that  saves  trouble,  but  one  unlikely  to  lead 
to  discoveries  of  importance.  Much  has  been  said  about  Agassi/'s  refusal  to 
investigate  the  subject,  but  Mr.  Agassiz  was  simply  a  specialist,  puffed  up 
with  conceit  through  our  adulation.  That  he  was  a  weak-minded  man  is  evi- 
dent from  the  following  extract  taken  from  his  own  statement  :— 

EXPERIENCE  OF  PROF.  AGASSIZ,  GIVEN  BY 
HIMSELF  TO  KEY.  C.  H.  TOWNSHEND. 

"  Desirous  of  knowing  what  to  think  of  animal  magnetism.  1  for  a  long  time  sought 
an  opportunity  ot  making  some  experiments  in  regard  to  it  upon  myself, 'so  as  to  avoid 
the  doubts  \\hieh  might  arise  mi  the  nature  ol  the  sensations  which'  we  ha\e  heard  de- 
scribed by  magnetized  persons.  .M.Desor,  yesterday,  in  a  visit  which  lie  made  to 
Berne,  invited  .M  r.  Tow  nsheun.w  ho  had  pre\  iouslj  magneii/cd  him,  to  accompany  him 
to  Neuchatel  and  try  to  mai'iietix.e  me.  These  gentlemen  arrived  here  w  ilh  the  ev'cniii" 
courier,  ami  informed  me  61  their  arrival.  At  eight  o'clock  1  went  to  them.  We  con- 
tinued at  supper  till  halt-past  nine  o'clock,  and  about  ten  .Mr.  Townshend  commenced 
operating  on  me.  While  we  sat  opposite  to  one  another,  he  in  the  first  place  onlv  took 
hold  of  my  ham  Is  and  looked  at  me  lived  ly.  I  was  lirmh  resol\ed  lo  arrive  at  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  t  null,  whatever  it  might  be  ;aml  therelore  the  moment  I  saw  him  endeavor- 
ing to  exert,  an  act  ion  i ,,  n,e  i  silentlj  addressed  the  Anl.hor  of  all  things,  beseeching 

him  to  give  me  the  power  '.:.  resist  the  influence. 

.  "  AC.  ASS IX." 

Think  of  a  grown-up  man  praying  that  he  may  be  able  to  resist  the  proof 
of  a  fact  ;  it  puts  one  in  mind  of  the  tramp  seeking  work,  and  praying  to  God 
that  he  may  not  find  it.  We  hear  too  much  of  men  who  have  gained  popu- 
larity through  the  puffing  of  those  who  wish  to  make  themselves  known 
thereby.  We  know  that  the  scientific  men  of  England  proved  the  impossi- 
bility of  tunnels  like  that  of  the  Thames,  of  railroads,  telegraphs  ;  in  fact 


, 

the  impracticability  of  anything  new.  England  owes  her  greatness  toiler 
mechanics,  and  would  hardly  miss  them  if  her  whole  clique"  of  popular  sci- 
entists should  emigrate.  What  do  we  know  of  the  abilities  of  such  men  as 


. 

Huxley,  Tyndall,  and  Carpenter,  or  care  what  they  say  ?  We  see  millions  of 
foreigners,  and  as  a  mass  know  them  t»  be  much  lower,  intellectually,  than 
our  own  people  :  is  it  likely  that  countries  that  produce  so  much  ignorance, 
produce  the  greatest  thinkers  ?  See  what  an  Englishman  says  :  — 

"  Not  only  in  oratory  is  the  American  the  superior  of  the  Englishman.  You  excel  us 
in  oysters,  In  corn  bread,  in  sweet  potatoes,  in  canvas-back  ducks,  and,  I  venture  to 
say,  in  kindliness  and  hospitality.  In  intellect,  1  take  it,  we  are  about  level  ;  but 
doubt  whether  you  give  yours  I  nll'play.  It  you  did,  you  would  depend  upon  vour- 
selves."-yi.  L.  "Farjvn,;  Aeu,  Yor/c  Speech. 

And  why  do  we  not  depend  upon  ourselves?  We  are  taxed  heavily  for 
schools  in  'which  to  give  all  an  education.  Are  those  schools  a  failure  :'  If  so, 
is  it  not  time;  that  the  howl  of  the  insatiate  teacher  for  more  pay  should 
cease  v  Many  of  our  papers  assume  the  rfile  of  teacher,  but  their  writers  are 
usually  mere  machines  that  run  in  well  worn  ruts  ;  one  of  these  in  the 
Springfield  Republican  writes  substantially  as  follows  :  "  Herbert  Spencer, 
probably  the  greatest  thinker  of  the  age.  expresses  the  opinion  that  the 
marriage  relation  of  to-day  is  not  likely  to  lie  considered  desirable  in  the  not 
distant  future."  This  stale  idea  that  was  common  with  Lycurgus,  still  later 
with  Plato,  and  has  been  entertained  by  hundreds  of  communistic  societies. 
the  theme  of  innumerable  lectures  and  the  practice  of  the  Oneida  commu- 
nity for  forty  years,  is  given  as  proof  of  originality.  The  Republican  gushes 
with  adulation.  The  "  Great  Dr.  Hammond  "  is  one  of  its  superior  idols. 
Will  it  inform  its  renders  whether  the  said  Poctor  as  Surgeon  General  was 
ignominiously  expelled  from  the  army  ;  if  so,  is  his  assertion  that  Spiritual- 
ism is  a  humbug,  and  its  so-called  manifestations  the  result  of  trickery,  of 
any  account  when  placed  against  that  of  so  many  quite  n»  intelligent  as  him- 
self who  believe  to  the  contrary  ?  It  is  easy  for  a  noisy  person  to  find  follow- 
ers, and  a  single  rowdy  will  make  more  noise  than  is  made  by  a  thousand 
intelligent  persons  :  consequently,  it  is  m>  proof  that  Spiritualism  is  unpopu- 
lar, because  a  few  ignorant  persons  shout  humbug.  The  one  witness  in  court 
that  swears  positively  to  have  seen  a  crime  committed  would  have  more 
weight  than  a  thousand  who  should  swear  that  they  did  not  see  it,  yet  it  is 
the  ignorant  and  prejudiced  who  have  not,  seen,  that  are  the  most  strenuous 
in  shouting  humbug  in  relation  to  the  spiritual  manifestations.  Fifteen 
years  ago  the  professional  exposer  drew  full  houses;  now  he  soon  has  to 


512 


pawn  his  traps  in  order  to  get  away  from  his  last  place  of  exhibition.  One 
fact  that  is  open  to  all  should  attract  the  attention  of  the  intelligent  ;  we 
know  that  such  men  as  Sunnier,  Beecher,  Agassiz  and  others  have  spent 
months  in  preparing  a  lecture  that  is  given  a  hundred  times,  yet  Cora  L.  V. 
Hatch,  I  hat  teas,  who  is  certainly  not  remarkably  talented,  will  take  the  same 
subject  given  to  her  as  she  rises  to  speak,  and  give  as  polished  and  profound 
lecture  as  those  who  have  taken  months  to  prepare  it.  It  would  not  be  de- 
sirable to  have  any  one  believe  simply  because  others  do  so,  but  when  men 
like  Abraham  Lincoln,  William  H.  Seward,  and  others  of  the  same  abilities 
accept  Spiritualism  as  a  fact,  it  certainly  cannot  be  derogatory  to  those  who 
think  less  to  consider  the  subject  fairly.  My  attention  was  called  to  what 
were  termed  "  table  tippings  "  soon  after  the  Fox  sisters  made  their  debut, 
but  it  was  not  my  lot  to  meet  with  anything  of  the  kind  i'or  a  number  of 
years  that  caused  me  to  look  upon  the  subject  with  favor.  "  Table  tipping  " 
violated  the  law  of  gravitation,  and  my  faith  in  that  law  was  positive.  In 
1865,  Horatio,  William,  and  Mary  Eddy  were  at  my  house  in  Lowe!',  Mass., 
five  days,  each  evening  giving  public  stances  to  large  audiences  in  Mechanics' 
Hall.  At  those  exhibitions  the  laws  of  gravitation  and  cohesion  seemed  of 
little  account.  The  mediums  were  ironed  by  the  police,  but  it  made  no  dif- 
ference ;  hundreds  of  feet  of  cordage  were  used  in  tying  each  medium  sepa- 
rately, then  together,  to  staples  in  their  cabinet.  They  were  literally  wound 
over  as  a  woman  winds  a  rag  in  a  ball  of  yarn,  but  their  coats  would  be  taken 
off  from  under  all  of  this  cordage,  or  put  on  in  the  same  way  in  fifteen  sec- 
onds after  being  shut  into  their  cabinet.  Sewing  the  knots  made  no  differ- 
ence, for  the  cords  and  knots  were  invariably  the  same  throughout  the 
seance  as  when  first  tied.  I  have  had  much  experience  in  handling  cordage 
at  sea,  and  in  other  business,  and  have  tied  many  mediums,  but  so  far  have 
never  succeeded  in  tying  one  so  but  what  the  cords  would  come  off  at  re- 
quest. I  have  had  to  do  with  nearly  all  of  the  mediums  of  note  known  in 
the  Eastern  States,  and  as  a  general  thing  have  not  had  cause  through  the 
acquaintance  to  respect  them,  and  have  often  wondered  why  such  remarka- 
ble gifts  are  given  to  such  low  characters  ;  but  the  beautiful  pond-lily 
springs  from  the  slimy  depths  of  the  frog.  pond.  1  have  spent  hours  in  pri- 
vate with  professional  exposers,  have  seen  excellent  imitations,  but  the  ob- 
server who  has  seen  the  real  and  imitation  and  cannot  see  the  difference 
must  be  dull  indeed.  There  would  be  no  lack  of  exposers  if  the  real  mediums 
could  explain  the  modus  operandi,  for  there  are  few  of  the  noted  ones,  in 
my  opinion,  who  would  not  for  a  consideration  readily  act  as  such.  I  have 
itnessed  nearly  all  of  the  various  manifestations  that  have  been  described, 


and  shall  briefly  mention  a  few.  Sitting  with  Slade  in  New  York,  the  slate 
was  not  held  up  against  the  table  but  a  foot  below.  /  saw  the  writing  a»%  i 
was  done,  each  letter  and  line,  but  no  hand  or  other  means  of  operating  th 


pencil  could  be  seen,  though  at  request  a  hand  was  twice  shown  above  the 
table,  seemingly  an  Indian  hand;  it  was  noon  and  the  sun  shining  on  the 
table  at  the  time.  While  the  writing  was  being  done  there  was  such  a  strain 
downwards  that  it  surprised  me  that  the  frame  was  not  stripped  from  the 
slate.  Watkins,  the  slate  writer,  probably  as  little  of  a  man  and  as  much  of 
a  medium  as  has  yet  been  developed,  was  at  my  home  a  week  ;  he  placed  a 
bit  of  pencil  upon  a  slate  and  then  turned  another  slate  of  the  same  si/.e 
upon  the  first  ;  each  of  us  held  an  end  of  the  slates  together  :  in  a  moment 
the  pencil  was  heard  to  move  as  though  writing  ;  soon,  three  light  taps  were 
heard,  then  the  slates  were  pushed  toward  me,  Watkins  not  even  looking  at 
them  ;  on  opening  them  the  following  message,  plainly  written,  was  found  : 
'•.)(//  dear  friend,  f  come  to  you  to  let  you  know  that  I  live.  Ansel  Cain."  Mr. 
Cain  was  not  an  intimate  friend  of  mine,  though  we  had  conversed  upon  the 
subject  of  Spiritualism,  and  he  had  given  me  the  impression  that  he  doubted 
a  future  existence,  though  he  evidently  desired  such.  The  communication 
was  copied  at  the  time,  as  were  the  following  which  were  given  immediately 
afterwards  :  "  My  dear  brother,  I  am  alad  to  see  i/ou  here  this  morning,  and 
hope  you  will  believe  that  this  is  me.  Moses  W.  E."  "My  dear  papa,  I  will 
come  to  you  again  some  day  .  lam  happy,  so  is  mother.  God  bless  you  all. 
Your  loving  daughter,  ffnt>ie."  Of  the  source  of  the  communications  others 
may  judge.  That  they  came  as  stated,  I  know.  Numerous  communications 
of  a  similar 


nature  were  received  by  myself  and  others  through  Mr.  Watkins 
while  he  was  at  my  house.  He  got  them  anywhere  that  he  made  the  at- 
tempt, out  on  the  door  steps,  in  the  bushes.  I  saw  him  get  one  in  a  smok- 


513 


ing-car  on  the  Boston  anct  Aloany  Kailt  o^Ki*  ti*«-  oommonicatic^  .,,*•.  jjofct 
always  of  a  spiritual  nf^i'C"^.  but  suob  as  they  were,  aii>  one  that  would  pay 
could  have  them,  and  considering  the  way  they  were  given  hardly  any  one 
mentally  higher  than  an  idiot  could  have  been  tricked  thereby.  Mrs.  Hun- 
toon  (Mary  Eddy)  was  invited  to  my  house  for  the  gratification  of  iny  owa 
family  and  special  friends.  Numerous  hands  and  faces  were  shown,  instru- 
ments were  played  upon,  then  passed  out  to  the  audience.  One  woman,  or 
form  of  a  woman,  came  out  into  the  room,  showed  her  night-cap  and  dress  of 
ancient  days,  then  voices,  shouts,  and  a  pistol  shot.  "Oh,  so  low!  "ex- 
claims the  high  toned.  Certainly,  they  have  always  been  so  ;  think  of  the 
frogs,  vermin,  turning  rods  into  snakes,  water  into  wine,  etc.  Yes,  but  why 
not  do  them  in  the  light  ?  Sure  enough,  why  was  the  earth  created  in  dark- 
ness ;  why  did  God  require  a  bush  as  a  cabinet  when  he  appeared  to  Moses, 
or  a  cloudy  pillar  at  the  door  of  the  Tabernacle  ?  Why  did  the  angels  come 
to  Lot  in  the  evening,  or  release  the  Apostles  in  darkness  ?  The  Christian 


fabric  rests  upon  dreams  and  darkness  ;  the  veil  was  rent  and  saints  roae 
from  their  graves  in  the  dark  ;  the  Ascension  was  in  a  cloud  ;  a  kernel  Of 
grain,  or  the  roots  of  a  tree,  require  darkness  from  which  to  produce  mani- 
festations of  growth  and  life  ;  the  body  commences  and  obtains  its  form  in 
darkness,  receives  the  spirit  or  life  in  darkness.  Is  it  strange  then  that  cer- 
tain phases  of  the  manifestations  require  darkness  ?  Only  the  shallow  minded 
will  be  surprised  at  the  fact.  After  our  seance  I  happened  into  the  kitchen 
where  I  found  Mrs.  Huntoon  looking  around  that  part  of  the  room  where 
the  cabinet  had  stood  and  saying  to  herself,  "  1  do  wish  I  could  find  wheif 
the  bullet  goes  to,"  which  caused  me  to  ask  if  a  ball  cartridge  was  dig- 
charged  from  the  pistol  the  previous  evening*  "  Yes,  \ve  always  use  regular 
cartridges,"  was  her  reply,  which  seemed  decMedly  interesting.  Her  pistol 
was  called  for  and  cleaned.  Then  from  her  supply  of  cartridges  I  loaded  its 
seven  chambers,  placed  it  in  a  small  empty  closet,  put  a  guitar,  bell,  and 
tambourine  with  it,  then  hung  a  curtain  at  the  door,  after  which  Mrs.  Hun- 
toon's  hands  were  tied  behind  her  and  as  secure  as  I  could  tie  them.  My  as- 
sistant "  Charla  "  sewed  the  knots  firmly  with  thread.  Four  chairs  were 
placed  in  front  of  the  curtain  for  the  family,  then  Mrs.  Huntoon  took  a  seat 
m  the  closet,  and  in  less  than  ten  seconds,  hands  and  a  face  were  shown 
through  the  curtain,  all  of  the  instruments  were  played  upon,  then  bang, 
bang,  went  the  pistol,  and  a  third  time  at  my  request.  Immediately  after 
the  third  discharge,  the  medium  stepped  out  to  the  light,  tied  exactly  as 
when  she  entered  ;  not  a  sign  of  a  bullet  mark  could  be  found.  I  took  the 
pistol  and  discharged  another  cartridge  at  the  floor  of  the  closet  ;  the  bullet 
from  that  is  plain  enough  to  be  seta.  T-b'1  medium  was  then  asked  to  step 
into  the  closet  and  have  the  spirit..  UBtte  'ier,  which  was  done  while  I  was 
taking  my  watch  from  my  pocket  in  onic'i  i<>  time  the  untying.  It  certainly 
was  not  one  second  in  being  done.  As  no  mention  is  made  of  the  fact  that 
the  discharged  bullets  cannot  be  found,  it  can  hardly  be  considered  a  trick. 
Never  bother,  however,  to  tie  a  medium  ;  trust  to  the  production  ;  if  the  me- 
dium is  tied,  note  the  time  required  for  any  manifestation,  and  whether 
there  has  been  an  effort  in  the  production  ;  the  real  medium  keeps  cool,  the 
exposer  is  often  covered  with  perspiration  through  his  struggles.  Suppose  a 
letter  is  written  to  a  spirit  friend  to  be  answered  by  Mansfield,  write  as  fol- 
lows :  "  My  dear  friend,  give  me  some  test  by  which  I  may  know  that  I  am 
in  communication  with  you."  Do  this  mechanically,  keeping  your  mind 
upon  other  matters,  and  be  sure  to  have  no  thought  of  what  the  test  is  to 
be  ;  if  this  is  done,  sealing  the  letter  is  of  no  account,  and  the  writer  will  be 
more  fortunate  than  myself  if  anything  satisfactory  is  received.  In  a  dark 
circle  where  hands  are  felt,  observe  closely  whether  the  movements  are  like 
those  of  a  person  groping  in  the  dark,  or  every  attempt  is  accomplished 
without  blundering.  I  have  tried  hard  to  study  the  manifestations  carefully 
and  candidly,  but  to  do  it  advantageously  requires  the  regular  attendance 
at  stated  hours  of  several  persons,  and  it  is  not  easy  to  find  such.  It  is  gen- 
erally supposed  that  an  intermingling  of  the  sexes  is  necessary,  but  that  is 
not  certain.  I  have  often  entertained  theories  about  the  matter  that  hare 
as  often  been  dispelled;  whatever  the  power,  if  an  appointment  is  made  it  is 
kept  without  fail,  even  if  forgotten  by  the  earthly  party  interested  ;  one  mo- 
ment we  have  what  seems  absolute  proof  of  spirit  communion,  the  next 
something  is  given  that  makes  the  matter  doubtful.  We  have  abundance  of 
«ommunicatious,  often  two  try  *o  communicate  at  the  same  time,  mixing  th« 


514 


letters  as  would  be  done  by  two  telegraph  wires  getting  twisted  together.  We 
are  now  using  our  sixth  table,  live  having  been  destroyed.  Table  tipping 
but  poorly  expresses  the  movements  with  us,  and  no  person  with  a  particle 
of  the  true  scientist  about  him  could  fail  to  be  interested  in  the  ever-chang- 
ing movements.  My  wife,  her  sister,  and  myself  constitute  the  sitters  :  we 
simply  place  our  hands  upon  the  table  without  any  attempt  to  control  its 
movements.  It  travels  through  the  house,  up  stairs  or  down,  swings  upon 
my  head  and  shoulders  and  rushes  me  backwards,  and  in  darkness  through 
rooms  and  doors  without  touching  a  casing,  though  the  table  is  nearly  as 
wide  as  the  doors,  or  perhaps  it  will  bear  down  until  it  crushes  me  to  the 
floor.  I  think  it  can  press  down  three  hundred  pounds.  Sometimes  while 
I  am  sitting  in  a  chair  it  will  swing  on  to  my  back,  hook  its  legs  to  my 
chair  and  turn  me  around  or  drag  me  along,  or  perhaps  tip  me  over,  then 
drag  me  on  the  carpet.  A  recent  freak  was  to  tip  itself  over,  then  pick  up 
the  chairs  on  its  legs,  call  for  the  alphabet,  spell  out  "  confusion,"  then  dis- 
engage itself  from  the  chairs,  set  them  upright  in  place.  Any  movement  is 
made  just  as  well  in  the  blackest  darkness  as  in  the  light.  It  will  move 
quickly  to  the  window  and  tap  the  glass  rapidly  without  injury,  though  it  is 
so  dark  that  nothing  can  be  seen.  Its  communications  are  as  varied  as  is 
our  conversation.  My  boy  was  asleep  ;  the  question  was  asked,  "  Do  you 
know  where  Jimmie  is?"  "  Yes,  his  body  is  up  stairs,  his  mind  is  wander- 
ing through  immensity."  To  the  question,  "  Why  do  we  get  so  many  unre- 
liable communications  ?"  was  answered  by  those  purporting  to  be  special 
friends,  "  IVhen  we  u-ithdraw  our  control  it  leaves  you  open  to  the  influence  or 
elements  of  which  i/ou  know  not."  I  spanked  my  boy  one  evening  because  he 

was  raising  the  d 1  generally.     On  returning  to  the  table   where  another 

person  and  myself  had  been  sitting  it  gave  me  a  hearty  thump,  knocking  me 
against  the  wall  and  handled  me  very  roughly,  which  caused  me  to  laugh, 
as  its  force  could  be  calculated.  My  laughter  seemed  objectionable  for 
it  immediately  whirled  itself  into  the  hall  and  dashed  its  corners  into  the 
walls-the  marks  still  remain.  Being  pitched  back  into  the  kitchen  it  tipped 
on  end,  called  for  the  alphabet  and  spelled  out  as  follows  :  '"Learn  patience 
and  discretion  with  your  child  or  you  will  be  the  sufferer." 

One  evening  a  gentleman  was  anxious  to  get  the  full  name  of  one  whose 
initials  had  been  given  ;  he  had  urged  for  some  time,  when  the  alphabet 
was  called  for,  and  what  purported  to  be  the  spirit  of  another  person  spelled 
out,  "She  is  gone  away."  '-Who  isshe '.' "  was  our  inquiry.  "  Theone  whose 
name  is  desired,"  was  the  reply.  "  Well,  can't  you  give  it?"  was  then  asked. 
"No."  "  Why,  don't  the  spirits  all  know  each  other  ?  "  we  asked.  The  al- 
phabet was  called  for,  seemingly  impatiently,  and  it  spelled  out,  "Do  you 
know  all  that  come  to  the  telegraph  office  ?  "  The  table  calls  for  the  alphabet 
by  two  peculiar  upward  movements,  but  how  those  and  other  peculiarities 
were  understood  by  us  is  not  positively  known,  but  I  think  through  impres- 
sions. We  have  hundreds  of  communications,  each  characteristic  of  its  pur- 
ported source,  all  of  which  can  be  reconciled  with  the  spiritualistic  claim  ; 
if  the  spirit  life  is  but  a  continuation  of  this,  the  only  change  being  separa- 
tion from  the  body,  which  has  been  used  as  a  cabinet  or  cage  in  this  life, 
and  in  the  same  way,  the  strange  and  unreliable  communications  are  ivad- 
ily  accounted  for.  Jf  a  business  man  should  put  up  a  speaking  tube  from  his 
place  of  business  to  a  distant  city,  leaving  the  distant  end  open  to  the  public, 
the  gamins  would  be  likely  to  send  him  queer  messages  occasionally.  Much 
has 'been  said  in  derision  about  Frank  J.  Baxter  and  the  "Abe  Bunter"  mat- 
ter, Tmt  that  is  not  an  uncommon  phase  though  it  adds  to  the  mystery.  I 
will  give  a  case  in  my  own  experience  almost  identical,  and  for  which  there 
is  abundance  of  evidence  to  substantiate  the  fact  if  necessary.  I  shall  give 
the  particulars  literally,  that  the  case  may  be  clearly  understood.  I  was 
experimenting,  asking  questions,  which  were  answered'  by  a  phinchette,  pur- 
porting to  be  controlled  by  my  mother  ;  many  questions  had  been  answered, 
but  in  such  a  set  way  that  they  were  unsatisfactory  ;  finally  I  asked,  "Mother, 
do  you  know  where  Mr.  Buck  is  now?"  "  Yes,  he  is  here."  "  Oh  !  no,  no, 
mother,  that  won't  do,  Mr.  Buck  is  not  dead."  "Yes,  lie  is,  he  died  four 
months  ago."  I  did  not  believe  it,  but  wrote  the  next  morning  to  my  daugh- 
ter at  Lebanon,  N.  H.,  requesting  her  to  ascertain  Mr.  Buck's  whereabouts, 
giving  no  intimation  of  my  reason  for  desiring  her  to  do  so.  In  a  day  or  two 
her  reply  came  and  was  as  follows  :  "  Cousin  Isa  was  at  Newport  'about  a 
month  ago,  and  while  there  news  came  that  Mr.  Suck  was  dead,  and  had  been 


515 


dead  three  months,"  certainly  seeming  good  proof  of  spirit  communion.  Yet, 
Mr.  Buck  was  living  at  the  time,  and  is  yet,  I  believe.  If  placed  upon  a  jury 
to  decide  the  question  of  spirit  communion  my  verdict  would  be  "Not 
proven  ":  still  proof  of  the  fact  that  seems  almost  positive  may  be  obtained 
in  abundance,  but  that  almost  invariably  stands  in  the  way.  That  the  sub- 
ject is  of  more  importance  than  that  of  any  discovery  which  has  been  made  for 
thousand  years  is  my  firm  belief  ;  in  my  opinion,  it  is  aur  life,  and  offers  the 
key  to  life  and  health  ;  the  force  that  tips  the  table  moves  our  limbs  and 
bodies,  operating  our  movements  as  a  river  operates  a  mill,  continuing  with 
us  from  the  birth  of  the  spirit  through  eternity;  our  brains  are  simply  in- 
struments through  which  we  receive  ideas  as  tunes  are  rendered  by  a  piano, 
the  average  mind  receiving  ideas  as  water  flows  into  a  hole  to  the  general 
his 


level,  the  thinker  pumps  his  higher  and  becomes  the  advanced  leader  Th 
infidel  Paine,  of  177<>,  was  but  the  Unitarian  of  1876.  The  "  Autocrat  of  the 
Breakfast  Table  "  radical  twenty  years  since  is  accepted  by  the  multitude 
to-day.  The  manifestations,  however,  seem  more  the  reflections  of  the  past, 
than  representations  of  spirit  life  of  the  future.  We  can  readily  decide 
whether  we  see  the  reflection  of  an  object  in  a  perfect  mirror,  or  the  object 
itself  through  plate  glass,  though  exactly  the  same  view  may  be  presented  in 
either  case  ;  yet  it  might  not  be  easy  to  explain  the  difference.  It  is  a  prac- 
tice of  writers  to  lay  out  a  general  plan  of  a  work,  then  to  smooth  up  and 
fill  in  the  details  as  it  is  written  out.  The  completed  "  Edwin  Drood  "  of 


completed 

Dickens  by  the  spiritual  medium,  I  believe  to  be  the  rough  sketch  of  Dick- 
ens in  this  life.  That  spirits  of  murdered  persons  do  not  return  and  expose 
their  murderers  is  strong  presumptive  proof  that  such  return  is  impossible  ; 
for,  notwithstanding  all  that  can  be  said  about  the  spirits  not  believing  in 
hanging,  etc.,  it  is  universally  conceded  that  prevention  is  better  than  cure, 
and  if  the  fact  were  once  established  that  exposure  was  probable  through 
the  spirit's  return  it  would  act  as  the  strongest  preventative.  The  following 
extract  from  a  lecture  on  the  "  Law  of  Influence  "  seems  deserving  of  con- 
sideration :  — 

"  May  not  that  energy  known  as  electricity  l»e  the  universal  medium  for  the  applica- 
tion of  the  creative  and  reproductive  lorcc  or  influence  to  matter  ?  It  not  only  conveys 
the  signs  of  thought  through  the  telegraph  and  telephone  ;  it  also  transmits  out  thought- 
force  wit  hour  thought-touch  through  nerve  and  muscle  io  our  hands  and  feet.  On  the 
same  principle  the  thought-force  \\ith  the  touch  of  the  Creator  through  this  electric 
hand  may  extend  constantly  to  each  world  and  to  every  atom  of  material  organism." 

That  there  is  a  force  that  produces  strange  manifestations  is  a  fact  too  well 
established  to  allow  of  its  being  ignored,  and  the  proper  course  would  seem 
to  be  to  grapple  with  it  and  solve  its  nature  :  to  its  spiritual  bearing  1  have 
given  but  little  attention,  though  the  following  lines  express  my  own  feel- 
ings upon  that  point  :  — 

Oh  shades  of  loved  ones  gone  before! 

Do  you  still  exist  on  some  unKiiou  n  shore? 
In  a  brighter  land  and  advanced  state, 
Where  souls  liom  earth  with  angels  mate, 
Where  free  from  pain  and  earthly  strife, 


The  soul  aspires  for  a  higher  life, 
Where  a  purer  love  to  each  is  given, 
Surrounding  all  with  the  joys  of  heaven 


.)  responsive  Ihroli  in  tho.-e  liriuhler  spheres? 
or  do  you  in  the  spirit  form 
Remain  with  earrhly  friends  to  roam, 
To  till  our  hearts  with  gentle  love 
And  lead  us  on  to  that  home  above  '.' 


We  loved  yon  here,  we  love  you  still  ; 

You  have  gone  before,  'twas  our  leather's  will. 

Though  we  si  1 1 1  remain  in  our  earthly  homes, 

Our  hearts  oft  turn  to  our  loved  ones  gone. 

Yes,  gone  before  at  the  Father's  will. 

But  in  memory  cherished  at  the  old  homes  still  ; 


516 


No,  never  forget  this  side  the  "  dark  river.1" 

May  He  Influence  our  lives,  the  all  boonteotu  Giver; 

Guide  us  o'er  its  Minn  watei>  lo  Hial  unknown  shore 
That  we  may  meet  with  loved  ones  to  part  nevermore, 
And  through  the  seeming  love  of  those  none  before 
We've  the  most  tangible  proof  of  that  unknown  shore; 
That  we  shall  meet  again  with  our  dearest  friends 
lu  an  advanced  life,  when  the  present  ends. 


SCIENCE  AND  RELIGION. 

The  time  seems  approaching  with  giant  strides  when  any  religion  irrecon- 
cilable with  reason  will  have  no  place  except  with  the  ignorant  or  venal. 
The  morals  of  to-day,  compared  with  those  inculcated  two  thousand  years 
ago,  show  little  in  favor  of  what  during  the  last  fifteen  centuries  has  passed 


for  religion  ;  we  know  that  during  the  time  when  that  religion  held  unlim- 
ited sway,  the  period  is  known  as  that  of  the  "  Dark  Ages."  Our  great  im- 
provements and  inventions  are  the  work  of  an  age  of  infidelity,  and,  if  expe- 
rience is  of  any  value,  it  is  evident  that  our  elevation  and  salvation  depend 
upon  our  own  exertions  guided  by  reason,  and  that  religious  dogmas  only 
benefit  those  who  teach  them.  A  venal  priesthood  lias  hedged  religion  with 
superstition  until  it  has  seemed  impossible  to  elucidate  the  matter  by  nat- 
ural means  ;  besides,  it  has  been  said  that  the  bigotry  of  science  is  only  sec- 
ond to  that  of  religion  ;  but  science  means  knowledge,  and  knowledge  has 
nothing  to  do  with  bigotry,  either  in  religion  or  science.  We  do  not  dispute 
about  the  sum  of  two  and  two,  or  as  to  whether  the  sunlight  is  greater  than 
that  of  a  tallow  candle  ;  ignorance  causes  the  dissensions,  and  the  greater 
the  ignorance  the  more  tenacious  the  opinion.  Superstition  away,  science 
will  readily  prove  all  seeming  miracles  to  be  either  delusive  or  the  effect  of 
natural  causes.  The  purpose  of  this  article,  however,  is  not  to  meddle  di- 
rectly with  religion,  but  to  cause  a  scientific  consideration  of  the  claim  of 
"  special  inspiration  "  of  the  liible,  and  the  subject  of  "  election  "  or  '•  pre- 
destination." An  opinion  upon  inspiration  to  be  of  any  value  must  be  based 


upon  evidence,  and  such  evidence  can  only  be  obtained  from  observation. 
First,  science  readily  demonstrates  the  fact  that,  physically  considered,  man 
is  but  a  complicated  machine,  each  organ  being  fitted  for  certain  duties,  and 


as  a  whole,  by  the  consumption  of  a  given  quantity  of  carbon,  he  or  a  steam 
engine  will  raise  the  same  v.-eight  to  a  given  height.  Such  being  the  case,  is 
it  unreasonable  to  suppose  the  mental  organs  are  also  mochanieal,  and  that 
the  brain  transmits  ideas,  as  the  larynx  does  that  of  tones,  or  a  violin  tunes  ? 
There  is  abundance  of  evidence  to  prove  that  intelligence  comes  from  a 
fountain  outside  of  ourselves,  open  to  all,  but  to  each  individual  in  accord- 
ance with  the  quality  of  that  individual's  brain  or  instrument  of  transmis- 
sion. How  often  we  read  accusations  of  plagiarisms  between  authors  when 
in  fact  neither  had  ever  seen  the  writings  of  the  other  ;  how  common  it  is 
for  two  persons  to  commence  at  the  same  time  to  speak  of  the  same  matter. 
Every  inventor  realizes  how  liable  he  is  to  be  anticipated  if  he  delays  the 
completion  of  a  device.  Persons  of  the  lowest  intelligence,  like  ''Blind 
Tom,"  will  perform  wonders  without  consciousness  of  how  it  is  done.  Igno- 
rant "  mediums  "  will  deliver  off  hand  the  most  profound  lectures.  Minis- 
ters and  authors  in  a  state  of  somnambulism  have  written  articles  of  a  supe- 
rior character  to  what  they  could  write  in  their  normal  condition  ;  problems 
have  Been  solved  in  the  same  way.  Can  we  suppose  that  the  ideas  of  a  life- 
time are  stowed  n way  in  a  person's  head  ?  We  may  divide  the  head  of  a 
man  or  a  fiddle  into  minute  pieces  without  finding  either  an  idea  or  a  tune  ; 
then  is  it  not  reasonable  to  believe  the  brain,  like  the  fiddle,  to  be  a  mere 
instrument  of  transmission,  and  that  some  new  intelligence  is  operating  it 
when  things  are  done  in  our  sleep  or  unconsciousness  that  are  impossibili- 
ties in  our  waking  hours?  When  inspiration  is  fully  understood  we  may 
rest  assured  that,  like  other  discoveries,  we  shall  find  it  very  simple,  and 
that  we  hare  looked  too  far  away  for  the  solution.  Predestination  !  Who 
believes  or  even  thinks  of  an  idea  so  obsolete  ?  asks  the  reader.  More  than 
generally  supposed,  my  friends,  though  under  various  names.  Those  who 
believe  a  large  portion  of  our  race  doomed  to  hell :  the  Adventist,  who  be- 
lieves in  the  annihilation  of  the  wicked  ;  last,  but  not  least,  the  Materialist, 
under  which  name  may  be  found  the  shallow-minded  of  every  station  of 


517 


but  at  lieart  believe  in  "nothing";  the  professor  in  science  at  the  expense 
of  consistency,  for  a  fundamental  principle  of  science  is  that  to  exist  at  all 
is  to  exist  forever.  Predestination,  religiously  considered,  is  a  hazy  matter, 
but  treated  rationally  becomes  very  clear,  as  do  election  and  annihilation 
and  seems  the  proper  termination  of  a  large  portion  of  the  human  family,  as 
may  readily  be  made  to  appear.  1  have  before  me  a  tool,  called  by  its  in- 
ventor, "  the.  imp":  it  is  but  one  of  many  of  a  similar  character,  that  is  a 
combination  of  old  de\  ices,  thus  forming  something  new.  "Twelve  useful 
tools  in  one,"  says  the  inventor,  a  screw-driver,  rule,  hammer,  carpet- 
stretcher,  tile,  saw,  etc.,  etc..  made  in  two  pieces,  which  by  a  peculiar  joint 
are  readily  united,  then  becoming  wrench  and  pincers,  thus  creating  "  the 
Imp";  disunited,  "the  Imp"  is  annihilated,  dissolved  into  the  commonest 
of  tools ;  so  of  the  average  human  mind.  Pat,  the  shoveler,  dissolved 
leaves  a  residuum  of  ideas  relative  to  pipes,  tobacco,  dogs,  pigs,  jokes,  ab- 
solution, wakes,  etc.,  etc.;  the  pseudo-scientist,  of  big  words  in  which  old 
ideas  running  in  still  older  ruts  have  been  dressed.  The  effect  of  the  disin- 
tegration of  such  mountebanks  as  Justin  D.  Fulton,  Talmage.  and  others, 
may  be  witnessed  where  some  one  is  skimming  the  scum  or  froth  from  a 
cauldron.  Observe  how  an  air  bubble  explodes  here,  another  there;  soon  it 
has  vanished,  there  is  nothing  but  a  little  common  dirt  left.  Take  preach- 
ers like  our  weak  but  amiable  Doctor  Adams,  those  who  will  neither  learn 
themselves,  nor.  so  far  as  they  can  hinder,  let  others  ;  who  search  their 
Bible  through  for  evidence  that  spirit  communion  with  man  was  once  very 
common,  in  order  to  prove  thereby  its  impossibility.  At  the  disintegration 
of  such  reverend  delusions  what  can  there  be  left  but  a  little  sediment  of 
.John  the  Baptist:  intolerance  of  John  Calvin,  superstition  of  grandmothers 
and  puling  of  babies  ?  Is  there  one  particle  of  originality  in  such  persons 
that  can  give  hope,  rationally  considered,  from  which  an  individuality  can 
be  constructed  for  a  continued  existence  '.'  If  not,  is  not  annihilation  the 
predestined  end  of  all  who  fail  to  work  out  an  individuality  for  themselves; 
while  election  as  naturally  follows  for  those  who  do  ? 

"SPIRITS,  OR  WHAT?" 

Under  the  above  heading,  the  Boston  Herald  of  February  28th  ultimo 
gave  a  very  circumstantial  account  of  what  were  claimed  to  be  materialized 
spirit  forms  witnessed  at  Rochester,  N.  H.;  we  can  hardly  take  up  a  paper 
without  finding  something  of  the  kind  described,  and  unless  desirous  of 
passing  down  to  posterity  as  a  superstitious  set  of  materialistic  idiots  it  is 
time  that  some  attempt "  should  be  made  to  elucidate  the  cause  of  such  ap- 
pearances. Is  the  question,  however,  logical  in  connection  with  the  ac- 
count? Spirit  is  immaterial  intelligent  being.  The  account  describes  ma- 
terial forms  that  must  have  been  those  of  ordinary  human  beings,  or  rein- 
carnations of  persons  once  known  in  this  life,  neither  offering  any  proof  of 
life  beyond  the  grave  ;  but  such  materializations  are  likely  to  gain  the  at- 
tention of  the  multitude  sooner  than  those  of  a  more  intellectual  character: 
they  are  evidently  of  this  life  and  have  to  do  with  our  well  being  here,  ema- 
nating from  the  same  cause  or  force  as  that  which  causes  "table  tippings. 
spirit  raps,"  etc..  and  1  believe  the  same  as  that  which  produces  all  of  our 
physical  movements  ;  and  this  force  seems  traceable  back  for  centuries. 
Recall  the  monks  of  Luther's  time,  mere  animals  with  only  animal  desires, 
their  religion  a  formula,  denying  the  right  of  thought  :  forbidden  to  marry, 
but,  unless  sadly  belied,  the'fathers  of  many  children.  Think  of  the  stern 
old  sectarian  with  his  coarse  animal  nature  and  belief  in  woman's  subjec- 
tion, thinking  it  a  sin  to  smile,  but  scriptural  to  gratify  his  passions  ;  it  was 
the  rule  for  such  Christians,  from  John  Rogers  to  Lyman  Beecher,  to  have 
many  children.  Turn  from  those  running  in  ruts  to  those  beginning  to 
think.  The  astounding  "  spiritual  manifestations  "  in  the  family  of  Samuel 
Wesley  prove  the  mediumistic  temperament  of  the  children.  Those  old 
enough  will  readily  recall  the  ecstatic  shouts  and  convulsive  ways  and  wor- 
ship of  the  early  Methodist.  Can  any  one  remember  such  with  large  fami- 
lies of  children  ?  Yet  they  were  not  'credited  with  a  disposition  to  mortify 


518 


the  flesh.  Come  now  to  the  spiritual  medium  Jmale) ;  look  the  list  through, 
see  how  few  of  them  are  fathers,  yet  many  of  them  have  a  very  corn-fed 
look,  and  they  are  generally  noted  for  liberal  views,  and  it  would  seem  that 
their  life  force  is  expended  in  the  production  of  their  so-called  physical 
manifestations.  Go  back  centuries  and  it  will  he  found  that  wherever  these 
manifestat ions  have  appeared  in  families  they  have  almost  invariably  done 
so  through  the  children.  See  the  Key.  Joseph  Glum-ill's  account  of  the 
" disturbances  in  the  Mompesson  family,  1661  to  1663":  also,  Adam  Clark's 
account  of  those  in  the  Wesley  family  ;  so  of  modern  times.  Half  a  dozen 
children  seated  at  a  tab!e  soon  get  table  tippings  or  raps:  the  same  number 
of  octogenarians  might  ''it  until  doomsday  without  doinj.'  so,  which  would 
seem  to  indicate  that  they  are  the  product  of  a  surplus  of  the  life  force. 
Solomon  in  his  prime  could  undoubtedly  have  caused  the  heaviest  exten- 
sion table  to  dance  a  hornpipe,  but  after  getting  to  the  Kanity  and  vex- 
ation stage,  would  have  found  a  teapoy  too  heavy.  Ignorance  sneers  at  the 
treatment  of  old  David,  as  described  in  the  1st  Book  and  Chap,  of  Kings  ; 
but  in  my  opinion,  a  profound  depth  of  knowledge  of  the  life  force  is  indi- 
cated therein,  that  is  not  thought  of  by  the  medical  fraternity  of  to-day. 


See  how  readily  women,  babies,  and  dogs  take  to  rosy,  robust  men;  then  see 
the  same  dog  with  hanging  head  and  tail  describe  the  segment  of  a  circle  as 
he  passes  the  lank,  saturnine  specimen  of  humanity  Kobust  men  usually 


mate  with  fragile  women  ;  animal  propensity  would  seem  to  demand  an 
equally  robust  mate,  but  it  is  evident  that  nature  guides  :  the  one  has  a 
surplus,  the  other  lacks  the  life  force,  and  each  attracts  the  other.  Married 
couples  are  seldom  effective  as  table  tippers,  though  each  carry  their  pro- 
portion of  force  mixed  with  others.  Why  is  the  invalid  strengthened  by 
taking  iron  into  the  system  unless  because  of  its  being  a  good  conductor  of 
electricity  or  this  life  force?  Singing  or  music  has  the  same  effect  upon 
the  manifestations  in  all  their  phases  as  upon  human  beings.  The  foregoing 
suggestions  are  offered  for  the  consideration  of  observers  :  they  relate  to 
the  physical  bearings  of  the  phenomena ;  but  there  are  other  phases  that 
offer  strong  proof  that  the  spirit  germ  from  the  great  ocean  of  intelligence 
takes  possession  of  the  body  in  order  to  gain  an  individuality,  the  body  it- 
self like  a  vegetable  starting  from  seed,  drawing  sustenance  from  the  earth 
and  returning  to  the  same  at  maturity  ;  then  how  important  that  life  in  the 
body  should  be  natural.  Suffer  little  children  to  come  unto  me  and  forbid 
them  not,  for  nf  such  is  the  kingdom  of  heaven.  In  the  face  of  such  a  com- 
mand, how  dares  a  being  so  ignorant  as  a  Moody,  attempt  to  warp  the  mind 
of  a  child  into  harmony  with  the  superstitions  of  his  own  perverted  nature  ? 
The  question  answers  itself  :  it  is  only  through  ignorance  that  he  so  dares. 
The  mind  of  a  child  is  a  study  for  the  profound.  How  natural  it  is,  and  how 
its  simple  inquiries  confound  the  ghastly  theories  of  a  Calvin.  Suppose 
a  forest  to  be  cultivated  by  cutting  the  tops  from  a  portion  of  the  trees, 
leaving  unsightly  stubs,  the  branches  from  others,  leaving  bare  poles,  all  the 
branches  from  one  side  of  others,  and  so  on,  would  not  such  work  be  con- 
sidered that  of  barbarians  ?  From  the  depths  of  my  soul  1  believe  it  to  be 
a  greater  sin  to  teach  a  child  any  other  motive  for  doing  right  than  for 
right's  sake,  than  it  was  for  Fagiii  to  teach  Oliver  Twist  and  his  compan- 
ions to  steal.  So  long  as  a  mercenary  priesthood  can  live  on  the  credulity 
of  the  ignorant,  so  long  will  such  as  .Moody  be  encouraged  to  peddle  out  su- 
perstition, that  the  educated  clergy  would  be  ashamed  to  mention  ;  but  as  a 
matter  of  policy  it  would  seem  better  to  live  here  by  sawing  wood,  then  re- 
turn to  God  a  full  fledged  individual  soul  ready  to  commence  a  higher  life, 
than  to  live  at  ease  preaching  platitudes,  then  to  "  melt  back  into  the  uni- 
verse" with  the  spirit  germ  so  shrunken  that  it  will  naturally  gravitate  to 
the  body  of  some  lower  animal  in  which  to  make  a  new  effort  for  a  higher 
life.  With  Moodys,  there  will  be  Jngersolls,*  for  the  two  are  cause  and 
effect,  ignorant  fanaticism  and  cupidity.  No  well-read  thinking  person  can 
well  doubt  that  Christianity  has  put  humanity  back  a  thousand  years 

*  Bob  Ingersoll,  as  tlie  ready  champion  of  star-route  thieves  and  oilier  prayins  rascals, 
wiping liis  mode-i  !>n>«  audjiosinu  IM-I.HV  an  audience  MS  ,-i  model  man  ami  instructor 
of  the  world.  Invariably  recalls  to  my  mind  Mr.  K.  Kiderhood.  so  well  described  by 
Dickens,  in  "  Our  Mut'ual  Friend."  'I  lie  feature  however  to  me  seemingly  the  most  to 
l>e  regretted  is  the  fact  thai  superstition  lias  caused  such  ignorance  that  an  audience 
can  be  found  williu-  \"  listen  to  ideas  that  were  tuusty  with  a-e  a  thousand  years 
since,  and  which  have  hecn  reiterated  a  thousand  times  hy  tar  abler  mill  more  disinter- 
ested men  than  .Mr.  In^eisoH  has  ever  shown  himself  to  be. 


519 


(Jesus  of  Nazareth  would  find  little  sympathy  in  a  Christian  church  to-day) ; 
or  that  the  Bihle  has  been  perverted  through  selfishness  ;  but  the  strange 
phenomena,  known  as  spiritual  manifestations,  are  likely  to  furnish  proof 
that  its  leading  ideas  are  correct,  and  that  its  seeming  miracles  were  the 
effect  of  natural  causes.  These  have  interested  me  for  many  years,  but  it  is 
only  since  their  appearance  in  my  own  family  that  I  have  been  able  to  study 
them  with  any  satisfaction:  as  we  are  not  mediums  their  appearance  with 
us  is  supposed  to  be  the  result  of  an  earnest  desire  and  cultivation  of  the 
means  to  bring  them.  Either  my  wife,  her  sister,  "  Charla,"  or  myself  can 
get  table  tijjpiny*  or  raps,  sitting  with  almost  any  other  person,  but  such 
communications  as  were  published  in  last  issue  of  Keporter  are  only  ob- 
tained when  ••  Charla  "  is  one  of  the  sitters  ;  those  were  obtained  by  calling 
the  alphabet,  the  table  moving  at  the  proper  letter  ;  they  also  come  through 
her  mind  by  seeming  inspiration.  1  mention  her  as  "  Charla,"  because  as 
such  she  is  known  to  engineers,  turbine  builders,  and  manufacturers  in  more 
than  half  of  the  states  of  the  Union,  as  the  young  lady  assistant  in  my  test- 
ing business;  quiet,  and  of  a  mathematical  turn,  but  certainly  not  a  poetess. 
vet  in  answer  to  wished-for  information,  communications  like  the  following 
come  through  her  mind  like  a  flash  of  light : 


fuiaf.  wim  tne  mte,  you'll  one  nay  u 
Is  bin  the  crossing  ol  your  mind 
With  our  di-p:,ii'iics  :i~  they  are  sent 
From  our  Summer  Land  to  your  Coi 


Land  to  your  Continent 


If  the  truth  you  wish  to  find, 
You  must  study  your  own  mind, 
l.eani  its  working.  its  relation 
With  the  great  unknown  creation: 
A  H'-m  we  proi[ii.-e  yon  -ludl  find, 
In  a  knowledge  «i  tin-  human  mind. 
Spirit  li  iends  around  you  gather, 
Wishing  much  to  help  their  brother, 
Seeking  earnestly  to  find 


Spirits  from  the  other  shore 
Oft  come  tapping  at  your  door, 
Wishing  to  inspire  your  mind 
With  happier  thoughts  ot  their  design. 

Sleep  is  a  rest  for  the  weary  mind, 

Which,  as  it  wanders  free, 
Oft  catches  inspiration 
And  brings  it  back  to  thee. 

Of  ttimes  when  the  mind  doth  wander, 

While  the  body  is  at  rest, 
Strange  elements  of  earth 

This  freed  mind  doth  impress. 

Many  times  when  the  mind  doth  wander, 

Ideas  which  to  earth  are  grand. 
Are  in  his  Bleeping  hours 

Stamped  on  the  mind  ot  man. 

Then  when  he  doth  awake. 

And  reason  an. I  thouyht  control, 
These  ideas  are  developed 

And  given  to  the  world. 

Your  lives  are  tangled  in  with  ours  ; 

We  are  not  far  away, 
We  join  men  and  women  in  their  work, 

And  children  in  their  play. 

Much  has  been  said  about  the  twaddle  that  purports  to  come  from  the 
«Dirit-<  of  noted  persons,  but  if  persons  will  pander,  twist  and  be  all  things 
to  all  men  for  the  sake  of  becoming  noted,  there  is  no  good  reason  for  sup- 
posing the  spirit  of  such  will  retain  a  very  positive  individuality  after  separa- 
tion from  the  body.  Separate  the  parts  of  a  twenty-four  bladed  jack  knife, 
and  the  corkscrew  would  have  the  same  right  as  any  other  piece  to  call  it- 


520 


called  a  circle,  unless  tliere  was  a  mind  in  that  circle  to  match.  The  com 
munications  are  often  oracular  and  difficult  of  application,  simply  becauss 
they  are  answers  to  ideas  conversed  about  hours,  perhaps  aays,  before.  Tns 
following  is  one  of  the  kind  and  was  given  th?c-.igh  the  table  :  "None  realize 
for  how" great  an  object  they  live."  Our  aiincls  and  conversation  affect  tiiz 
manif estatior  3  but  do  not  control  them.  Our  ideas  f.re  opposed  quite 


persons  anu  oDta.i-i2Q  commuuiciii/ioub  1*5  x£tsu  £-»  uucnr  UUUAU  uc  &AJCAH  u  uuv? 
and  found  them  to  be  nothing  but  tne  massing  thoughts  of  the  sitter's  mind. 


. 

I  find  also  that  any  idea  thoroughly  established  in  my  own  mind  is  pretty 
nications.    An  earnest  wish  or  desire  tho 


sure  to  crop  out  ia  the  communications.  An  earnest  wish  or  desire,  though 
it  may  not  t>e  gratifled,  is  very  likely  to  reoelve  notice,  so  that  my  faith  is  be 
coming  strong  that  there  is  efricacy  ia  p.ayar  •  not  inrcugli  ?:v;  i^angec. 


. 

God's  laws  but  in  p.cccrdanee  tJisrevrija.  LTanJsun  drew  lightning  from  th- 
clouds,  so  I  believe  that  one  or  -.r.z.~r?  ;:sr-o^3  rarayi^g  esmsstiy  for  ?,  rnver 
purpose  might  produce  an  sSsst  ;  ws  lij  :ls  know  yet  the  power  01  mind 
upon  mind  or  mind  ttpo:i  matter.  Tnase  3UUlfe8ttttOD  have  been  offered 
for  man's  study  since  fc"-3  ciawr.  o:2  history  ;  I  believe  they  offer  a  key  to  a 
knowledge  of  one  life  health,  and  gcr-or.ndings  that  can  be  obtained  in  no 
other  way.  Through  iihem  T  be":eve  it  will  be  made  clear  that  crime  is  a 
disease,  and  that  therg  is  something  more  than  a  moral  influence  in  the 
contact  of  individuals  I  find  in  sitting  with  certain  persons  that  my 
strength  or  life  force  is  taken  from  me  to  a  very  disagreeable  extent,  while 
the  contrary  is  the  case  with  others.  There  are  persons  who  seem  to  leave 
a  part  of  themselves  with  us  for  weeks,  so  that  if  we  sit  for  the  manifesta- 
tions by  ourselves,  we  have  what  purport  to  be  their  matters  to  attend  to. 
One  case  has  interested  me  much  :  it  was  what  purported  to  be  the  spirit 
sister  of  a  person  from  a  distant  state.  She  gave  a  communication  as  a  test 
for  her  brother,  which  was  sent  and  by  him  disowned  ;  when  she  came 
again  she  was  rated  soundly  for  her  deception,  and  requested  to  keep  away 
unless  she  could  be  truthful.  Nothing  more  was  heard  of  her  for  six 
months  when  her  brother  came  to  our  house  for  perhaps  five  minutes  ;  that 
evening  his  sister  put  in  an  appearance.  "  How  happens  it  that  vou  have 
not  been  here  for  so  long  a  time,"  was  my  inquiry.  "  You  scolded,"'  was  the 
reply.  "  Ah,  Annie,  you  told  fibs,  you  remember."  "  No,  I  didn't."  "  Ah, 
yes,  that  test  to  your  brother."  "  I  didn't  give  any."  "  Who  did  then  ?" 
was  asked.  "  The  one  that  broke  the  window."  Nothing  had  been  said  about 
a  broken  window  at  the  time,  but  a  month  previous  our  table  had  been 
pitched  into  the  window.  Singing  the  "  Braes  of  Balquither  "  has  been  as 


effective  in  bringing  Annie  to  us  as  "  rubbing  the  lamp  "  proved  in  bringing 
Aladdin's  genie.    We  have  had  what  purj 


.  iirported  to  be  the  spirits  of  many  per- 
sons come  to  us,  some  of  them  very  noted  ones;  the  latter  have  almost  invaria- 
bly been  followed  by  imitators.  Enthusiastic  spiritualists  exult  in  the  thought 
that  these  manifestations  are  breaking  up  the  pulpit  influence,  but  that  is 
solely  because  pulpits  are  occupied  by  materialists  at  heart,  who  preach  for 
those  who  pay  best,  without  faith  in  their  own  teachings;  and  consequently, 
who  are  the  first  to  laugh  at  the  idea  that  any  of  their  dogmas  may  be  sus- 
tained'by  tangible  evidence  ;  yet  these  so-called  spiritual  manifestations  do 
furnish  a  plausibility  for  many  of  them.  The  materializations,  if  real,  of  which 
I  have  no  doubt,  are  reincarnations,  and  give  ground  for  the  belief  in  the 
resurrection  of  the  body  for  judgment,  and  the  resurrection  of  Jesus  of  Naz- 
areth. A  careful  study  of  the  forces  that  produce  the  materialization  will 
at  least  cause  the  observer  to  hesitate  before  rejecting  as  impossible  the 
idea  of  such  conception  as  that  claimed  for  him  ;  not  of  course  through  any 
miraculous  process,  but  through  a  concentration  of  sexual  force,  as  a  con- 
centration of  the  elements  under  certain  conditions  produce  earthquakes, 
tornadoes,  whirlwinds,  etc.  We  have  much  to  learn  vet,  and  until  sure  that 
we  are  quite  as  wise  as  our  Creator  it  is  not  worth  while  to  ascribe  to  mira- 
cles or  the  devil,  what  may  well  take  place  through  natural  causes,  though 
we  may  not  understand  the  why.  The  shallow  may  sneer  at  these  manifes- 
tations, but  the  thinker  who  has  studied  them  carefully  under  favorable 


521 


conditions  will  feel  more  inclined  to  bow  in  humility  and  thankfulness 
before  his  Creator  and  to  earnestly  ask  for  more  light.  In  conclusion,  I 
would  say  that  from  my  own  experience  during  many  years  of  unprejudiced 
investigation  I  believe  the  matter  to  be  susceptible  of  practical  solution. 


MASSACHUSETTS'   ENCOURAGEMENT  FOR 
INTELLIGENT  OBSERVATION. 

XEWBUBYPOBT,  Jan.  21, 1873. 

MR.  EMERSOX  : — I  am  surprised  to  know  you  have  heard  of  the  affair — 
had  no  idea  it  had  become  so  public.  The  account  you  sent  me  is  true  with 
a  few  exceptions.  When  I  first  saw  the  boy  he  was  neatly  attired  in  a 
brown  suit  of  clothes  trimmed  with  braid  and  buttons  of  the  same  color. 
The  boy,  as  the  slip  states,  disappeared  into  the  attic,  etc.  When  I  reached 
forward  to  grasp  him  he  seemed  not  like  the  boy,  but  vapory  (or,  as  I  can 
only  describe  it,  like  a  thin  cloud  scudding  across  the  moon);  still  he 
seemed  to  have  the  boy  form.  Reports  from  some  of  the  Boston  papers  say 
i  fainted;  such  is  not  the  case.  I  knew  then  where  I  was  and  what  I  was 
about  just  as  well  as  I  know  I'm  writing  this  to  you.  If  I  could  only  see 
you  I  would  be  able  to  tell  you  so  much  more  than  I  can  possibly  impart  by 
the  pen.  One  day  I  sent  a  boy  out  to  hang  up  the  brushes,  etc.  He  was  out 
about  five  minutes.  After  he'd  taken  his  seat  three  raps  came  on  the  door 
where  the  brushes  were  hung.  He  said,  "  Miss  Perkins,  can  I  go  out  and 
see  who's  there?  "  1  told  him,  ••  Yes,  and  leave  the  schoolroom  door  open." 
I  sat  where  I  could  see  all  this.  Every  one  of  the  brushes,  both  long  and 
short  handled,  came  falling  from  off  the  nails  where  they  were  hung;  some 
struck  him  011  the  face,  some  on  the  shoulders,  and  the  brooms  directly  on 
the  top  of  his  head.  The  dust  pan,  hanging  on  a  nail  some  distance  above 
the  brushes,  came  tumbling  down  to  the  floor  with  a  vengeance.  It  then 
stood  on  its  handle,  then  on  the  bottom  of  the  pan,  and  continued  on  so  till 
it  entered  the  schoolroom,  and  then  it  was  placed  as  nicely  against  the 
partition  as  if  I  had  done  it  myself.  I  looked  at  that  performance  in  wonder, 
I  can  assure  you.  Just  as  soon  as  I'd  raise  the  ventilator  a  black  ball,  twice 
the  size  of  a  cannon  ball,  would  begin  to  revolve  around  the  attic,  and  make 
such  a  noise  I  would  be  obliged  to  lower  the  ventilator.  One  day  the  room 
was  as  quiet  as  it  could  possiblv  be.  and  all  at  once  some  one  in  the  attic 
called  out,  "Dadie  Pike."  Dadie  thought  I  spoke,  and  said,  "  What'm?" 
I  said  to  him,  "  Can  you  say  your  lesson?" 

Since  the  boy  affair  took  place  the  attic  has  been  •'  fastened  up."  Locks 
and  keys  are  of  no  use,  for  there  is  as  much  walking  upstairs,  and  some- 
times the  hammering  and  nailing.  Once  in  awhile,  sounds,  as  if  some  one 
walks  along  the  platform  upstairs,  will  come  down  the  attic  way,  go  across 
the  entry  and  open  the  outside  door,  and  be  gone  perhaps  ten  minutes. 
After  it's  quiet  again  the  door  will  open,  and  lie,  she,  or  it  will  go  upstairs. 

I  suppose  you  saw  by  the  paper  I  was  offered  one  hundred  dollars  for  a 
photo?  A  gentleman  came  down  from  Boston  and  offered  me  four  hundred 
to  go  up  and  simply  tell  what  1  had  seen  and  heard.  I  declined  both  offers. 

No,  I  am  not  a  Spiritualist;  in  fact,  never  had  anything  to  do  with  a 
person  of  that  belief.  Yours, 

LUCY  A.  PERKINS. 

NEWBURTPORT,  MASS.,  March  si,  1873. 
JAMES  EMERSOX,  Willimanselt,  Mass. 

Dear  Sir:— Miss  Perkins  is  in  school  to-day.  You  have  no  idea  of  her  trials.  Spaulding 
was  determined  that  she  should  not  go  in. 

She  is  truthful,  and  a  good,  honest  girl  who  has  had  a  hard  struggle  to  rise  to  her 
present  position.  I  heard  Johnson  and  Spaulding  say,  "  We  doubt  not  that  this  is  a 
reality  to  you,  but  you  latwr  under  the  sann'  Impression  the  great  and  good  John 
Wesley  did,  but  it  is  an  hallucination,"  etc.,  etc.  The  disposition  to  crush  her  is  con- 
temptible, but  bigotry  must  have  a  victim,  and  1  presume  Miss  Perkins  will  be  voted 

VerytmlyyOUr8RICHAKDl.LrMER,1».M. 

Miss  Perkins  and  Mr.  Plumer  have  passed  beyond  the  jurisdiction  of  a 

Massachusetts  school  board. 


SPIRITUAL  MANIFESTATIONS. 


It  is  nearly  a  score  of  years  since  the  foregoing  articles  were  com- 
menced and  thirty-five  since  commencing  to  study  the  phenomena. 
This  has  brought  me  in  contact  with  ministers,  congressmen,  doc- 
tors, lawyers, curiosity  seekers,and  mechanics — the  latter  by  far  the 
most  intelligent  observers  from  the  nature  of  their  make  up,  for 
they  judge  understand ingly  of  the  space  and  time  necessary  for 
effect.  Indeed,  I  do  not  believe  any  one  will  ever  arrive  at  the 
highest  standard  in  any  calling  if  destitute  of  the  mechanic's  cre- 
ative and  organizing  faculty.  The  claims  of  the  mesmerist  have 
been  familiar  to  me  for  a  half  century,  and  set-m  so  blended  with 
those  of  the  spiritualist  that  I  am  unable  to  separate  them. 

Hypnotism  seems  a  subterfuge  for  retreating  from  a  position  im- 
possible to  maintain,  and  a  claim  to  share  the  honor  after  braver 
hearts  have  won  the  battle. 

Theosophy,  seemingly  the  "old  clo'  "  of  Spiritualism,  offers 
little  that  is  new,  if  A.  P.  Sinnett  is  to  be  considered  the  exponent. 
His  "  Karma,"  in  itself  to  me  interesting,  is  made  up  of  old.  old 
ideas  and  stories.  Eabelais  says,  Alexander  the  Great — of  course 
re-incarnated — is  making  a  poor  living  mending  old  stockings. 
Cyrus  is  a  cowherd,  Themistocles  is  a  glass  maker,  Cicero  a  fire 
kindler,  Ulysses  mows  hay.  etc.,  etc.  The  story  of  the  warning 
and  fall  of  ceiling  upon  the  bed  is  better  told  in  "The  Error"  by 
G.  P.  R.  James.  "  Esoteric  Buddhism  "  seems  to  be  made  up 
from  the  maunderings  of  the  Apocalypse  and  maudlin  gush  of 
some  weak  minded  evangelist. 

The  Foreign  Missionary  society, that  great  maelstrom  of  cupidity, 
gullibility,  and  credulity,  claims  to  seek  for  heathen  where  the 
theosophist  seeks  for  wonders,  but  there  is  a  large  field  for  the  best 
efforts  of  both  at  home. 

The  "  Rochester  Knockings  "  offered  nothing  new.  but  the  time 
was  ripe  for  a  demonstrable  belief.  Those  knockings  presented 
evidence  to  the  masses  that  the  opening  of  the  gate  depended  upon 
the  merit  of  the  applicant  and  not  upon  the  favor  of  the  priest. 
Back  to  the  dark  may  readily  be  traced  the  gushing  forth  of  the 
spiritual  application  for  recognition,  too  often  met  by  the  priestly 
devils"  with  fire  and  sword. 

The  Cock  Lane  Ghost  of  1760  answered  questions  by  raps  as  is 
now  done.  Joseph  Glanvil's  Demon  of  Ted  worth,  1661,  is  of  the 
same  kind.  Peter  Piquet,  case  Civil  Court  of  Tours  ;  the  Holy 
Maid  of  Kent,  beheaded  by  the  butcher  king,  1534  ;  Joan  of  Arc. 
burned  at  the  stake,  1431 ;  then  the  thousands  upon  thousands 
murdered  as  witches, — but  enough.  As  we  trace  the  gory  trail 
from  the  Egyptian  priest  down  through  Torquemada,  Loyola. 
Luther,  Calvin,  Cotton  Mather.  Jonathan  Edwards,  the  Andover 
school  of  theology,  and  efforts  to  force  the  closing  of  the  Colum- 


523 


bia  i  Exhibition  Sunday,  we  find  tire  and  blood  lavishly  shed  when 
possible,  then  threats  of  hell  fire  in  more  enlightened  times  to 
keep  the  masses  in  subjection  to  this  hierarchic  control  for  selfish 
interest.  The  question,  "Do  devils  die?''  is  one  of  terrible  inter- 
est to  mankind,  for  it  is  only  a  question  of  power  if  such  continue 
to  exist,  whether  the  Sinithiield  fires  and  horrors  of  the  Inquisi- 
tion shall  not  again  be  revived. 

A  half  century  since  belief  in  Spiritualism  was  general  in  an 
undefined  way  ;  all  writers  treated  it  as  such.  G.  P.  R.  James's 
works  abound  in  it,  Scott.  Marryat,  Bulwer,  Ainsworth,  Burney, 
Jane  Porter,  Charlotte  Bronte,  all  in  fact  accepted  the  belief. 
''Midnight  Musings,  "  by  Washington  Irving,  is  taken  from  the 
"  American  First  Class  Reader,"  published  in  1831,  and  popular  in 
our  schools  for  a  half  century. 

"  Ye  .spines  (if  \Vasliington,  Warren,  Montgomery, 

Look  down  from  above  with  bright  aspect  serene  ; 
Come,  soldiers,  a  tear  and  a  toast  to  their  memory, 
Rejoicing  they'll  see  us  as  they  once  have  been." 

If  that  is  not  Spiritualism,  what  is  it  ?  Yet  it  commenced  one 
of  our  most  popular  songs  early  in  the  century.  Have  our  people 
become  better  for  rejecting  such  belief  now?  A  belief  in  spirit 
communion  is  the  oldest,most  encouraging,sensible,  and  progressive 
of  any,  but  to  be  properly  appreciated  superstition  and  materialistic 
conventional  ideas  thereof  must  be  abandoned.  How  shall  I  study 
the  matter  intelligently  ?  was  my  inquiry  when  sitting  for  mani- 
festations one  Sunday  morning. 

"  Study  your  own  mind,  you  may  find  a  gem,"  was  the  instant 
reply.  "  Who  are  you  ?"  was  asked.  "Ballou,"was  answered. 
The  evening  after  seemingly  from  another  source  came  the  follow- 
ing :  — 

If  the  truth  you  wish  to  rind,  you  must  study  your  own  mind, 
Learn  its  workings,  its  relation  with  the  great  unknown  creation  ; 
A  gem  we  promise  you  shall  rind,  in  a  knowledge  of  the  human  mind. 
Spirit  friends  around  you  gather,  wishing  much  to  help  their  brother, 
Seeking  earnestly  to  rind  this  gem  of  truth  in  the  human  mind. 

False  communications  were  constantly  coming  when  outsiders 
sat  with  us,  which  caused  me  to  impatiently  inquire  the  cause. 
Tin's  reply  followed  :  — 

False,  with  the  true,  you'll  one  day  find, 
Is  but  the  crossing  of  your  mind 
With  our  dispatches  as  they  are  sent 
From  our  Summer  Land  to  your  Continent. 

One  day  while  waiting  for  an  assistant  to  return,  Charla  com- 
menced to  converse  about  unreliable  communications  that  came 
the  night  previous,  then  remarked,  "There  is  so  much  that  is 
totally  unreliable  that  I  don't  believe  there  is  any  spirit  life  at  all," 
which  caused  me  to  commence  a  remonstrance  which  was  cut 


524 


short  by   "Hush!  hush!"   from  her,   "I  hear."     Then   after  a 
short  pause  she  repeated  the  following : — 

Your  lives  are  tangled  in  with  ours ; 

We  are  not  far  away, 
We  join  men  and  women  in  their  work, 

And  children  in  their  play. 

Soon  after,  this  followed  :— 

If  vou  will  but  be  faithful, 

We  will  sometime  prove  to  you, 
That  spirit  friends  surround  you, 

Who  can  and  will  be  true. 

Harmony  is  heaven's  own  law; 

And  to  get  the  truth  you  ask, 
Conditions  must  be  perfect, 

And  your  sittings  not  a  task. 

We  want  you  all  to  be  of  good  cheer, 
And  help  each  other  while  you  are  here ; 
For  in  the  life  to  come  your  riches  consist 
Of  the  good  you  do  to  others  in  this. 

My  housekeeper,  made  up  after  the  Mrs.  Jellyby  pattern,  was 
inclined  to  be  away  much  of  the  week,  then  pick  up  Sunday.  I 
had  remonstrated  until  tired,  then  let  the  matter  pass  with  indiffer- 
ence. We  made  a  practice  of  having  a  sitting  Sunday  morning. 
A  racket  in  the  laundry  could  be  heard  in  the  library,  and  one 
Sunday  morning  while  reading  I  noticed  that  washing  was  being 
done.  It  continued  for  a  short  time  then  Charla  and  her  sister 
came  in  to  sit  at  the  table,  which  was  done  for  perhaps  five  min- 
utes, then  the  table  started  for  the  door,  then  through  the  hall  and 
kitchen  to  the  back  door,  out  through  that  down  to  the  basement 
door ;  through  that  to  the  set  tubs,  there  it  immediately  swung 
upon  the  sister's  head  and  pulled  that  down  and  bumped  it  upon 
the  edge  of  the  tub,  started  again  up  the  cellar  stairs,  through  the 
hall  and  into  the  library,  there  floated  up  so  that  the  top  of  the 
table  hung  upon  the  projecting  cornice  of  the  book  shelves,  hung 
there  perhaps  a  minute,  floated  off  and  down  in  between  the  chairs, 
where  we  commenced,  called  for  the  alphabet  and  spelled  out  the 
following  -.— 

Give  the  seventh  day  to  rest, 

To  thought,  culture,  and  to  us. 

The  following  Sunday  the  table  started  back  over  the  same 
course  previously  named,  but  instead  of  entering  the  basement  it 
continued  on  down  towards  a  small  water  power.  When  partly 
down  the  hill  the  women  looked  up  to  the  windows  of  a  neighbor 
where  several  persons  stood  looking  at  our  table  performance. 
My  assistants  fled  for  the  house,  leaving  me  alone  with  the  table, 
which  closed  the  performance  ;  but  the  next  day's  mail  brought 
me  notice  that  an  Iowa  court  had  appointed  me  chairman  of  a 
commission  to  settle  a  case  reported  in  the  first  part  of  this  book. 


525 


(See  page  95. )  Of  course  it  is  a  matter  of  conjecture  as  to  whether 
there  was  any  connection  between  the  table  journey  and  the 
appointment.  I  think  there  was.  «. 

In  answer  to  a  pertinent  question  the  following  was  the  reply  : — 

Sleep  is  a  rest  for  the  weary  mind, 

Which,  as  it  wanders  free, 
Oft  catches  inspiration, 

And  brings  it  back  to  thee. 

Of  ttimes  when  the  mind  doth  wander, 

While  the  body  is  at  rest, 
Strange  elements  of  earth 

This  freed  mind  doth  impress. 

Many  times  when  the  mind  doth  wander, 

Ideas  which  to  earth  are  grand 
Are,  in  his  sleeping  hours, 

Stamped  on  the  mind  of  man. 

Then,  when  he  doth  awake, 

And  reason  and  thought  control, 
These  ideas  are  developed 

And  given  to  the  world. 

Almost  identically  the  same  ideas  were  published  in  one  of  the 
Boston  papers  the  same  week,  credited  as  coming  from  the  Con- 
cord school  of  philosophy  in  explanation  of  ' '  The  Whichness  of 
Which'1''  as  editorially  explained.  It  was  common  to  receive  a 
communication  purporting  to  come  from  Ballou,  then,  as  a<  ci- 
dentally  would  happen,  to  take  up  a  Banner  of  Light  and  find  the 
same  subject  treated  in  a  lecture  by  Mrs.  Richmond  in  the  same 
way.  With  Charla  alone,  if  she  felt  interested,  answers  to  ques- 
tions would  be  given  that  to  me  seem  to  the  point ;  but  too  often 
she  was  indifferent  and  the  communications  were  the  same.  There 
was  a  persistent  assertion  that  if  I  would  persevere  there  was  a 
band  of  spirits  around  me  that  in  time  would  find  a  medium 
through  whom  reliable  communications  would  be  sent  me.  A 
niece  came  to  visit  us,  a  believer  in  the  Advent  doctrine,  and 
that  the  spiritual  manifestations  were  from  the  devil.  Out  of 
mere  curiosity  and  bravado,  perhaps,  she  consented  to  try  the  table 
with  me  and  in  five  minutes  was  entranced  and  the  series  of  com- 
munications that  follow  commenced. 

This  niece  was  subject  to  catalepsy  and  rarely  was  with  us  more  than  two 
or  three  davs  at  a  time.  A  heavy  table  would  start  from  the  side  of  the  room 
and  go  tolier;  or  standing  between  her  and  myself  that  table  would  turn 
somersaults  between  us.  In  her  cataleptic  conditions  in  the  light,  her  boots 
would  be  taken  off  and  thrown  across  the  room;  in  that  condition  two 
persons  could  not  raise  her  from  the  lounge.  Sitting  in  darkness,  her  hands 
firmly  clasped  by  others,  her  boots  and  stockings  would  be  taken  off  and 
concealed  in  some  out  of  the  way  place.  Often  she  would  come  screaming 
from  her  room  saving  that  some"  form  had  appeared  to  her,  her  description 
of  which  rendered  recognition  easy,  in  short,  she  seemed  capable  of  pro- 
ducing every  phase  of  manifestations  known;  raps  with  her  meant  such  as 
could  be  heard  all  over  the  house,  she  personated  the  spirits  of  those  who 
had  died  in  asylums,  and  described  their  cruel  treatment,  etc.,  etc. 

I  would  like  to  study  the  materialisations  more,  but  want  no  medium  that 
rrtjiiirefi  tying  or  test  conditions. 


526 


Oct.  25, 1878. 

First  reliable  telegram :  May  I  come  in  <  Certainly,  and  welcome. 
My  name  is  Julius  N.  Ives.  I  died  September  15.  I  was  seventy- 
six  years  of  age,  ofshould  be  now.  I  lived  in  Cromwell,  Ct.  A 
letter  to  the  postmaster  brought  the  following  reply  : — 

CUOM.WELL,  Oct.  29, 1878. 

MB.  EMEKSON.  Dear  Sir  .-—Yours  of  the  25th  of  October  is  before  me. 
Would  say  that  Julius  X.  Ives  came  from  Middletown,  18th  of  January, 
1878, and  made  it  his  home  in  Cromwell  with  his  In-other,  till  he  died,  Septem- 
ber 12,  1878,  aged  seventy-five. 

A  few  questions  :  Was  your  niece  a  medium?  Was  she  ever  acquainted 
with  Mr.  Ives?  Did  she  or  any  one  see  his  death  in  a  paper,  etc.'.'  I  .-isk 
these  questions  because  some  have  said  that  it  might  be  the  case. 

Respectfully  yours,  JOHN  STEVENS.  I'.M. 

WlLLIMAXSKTT,    MASS. 

Telegrams  from W-e-1-1  where?  Dec.  9,  1878.  While  sitting 

at  the  table  one  evening,  there  was  a  call  for  the  alphabet,  and  as 
it  was  called,  a  message  as  follows  was  immediately  spelled  out: — 

There  is  an  old  man  here  trying  to  get  control  of  the  medium. 

All  right,  was  our  reply,  go  on. 

Do  you  allow  strangers  to  come  in  here?  was  asked.  Certainly. 
you  are  very  welcome! 

Well,  I  didn't  know  as  yon  would,  but  I  was  looking  round  and 
would  kinder  like  to  look  in.  lam  from  Saco,  Maine.  I  was  a 
blacksmith  there  many  years.  How  old?  Why,  about  seventy. 
but  cannot  tell  exactly,  for  I  have  hardly  recovered  consciousness. 
There  was  a  blank  for  a  while,  but  I  died  about  four  months  ago  or 
early  in  the  fall.  My  name  was  John  Gains. 

Can  I  give  the  name  of  some  one  there  to  write  to?  well,  I  guess 
I  can,  w-e-1-1,  let  me  see  ;  why,  write  to  S.  S.  Mitchell,  Druggist, 
Main  Street,  He  and  I  were  old  friends.  Tell  him  that  I  would  like 
to  take  one  of  them  sly  drinks  from  the  barrel.  Ah.  it  wasn't  every- 
one that  could  get  a  drink  there,  but  I  could,  notwithstanding  the 
Maine  law. 

Had  you  no  family?  was  asked. 

W-e-1-1  my  family — was  kinder  scattered.  Oh,  yes!  I  had  a  son. 
named  Albert,  he  is  in  Washington,  yes,  and  I  had  a  darter,  her 
name  is — Sarah — Sarah,  oh,  Sarah  Elizabeth,  she  is  married,  no, 
she  is  a  widder,  her  name  is— well  I  can't  think  of  that  chap's 
name.  Oh,  if  you  write,  ask  Mitchell  about  Horace  Watterliouse. 
Poor  fellow  !  he  worked  for  me  thirty  or  forty  years  and  at  times 
would  go  upon  a  spree  and  I  used  to  take  care 'of 'him,  but  now,  poor 
fellow,  I  don't  know  how  he  gets  along.  lam  looking  round  and 
will  come  again  soon. 

He  came  the  next  night  and  was  told  that  a  letter  had  been  sent 
to  inquire  about  those  "sly  drinks." 

There  now,  did  you  write  about  them?  Certainly  I  did!  W-a-1-1 
there  now,  I  hadn't  orter  said  so,  but  I  allers  was  saying  such 
things!  Had  Mr.  ( Jains  visited  us  in  the  body  he  could  have  appeared 
no  more  real ;  he  remained  with  us  some  time,  gave  many  particu- 
lars that  made  him  very  welcome  as  a  visitor.  The  communication 
was  immediately  sent  to  Mr.  Mitchell,  who  seems  to  have  employed 
a  lawyer  to  look  the  matter  up  as  may  be  seen. 


527 


SACO,  ME.,  Dec.  12, 1878. 

MR.  POSTMASTER:— Will  you  please  he  so  kind  as  to  inform  me  if  there 
is  a  man  now  residing  in  VVillimansett  by  the  name  of  James  Emerson?  If 
so,  about  how  old  is  he?  What  is  his  occupation?  Is  he  a  man  of  good 
standing  in  the  community?  To  what  religious  denomination  does  he 
belong,  if  any?  How  long  has  he  resided  in  your  place  and  where  did  he 
come  from  when  he  came  to  your  place? 

These  questions  and  information  are  not  asked  for  the  purpose  of  injuring, 
in  any  way,  Mr.  Emerson  or  any  other  person,  but  from  the  bestof  motives, 
and  I  can  satisfy  you  of  my  reliability  if  necessary. 
Please  give  the  information  and  greatly  oblige, 

Very  respectfully,  your  most  obedient  servant, 

F.  W.  GUPTILL, 

—   Counselor  and  Attorney  at  Law,  99  Main  Street. 
A  reply  by  return  mail'  is  desirable. 

Mr.  Guptill  was  furnished  with  the  required  information,  then 
Mr.  Mitchell  made  his  reply,  but  it  will  be  seen  that  he  does  not 
plead  to  the  sly  drinks.  As  I  refused  to  suppress  the  communication 
Mrs.  Emmons  was  called  in  as  shown. 

SACO,  Dec.  16,  1878. 

MR.  JAMES  EMERSOX.  Dear  Sir:— In  reply  to  your  letters  of  inquiry 
about  the  late  Mr.  Gains  I  have  to  say  :— 

1.  John  Gains,  a  well  known  citizen  of  this  place,  a  blacksmith,  and  a 
man  of  considerable  property,  died  here  last  September. 

He  left  several  children,  all  of  whom  lived  with  him  except  his  only  son, 
Albert,  who  has  resided  in  Washington  many  years.  Of  his  daughters,  one 
is  a  widow  and  her  name  is  Sarah  Elizabeth. 

2.  A  man  by  the  name  of  Horace  Watterhouse  worked  for  Mr.  Gains 
many  years  and  was  always  carefully  looked  after  by  him  when  the  poor 
fellow  (as  the  communication  calls  him)  had  yielded  too  much  to  his  passion 
for  drink — he  still  continues  the  blacksmith  business  under  the  direction  of 
the  administratrix. 

Mr.  Gains  was  one  of  the  best  friends  I  had  in  Saco  and  I  don't  wish  to 
have  the  communication  published,  neither  do  I  think  his  family  would; 
still  I  should  like  to  hear  further  from  you  in  regard  to  this  matter,  although 
not  a "  believer."  Yours  truly,  S.S.MITCHELL. 

SACO,  Dec.  23,  1878. 

MR.  EMERSON  :— I  have  read  your  letters  to  Mr.  S.  S.  Mitchell  with  a  good 
deal  of  interest. 

I  think  the  communications  that  you  have  received  are  certainly  remark- 
able, although  very  unsatisfactory. 

Among  my  most  valued  friends  are  some  of  your  belief,  so  that  I  have 
seen  something  and  heard  a  great  deal  of  spiritual  manifestations  without, 
however,  having  my  views  at  all  affected  by  it. 

When  our  friends  depart  this  life,  1  hope  and  believe  it  is  for  a  better 
and  happier  existence — hence  their  burden  of  earthly  care  and  trouble  must 
be  left  behind.  And  because  the  infirmity  of  '•  poor  Horace  "  was  a  trouble 
to  my  father  during  his  lifetime  seems  to  me  to  be  the  very  reason  vyhy  he 
should  be  relieved  from  it  now.  And  if  he  is  able  to  communicate  with  his 
friends  here,  there  are  matters  (mysterious  to  them,  but  clear  as  the  noon- 
day to  him)  that  would  claim  his  attention.  And  I  do  not  understand  why 
one  member  of  his  family  should  be  remembered  while  another  is  forgotten. 

I  shall  be  interested  in  any  further  developments  that  may  occur,  and 
trust  that  you  will  sacrifice  your  desire  to  publish  this  matter  at  least  for 
the  present,  to  the  wishes  of  the  friends  and  family  of  the  late  John  Gains. 

Most  respectfully  yours,  MRS.  S.  E.  EMMONS, 

Box  117.  Saco,  Me. 

October  15,  1878. 

The  next  was :  My  name  is  Charlotte  Wooster.  I  lived  in  Litch- 
field,  Conn.,  and  died  September  12.  I  was  twenty — no,  I  cannot 
remember  my  age.  Tell  my  friends  not  to  mourn  for  me.  I  am 
happy,  and  do  not  wish  to  come  back. 


528 

Reply  :— 

Nov.  6,  1878. 

JAMES  EMERSON.  Dear  Sir.-— Charlotte  Wooster,  a  daughter  Of  Joseph 
AVooster  of  this  village,  died  here  on  the  "th  day  of  September  last  past, 
in  her  thirty-third  vear. 

Very  truly,  L.  W.  WAPELLS,  P.  M. 

The  next  came  as  follows  :  Anna  S.  Cookson,  Coopers  Mills, 
Maine.  I  died— no,  I  cannot  remember  when,  but  recently.  Tell 
my  friends  not  to  grieve  for  me. 

COOPERS  MILLS,  MAINE,  Nov.  1,  1878. 

JAMES  EMERSON,  ESQ.  Dear  Sir :— In  reply  to  your  letter,  would  state 
that  Anna  S.  Cookson  died  the  mil  of  October.  AVas  twenty  years  and  six 
months  old.  She  was  sick  but  live  or  six  days.  Cause  of  her  sickness 
and  death,  to  the  public  unknown.  Should  be  happy  to  hear  from  you  again 
on  the  matter,  and  would  like  to  know  if  the  spirit  told  the  cause  of  her 
death.  Yours  truly,  GEORGE  W.  GREENE, 

Assistant  Postmaster,  Coopers  Mills,  Me. 

She  died  Tuesday,  the  communication  came  the  following  Friday 
evening,  or  there  was  an  interval  of  three  days  between  death  and 
communication. 

We  were  again  informed  that  a  stranger  desired  to  get  control  of 
the  medium.  On  doing  so  the  name  of  Hazen  Kimball  of  Hopkin- 
ton,  N.  H.,  was  given,  and  his  age  as  seventy-six. 

Reply  :— 

HOPKINTOX,  N.  H.,  Nov.  13,  1878. 

Dear  Sir: — Hazen  Kimball  died  March  2H,  1877,  aged  seventy-six  years  and 
seven  months.  Lost  a  relative  in  Chelsea.  Mass.,  myself.  Should  lie  pleased 
to  hear  from  the  party. 

With  respect,  DAVID  L.  GAGE,  P.  M. 

The  next  was :    My  name  was  Stephen  Sibley,  of  Chelsea,  Mass. 
I  died  the  9th  of  June.     I  was  sixty-four  years  of  age. 
Reply  :— 

No  date. 

JAMES  EMERSON.  Sir: — Stephen  Sibley,  a  resident  of  this  city  for  more 
than  forty  years  past,  and  one  of  its  principal  business  men,  died  on  the 
'Jth  day  of  June  last,  aged  sixty-four  years,  three  months,  and  sixteen  days. 

SAMUEL  BASSETT,  City  Clerk. 

WILLIMAXSETT,  MASS.,Nov.  18,  1878., 

Dear  Sir  : — It  has  happened  recently  that  I  have  had  seven  com- 
munications from  those  purporting  to  be  in  the  spirit  world.  1 
have  written  to  each  place  where  these  spirits  claim  to  have  lived 
while  jn  this  life.  Six  of  the  seven  have  been  answered  and  con- 
firmed in  every  essential  particular,  the  only  difference  being  a  day 
or  two  in  date  of  death.  The  last  communication  was  as  follows  :— 
My  name  is  Cyrus  Alden,  of  Leeds,  Maine,  ninety-three  years  old, 
a  soldier  of  1812. 

Will  you  inform  me  whether  such  a  person  has  resided  there 
within  your  knowledge,  and  oblige, 

Yours  truly,  JAMES  EMEKSON. 

Sir  .-—There  was  such  a  man  as  Cyrus  Alden,  died  March,  1877.  I  think 
some  one  is  fooling  you  by  getting  these  dates,  and  pretending  that  they 
came  from  spirits. 


529 


This  answer  was  from  the  one  to  whom  my  letter  was  addressed, 
the  postmaster  of  the  place  named ;  one  of  the  profound  kind 
that  knows  it  all.  j.  E. 

Nov.  3,  1878. 

Another :  I  wish  to  control  Alice.  I  died  in  Paterson,  N.  J. 
Well,  I  can't  remember  the  date,  but  in  the  early  part  of  the  sum- 
mer. I  was  seventy-five  years  of  .age. 

Write  to  the  Grant  Locomotive  Company,  Paterson,  N.  J.,  for 
information.  WILLARU  W.  FAIRBANKS. 

PATERSON,  N.  J  ,  Nov.  5, 1878. 
JAMES  EMEBSON,  KSI.I.,  \Viiimuuisett,  Mass. 

Dear  Sir :— Willard  W.  Fairbanks  was  formerly  superintendent  of  these 
works ;  he  died  last  May  or  June,  aged  seventy-five  years.  I  have  sent  your 
letter  to  his  family.  Very  respectfully, 

D.  B.  GRANT, 
General  Manager. 

WILLIMANSETT,  MASS.,  May  22,  1882. 
MR.  POSTMASTER,  Franklin  Falls,  New  Hampshire. 

Dear  Sir : — On  Saturday  evening  last,  while  sitting  in  conversa- 
tion with  a  niece,  she  suddenly  became  seemingly  unconscious ; 
then,  shortly,  in  a  very  feeble  voice,  exclaimed :  "  My  name  was 
Benson  (Samuel  Benson),  of  Franklin  Falls,  New  Hampshire.  I 
was  eighty  years  of  age.  I  died  four  or  five  months  ago,  or  in  Jan- 
uary last,  of  heart  disease."  Now,  neither  my  niece  or  myself  had 
ever  heard  of  Franklin  Falls,  though  some  thirty-five  years  ago  I 
resided  a  short  time  in  Warner,  also  in  Concord,  and  knew  of 
Franklin  through  what  were  at  that  time  termed  the  Akin  boys,  or 
the  Akins,  who  were  considered  inventors  of  various  devices,  an 
awl  haft  for  one.  I  would  be  obliged  to  you  if  you  will  be  so  kind 
as  to  inform  me  if  there  was  such  a  person  as  Mr.  Benson  who 
died  there  in  accordance  with  what  I  have  written. 
Yours  truly, 

JAMES  EMERSON. 

FRANKLIN  FALLS,  May  23, 1882. 

Samuel  Benson  died  about  the  time  mentioned.  Was  about  eighty  years 
old.  Yours  truly, 

P.M., 
Franklin  Falls,  N.  H. 

Another  answer : 

FRANKLIN,  N.  H.,  July  10, 1882. 

JAMES  EMERSON,  ESQ.  Dear  Sir:— I  think  you  left  a  few  words  out  of 
your  first  question.  I  understand  its  import  to  be  this  :— 

1st.    Was  there  such  a  resident  of  Franklin  Falls  as  Samuel  Benson  ? 

Answer :    There  was. 

2d.    When  did  he  die? 

Answer :    January  21, 1882. 

3d.    What,  was  his  age  at  the  date  of  death? 

Answer:  His  physician  gave  me  his  age  as  eighty-two  years,  seven 
months,  and  four  days.  But  the  Merrimack  Journal,  published  here  Janu- 
ary 27,  1882,  third  page,  second  column,  says  he  was  nearly  eighty.  His 
daughter  is  away  on  a  journey.  As  soon  as  I  learn  her  address,  I  will  try  to 
remove  the  doubt. 

4th.    Was  there  any  supposed  cause  of  his  death? 

Answer:  His  physician  says  it  was  a  disease  of  the  heart  called  angina 
pectoris.  Very  respectfully, 

J.  L.  THOMPSON. 


530 


PHYSICAL  PHENOMENA. 

For  years  past  my  investigations  have  mostly  been  at  my  home  ; 
the  same  care  has  been  observed  as  in  mechanical,  hydraulic,  dy- 
namic, and  caloric  trials.  Witnessing  the  developing  of  cause  and 
effect  has  amply  repaid  the  time  expended. 

During  the  past  two  years  my  boy,  now  nearly  thirteen  years  of 
age,  and  myself  have  formed  our  circle,  at  times  others  have  joined, 
but  such  usually  come  with  preconceived  ideas,  generally  destitute 
of  desire  or  ability  to  judge  of  force,  time,  or  space  necessary  for 
effect,  consequently  it  is  time  lost. 

One,  a  doctress,  came,  prodded  the  boy  with  a  pin,  then  began  to 
orate  about  "  reflex  action  '';  she  possibly  had  some  idea  of  what 
she  meant,  I  had  not.  The  most  of  niy  investigations  with  my  boy 
are  in  the  dark,  not  all.  An  ordinary  dressing  table  is  used. 

Often  while  sitting  with  this  table  between  us  the  boy  is  thrown 
upon  the  bed,  the  round  in  the  feet  of  the  table  placed  across  my 
knees,  the  top  of  the  table  resting  against  my  forehead,  the  boy's 
chair  is  placed  on  top  of  the  table,  where  there  is  barely  room  for 
the  chair  to  stand,  the  boy  is  then  placed  standing  in  the  chair, 
where  he  begins  to  declaim. 

Then  the  voice  of  a  child  takes  the  place  of  his.  This  voice  pro- 
nounces the  longest  words  just  as  well  when  the  boy  is  gagged  as 
when  his  mouth  is  free.  Untying  feats  have  been  performed  by 
the  boy,  but  it  has  seemed  too  brutal  for  me  to  care  to  experiment 
in  that  way. 

He  has  shown  feats  of  strength  of  the  Lulu  Hurst  order  that 
would  be  impossible  in  his  normal  condition. 

The  mesmeric  influence  is  from  the  spirit  side,  at  least  not  from 
me.  A  simple  word,  Minnie,  would  cause  him  to  drop  while  cross- 
ing the  room. 

During  the  French  trial  some  two  years  since,  reported  in  our 
leading  papers,  I  invited  Judge  Bond  to  witness  the  influence  that 
might  be  brought  to  bear  against  another.  He  declined  to  do  so, 
and  often  since  the  query  has  arisen  in  my  mind  as  to  whether  the 
bench  has  a  tendency  to  expand  the  mind.  The  practice  of  the 
law  cannot  be  productive  of  the  best  thoughts. 

I  have  seen  a  table  dash  at  a  man  with  all  the  fierceness  possible1 
in  the  physical  man.  So  much  force  was  used  that  the  two  legs, 
caught  by  the  defendant,  were  splintered  in  a  moment,  and  the 
contest  was  continued  until  every  joint  of  the  table  was  separated. 

Such  'positive  determination  to  injure  caused  me  to  inquire  of 
the  sitter  if  he  could  explain  the  why.  "It  is  the  spirit  of  old 
John  Wright,  damn  him!"  was  the  reply.  "Who  was  old  John 
Wright,"  was  my  inquiry.  "  He  was  a  former  partner  of  mine,'' 
was  grudgingly  answered. 

I  have  had  the  table  turn  down  upon  its  edge  and  rush  at  inc.  as 
a  wheel  would  come  if  hurled  through  the  space  by  rotary  power, 
because  I  had  refused  to  sit  for  some  purpose  demanded  ;  it  was  in 
the  light,  so  that  I  dodged  as  it  passed  and  it  struck  the  wall,  leaving 
a  very  decided  mark  in  the  plastering  where  my  head  had  been. 


531 


At  another  time  I  had  sneeringly  told  what  .seemed  to  be  the 
spirit  of  ji  drunken  Irishman  to  boast  less  and  perform  more. 
Instantaneously  the  heavy  table  was  raised  and  dashed  into  the 
window.  "  What  are  you  about  ?  "  was  iny  inquiry.  "  Why,  you 
wanted  to  see  all  kinds,  and  I  showed  you  that,"  was  the  reply. 

For  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  effect.  I  often  hectored  the 
medium,  making  an  aggravating  remark,  then  moving  silently  in 
the  dark  to  another  place  ;  hairpins,  ring.-.,  a  slipper,  or  other  missile 
would  be  hurled  at  me  and  invariably  hit  ;  at  times  it  would  happen 
that  light  would  pass  over  the  medium  as  these  were  thrown;  her 
arms  would  be  folded  and  her  countenance  in  perfect  repose. 

During  an  investigation  of  materialization  in  my  library  a  chair 
was  suddenly  jerked  from  me.  At  the  same  instant  a  streak  of 
moonlight  pierced  through  the  blinds  upon  the  medium;  her  arms 
were  folded  ami  the  tV.ce  of  the  dead  could  not  have  appeared  more 
serene  than  was  hers. 

By  opening  the  doors  of  a  cabinet  quickly  after  arms  have 
appeared  from  the  aperture,  a  sort  of  halo  of  those  arms  may 
be  traced  back  to  the  shoulders  of  the  mediums  though  the  real 
arms  are  firmly  bound  down  behind  their  bodies.  I  have  seen  arms 
that  must  have  been  projected  eight  feet  from  the  bodies  of  the 
mediums. 

It  happened  that  I  was  experimenting  for  several  months  with 
pans  of  sand.  Those  pans  were  placed,  when  not  in  use.  upon  a 
broad  shelf  in  my  library,  such  a.s  is  common  in  libraries  for  rest- 
ing books  upon  while  making  selections  for  reading. 

During  the  time  there  were  few  evenings  in  which  I  was  not 
experimenting  with  what  are  called,  ••  table  tip]  ing.-."  The  table 
walked  about  the.  library,  upstairs  or  down,  into  various  rooms  of 
the  house,  and,  almost  invariably,  walked  or  tipped  up  upon  the 
shelf  mentioned,  often  turning  along  the  shelf  on  its  edge  when 
the  room  w.nild  be  s ••>  dark  that  a  white  handkerchief,  held  in 
front,  could  not  be  seen,  yet  the  three  pans  of  sand,  were  never 
disturbed.  This  was  evidence  to  me  that  there  was  guidance  out- 
side of  the  sitters. 

One  evening,  while  sitting  with  a  circle  of  neighbors,  none  of 
them  iSpiritualists, — the  guitar  was  floating  near  the  ceiling  above 
our  heads, — hands  came  in  contact  with  all,  which  brought  out 
hysterical  screeches.  "My  comb  is  gone,"  said  one  young  lady. 
••Well,  one  has  just  been  placed  in  my  back  hair,'' said  another. 
A  moment  after,  the  comb  was  placed  upon  the  back  of  my  head, 
and  the  hair,  certainly  not  over  five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  length, 
woven  by  tiny  fingers  in  and  around  the  coarse  teeth  of  that 
heavy  back  comb  until  it  was  so  firmly  fastened  there  that  it 
remained  until  the  close  of  the  seance,  and  the  room  was  lighted. 
and  the  work  examined  by  all.  No  ordinary  human  fingers  could 
have  done  the  work. 

I  have  sat  night  afte/  night  holding  the  hands  of  a  medium,  yet 
after  lighting  up  it  would  be  found  that  the  boots  ana  stockings  of 
the  medium  had  been  taken  off  and  hidden  away.  That  medium 
could  select  a  book  from  the  shelves  in  the  blackest  darkness. 

I  have  seen  a  dulcimer,  also  a  guitar,  floating  up  near  the  ceil- 


532 


iug  of  a  room  in  the  deepest  darkness,  .sending  forth  music  the 
production  of  which  the  gods  might  envy.  The  instruments  were 
marked  with  phosphorus,  which  made  them  perceptible.  . 

At  times  when  sitting  with  my  boy.  1  he  table  would  rise  up 
slowly  with  the  boy  on  top,  to  the  utmost  stretch  of  my  arms, 
float  for  a  moment,  then  slowly  descend  to  the  floor.  This  was 
common  for  months. 

While  witnessing  materializations,  a  young  lady  dressed  in  white. 
with  a  broad  blue  sash  around  her  waist,  came  out  of  the 
cabinet  and  stood  facing  me  with  her  back  to  the  cabinet. 
She  was  some  eight  feet  from  me.  She  swung  her  arm  back  and 
rattled  some  paper  lying  upon  the  top  of  the  cabinet,  then  returned 
into  the  cabinet.  In  an  instant  after  the  medium  came  out  to  rest, 
raising  the  portiere  as  she  did  so,  and  inviting  all  present  to  examine 
the  cabinet  to  the  fullest  extent  possible.  Upon  request  by  myself 
shestood  up  beside  the  cabinet,  yet  could  not  reach  the  top  except  by 
springing  up  to  do  so.  The  figure  that  came  out  must  have  been 
seven  feet  high,  yet  was  so  perfectly  formed  and  proportioned  that 
I  had  not  noticed  her  unusual  size  until  I  saw  the  height  of  the 
medium  as  she  came  out. 

At  another  time,  the  medium  exclaimed,  "  Your  mother  is  here 
and  desires  to  communicate."  "  Very  well,"  was  my  reply,  and  then 
I  asked,  "  Mother,  have  you  met  with  Mr.  Pushee  since  being 
there?"  Instantly  a  tune  was  commenced  and  played  upon  a 
violin,  though  there  was  no  perceptible  violin  in  the  vicinity.  Mr. 
Pushee  was  a  well  known  dancing  teacher  and  violinist  a  genera- 
tion since. 

I  have  seen  six  and  eight  of  the  most  beautiful  hands  and  arms 
projected  through  an  aperture  ten  by  twelve  inches  area,  the  arms 
moving  so  rapidly  as  to  make  it  difficult  for  the  eye  to  follow  their 
movements,  then  with  the  fingers  messages  would  rapidly  be  given 
through  the  deaf  and  dumb  alphabet.  It  would  simply  be  impos- 
sible for  four  or  even  three  persons  to  stand  up  to  such  an  aperture 
and  project  their  arms  as  was  done  there.  I  have  seen  and  felt 
hcuids  smaller  than  those  of  the  .smallest  babe  I  have  ever  seen,  and 
larger  than  those  of  any  human  being  in  the  flesh  ;  have  held  them 
until  they  dissolved  in  my  own. 

As  stated  on  another  page,  I  have  loaded  a  revolver  of  a  medium, 
laid  it  upon  a  trunk  in  a  closet,  its  muzzle  pointed  at  a  door  not 
eighteen  inches  distant,  had  it  discharged  three  times  by  request 
without  a  sign  of  the  bullet,  yet  the  fourth  discharge  by  myself  left 
the  bullet  hole  plain  enough. 

I  haVe  seen  and  felt  feats  of  strength,  of  carrying,  of  transferring 
of  clothing,  of  jewelry  from  the  ears  or  fingers  of  one  person  to 
those  of  another,  that  astonished  me. 

I  have  heard  raps  that  could  only  be  equaled  by  blows  from  a 
heavy  sledge  hammer,  others  hardly  perceptible,  had  them  seem  to 
be  upon  the  outside  door,  as  though  applications  for  admission.  In 
fact,  I  have  seen  much  that  anyone  having  a  particle  of  a  scientist's 
nature  would  give  up  sleep  or  time  to  investigate. 

One  night  I  had  gone  upstairs  leaving  Charla  and  her  sister  sew- 
ing; suddenly  there  was  a  rush  upstairs,  and  shrieks,  "James, 


533 


James  !  some  one  is  breaking  in  the  basement  door."  In  a  moment 
1  had  raised  a  window  from  which  I  could  look  down  upon  that 
door  ;  it  was  a  frosty  evening,  with  a  bright,  full  moon  shining  upon 
that  door,  and  all  about  the  house  nothing  movable  could  be  seen  in 
any  direction.  A  few  evenings  after,  while  experimenting,  what 
purported  to  be  the  spirit  of  Charla's  father  came  to  us.  "  Why 
don't  you  come  and  indicate  your  presence,  sometimes,  when  we 
are  not  seeking  for  you  ?  "  "  1  did  the  other  night  upon  the  base- 
ment door,"  was  answered. 

1  have  an  idea  that  it  is  of  this  force  that  Keeley  of  Keeley  motor 
renown  has  been  experimenting  so  many  years',  so  much  to  the 
disgust  of  the  know-alls,  but  the  world  progresses  very  slowly. 
Cicero,  in  his  "Nature  of  the  Gods."  sneers  at  the  claims  of  the 
Babylonians  that  they  had  kept  authentic  records  of  nativities 
back  four  hundred  and  seventy  thousand  years,  yet  at  the  time  he 
was  arguing  about  the  authenticity  of  oracles,  signs,  and  portents, 
or  Spiritualism  and  spiritual  manifestations,  the  oldest  of  all  re- 
ligions, unless  coeval  and  contemporaneous  for  a  time  with  symbol 
worship,  but  bound  to  endure  and  grow  brighter  and  clearer  as 
symbol  worship,  under  its  numerous  disguises,  disappears.  The 
pathway  of  Spiritualism  has  been  marked  with  blood — but  its  own 
blood,  never  that  of  its  victims — as  it  has  pointed  the  way  to  a 
higher  life. 

The  Sandwich  Islanders  at  Jthis  time,  after  a  century  of  mission- 
ary manipulation,  offer  an  object  lesson  that  cannot  be  misunder- 
stood as  to  the  baneful  effect  of  symbolized  religion.  Would  it  not 
be  more  creditable  to  our  intelligence  and  humanity  to  stop  forcing 
our  ignorance  upon  other  peoples,  and  try  to  ascertain  the  possi- 
bilities  of  our  own  natures? 

When  these  manifestations  burst  forth  at  Hydesville,  Christianity 
had  become  so  materialistic  that  professing  Christians,  like  the 
fabled  Jews  of  old,  were  the  fiercest  for  crucifying  those  claiming 
to  furnish  evidence  of  a  foundation  for  the  supposed  miracles  of 
the  early  Nazarenes.  There  is  no  evidence  to  show  that  our  early 
mediums  were  not  invariably  ready  to  submit  to  the  most  exhaustive 
test  conditions,  within  the  limits  of  reason,  oftentimes  beyond. 
If  some  of  them  have  since  become  tricky  they  have  had  much  to 
make  them  so. 

It  is  time  the  brutal  tying  and  test  conditions  were  done  away 
with,  and  the  investigation  should  be  done  by  kind  but  cautious 
observers.  If  the  ruffianly  can  only  be  convinced  through  brutality 
let  them  go  unconvinced.  A  ruffian  is  none  the  less  a  ruffian 
because  well  dressed. 

To  investigate  intelligently  one  must  expect  to  meet  spirit  friends 
as  they  left  the  body  ;  progression  for  them  ended  with  life  here, 
and  will  begin  again  in  new  bodies. 

Seeking  spirits  is  done  too  much  upon  the  plan  of  searching  the 
scriptures. 

Tlie  Christian  that  exacts  twelve  per  cent,  interest  does  not  look 
for  the  passage  that  condemns  usury,  but  that  which  says,  Render 
unto  Csesar  the  things  that  are  Caesars,  the  other  fellow  to  render, 
he  to  receive.  One  is  likely  to  find  what  he  seeks. 


534 

The  Jewish  Scriptures  and  Greek  Mythologies 
from  the  same  Myths. 

Should  an  English  author  of  note  assert  that  our  or  his  own 
people  are  little  less  superstitious  than  the  natives  of  Dahomey, 
he  would  cause  a  howl  of  indignation  ;  still  he  could  produce  ample 
evidence  to  substantiate  the  assert  inn. 

Are  you  a  Christian  ?  Do  you  believe  the  Bible  ?  are  questions 
to  which  an  emphatic  yes  !  would  be  the  reply.  Do  you  believe  in 
dreams, prophecies,  spirits,  oracles,  soothsayers,  ideals',  and  witches? 
No  !  would  be  the  general  answer ;  yet  the  Bible  is  nothing  without 
them,  while  Christianity  is  founded  upon  a  dream  and  silly  story 
that  would  be  laughed  at  in  any  other  matter  and  is  laughed  at  by 
all  of  other  beliefs,  and  at  home  by  all  but  the  superstitious.  "All 
this  was  done  that  the  prophecy  might  be  fulfilled,"  gives  the 
whole  away.  Without  the  rejected  gospels  little  can  be  known  of 
the  matter;  with  them  it  is  plain  that  Mary  was  kept  in  the  Temple 
until  her  reputation  and  that  of  the  priests  required  that  she  should 
have  a  husband  at  once.  An  old  man  was  selected  and  accepted 
that  position  under  strong  protest.  Why  were  the  most  explicit 
gospels  rejected  and  without  a  record  of  the  vote  ? 

Go  into  particulars  and  it  will  soon  be  evident  that  the  belief  of 
the  Christian  is  a  vague  ideal  having  the  same  credulity  as  the 
child's  belief  in  ''Jack  the  giant  killer."  Consideration  will  con- 
vince the  intelligent  thinker  that  the  saints,  Matthew,  Luke,  Mark, 
etc. ,  were  of  the  same  caliber  and  character  as  those  of  our  Lake 
Pleasant  and  other  camp  meeting  speakers  and  writers,  having  the 
same  tendency  to  present  assertions  instead  of  demonstrable  facts. 
No  evidence  of  any  value  can  be  furnished  of  the  mythical  cruci- 
fixion, nor  do  I  believe  there  can  be  of  finding  the  bones  of  a 
peddler  in  the  Hydesville  cellar.  I  have  seen  lights  in  the  dark 
seances  of  the  Spiritualists,  as  I  have,  in  my  forecastle  experience, 
seen  bright  lights  in  the  daytime,  but  such  were  caused  by  a 
punch  in  the  eye,  and  those  acquainted  with  the  persuasive  ways 
of  zealous  Christians  will  not  think  it  unlikely  that  the  fist  of  a 
brother  of  the  Calvinistic  type  caused  the  light  that  iiuon  d  -St. 
Paul."  Our  Catholic  Christians  at  death  have  the  body  surrounded 
by  lighted  candles  that  the  Creator  may  lind  their  souls.  Talmage 
and  Lorimer  think  half  million  dollar  churches  more  conspicuous,, 
churches  in  which  the  poor  worshiper  feels  as  much  out  of  place 
as  a  tramp  would  in  a  meeting  of  bishops.  A  continual  call  is 
made  for  money  to  be  used  in  christianizing  heathen.  Look  at  the 
model  Christian  represented  upon  the  opposite  page  and  consider 
whether  heathen  are  likely  to  be  benefited  by  the  change. 
Christianity  has  had  control  fifteen  hundred  years,  a  hundred  years 
in  the  Sandwich  Islands.  Where  is  the  benefit?  Take  this  from 
Theognis  born  570  years  before  the  Christian  era. 
"  With  kine  ami  horses,  Kurnus !  we  proceed 

J!y  reasonable  rules,  and  choose  a  breed 

For  iirotit  and  increase,  at  any  price 

Of  a  sound  stock,  without  detect  or  vice. 

But  in  the  daily  matches  that  we  make 

The  price  is  everything.     For  money's  sake 


Men  marry ;  women  are  in  marriage  given. 
The  churl  or  ruffian  that  in  wealth  has  thriven 
May  match  his  offspring  with  the  proudest  race. 
Thus  everything  is  mixed,  noble  and  base." 


535 

PRACTICAL  EFFECT  OF  THEORETICAL  CHRISTIANITY. 


536 


Can  any  better  description  be  given  of  society  to-day  ?  The 
fables  of  -<Esop,  so  old  that  their  authorship  is  doubtful,  are  yet 
as  applicable  to-day  as  before  ( 'hristianity  had  been  heard  of. 

Mrs.  Ella  Wheeler  Wilcox,  in  the  September  number,  1893,  of  the 
"Arena,"  patronizingly  as  a  Theosophist,  tells  spiritual  mediums 
how  ignorant  they  are,  and  how  they  could  know  it  all  by  becoming 
Theosophists,  yet  there  is  not  an  idea  in  her  article  that  may  not  be 
found  in  the  works  of  Lucretius,  written  two  thousand  years  ago. 

Folyxena,  as,  womanlike,  she  calmly  gave  her  throat  to  the  knife 
that  her  death  might  appease  the  ghost  of  the  sulky  bully  Achilles, 
is  made  to  say  by  Euripides,  in  his  Hecuba,  "  Receive  my  last 
address,  O  mother !  O  thou  that  hearest  me,  I  am  going  below; 
what  message  shall  I  bear  to  Hector,  and  to  thy  aged  husband?" 
Does  a  Christian  die  more  intelligently  or  calmly  ?  What  ideal  of 
honor  or  of  morals  can  be  shown  to-day  higher  than  those  taught 
by  Pythagoras,  Socrates,  Theognis,  Plato,  Lucretius,  Cicero. 
Plutarch,  and  many  others.  If  improvement  cannot  be  shown, 
then  where  is  the  equivalent  for  the  oceans  of  blood  shed  by 
Christianity  to  suppress  progress  and  compel  the  more  enlightened 
to  submit  to  priestly  influence?  Humanity  has  generally  progressed, 
but  in  spite  of  Christianity,  as  will  be  apparent  by  a  careful  study 
of  Gibbon's  history  of  the  Kise  and  Eall  of  the  Koman  Empire. 

Undoubtedly  many  nominal  Christians  have  worked  to  elevate 
the  masses  and  would  have  done  the  same  had  their  environment 
caused  them  to  be  Atheists.  Our  seemingly  most  devout  Christians 
at  church  are  not  our  best  citizens,  as  our  prison  statistics  would 
show,  if  obtained.  Our  freethinkers  are  unquestionably  our  most 
progressive  citizens,  caring  but  little  about  christianizing  heathen, 
but  much  about  the  equalizing  of  comfort  and  intelligence  of  our 
people  at  home.  Christianity  has  done  all  that  has  been  possible 
to  prevent  the  intelligence  of  the  ancients  from  coining  down  tons. 
Their  best  works  have  been  destroyed,  mutilated,  or  interpolated 
with  lying  forgeries.  Epicurus  a  philosopher,  who,  like  Ealph 
Waldo  Emerson,  taught  that  the  best  preparation  for  a  future  life 
was  to  live  a  good  life  here,  is  handed  down  as  a  man  who  lived 
solely  that  he  might  eat.  Lucretius  says  of  him,  "  Epicurus,  who 
excelled  the  human  race  hi  genius,  and  threw  all  into  the  shade,  as 
the  ethereal  sun,  when  it  rises,  obscures  the  stars." 

We  all  know  how  evangelists  of  the  Mills  or  Sam  Jones  type  will 
lie  about  the  "Awful  deathbed  of  Tom  Paine,"  where  they  have 
contracted  to  make  converts  at  the  rate  of  six  dollars  per  dozen. 
The  translation  of  the  classics  has  done  much  to  enlighten  the 
masses  ;  and  the  would-be  leaders  must  get  it  into  their  heads,  that 
evolution  begins  at  the  bottom,  in  the  workshop  with  the  silent 
thinker ;  then  is  published  in  some  obscure  sheet  only  noticed  by 
rash  and  radical  persons  who  care  little  about  conventionalities  or 
popular  opinion ;  in  a  generation  such  ideas  become  semi-popular; 
then,  after  becoming  bald  headed  from  age,  are  taken  up  by  our 
colleges  and  scientists  of  the  Huxley-Tyndall  type,  and  published 
by  such  works  as  the  "Arena,"  and  "  Science  Monthly,"  as 
advanced  thought.  Almost  daily  I  get  new  ideas  from  children, 
working  men  and  women,  and  cheap  radical  sheets  sent  me  by 


537 


unknown  authors.  Yet  I  can  say  with  truth  that  I  have  never 
caught  a  new  idea  from  the  writings  of  Herbert  Spencer,  though  he 
is  a  great  reader,  and  honorably  credits  to  those  from  whom  he 
quotes. 

The  numerous  similarities  show  plainly  that  the  Jewish  scrip- 
tures and  Greek  mythologies  have  the  same  origin, — Jehovah  and 
Jupiter,  Adam  and  Deucalion,  Eve  and  Pyrrha,  the  compound 
man-woman,  Samson  and  Hercules,  the  same  tradition  of  a  deluge  ; 
Jephthah's  daughter  and  Polyxena  both  expressing  the  same  regret 
that  death  was  to  come  before  they  could  know  the  bridegroom. 
Visits  of  Gods,  angels,  prophets, -  spirits,  mediums,  soothsayers, 
oracles,  and  myths  were  common  with  both.  These  may  easily  be 
studied  in  the  Bible  or  translations  of  the  ancient  writers ;  in  almost 
all  of  which  it  will  be  evident  that  oracles  or  spirit  communica- 
tions were  generally  believed  in,  and  consulted  upon  all  state  or  im- 
portant matters  ;  as  Saul  sought  advice  from  the  witch  of  Endor. 

From  such  writers  as  Herodotus,  Plutarch,  and  many  others,  it 
will  be  plain  that  the  oracles  or  communications  were  of  exactly 
the  same  character  as  those  from  our  mediums  to-day.  Spirit 
outbursts  have  occurred  from  the  earliest  times  down  to  ours. 
That  Christianity  originated  and  continued  for  a  time  as  such  is 
evident.  "  Do  to  others  as  you  would  have  others  return,"  or 
"Love  thy  neighbor  as  thyself,"  is  Spiritualism,  for  the  account 
covers  every  phase  of  pure  Spiritualism  to-day.  But  a  creed  so 
simple  would  not  support  a  priesthood  then,  any  more  than  our 
camp  meeting  bummers  of  to-day,  so  dogmas  were  substituted  for 
phenomena.  Joan  of  Arc,  the  holy  maid  of  Kent,  Convulsionists 
of  St.  Medard,  the  witch  manias  and  Rochester  knockings  were 
all  of  the  same  nature.  Bulwer  in  his  "  Strange  Stoiy  "  gives  the 
possibilities  of  spiritual  influence  as  Dumas  in  his  "  Memoirs  of  a 
Physician"  does  of  the  mesmeric  influence,  both  of  which  how- 
ever I  believe  to  be  of  the  same  source. 

Probably  from  conventional  prejudice  the  best  investigators  have 
failed  to  make  intelligent  application  of  their  experience.  The  new 
investigator,  if  asked  if  he  believes,  answers  too  often  with  "No, 
I  don't  believe,  I  know  !  "  then  after  a  score  of  years,  seeing  that 
there  is  no  progress,  he  becomes  doubtful  or  a  materialist.  The 
trouble  is,  he  has  too  much  of  the  old  Christian  superstition  about 
him  and  believes  that  spirits  are  perfect  beings  that  know  it  all. 
It  is  time  to  begin  to  understand  that  this  life  is  for  progression. 

"  Life  is  the  time  to  serve  the  Lord, 
The  ti iiif  to  iiifiiirt} //if  f/rt'tif:  ri-ti'ardf 
And  while  the  lamp  holds  out  to  burn 
The  vilest  sinner  may  return." 

Mr.  Talmage,  has  it  occurred  to  you,  that  thinking  so  much  of 
the  great  reward  has  made  a  corrupt  people  hen- '.' 

"  In  the  life  to  come,  your  riches  consist 
of  the  jrood  you  do  to  others  in  this," 

is  better  for  progress,  morality,  and  science,  if  not  for  Christianity. 
Every  man  his  own  savior.  The  great  hindrance  to  progress  is  the 
lasting  superstition  inculcated  in  childhood.  Can  any  superstition  of 


538 


Dahomey  excel  in  absurdity  the  "  key  myth  "  of  Gregory— that 
weak  man,  perhaps  drunken  and  lascivious,  should  have  the  power 
of  the  Creator  to  forgive  sins  ?  Greater,  in  fact,  for  the  Creator 
neither  forgives  nor  shows  mercy.  I  challenge  proof  of  a  single 
case.  God  is  law,  violate  his  law  and  the  consequence  invariably 
follows.  How  often  trams  going  in  opposite  directions  hive 
attempted  to  pass  upon  the  same  track.  Success  has  never  followed. 
nor  in  any  other  violation.  Old  saints  and  old  spirits  are  equally 
unnatural,  and  contrary  to  nature.  Suppose  that  when  chaos  ceased, 
and  soil  began  to  form  upon  the  earth,  some  power  had  removed 
it  as  fast  as  formed,  when  would  this  globe  have  been  habitable  ? 
Neither  God,  nature,  nor  humanity  can  afford  the  constant  moving 
on  of  spiritual  life.  There  is  no  "  xiti>i'r)i«fiinil." 

We  know  that  a  tree  or  the  body  disintegrates,  then  springs  forth 
again  in  the  same  or  other  form,  which  is  change,  but  continuation. 
Is  the  spirit  exceptional  or  less  natural  '.'  The  electric  engine  is 
surrounded  by  electric  energy,  as  the  atmosphere  surrounds  the 
windmill.  Do  we  go  to  the  electric  energy.  <>r  atmosphere,  to  find 
how  either  engine  works  ?  So  of  spirit  power  :  we  get  no  spirit  out- 
burst, such  as  witches,  haunted  houses.  Hying  tables,  or  dishes, 
unless  a  human  body  is  present;  and  spirit  phenomena  must  In- 
studied  in  connection  with  the  body.  To  do  this  understanding!;  all 
notions  of  heavenly  etiquette  must  be  abandoned.  We  arc  sur- 
rounded by  this  spirituality  and  there  is  not  a  shadow  of  proof  that 
spirits  are  better  or  different  from  the  embodied  ones  here,  or  have 
any  higher  knowledge  to  impart  to  us.  The  first  necessit  \  as  an  inves- 
tigator is  to  abandon  superstition-  myths,  such  as  a  New  Jerusalem. 
located  in  a  mythical  Nowhere.  Consider  everything  natural  and 
upon  its  merits.  The  natural  home  of  the  spirit  is  incarnated  and 
in  this  life ;  when  disintegrated,  it  is  part  of  the  surrounding 
intelligence.  After  the  death  of  a  body  the  spirit  for  a  time  retains 
its  individuality  ;  how  long  will-depend  upon  its  nature,  as  of  a  tree. 
That  there  is  a  spiritual  body,  one  more  substantial  than  generally 
supposed,  I  believe  susceptible  of  tangible  proof.  This  body  or 
influence  is  plainly  perceptible  as  it  comes  near  or  stands  beside 
you,  and  very  positively  so  at  times  :  sitting  with  three  at  a  heavy 
table  the  fourth  side  or  end  may  be  observed  to  rise  and  move  as 
it  would  if  a  fourth  physical  sitter  were  there. 

Surrounded  by  intelligence,  the  brain  receives  and  guides  it  in 
ordinary  channels.  The  seeker  finds  more. 

The  question  is  daily  asked,  Dp  you  think  spirits  would  come 
back  and  tip  tables  ?  Certainly,  if  that  is  the  way  they  can  best 
make  their  presence  known.  They  do  worse  things  than  tip  tables 
while  in  the  body,  why  not  after  leaving  it  ? 

Of  course  this  belief  will  destroy  the  pleasing  illusion  of  know- 
ing former  friends  and  relations  after  this  life,  forever,  but  is  it 
certain  that  our  desire,  if  granted,  would  be  the  best  for  us  ?  We 
have  been  well  guided  up  to  this  life  and  have  no  reason  to  doubt 
the  future  guidance  of  the  same  power.  I  for  myself  can  cheer- 
fully say,  "  Thy  will  be  done."  A  constant  rotation  gives  each  one 
a  chance  and  in  time  will  produce  perfection. 

What  is  the  difference  between  "Heredity"  and  "Reincarnation?" 


539 


THE  MATERIALIST'S  OR  DON'T  KNOWS  HEREAFTER. 


..      i.-.-ji   -.: ..-    v~~ 
THE  RATIONALIST'S  OR  REASONER'S  HEREAFTER. 


540 
MEDIEVAL  BARBARISM  STILL  EXTANT. 

Where  is  the  heaven  located  that  Christians  talk  so  much  of  and 
seem  so  much  to  dread  starting  for  '.' 

More  than  fifty  years  ago  at  a  prayer  meeting,  a  brother  kindly 
informed  me  that  1  was  liable  to  be  sent  to  hell  that  night.  '-And 
just  think,"  he  exclaimed,  "  if  this  earth  was  made  up  of  tine  sand 
and  a  bird  should  carry  away  a  grain  once  in  a  million  of  years,  in 
time  it  would  all  be  gone,  and  your  punishment  would  lie  no  nearer 
ending  than  at  its  commencement:  while  allot'  that  time  I  hope 
to  be  singing  the  praises  of  ihe  Creator,  not  through  any  merit  of 
my  own  but  through  the  atoning  blood  of  Christ." 

There  is  no  reason  to  doubt  but  what  the  soul  of  such  a  man 
would  be  small,  yes,  very  small  ;  but  even  the  soul  of  anyone 
willing  to  be  saved  through  the  sufferings  of  another  may  be  as 
large  as  a  fine  grain  of  sand.  As  there  are  thousands  of  such 
souls  freed  from  the  body  daily,  it  can  be  comparatively  but  a 
short  time  before  the  bulk  of  souls  will  exceed  that  of  the  earth, 
and  as  the  other  planets  should  be  in  the  same,  condition  what  is  to 
become  of  such  souls  ?  But  first,  where  are  such  souls  to  come 
from  ?  If  you  constantly  check  out  without  depositing,  your 
checks  will  not  be  cashed.  So  of  souls. 

Again  I  ask,  where  is  this  heaven  in  which  the  sole  business  is  t<> 
sit  in  one's  nightshirt  and  shout  paeans  in  glorification  of  a  inonsU  r 
who  enjoys  electing  arbitrarily  a  favored  few  and  witnessing  the  end- 
less broiling  of  billions,  and  the  paving  of  the  broiling  place  with  in- 
nocent infants'  skulls.  "  Stop,  stop,  in  mercy  stop  !  No  one  believes 
in  such  inhumanity  now  !  "  My  dear  madam,  this  very  barbarism  in 
this  year  of  1894  is  preached  and  approved  within  three  hundrtd 
yards  of  where  this  article  is  written,  and  in  all  of  its  lurid  ghast  liness. 
the  preacher  consistently  arguing  that  a  "  Divine  revelation  "  admits 
of  no  change.  Of  course  only  the  venal,  ignorant,  or  weak  miiukd 
utter  or  listen  to  such  barbarism. 

Can  one  wonder  that  our  prisons  and  asylums  are  crowded,  and 
that  societies  for  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  the  helpless  are 
needed  ?  or  that  preachers  of  the  Talmage,  Lorimer,  and  Park- 
hurst  type  decline  to  aid  in  efforts  made  to  ascertain  the  moral 
influence  of  the  various  religions  upon  the  masses  ?  And  it  may  be 
asserted  without  fear  of  successful  contradiction,  that  for  each  free- 
thinker or  Spiritualist  that  may  be  found  in  our  prisons  or  asylums, 
a  hundred  of  the  Calvinic-Komish  type  may  be  found  to  offset. 
The  same  old  stories  are  told  ;  one,  the  dying  boy  saying  to  his  good 
father,  "Oh,  father,  you  never  taught  me  this,  and  now  I  shall  go  to 
hell  and  never  see  you  and  mother  again!  "  The  best  antidote  t<  r 
this  money  gathering  scheme  would  be  to  chain  the  preacher  close 
in  front  of  a  roaring  fire  until  well  browned.  For  the  endless 
psalm-singing,  think  how  even  the  mother  hushes  her  babe  with 
"  Yes,  dear,  and  now  go  to  sleep."  as  baby  says  "  Dood  mamma,  baby 
loves  oo."  It  has  happened  several  times  that  I  have  saved  human 
life,  once  by  plunging  from  a  steamer's  deck.  Praise  the  first  time 
was  pleasant,  less  so  the  next,  then  soon  became  nauseous.  Could 
the  creature  respect  a  Creator  that  required  it  eternally  ?  As  1  look 
back  over  a  long  and  eventful  life,  I  can  recall  many  acts  that  J 
deeply  regret,  though  I  will  not  assert  that  under  the  same  con- 


541 


ditions  I  should  not  do  the  same  again,  yet  I  hope  that  I  have  never 
sinned  so  deeply  as  to  give  cause  for  sending  me  for  an  eternal  resi- 
dence in  an  orthodox  heaven.  I  should  not  like  it  here,  and,  as 
James  Emerson,  I  should  not  like  it  there. 

If  Christians  have  any  regard  for  the  positive  teachings  of  their 
gospels  aside  from  them  as  relating  to  their  self-interests,  it  has  sel- 
dom been  made  apparent. 

Can  any  statement  be  made  more  positive  than  the  one  that  for 
every  effect  there  is  a  cause,  or,  ¥i  Xot  a  sparrow  shall  fall  without 
the  Father's  notice."  Yet  how  complacently  the  most  bigoted 
believers  after  witnessing  astonishing  phenomena  will  placidly  set- 
tle down  on,  "Oh,  .it-was  a  COINCIDENCE."  Do  such  shallow 
minds  realize  that  for  each  coincidence  there  is  a  cause? 

CREMATION. 

The  disposal  of  <he  body  after  the  spirit  ha.s  left  it  has  been  one 
of  the  oldest  and  most  familiar  subjects  treated  of  by  tradition  or 
history. 

Excavated  tombs,  funeral  pyres,  exposure  to  birds  or  beasts  of 
prey,  burial  in  the  earth  or  in  the  ocean,  placing  in  mounds  or  trees, 
and  many  other  methods  have  been  favored  by  various  peoples. 
With  ourselves,  through  superstition,  custom,  and  desire  for  display, 
the  most  disgusting  and  unhealthy  method  has  continued  until 
not  only  the  possibility  but  the  probability  of  burying  the  living,  as 
well  as  the  thought  of  the  lingering  corruption  of  the  remains  of  our 
loved  ones,  has  caused  the  consideration  of  disintegrating  the  cast- 
off  shell  by  the  purer  and  more  expeditious  use  of  fire. 

Certainly  neither  our  bleak  hillside  graveyards  with  their  leaning 
and  lying  headstones,  nor  our  crowded  cemeteries  with  their  glaring 
marbles  above  and  festering  corruptions  beneath,  offer  anything 
that  is  pleasing  for  contemplation. 

Formyself,  it  is  my  positive  request  that,  after  my  spirit  has  passed 
on,  my  body  be  cremated  and  the  ashes  scattered  by  the  winds 
without  any  reservation. 

THE  PSYCHIC  SEARCH  SOCIETY. 

Since  it  is  well  known  that  I  have  given  much  attention  to  the  study 
of  what  are  called  spiritual  manifestations,  my  opinion  is  often 
asked  as  to  the  effect  of  the  "Psychical  Search  Society."  As  I 
believe  in  its  beneficial  influence  my  reasons  therefor  are  here 
given.  Any  subject  becomes  conventional  and  popular  as  it  be- 
comes common.  A  society  or  m<  >b  will  often  do  what  an  individual 
will  hesitate  to  assume  the  responsibility  for  doing,  and  many  join 
a  society  for  the  supposed  honor  that  membership  carries,  espe- 
cially if  such  society  has  a  high  sounding  name  ;  but  that  any  new 
light  will  be  thrown  upon  spiritual  phenomena  by  this  society  is 
very  doubtful.  Discoveries  are  made  through  patient  individual 
efforts,  so  far  as  my  experience  goes,  and  real  investigators  care 
but  little  about  belonging  to  societies. 


Hallucination  or  Mystery. 

Our  age  is  materialistic  or  mystical,  and  the  writer  desirous  of 
being  read  fifty  years  hence  must  realize  the  rapid  changes  taking 
place  in  thought.  Buckle,  Mills,  Kant,  Carlyle,  and  Herbert  Spen- 
cer are  of  the  past.  Walled  cities  and  non-intercourse  must  give 
way  to  steam  and  electricity,  which  will  make  the  whole  world  a 
brotherhood.  1  have  a  fair  collection  of  standard  works  and  plenty 
of  borrowers, — Irving's,  Hawthorne's,  Cooper's,  (ieorge  Kliot's,  Gil- 
more  Simm's,  and  Thackeray's  might  do  about  as  well  if  made  of 
painted  forms  of  wood.  Scott,  Holmes,  and  even  Dickens  are  read 
but  little.  Bertha  M.  Clay,  Miss  Braddon,  Cecil  Hay,  the  Duch- 
ess, and  others  of  like  character  are  read  by  the  young,  but  there  is 
another  and  rapidly  increasing  class  that  read  and  study  the  my>- 
tical,  such  as  Bulwer's  "  Zanoui,"  "Strange  Story."  and  "Cominu 
Race,"  Sinnett's  "  Karma,"  the  "  Veiled  Beyond."  ••  Affinities." 
"  Paul  Vargas,"  "  Daughter  of  the  Stars,"  "  Bichwa,"  and  thousands 
of  others,  and,  though  they  may  not  accept  all  there  presented,  such 
works  cause  thought  of  the  possibilities.  These  readers,  thinkers, 
and  investigators  realize  that  there  is  much  to  learn.  It  is  through 
these,  that  we  have  the  most  rapid  progression  and  startling  ideas, 
for  they  care  but  little  for  conventionalities,  ghosts,  or  graveyards. 
For  unknown  ages,  ghosts  have  been  believed  in,  and  are  now  to  a 
far  greater  extent  than  unthinkingly  supposed.  Tw<  >  t  liousand  years 
ago  Lucretius  accounted  for  them  by  saying  that  the  spirit  cast  off 
shells  as  a  snake  sheds  his  skin.  A  Massachusetts  school  board, 
without  offering  evidence  that  they  know  anything  about  it.  sa\ 
that  they  are  hallucinations.  Some  twenty  years  ago,  I  left  my 
assistant  at  the  Holyoke  depot,  and  walked  to  Willimansett.  On 
arrival  at  the  depot  there  and  turning  to  look  back,  I  saw  her  <•<  >ming 
out  of  a  covered  sidewalk  to  the  bridge.  I  was  vexed,  for  the 
snow  was  deep  and  no  path,  while  there  was  a  train  but  a  few 
minutes  later.  After  watching  her  wade  through  the  snow  two- 
thirds  of  the  way  to  me,  I  turned  and  went  home.  She  did  not 
come  until  after  the  train  passed  by,  but  nothing  was  said  about  it 
for  a  month  after.  During  that  time  had  there  been  any  necessity 
for  establishing  her  whereabouts  on  the  day  I  left  her  at  the  depot 
I  should  in  perfect  faith  have  gone  upon  the  witness  stand  and 
sworn  to  having  seen  her  wading  through  the  snow  at  the  time 
stated,  yet  she  was  not  there  physically  at  all,  but  came  over  in 
the  train  as  proposed. 

A  few  months  since,  getting  on  a  train  at  Willimansett,  I  took 
a  seat,  with  Harvey  I).  Bagg,  one  of  the  county  commissioners. 
We  had  a  pleasant  talk  on  the  way  and  I  got  the  impression  that 
he  came  away  from  home  without  changing  a  coat  kept  for  work- 
around the  barn,  for  the  binding  in  front  was  worn  and  frayed  out. 
At  Chicopee  he  left  the  train,  and  I  thought  no  more  of  the  matter 
until  taking  up  the  Springfield  Il<'jinl,li,-<ni.  three  days  later,  and 
seeing  a  picture  of  Mr.  Bagg  and  an  account  of  his  death  the  day 
I  rode  to  Chicopee  with  him.  brought  our  ride  together  forcibly  to 
my  mind,  causing  me  to  make  inquiries,  which  established  the  fact 
that  he  had  been  confined  to  his  bed  for  days  before  his  death. 
Some  months  previously  I  had  sent  Mr.  Bagg  a  copy  of  an  earlier 
edition  of  this  work.  Meeting  him  in  the  train  a  few  days  later  he 


543 


took  pains  to  stop  and  tell  me  that  he  had  received  and  read  my 
book  all  through  and  that  he  was  going  to  commence  and  go  through 
it  again.  I  mention  this  as  the  possible  cause  why  there  should  be 
an  attraction  to  bring  us  together. 

Whether  these  appearances  are  shells  cast  oft'  by  the  spirit,  as 
Lucretius  thought,  or  "  Hallucinations,"  according  to  our  Christian, 
materialistic,  school  boards,  is  a  matter  yet  to  be  decided,  and  as 
superstition  dies  out  these  appearances  will  command  more  atten- 
tion :  to  me  they  are  very  real,  and  at  times  take  place  when  I  am 
in  conversation  with  others. 

The  description  by  Mr.  Conway  of  the  '•  Hichwa .  "  dagger  has 
strong  attraction  for  me,  anil  1  think  for  many  others.  The 
dagger  was  so  made  that  there  was  a  strange  blending  of  light  and 
colors  that  caused  the  holder  to  first  desire  to  commit  suicide,  then 
murder.  From  an  irresistible  impulse,  yet  without  apparent  cause. 
I  am  impelled  to  throw  myself  under  a  flying  train,  from  a  high 
pi-ecipice,  or  into  a  roaring  furnace.  The  impulse  is  so  positive  at 
tini'-s  that  my  only  safety  is  to  turn  away.  1  think  that  such 
impulses  are  not  uncommon.  Would  it  not  indicate  a  truer  human- 
ity to  know  more  of  ourselves  before  deciding  who  are  heathen  ? 

PROPHESYING  FUTURE  EVENTS. 

Of  the  possibility  of  foreseeing  events  abundance  of  evidence  has 
been  furnished  me,  but  two  cases  only  will  be  given  here. 

Sitting  with  Charla  and  her  sister,  our  attention  was  called,  then: — 
Five  years  from  this  day,  one  of  you  three 
Folded  in  the  bosom  of 'mother  earth  will  be. 

April  21,  1878. 

The  communication  caused  us  often  to  think  of  it.  Three  years 
or  more  passed  by,  then  a  communication  from  a  medium  came  to 
us  saying  that  we  three  were  not  meant,  but  the  three  of  the  family, 
Charla,  her  brother,  and  sister ;  the  remaining  members  of  their 
family.  Some  months  afterwards  news  came  of  the  sudden  death 
of  the  brother  in  the  far  west. 

ANOTHER  CASE  MORE  DECISIVE. 

At  my  home  three  of  us  were  sitting  at  the  table  talking  of  the 
death  of  a  little  child  of  one  of  the  sitters  ;  the  other  sitter  was 
entranced  and  said,  "Another  little  child  will  soon  come  over  here." 
I  said,  "I  hope  not  from  the  one  who  has  just  lost  the  one  spoken 
of."  "There  is  a  star  over  her  head,  which  signifies  peace.  It  is 
not  hers,"  was  the  reply.  Then  she  exclaimed,  ••  Within  four 
months  from  this  day  and  within  sixty  rods  from  this  house  an- 
other little  child  will  come  here." 

The  time  passed  on  ;  about  two  months  after  a  little  child  sick- 
ened and  died,  then  it  was  said  that  the  prophecy  had  been  fulfilled, 
but  to  me  it  seemed  not,  for  she  had  no  connection  with  the 
sitters. 

The  fourth  month  had  well  advanced  when  the  youngest  child  of 
the  prophetess  sickened  and  died  but  a  few  days  previous  to  the 
expiration  of  the  time.  These  statements  may  be  depended  upon 
to  the  letter. 


544 


Mind  Reading,  Thought  Transference  or  Inspira- 
tion. 

The  hindrance  to  human  progress  caused  by  the  superstitions 
belief  in  the  special  inspiration  of  the  mythologies  handed  down  to 
us  by  the  Jews  is  incalculable.  Comparing  our  ideas  of  .science 
with  those  of  Lucretius  or  the  elder  Pliny,  and  a  moderate  advance 
is  perceptible,  yet  we  have  barely  entered  the  portal  of  mysteries 
that  should  have  ceased  to  be  mysteries  centuries  since.  How  lit- 
tle we  know  of  ourselves  aside  from  the  universal  greed  for  selfish 
ends!  Our  predecessors  looked  upon  sudden  death  as  desirable 
and  a  gain.  Christians  fear  death,  call  it  the  king  of  terrors,  and 
mourn  for  it  in  the  utmost  gloom.  Can  there  be  a  more  pitiable 
sight  than  the  smile  of  approval  with  which  the  elders  greet  the 
gush  from  children  uttered  in  platitudes  about  the  joys  received  from 
having  given  their  hearts  to  God,  a  matter  understood  by  them 
as  the  goose  understands  the  alphabet  from  which  it  selects  a  letter 
at  a  prearranged  signal  from  its  trainer,  especially  where  such  chil- 
dren are  known  to  be  the  least  reliable  of  any  in  their  neighbor- 
hood. Can  such  superstition  please  any  except  those  so  degraded 
as  to  desire  to  live  upon  the  scant  earnings  of  labor,  and  infant- 
like  to  ride  in  public  conveyances  and  go  to  the  circus  at  half 
price  !  Romanism  is  the  religion  of  babyhood,  likes  dolls,  puppets. 
and  genuflections  ;  but  as  it  lacked  the  ability  to  construct  such, 
took  dolls,  idols,  ideas,  ceremonies,  and  genuflections  from  its  pagan 
predecessors  to  use  under  new  names.  Such  a  salmagundi  could 
hardly  expect  to  hold  full  grown  men  like  Luther  anymore  than 
its  antipodean  extreme,  the  weak  or  unsettled  minded  Unitarian 
with  his  ;'  Don't  know,"  could  hold  a  Parker  or  Emerson.  Kpis- 
copalianism,  Presbyterianism,  Methodism,  etc.,  etc.,  are  but  the 
dishwashings  of  Romanism,  the  strength  of  each  depending  upon 
the  squirt  from  which  it  is  ejected,  each  equally  superstitious. 
delusive,  money  grabbing,  and  desirous  of  reforming  others  instead 
of  themselves.  Do  away  with  these  priestly  schemes  for  self- 
aggrandizement,  and  inspiration  will  be  found  to  be  a  common  gift 
from  a  beneficent  Creator  to  all.  How  soon  the  babe  catches  our 
meaning  !  We  are  continuously  hearing  of  the  singular  sagacity  of 
horse,  dog,  or  other  animal.  I  low  shy  the  crow  is  of  man  where  a 
price  is  placed  upon  his  head,  and  how  quick  he  becomes  indiffer- 
ent when  law  and  popular  opinion  protects  him  !  Observation  will 
show  that  mind  reading,  thought  transference,  and  inspiration  are 
but  different  names  for  the  same  faculty.  A  few  cases  will  here 
be  given. 

One  evening  my  children  were  making  shadow  pictures  upon 
the  wall  by  interposing  their  clasped  hands  between  the  wall  and 
light.  Suddenly  attention  was  called  to  a  sharply  denned  but, 
unexpected  shadow  caused  by  placing  a  brilliant  light  back  of  the 
shaded  astral  lamp.  Its  unexpectedness  strongly  impressed  upon 
my  mind,  "  <  )h,  that  is  the  shadow  of  the  astral  lamp  !  "  My  little 
eight-months'  old  girl  quietly  turned  in  her  mother's  arms  and 
pointed  to  the  lamp  as  the  cause  of  the  shadow.  A  year  later  I  had 
purchased  some  patent  cuff  buttons  to  take  home  to  my  family  as 
a  surprise.  They  were  made  in  two  parts,  so  that  they  could  be 
inserted  in  the  eyelets  of  stiff  cuffs  without  danger  of  breaking, 
and  were  the  first  I  had  ever  seen  of  the  kind,  though  common 


545 


now.  On  arrival  at  home  my  little  girl  was  found  crying  to  go  out 
with  her  mother.  Calling  her  to  me,  the  buttons  were  shown  her, 
with  the  promise  that  she  should  have  them  to  play  with  if  she 
would  remain  with  me.  "Yes,"  she  said,  "but  will  you  show  me 
how  to  open  them?"  She  could  only  have  known  "through  my 
mind  that  they  would  open.  Soon  after  that  she  was  put  to  bed 
with  me,  her  auntie,  with  whom  she  usually  slept,  having  gone  to 
help  care  for  a  neighbor's  sick  child.  After  prattling  for  a  while, 
she  dropped  to  sleep.  An  hour  later  word  came  that  the  sick  child 
had  died.  I  had  lost  loved  ones,  and  my  sympathy  for  the  par- 
ents kept  me  awake..  Near  morning  my  little  girl  awoke,  snug- 
gled up  to  me  for  a  time,  then  exclaimed,  "  Little  Jessie  Lyen  is 
dead,  and  I  can  never  play  with  her  any  more."  Until  four  or  live 
years  of  age  such  cases  of  thought  transference  were  of  everyday 
occurrence  with  her. 

Spiritual  lecturers  like  Mrs.  Richmond,  Nellie  Brigham,  and 
others,  offer  excellent  chances  for  study.  I  have  had  several  of 
them  at  my  home.  Their  specialty  consists  in  delivering  lectures 
upon  subjects  handed  them  as  they  rise  to  speak.  To  suppose  such 
speakers  can  be  posted  upon  any  subject  that  may  be  handed  them, 
so  as  to  speak  from  memory  at  a  moment's  notice,  requires  a  stretch 
of  credulity  only  possible  to  idiocy.  I  have  generally  found  them 
pleasant,  ladylike,  common,  with  rarely  an  advanced  thought  or 
desire  for  change  or  progression  ;  mere  conduits  of  the  conventional 
ideas  published  and  to  be  found  in  works  treating  of  the  subjects 
handed  them.  There  are  strange  features,  however,  in  these 
thought  transferences  that  have  puzzled  the  wisest  minds  for 
unknown  ages,  minds  too  well  distinguished  for  ability  to  allow  of 
their  being  ignored. 

The  ambiguity  of  these  oracles  has  only  made  them  the  more 
remarkable.  In  one  case,  writing  a  story  for  publication,  I  had 
confined  the  statements  to  facts  to  a  certain  point,  then  drawn 
upon  my  imagination  for  interest  as  follows:  "  As  I  moved  on 
something  brushed  past  my  cheek.  Looking  forward  there  stood 
a  heavy  sheath  knife  quivering  in  the  foremast."  More  than  forty 
years  after  the  time  alluded  to,  going  into  a  hall  in  Chicopee,  Mass., 
I  was  startled  by  an  exclamation  from  the  lecturer,  who  stood 
with  finger  pointed  at  me,  exclaiming,  "In  your  nineteenth 
year  an  inch  change  in  the  direction  of  a  missile  and  you  would 
have  been  dead  !  "  He  then  gave  the  correct  name  of  the  accredited 
knife  thrower,  a  Portuguese.  The  incident,  so  far  as  it  happened  at 
all,  took  place  off  Cape  Horn,  and  in  my  nineteenth  year  ;  fear  of  the 
consequences  alone  prevented  the  knife  from  being  thrown.  The 
most  of  the  ancient  writers  have  written  of  these  oracles,  and  of 
their  ambiguity.  Herodotus  has  furnished  us  with  accounts  of 
many,  the  most  noticeable  perhaps  is  of  Croesus  questioning  the 
Fytliian  as  to  whether  he  should  commence  a  war,  and  was  told 
that  for  the  time  it  might  do,  "but  when  a  mule  becomes  king  of 
the  Medes,  then,  tender-footed  Lydian,  fly  and  do  not  blush  to  be  a 
coward."  Of  course  he  thought  that  the  Medes  would  never  have 
a  mule  for  a  king,  so  went  in  for  glory,  but  it  happened  that  Cyrus 
was  the  mule,  his  parents  being  of  different  nationalities,  and  the 
glory  did  not  come  in. 

Plutarch  states  that  Mopsus,  governor  of  Cilicia,  sent  a  sealed  let- 
ter with  an  inquiry  to  a  Pythian  and  was  answered,  "  A  black 


546 


one."  On  opening  the  letter  the  inquiry  was  found  to  be,  -'Shall 
1  sacrifice  to  thee  a  white  or  a  black  bull  ?  "  Cicero  has  much  to 
say  of  these  communications  in  his  "Nature  of  the  Gods."  A 
story  is  told  of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  aspiring  to  the  throne  of 
Henry  VIII.  An  aspirant  for  favor  consulted  a  medium,  and  was 
told  that  the  duke's  head  would  soon  be  the  highest  in  the  land, 
which  was  supposed  to  indicate  that  he  would  soon  be  king,  instead 
of  which  he  was  beheaded  and  his  head  stuck  upon  a  pole  above 
the  gate  of  the  city.  We  have  only  to  read  to  find  them  men- 
tioned all  the  way  down.  Superstition  has  caused  these  oiacles 
to  be  looked  upon  as  miraculous,  as  is  the  case  of  smiting  the 
rock  by  Moses  to  get  water,  but  if  we  strike  with  a  pipe  hard 
enough  we  can  draw  water  from  almost  any  part  of  the  earth's 
surface.  So  of  inspirations ;  the  thinker  knows  how  readily 
ideas  flow  into  the  earnest  seeker's  mind,  and  it  is  my  unaltera- 
able  conviction  that  the  Creator's  plans  will  not  be  completed 
until  man  has  risen  to  such  perfection  that  the  cause  for  every 
effect  will  be  clearly  understood.  Long  before  that  time,  however, 
inspiration  will  be  known  to  flow  through  our  minds  as  water 
circulates  through  the  earth's  surface  ;  also  that  heredity  has 
an  important  influence  upon  mankind,  environment  still  more. 
Many  bright  children  have  been  intellectually  smothered  by  their 
surroundings. 

A  sponge  surrounded  by  fluid  takes  in  sediment  according  to  the 
fineness  of  its  fiber.  To  make  my  meaning  clear,  take,  say,  the 
authoress  of  the  "  Little  Pilgrim."  Communications  through  her 
should  be  sweet,  charitable,  but  impracticable  except  in  Utopia 
a  thousand  years  hence.  The  authoress  of  "Beyond  the  Gates" 
should  produce  communications  very  proper,  slightly  progressive, 
not  too  much  so,  for  her  patrons  have  weak  digestive  powers  ;  an 
overdose  would  cause  the  grip,  which  would  have  a  disastrous 
effect  upon  the  dollar  product. 

The  authoress  of  "Is  this  Your  Son,  My  Lord  ?  "  -should  produce 
bright,  brainy,  intelligent,  progressive,  practical,  womanly  ideas, 
clear  in  style  as  the  tone  of  a  silver  bell.  Would  there  were  more 
like  her! 

"Free  love,"  or  rather  free  lust,  is  an  epithet  hurled  at  anyone 
daring  to  question  the  divine  origin  of  Christianity,  but  the  sex 
force  is  one  of  the  strongest  in  nature  and  manifests  itself  in  the 
nunnery,  confessional,  church,  either  Catholic  or  Protestant,  quite 
as  commonly  as  with  the  Spiritualist.  Miracle  mongering  should 
be  unknown  in  this  country,  yet  crowds  may  be  seen  every  morn- 
ing standing  in  front  of  churches  waiting  to  unload  their  sins. 
Sin  consists  of  doing  what  one  believes  to  be  wrong  and  it  may  fairly 
be  questioned  whether  the  soul  saved  by  the  priest  had  not  better 
be  lost  and  go  into  the  muck  heap  as  fertilizer  for  souls  with  suffi- 
cient manhood  or  womanhood  to  save  themselves. 

The  unprogressive  priest,  notoriety-seeking  preacher  of  the 
Talmage-Parkhurst  type,  the  proselyting  evangelist,  and  captious 
wife  and  mother  of  a  housoh  ->H  that  is  never  ceasing  in  fault  find- 
ing and  fretfulness,  will  benefit  th-j  world  the  most  by  dying. 


54? 


APOLLOXIUS  OF  TYANA,  THT.  ,Ii:srs  OF  NAZARKTH. 

ANTIQUITY  UNVEILED, 

By  Communications  from  Ancient  Spirits. 
Prepared  by  J.  M.  ROBERTS. 

Published  by  the  Oriental  PtiltlisJthig  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
This  work  contains  a  mass  of  information  convenient  for  refer- 
ence for  one  desirous  of  looking  up  the  evidence  for  the  claimed 
divine  origin  of  Christianity,  no  matter  whether  such  seeker  is  or 
is  not  a  believer  in  spirit  communion.  The  purpose  of  the  work  is 
to  show  the  mythical  character  of  Jesus  of  Nazareth,  also  that 
Christianity  is  of  a  much  later  date  than  claimed  in  what  are  called 
the  Gospels,  etc.,  a  matter  easily  confirmed  by  the  silence  of  con- 
temporaneous writers  of  note,  though  Eusebius  found  it  desirable 
to  write  a  book  in  answer  to  Hierocles  of  Nicomedia,  who  pub- 
lished a  work  against  the  Christian  faith,  and  asserted  that  Apol- 
lonius  Tyaneus  performed  more  and  greater  things  than  their 
Christ  Gibbon  in  his  "  History  of  Christianity ''  alludes  to  Apol- 
lonius.  Writers  of  the  character,  ability,  and  habits  of  observation 
of  Tacitus  and  the  Plinys  would  hardly  have  failed  to  notice  such 
tremendous  manifestations  as  claimed  by  the  Gospel  writers,  had 
such  ever  occurred.  It  will  be  well  to  recall  the  fact  that  the  elder 
Pliny  lost  his  life  investigating  the  cause  of  the  destruction  of 
Pompeii.  A  liishop  Warburtou  discovers  n  profound  theological 
purpose  in  the  writings  of  Apuleius,  author  of  ••The  Golden  Ass." 


548 


549 


which  perhaps  may  account  for  the  fact  that  the  translators  of 
the  most  obscene  works  of  the  ancients  handed  down  to  us  have 
the  prefix  of  Rev.  So  and  So.  It  may  safely  be  asserted,  however, 
that  if  profound  theology  delights  in  an  obscene  nest,  it  found  a 
congenial  home  in  "  The  Golden  Ass." 

Suetonius,  contemporaneous  with  the  younger  Pliny,  knew  noth- 
ing of  Jesus  or  Christianity,  though  he  refers  slightly  to  the  Hindoo 
Chreeshna  in  connection  with  the  Jews. 

Epictetus,  a  philosopher,  alludes  quite  often  to  the  influence  of  a 
young  girl,  but  knows  nothing  of  Jesus  or  Christianity. 

Achilles  Tatius,  author  of  "The  Loves  of  Clitopho  and  Leucippe," 
wrote  some  two  or  three  -hundred  years  after  the  wonderful 
crucifixion,  yet  knows  nothing  of  Jesus  or  Christianity. 

Longus,  author  of  "  Daphnis  and  Chloe,"  an  amorous  tale  sup- 
posed to  have  been  written  in  the  fourth  century,  has  no  hint  of 
Christianity,  yet  often  alludes  to  the  heathen  deities. 

HELIOIJORUS. 

A  novel  is  dependent  upon  its  truthful  representation  of  its 
characters,  environments,  and  times,  for  its  popularity,  conse- 
quently is  often  better  than  a  history  to  give  us  information. 
Heliodprus  in  his  early  life  wrote  romances  of  his  times,  one  of 
which  is  the  story  of  "  Theagenes  and  Chariclea,"  an  illustration 
from  which  may  be  seen  upon  the  opposite  page,  though  the  artist 
has  substituted  the  temple  of  Diana  for  the  tent  of  Hydaspes. 
Heliodorus,  it  is  said,  about  A.  D.  400,  became  a  bishop,  but  being 
required  to  give  up  his  romances  or  bishopric,  preferred  to  keep  his 
romances.  In  the  story  of  Theagenes  and  Chariclea  not  a  hint  of 
Christianity  is  given,  though  the  heathen  deities  are  made  promi- 
nent. No  unprejudiced  seeker  for  the  truth  can  doubt  but  what 
Christianity  started  from  a  collection  of  Spiritualists  like  our  camp- 
meeting  followers,  and  with  the  same  proclivities.  Lactantius,  a 
church  historian  of  the  third  century,  states  that  Apollonius  was  a 
sort  of  Thamnaturgist,  as  our  spiritual  mediums  are  often  called  at 
this  time.  Eusebius,  as  was  natural  for  one  of  his  condition, 
rather  approvingly  reports  the  fact  that  the  "Blessed  Peter  was 
delighted  to  see  his  wife  led  to  execution."  As  the  Gospels  state 
that  this  same  Peter  when  cornered  could  curse,  lie,  and  swear,  we 
get  an  idea  of  the  rock  upon  which  the  Christian  church  was 
founded.  Even  a  Vanderbilt.  with  his  "  Public  be  damned,"  with 
a  proper  check  in  hand  need  have  no  fear  when  approaching  the 
celestial  gates,  while  that  blessed  Peter  holds  the  key.  And  you 
dear  women  who  makeup  nine-tenths  of  the  morning  crowds  at 
the  church  doors,  of  course  will  cheerfully  step  forward  to  bu 
boiled  like  Mrs.  Constantine,  or  led  to  execution  like  Mrs.  Peter, 
that  the  unctuous  representatives  of  those  holy  men  may  have  no 
impediment  to  a  free  circulation  through  your  holy  gatherings. 
Ah,  sympathetic  souls !  you  may  bear  the  cross  and  wear  a  crown, 
but  the  crown  should  be  the  fool's  cap,  and  that  of  your  husbands 
something  worse. 


550 
CAVING  IN  OF  A  MINE. 


Almost  monthly  we  are  horrified  by  frightful  reports  of  miners 
being  inclosed  in  living  tombs  through  the  roof  of  the  mine  caving 
in  ;  while  wives,  mothers,  and  children  around  the  entrance  to  the 
mine  shriek  to  heaven  for  aid  that  man  seems  incapable  of  giving. 

Would  it  not  in  a  great  measure  do  away  with  such  horrors  if  the 
owners  would  lay,  say,  thirty  inch  water  pipe  along  the  bottom  and 
side  of  the  mining  galleries,  so  that,  in  case  of  the  roof  caving  in, 
air  would  freely  penetrate  to  the  chamber  beyond,  and  out  through 
which  the  miners  could  easily  escape  ?  Would  it  not  also  do  away 
with  the  "  fire  damp,"  or  dangerous  gases,  if  fresh  air  was  forced 
through  such  pipes  into  the  chambers  of  the  mines,  when  far 
more  brilliant  lighting  would  be  practicable,  that  would  cause  im- 
pending dangers  to  be  observed  and  guarded  against  ?  To  me,  it 
seems-that  there  are  innumerable  ways  for  adding  to  the  safety  and 
comfort  of  our  own  people  that  would  be  far  more  acceptable  to 
our  Creator  and  creditable  to  ourselves,  than  is  the  caring  so  osten- 
tatiously for  the  souls  of  heathen  that  perhaps  know  as  much  of 
God  as  we  do  ourselves,  though  not  bragging  so  much  of  it- 
Brother  Lorimer,  is  not  the  idea  worth  consideration  ?  If  such 
ideas  are  obtrusive,  are  they  more  so  than  the  tracts  you  so  con- 
stantly thrust  upon  the  public  as  announcement  of  your  superior 
wisdom  and  holiness  ? 


551 
POWER  OF  NIAGARA  FALLS. 

A  matter  of  easy  approximate  computation,  yet  I  have  never 
seen  any  such  estimate  that  deserved  consideration.  The  proper 
way  to  obtain  such  measurement  would  be  to  get  the  cross-section 
and  velocity  of  stream  at  its  narrowest  part  below  the  falls,  which 
seems  near  the  old  suspension  bridge,  where  the  surface  width  is  a 
little  more  than  three  hundred  feet.  The  depth  and  velocity  there 
could  easily  be  obtained  by  sounding  line  and  ship's  log.  The  bot- 
tom of  the  river  undoubtedly  forms  an  inverted  arch,  covered  with 
broken  rocks,  the  water  deepening  so  gradually  as  to  allow  of  build- 
ing walls  out  some  distance  from  the  shore,  as  was  done  for  the  tub 
wheel  race,  back  of  the  old  flouring  mill  upon  the  east  side  near  the 
bridge,  where  the  bed  of  the  river  descends  perceptibly.  The  cur- 
rent at  that  point  is  more  rapid  than  on  the  west  side,  where  row 
boats  go  up  and  down  to  or  from  the  bridge,  I  think. 

A  careful  observer  familiar  with  the  turbulent  rush  of  water 
through  "  Hell  Gate,"  when  "Pot"  and  other  rocks  reached  up  to 
within  a  dozen  feet  of  the  surface,  and  the  comparatively  smooth 
flow  through  there  now,  since  those  obstructions  have  been 
removed,  leaving  a  clear  depth  of  twenty-two  feet,  may  judge 
approximately  of  the  depth  and  velocity  of  water  below  the  falls  ; 
to  aid  such  judgment,  the  fact  should  be  recalled  to  mind  that 
the  steamer  "  Maid  of  the  Mist"  was  safely  sent  down  the  river  to 
Lake  Ontario,  also  that  Capt  Webb  was  killed  by  striking  a  rock  at 
the  whirlpool,  which  furnishes  sufficient  evidence  that  there  is  no 
great  depth  of  water  there.  Below  the  old  suspension  bridge  it 
is  doubtful  if  there  is  an  average  depth  of  twenty  feet.  At  the 
bridge  it  is  a  liberal  allowance  to  give  the  cross-section  three  hun- 
dred by  forty  feet,  with  an  average  velocity  of  six  feet  per  second, 
the  fall  one  hundred  and  forty. 

Cross-section,  300X40=12,OOOXG=72,OOOX  140=10,080,000X624- 
=628,320,000-^-550=1, 142,400  ii. i>. 

The  above  I  believe  to  be  an  overestimate,  and  it  should  be 
borne  in  mind  that  the  head  is  great  compared  with  the  quantity  of 
water,  which  for  the  immense  watershed  drained,  gives  good  cause 
for  the  imagination  to  seek  for  subterranean  outlets  not  yet  dis- 
covered, and  far  more  so  when  the  immense  increase  in  flow  at 
Montreal  is  taken  into  consideration,  from  the  comparatively  small 
watershed  between  those  two  points. 

The  matter  is  one  of  interest  to  the  whole  world,  for  there  are 
few  such  falls.  As  knowledge  increases,  their  action  may  furnish  a 
key  for  the  solution  of  many  mysteries.  Our  government  should 
take  careful  heed  that  such  a.  phenomenal  wonder  should  not  be 
obliterated  through  greed,  ignorance,  or  indifference.  Surely  Amer- 
ica may  afford  to  own  and  retain  control  of  a  natural  spectacle  of 
such  unrivaled  grandeur.  Numerous  water  powers  may  be  named 
that  were  supposed  to  be  inexhaustible  forty  years  ago,  yet  to-day 
leave  the  river  bed  dry  for  months  each  year.  Allow  the  insatiate 
mill  owner  control  and  Niagara  Falls  would  be  but  a  name  within 
a  generation. 


552 


NEW  AMERICAN  TURBINE 

MANUFACTURED  BY 

GLOBE  IRON  WORKS,    DAYTON,   OHIO. 

42  INCH  RIGHT  HAND  WHEEL. 


Prop'l  part  of 

So.  of  the 
Experiment. 

the 
full 
open- 
ing  of 
the 
Speed- 
Gate. 

the  full 
discharge 
of  the 
Wheel  ; 
being  the 
discharge 
at  full 
gate  when 
giving 
best    effl- 

Head 
acting 
on  the 
Wheel, 
in  feet. 

iration  of  the  Ex- 
riment  in  Minutes. 

Revolu- 
tions of 
the 
Wheel, 
per 

Quan- 
tity of 
water 
dis- 
charged 
by  the 
Wheel, 
cubic 
feet  per 
second. 

Power 
devel- 
oped by 
the 

Wheel, 

Efficiency 
of  the 
Wheel, 
in  per  cent. 

ciency. 

00. 

minute. 

H.  P. 

in  per  cent. 

1 

33 

1.000 

1.014 

16.39 

116.25 

136.40 

200.24 

79.17 

32 

1.008 

16.37 

120.50 

135.60 

20J.99 

80.03 

31 

14 

1.004 

16.36 

124.00 

134.97 

200.08 

80.09 

30 

« 

0.999 

16.33 

128.00 

134.18 

199  56 

80.50-fullg»te 

29 

«t 

0.994 

16.33 

132.25 

133.54 

198.08 

80.29 

28 

<« 

0.988 

16.28 

136  00 

134.52 

194.44 

79.66 

27 

0.710 

0.916 

16.43 

112.25 

123.38 

184.18 

80.31 

26 

** 

0.912 

16.46 

117.50 

122.99 

186  .  39 

81.38 

25 

*( 

0.907 

16.47 

122.25 

1<J2.36 

187.27 

82.13 

24 

«< 

0.900 

16.51 

128.25 

121.60 

187.73 

82.65 

» 

0.893 

16.56 

134.80 

120.85 

188  .  14 

83.09-%  gate 

22 

<• 

0.877 

16.55 

144.00 

118.57 

181.37 

81.69 

21 

0.504 

0.798 

16.87 

110.00 

108.99 

164.76 

79.20 

20 

0.796 

16.74 

113.33 

108.15 

164.34 

80.24 

19 

«< 

0.793 

16.53 

117.00 

107.18 

163.29 

81.47 

18 

** 

0.785 

16.56 

124.00 

106.25 

164.62 

82.70 

17 

*« 

0.774 

16.59 

129.33 

104.85 

162.89 

82.77-%  gate 

16 

11 

0.764 

16.67 

133.75 

103.67 

159.35 

81.50 

15 

f< 

0.736 

16.77 

141.75 

100.20 

149.58 

78.68 

14 

0.389 

0.700 

17.10 

106.00 

96.17 

140.73 

75.64 

13 

*' 

0.697 

17.04 

113.33 

95.58 

144.28 

78.30 

12 

«( 

0.685 

17.11 

120.25 

94.22 

144.91 

79.45 

11 

** 

0.674 

17.13 

125.25 

92.76 

142.40 

79.21-'i  gate 

10 

" 

0.660 

17.15 

130.00 

90.85 

138.96 

78.83 

l( 

0.646 

17.20 

136.00 

89.10 

134.26 

77.43 

«* 

0.633 

17.25 

144.50 

87.44 

127.89 

74.94 

0.230 

0.530 

17.42 

102.62 

73.51 

100.61 

69.44 

*' 

0.527 

17.44 

108.50 

73.10 

101.20 

70.16 

«* 

0.520 

17.48 

4 

113.K5 

72.27 

100.23 

70.13 

** 

0.509 

17.48 

4 

121.00 

70.80 

98.85 

70.60-ix,  gate 

3 

'* 

0.501 

17.48 

4 

128.75 

69.66 

96.42 

69.99 

2 

' 

0.494 

17.51 

5 

136.20 

68.73 

92.73 

68.10 

Tested  at  the  HOLYOKE  WATER  POWER  CO.,  July  14,1894. 
A.  F.  SICKMAN,  K.  S.  WATERS, 

Engineer  in  charge  of  Experiments.  Hydraulic  Engineer. 

We  certify  that  the  above  is  a  correct  copy  of  the  original. 


Received  too  late  for  publication  in  first  part  of  book. 


553 
NEW  AMERICAN  TURBINE 

MANUFACTURED  BY 

GLOBE  IRON  WORKS,    DAYTON,   OHIO. 

45  INCH  RIGHT  HAND  WHEEL. 


Prop'l  part  of    | 

of  tbe 
Experiment. 

the 
full 
opeu- 

"\ghe°f 
Speeti- 

the   full 
discharge 
of  the 
Wheel; 
being  the 
discharge 
at  full 
gate  when 

Head 
acting 
on  the 
Wheel. 

*  ™  Revolu- 

«s; 

<P  2  ;tions  of 

I*       the 

s~  Wheel, 

.2  § 

Quan- 
tity of 
water 
dis- 
charged 
by  the 
Wheel, 
cubic 

Power 
imciency 
devel- 
of  the 

°Pedby        Wheel, 
the 
in  per  cent. 

e 

'A 

G-ate, 

giving 
best     effi 

in  feet. 

|| 

per 

feet  per 
second. 

Wheel, 

ciency, 

l! 

e. 

minute. 

H.  P. 

in  percent. 

37 

1.000  i     1.022 

15.98 

4 

103.50 

144.87 

205.05 

78.26 

36     i       " 

1.015 

16.01 

4 

107.50 

143  95 

205.66 

78.84 

35     '      " 

1.009 

16.02 

3 

112.00 

143.17 

206.64  '79.60 

31          " 

1.003 

16.04 

4 

115.37 

142.  36 

205.79     79.63 

33 

0.997 

16.06 

3 

119.17 

141.58 

205.27    79.76-fullgate 

32 

0.990 

16.09 

4 

123.00 

140.77 

203.49     79.38 

31     ,      " 

0.983 

16.13 

4 

127.75 

140.02 

200.04 

78.26 

30        0.690 

0.921 

16.30 

4 

101.25 

131  .  77 

195.08 

80.25 

29 

0.914 

16.38 

4 

105.75 

131.12 

197.27 

81  15 

28          " 

0.905 

16.40 

4 

110.25 

129.93 

198.16 

82  17 

27 

0.899 

16.41 

4 

113.87 

129  11 

197.69 

82  44 

26           "           0.893 

16.42 

3 

117.33 

128  35 

196.51 

82.38 

25          "           0.885 

16.42 

4 

122.00 

127.18 

195.19 

82.58-%  gate 

24          "           0.874 

16.45 

4 

127.50 

125.67 

190.97 

81.62 

23          "           0.856 

16.53 

3 

134.00 

123.42 

182.46 

79.02 

22     j  0.505       0.800 

16.68 

4 

102.00 

115.77 

175.09 

80.39 

21           "           0.796 

16.71 

3 

106.00 

115.29 

176.81 

81.09 

20           "            0.787 

16.74 

4 

110.75 

114.17 

177.19 

81.92 

19          "           0.775 
18     ;      "           0.762 

16.78  1    3 
16.81       4 

117.;  r. 

122.50 

112  60 
110.81 

175.74 
170.97 

82.18-%  gate 

17           "       j     0.746 

16.85 

5 

127.40 

108.50 

164.80 

79^64 

16           "       ;     0.725 

16.86 

4 

133.50 

105.56 

154.51 

76.71 

15       0.3S2       0.687 

16.97 

4 

101.25 

100.29 

149.58 

77.66 

14          "       i     0.681 

17.00 

4 

107.00 

99.50 

150.79 

78.77 

13          "       i     0.671 

17.03 

3 

111.83 

98.12 

149.99 

79  31-%  gate 

12                    i     0  661 

17.07 

4 

116.00 

96.83 

147.68 

78.94 

11           "       i     0.651 

17.11 

4 

119.75 

95  48 

144  30 

78.05 

10     j      " 

0.635 

17.19 

4 

127.50 

93  32 

138.89 

76.50 

8     i  0.293 

0.5*4 

16  84 

4 

99  25 

84  91 

120.28 

74.32 

7           " 

0.579 

16  83 

3 

103.33 

*4.L'7 

120.30 

74.94 

6 

0.572 

16.86 

3 

108.00 

83.28 

119.85 

75.42 

5 

it 

0  563 

16.88 

3 

113.67 

Bi.OT 

118.40    |75.52-X>  gate 

4 

** 

0.553 

16.90 

3 

119.67 

80.54 

114.  (Mi    74.04 

3 

0.541 

16.94 

4       127.00       78.93 

UK.  us     71.42 

Tested  at  the  HOLYOKE  WATER  POWER  CO.,  July  9,  1894. 
A.  F.  SICKMAN,  E.  S.  WATERS, 

Engineer  in  charge  of  Experiments.  Hydraulic  Engineer. 

We  certify  that  the  above  is  a  correct  copy  of  the  original. 

Received  too  late  for  publication  in  first  part  of  book. 


554 

CONCLUSION. 

For  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  past  my  efforts  to  produce 
plans  and  instruments  necessary  to  make  milling  hydrodynamics  a 
science  have  been  unceasing,  and  I  write  this  in  perfect  confidence 
that  this  work  contains  all  the  information  requisite  to  make  it  so  ; 
but  a  far  more  intelligent  and  practical  class  of  engineers  is  needed 
in  future  to  aid  the  manufacturer  than  has  been  turned  out  by  the 
colleges  and  technical  schools  in  the  past,  and  if  those  institutions 
cannot  come  up  to  the  times  it  is  pretty  evident  that  the  workshop 
will  supply  the  want. 

Twenty  years  ago  my  plans  were  objected  to  by  lawyers  and 
engineers  because  of  their  simplicity,  which  would  leave  the  whole 
open  to  the  understanding  of  people  of  ordinary  intelligence  and 
injure  those  professions.  Where  there  were  twenty  cases  of  hy- 
draulic litigation  in  contemplation  then  there  is  hardly  one  now. 

Milling  and  turbine  matters  have  now  .become  so  well  established 
in  fixed  lines  that  were  this  work  confined  to  such  matters  alone 
it  is  doubtful  if  twenty  copies  a  year  would  be  called  for,  and  those 
as  works  of  reference  as  occasion  required  by  the  comparatively  few 
interested  in  such  matters.  My  purpose  is  to  make  it  interesting  to 
all  and  thus  generally  useful.  The  world  is  in  the  throes  of  a 
revolution  that  shocks  the  minds  of  those  calmly  reposing  in  con- 
ventionalities as  teeming  with  corruption  as  were  the  old  pest  pits 
after  the  depopulation  of  a  city.  "Moths,"  "Is  this  Your  Son,  my 
Lord  ?  "  and  "The  Heavenly  Twins,"  have  sadly  disturbed  pseudo- 
modesty,  that  smilingly  associates  with  the  Breckenridge  conven- 
tionalism, having  the  slightest  ostrich  style  of  concealment. 
Prurient  modesty  raves  against  nude  forms,  but  why,  if  they  are 
the  Creator's  most  perfect  work  ?  "  Who  told  tJice  that  thou  wast 
naked?"  The  more  of  the  person  exposed  the  better  it  is  likely 
to  be  cared  for.  Would  the  feet  of  our  women  have  been  so  gen 
erally  distorted  had  they  been  kept  constantly  in  sight  ?  Is  this 
distortion  less  barbaric  than  the  compression  of  the  feet  of  the 
Chinese  ? 

Paintings,  engravings,  and  medical  illustrations  of  the  human 
system  have  been  common  in  my  family,  yet  I  have  never  noticed 
one  of  my  children  telling  or  listening  to  a  lewd  story,  often  so  slyly 
and  smilingly  told  in  places  of  resort ;  indeed,  I  doubt  whether 
they  would  see  the  point  in  it.  The  old  heathen  sacrificial  idea  of 
blood,  even  the  blood  of  Christ,  is  out  of  date,  is  superstitious 
rot,  and  disgustingly  filthy  to  the  intelligent  thinker,  who  will  be- 
lieve it  more  useful  to  labor  for  the  love,  elevation,  and  universal 
brotherhood  of  man,  and  in  that  way  glorify  his  Creator. 

No  one  yet  has  intimated  that  anything  published  here  is  in- 
correct, but  several  as  a  matter  of  policy  have  advised  less 
openness.  I  know  of  no  implied  desire  of  nature  or  the  Creator 
for  concealment.  On  the  contrary,  open  ventilation  is  the  most 
perfect  means  for  purification. 

THE  AUTHOR. 


555 
Tests  of  Water  Wheels  and  Machinery 

DESIGNED   TO  AID  ALL    INTERESTED   IN   HYDRAULICS, 

Particularly  Turbine  Builders,   Manufacturers,  Owneis 

of  "Water  Power,  and  Counsel  Managing 

Cases  in  Litigation. 


TESTIMONIALS. 


OFFICE  OF  THE 
PROPRIETOR  OF  THE  LOCKS  AND  CANALS  ON  THE  MERRIXAC  RIVER, 

LOWELL,  MASS.,  February  5, 1879. 
JAMES  EMERSON,  Willimansett,  Mass. 

Dear  Sir  :    Your  work  on  water  wheels  and  machinery  was  left  here  yester- 
day by  Mr.  Swain. 

My  father  (James  B.  Francis)  is  at  present  in  Europe,  and  probably  will  not 
return  before  next  August.  I  take  the  liberty  to  thank  you  for  him,  and  to 
assure  you  that  your  book  contains  a  fund  of  information  of  the  kind  we  want. 
How  to  utilize  water  power  to  the  best  advantage  is  one  of  the  great  problems  of 
the  day,  and  I  am  sure  you  have  contributed  much  information  on  the  subject. 
Very  truly  yours, 

JAMES  FRANCIS,  Ann't  Engineer. 


BOND  BROS.  &  BOTTUM  LAW  OFFICE, 

NORTHAMPTON,  February  7, 1879. 
JAMES  EMERSON,  Holyoke,  Mass. 

Dear  Sir :  I  have  examined  your  work  on  "  The  Testing  of  Water  Wheels 
and  Machinery,"  with  mutters  pertaining  to  Hydraulics  (2d  Ed.  1878),  and  find 
that  it  contains  in  a  very  convenient  form  a  large  amount  of  information  which 
every  lawyer  must  obtain  from  some  source  before  he  can  safely  advise  a  cli- 
ent or  properly  try  a  case  concerning  water  poirer  or  the  power  of  water  ivheels. 
Accept  my  thanks  for  your  treatise ;  it  will  be  of  great  use  to  me  in  my  profes- 
sional work.  Yours  truly, 

D.  W.  BOXD,  District  Attorney. 


556 

LAW  OFFICE, 

NEW  HARTFORD,  CONN.,  February  8,  1879. 
JAMES  EMERSON: 

Dear  Sir :    I  have  examined  your  book,"  Treatise  on  Tests  of  Water  Wheels, 
&c.,"  and  find  it  to  be  really  multum  in  parvo.    It  contains  in  simple  form  much 
information  needed  by  members  of  the    legal  profession   who  are  engaged  in 
suits  involving  hydn;  ilics,  power,  flow  of  water,  and  kindred  subjects. 
I  am  very  truly  yours, 

JARED  B.  FOSTER. 


LAW  OFFICE  OF  J.  P.  BUCKXAND,  COUNSELOR  IN  PATENT  CAUSES, 

SPRINGFIELD,  MASS.,  February  8, 1879. 
JAMES  EMERSON  : 

Dear  Sir:  I  assure  you  that  my  examination  of  your  new  work,  entitled 
"  Tests  of  Water  Wheels  and  Machinery,"  has  given  mo  a  great  deal  of  pleasure-. 
Many  a  time  have  I  searched  for  hours  to  find  some  of  the  many  data  with  which 
the  book  is  crowd*  d. 

In  the  preparation  and  trial  of  cases  involving  questions  of  water  power,  mill- 
rights,  leases  of  power  and  the  performance  of  machines  built  under  contract, 
and  kindred  matters  which  are  constantly  coining  before  courts  and  arbitrators 
for  settlement,  your  work  will  be  a  valuable  aid  to  lawyers  and  parties.  I  know 
of  no  single  boo'k  which  has  within  its  covers  so  many  practical  data  for  use  in 
the  above  line  of  cases,  and  I  am  bound  to  say  that  I  think  the  legal  profession 
is  under  much  obligation  to  you  for  the  preparation  of  it. 
Yours  truly, 

J.  P.  BUCKLAXD. 


SENATE  CHAMBER,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C.,  February  9, 1879. 
JAMES  EMERSON: 

My  Dear  Sir:  Permit  me  to  thank  von  for  a  copy  of  your  book,  "Tests 
of  Water  Wheels  and  Machinery."  I  "have  read  it  with  as  much  care  as  I 
could  find  time  from  my  oflicial  duties  here  to  do,  and  have  no  hesitancy 
in  saying  that  it  must  prove  a  very  valuable  work,  as  well  to  lawyers  con- 
ducting litigations,  as  to  mill  owners  seeking  to  avoid  tin  in. 
Thanking  you  again,  I  am,  truly  yours 

II.  L.  DA  WES. 


PlTTSFIELD,  KOV.  24,  1892. 

JAMES  EMERSON  : 

Dear  Sir: — Please  accept  my  thanks  for  a  copy  of  the  fourth  edition  of 
your  Hydrodynamics.  I  am  very  much  pleased  with  it.  All  that  I  said  of 
the  first  edition  that  you  sent  to  me  has  proved  true  and  much  more,  and  I 
am  sure  it  has  been  improved  in  this  edition. 

I  am  truly  yours, 

H.  L.  DAWKS. 


BOOTT  COTTON  MILLS,  LOWELL,  MASS.,  March  11,  1879. 
JAMES  EMERSON: 

DEAR  SIR:  Permit  me  to  thank  you  for  a  copy  of  your  "Tests  of  Water 
Wheels  and  Machinery."  I  have  examined  the  sanie  with  groat  care  and  must 
say  that  you  have  given  a  fund  of  information  to  Manufacturers,  Turbine  Build- 
ers, Owners  of  Water  Power,  and  the  Legal  Profession  who  have  suits  involving 
Hydraulics,  in  a  most  simple  and  concise  form.  There  is  no  subject  to-day  con- 
nected with  manufacturing  that  there  is  so  much  ignorance  about  as  the  econom- 
ical use  of  water  power,  best  wheels,  and  appurtenances  to  utilize  it.  Your 


large  sale,  as  you  have  cortributed  so  much  info 
Yours  truly,  A.  (i.  CUMNOCK,  Age 


tion  on  t)>n  subject.  Yours  truly,  A.  (i.  CUMNOCK,  Agent, 


557 


Vf      T  NEW  HAVEN,  CONN.,  April  29,  1879. 

MR.  JAMBS  EMERSON: 

DEAR  SIR,— Allow  me  to  take  this  opportunity  to  thank  you  for  the  copy  of 
your  Treatise  relative  to  the  Testing  of  Water  Wheels  and  Machinery  which 
you  did  nie  the  favor  to  send  me  some  time  since.  I  have  found  it  to  be  a  mine 
of  valuable  information,  and  have  often  had  occasion  to  consult  it.  It  certainly 
effectively  supplies  a  great  desideratum.  T  e  manufacturing  interests  of  this 
country  owe  you  a  debt  of  gratitude,  to  speak  Df  nothing  more,  for  the  valuable 
ivork  you  have  done  in  testing  water  wheels  aiid  machinery. 
Yours  truly, 

W.  A.  NORTON, 
Prof,  of  Civil  Engineering  in  Sheffield  Scientific  School. 

LEBANON,  N.  H.,  March  7, 1879. 

JAMES  EMERSON  :  I  will  do  all  I  can  to  recommend  your  book.    I  think  it 
the  best  book  I  have  seen  for  a  millwright. 

Yours  truly,  WILLIAM  DUNCAN,  Engineer  and  Millwright. 


UNITED  STATES  SENATE  CHAMBER,  WASHINGTON,  Feb.  1,  1879. 
JAMES  EMEDSON: 

DEAR  SIR  :  Yours  of  the  30th  ult.  has  just  been  received,  with  your  book, 
for  which  I  heartily  thank  you.  Of  course,  I  have  not  yet  had  time  to  examine 
it,  but  will  do  so  and  write  you  about  it.  I  think  from  a  hasty  glance  I  cast  over 
it,  that  its  contents  will  be  of  value,  and  I  shall  preserve  it  as  a  memento  of  one 
of  (lie  intelligent  patentees  of  the  country,  who  have  done  so  much  for  its 
interests.  Yours  truly, 

BAINBKIDGE  WADLEIGH. 


HARTFORD,  CONN.,  Oct.  28,  1892. 
MK.  JAMES  EMERSON  : 

hi-ii r  Sir:— I  received  the  copy  of  your  book  on  Hydrodynamics  and  am 
much  obliged  for  it.  In  the  intervals  between  business  occupations  I  have 
read  it  all  through,  and  am  much  pleased  with  it— at  least  so  far  as  it  refers 
to  its  subject— although  I  do  not  agree  with  you  in  all  your  views  on  other 
subjects.  Much  of  what  you  say  about  law  and  lawyers  is  correct,  though 
you  have  rather  picked  out  its  defects  than  mentioned  its  benefits.  It  is 
by  no  means  perfect,  especially  in  its  practice,  but  it  would  be  hard  to  get 
along  without  it. 

Yours  truly, 

C.  E.  PERKINS. 

Of  course  it  is  the  defects  of  the  jargon  called  law  to  which  I 
object,  certainly  to  no  sensible  rule  of  action. 

An  aspirant  to  leadership  of  public  opinion  could  hardly  feel 
himself  a  success  if  his  ideas  were  generally  accepted  as  soon  as 
uttered;  he  looks  ahead  for  appreciation. 

Yet,  if  Mr.  Perkins  will  examine  his  differing  beliefs  as  keenly  as 
I  many  times  have  heard  him  draw  the  facts  from  a  reluctant  wit- 
ness he  may  find  them  based  upon  muddy  foundations. 

THAYER  SCHOOL  or  CIVIL  ENGINEERING. 

Dartmouth  College, 
HANOVER,  N.  II.,  August  2'2,  1879. 
JAMES  EMERSON. 

Dear  Sir:  Permit  me  to  say  that  your  book  on  Tests  of  Water  Wheels  and 
Machinery  has  greatly  interested  inc.  To  students  of  hydraulics  it  has  a  special 
value  in  affording  so  many  radical  results  of  American  construction  and  opera- 


558 

tion,  and  forming  a  very  desirable  supplement  to  more  exclusively  theoret- 
ical works.    Your  methods  and  results  cannot  fail  to  be  instructive  even 
to  those  not  yet  engaged  in  the  actual  practice. 
Very  truly  yours, 

ROBERT  FLETCHER,  Thai/er  Prof,  of  Cicil  KH<I. 


STEVENS  INSTITUTE  OF  TECHNOLOGY. 

Department  of  Emjiui  i-rii«j, 
HOBOKEN,  X.  J.,  October  12,  1880. 
JAMES  EMERSON. 

My  Dear  Sir :  Thanks  for  your  note  of  the  llth  inst.  I  wish  to  thank 
you  for  the  copy  of  the  book  on  Water  Wheel  Tests.  I  have  just  finished 
looking  it  through,  from  cover  to  cover,  and  consider  it  a  very  valuable 
addition  to  my  library ;  it  supplies  a  want  which  can  be  filled  by  no  text- 
book or  treatise  that  I  have  met  with,  by  giving  the  actual  value  of  the 
wheels  daily  sold  in  our  market.  I  am  pleased  to  see  that  makers  are  bring- 
ing up  their  efficiency  finely,  and  that  80  per  cent,  is  getting  to  be  as  usual 
with  our  best  wheels  as  70  per  cent,  was  a  little  time  ago. 
Very  truly  yours, 

R.  H.  THURSTON,  Prof.  Civil  Ewj. 


STEVENS  INSTITUTE  OF  TECHNOLOGY. 

Department  of  Engineering, 
HOBOKEN,  N.  J.,  October  16, 1880. 
JAMES  EMERSON. 

My  Dear  Sir  :  Thanks  for  the  proofs  (Holy oke  Hydrodynamic  Experi- 
ments) just  received.  I  have  looked  them  through  before  sitting;  down  to 
acknowledge  receipt.  They  are  full  of  information  as  is  an  egg  with  meat. 
I  am  very  greatly  obliged.  R.  H.  THURSTON,  Prof.  <  'irll  Kni/. 


LEIPZIG,  GERMANY,  Sept.  1,  1892. 
MY  GOOD  FRIEND  EMERSON: 

Your  book  "  Hydrodynamics"  reached  here  the  24th  ult.,  and  mv  wife 
and  self  have  given  it  a  thorough  perusal.  It  is  solid  with  much  needed  in- 
formation ;  it  should  meet  with  universal  welcome,  but  my  wife  offers  the 
following  lines  as  her  idea  of  how  philanthropic  intentions  are  usually  met. 
Her  English  is  not  so  perfect  as  she  could  desire,  but  she  hopes  to  be  under- 
stood. 

"  Oh  sir,  your  "  Hydrodynamics,"  your  unequaled  car  steam  heat, 
Labor  saving  capstan  windlass,  and  duplex  piano  seats, 
Scales  for  power  measuring,  with  registering  counter  so  neat, 
Brake  and  gauges  for  turbine  testing,  hydro  systems  so  complete, — 
Conspicuous  above  all  others,  may  stand  unequaled  and  alone 
Yet,  to  disinthrall  your  human  brothers  from  the  bigot's  crushing  zone. 
Ah,  for  that  no  benefit  from  science  has  ever  yet  atoned." 
To  which  I  add  :— 

The  party  politician,  if  you  object  to  his  selfish  plans, 

Will  clasp  hands  with  the  scheming  clergy  to  have  your  soul  and  body 
damned. 

Ever  sincerely  yours, 

PROF.  CARL  VON  BERGH. 


WILLIMANTIC,  CONN.,  Aug.  9,  1892. 
MR.  JAMES  EMERSON. 

Dear  Sir:    Your  book  was  received  in  due  season  and  please  accept  our 
heartfelt  thanks.    Even  the  writer,  or,  would  say,  clerk,  enjoys  it  very  much. 
Mr.  S.  C.  Smith  wishes  me  to  ask  you  to  send  another  with  bill,  and  we  will 
give  you  prompt  attention.    You  may  send  it  in  care  of  Water  Works. 
Very  respectfully, 

WILLIMANTIC  WATER  COMMISSIONERS. 


.  o59 

WlLLIMAXTIC,  COXJs.,  Aug.  12,  1892. 

MR.  JAMES  EMERSON. 

Dear  Mr  .—I  aui  happy  to  write  to  give  you  my  heartfelt  thanks  for  the 
book  you  so  kindly  remembered  me  with.  Your  note  says,  "return  for 
kindness."  I  wonder  if  we  didn't  in  our  everyday  walks  do  some  little 
deed  what  enjoyment  would  we  get  out  of  life  ?  And  it  bewilders  me  to 
try  and  recall  any  such  act  during  your  stop  in  Willimantic.  However,  I 
hope  you  will  accept  my  feeble  thanks  for  your  works,  that  will  live  long- 
after  you  have  passed  over.  Very  truly  yours, 

HENRIETTA  McOULLOCK. 


LOWELL,  MASS. 
JAMES  EMERSON. 

My  Dear  Sir: — I  received  yesterday  a  copy  of  4th  edition  of  "  Hydrody- 
namics," etc.,  containing  portrait  of  the  distinguished  author. 

It  has  been  so  long  since  I  had  heard  from  you  that  I  have  been  fearing 
that  you  had  gone  to  join  the  great  majority  on  the  other  side  of  the  dark 
river.  Had  that  been  the  case,  I  feel  that  it  would  not  have  been  a  total 
loss  to  the  world,  however ;  as  I  am  confident  that,  when  you  get  there,  you 
will  hustle  around  among  the  ghosts  until  you  have  established  a  more 
practical  and  trustworthy  means  of  communicating  with  those  yet  left  on 
this  side. 

In  looking  through  the  book  I  find  that  you  have  added  much  new  mat- 
ter of  an  interesting  character. 

The  illustrated  Scripture  texts  are  of  especial  interest  and  very  suggestive. 

But,  viewed  from  the  standpoint  of  the  orthodox  church,  you  are  evi 
dently  a  very  wicked  man. 

The  book  contains  so  much  that  is  outside  of  the  original  design  that  the 
title  is  not  just  right,  I  think.  It  should  be  "  EMERSONIA." 

There  is  but  one  James  Emerson  (that  I  know  of),  and  he  is  getting  old, 
more's  the  pity.  (I  may  have  said  this  before,  but  it  is  as  true  as,  or  more 
true  than,  ever  before.)  Yours  truly, 

HAMILTON  J.  SAWYER. 


JAMES  EMERSON  :— Your  very  handsomely  gotten  up  book  with  its  pretty 
compliment  on  the  cover  to  Helen  Gardener  reached  her  two  days  ago.  It 
is  a  great  help  to  a  worker  in  a  new  or  radical  field  to  have  the  kindly  and 
warm  support  of  friends  who  are  known  to  one  only  by  these  acts  which 
show  the  interest  they  take  in  what  one  does.  She  thanks  you  most  sin- 
cerely and  hopes  that  she  may  infer  from  what  you  have  sent  that  some  of 
her  work  has  given  you  pleasure. 

She  is  not  "  much  on  water-wheels,"  or,  indeed,  on  machinery  generally, 
but  she  has  looked  over  the  book  enough  to  see  that  you  have  not  confined 
yourself  to  the  stricter  requirements  of  "  mechanics,"  and  that  you  are  far 
from  orthodox  even  where  you  do.  She  read  some  of  your  short  talks  on 
Spiritualism,  and  while  she  has  not  seen  the  things  of  which  you  write — 
and  would  like  to  have  the  chance— she  recognizes  most  fully  that  there  is 
so  much  yet  to  be  learned  on  all  such  subjects  that  she  can  only  listen  and 

WMany  of  her  friends  are  of  your  way  of  thinking,  and  they  tell  her  that 
she  is  an  "  inspirational  writer,"  particularly  because  her  best  work  is 
often  done  with  the  least  effort  and  in  the  shortest  time.  She  has  no  recog- 
nition of  "  inspirational "  influence,  however. 

She  was  more  than  glad  to  see  that  you  did  not  forget— and  was  not 
afraid— to  give  to  a  woman  the  credit  for  your  mathematical  work.  That, 
as  you  know,  has  not  been  the  fashion.  She  is  greatly  pleased  with  the 
book,  and  by  the  spirit  and  thought  which  prompted  you  to  send  it.  She 
thanks  you  for  it  most  heartily.  Yours,  very  sincerely, 

HELEN  H.  GARDENER,  per  L.  A. 


500 


We  kave  received  a  copy  of  the  "  Treatise  relative  to  the  testing  of  water 
•wheels  and  machinery,  also  of  inventions,  studies,  iind  experiments,  \\itli 
suggestions  from  a  life's  experience,  by  James  Emerson,  Willimansett. 
Mass.,  fourth  edition,  price  one  dollar,  and  postage  ten  cents."  The  book 
contains  480  pages,  and  is  a  perfect  mine  of  modern  knowledge  gained  by 
practical  experience  of  water,  water  ways,  water  wheels,  rivers,  canals,  anil 
laws  relating  thereto.  In  fact,  there  is  hardly  a  question  relating  to  water 
or  power  that  the  book  does  noc  handle  clearly.  The  author  seems  to  be  a 
man  that  loves  his  fellow-man,  and  it  is  quite  evident  that  society  is  not. 
Mr.  Emerson's  god ;  he  is  a  man  of  deep  knowledge,  as  will  be  found  by 
the  papers  sandwiched  all  through  the  book.  He  handles  an  liquated  water 
wheels  and  worn-out  theological  dogmas  without  gloves.  Send  .si. 10  lor 
the  book.  WADE'S  FHUiK  M  FAHKIC  CO. 


LOWELL,  MASS.,  Aug.  19. 

The  Library  Committee  of  the  Middlesex  Mechanics'  Association  grate- 
fully acknowledge  the  gift  of  "  Treatise  relative  to  the  testing  of  water 
wheels  and  inachinerv."  A.  L.  S 


.  L.  SARGENT,  Librarian. 


Many,  many  thanks,  friend  Emerson,  for  your  book ; 

Its  contents  I  have  read  o'er  and  o'er. 
Brother  Seventeenth!/-,  with  sardonic  look, 

Says  you  will  suffer  for  it  on  arrival  at  Andover's  back  door. 
But  wi'th 'contemptuous  look  at  their  pale  roasts 

As  you  scan  their  sulphurous  demesnes 
I  am  sure  you  will  suggest  to  the  cleft-foot  host 

That  more  equable  temperature  can  be  kept  up  by  steam. 

Yours  truly, 
Springfield,  Mass.,  Sept,  9,  1892.  DELOS  SMITH. 


WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 

CHICAGO,  ILL.,  April  21, 1892. 
MK.  JAMES  EMERSON',  HOLVOKE,  MASS. 

Dear  Sir :    Will  you  please  forward  to  me  a  copy  of  the  Holyoke 
Testing  Flume  Record  of  Turbine  Wheels  and  inform  me  of  the  price,  and 
I  will  remit  on  receipt  of  the  book.    If  not  convenient  for  you  to  do  so,  will 
you  inform  me  where  I  can  obtain  a  copy  and  oblige, 
Yours  trulv, 

L.  W.  ROBINSON,  Chief  Dept.  Machinery. 


CHICAGO,  ILL.,  August  5, 1892. 
MR.  JAMES  EMERSON,  WILLIMANSETT,  MASS. 

Di'd r  Si i- :  The  two  copies  of  your  book  are  received,  for  which  accept 
my  thanks.    The  information  relating  to  the  testing  of  turbines  and  SOUK- 
other  engineering  subjects  will  be  useful  and  interesting.    That  in  refer- 
ence to  the  Bible  and  ancient  history  is  amusing,  if  not  useful. 
Yours  truly, 

L.  W.  ROBINSON,  Chief  Dept.  Machinery. 


.\T<til.—i:<-i>nl>li<-tiii. 
NEW   EDITION  OF   A  WORK  ON  WATER-POWER,   WATER-WHEELS,    AND 

MACHINERY. 

James  Emerson,  of  Willimansett,  Mass.,  has  recently  issued  a  fourth 
edition  of  his  "Treatise  on  the  Testing  of  Water  Wheels  and  Machinery," 
nearly  rive  hundred  pages.  It  gives  the  results  of  the  author's  numerous 
tests  of  water-wheels,  his  inventions,  studies,  and  experiments  during  the 
past  thirty-live  years  or  more.  Practical  men— engineers,  millwrights,  and 
others  interested  in  water-power—have  spoken  in  terms  of  warmest  com- 
mendation concerning  the  earlier  editions  of  this  book.  Mr.  Emerson's 
long  experience  in  testing  wheels,  his  thorough  knowledge  of  hydrody- 
namics, and  the  best  facilities  for  a  practical  application  or  his  knowledge 


561 


and  skill,  have  undoubtedly  thoroughly  qualified  him  for  the  preparation 
of  a  comprehensive  and  useful  work*  of  this  character.  To  one  at  all 
interested  in  the  subjects  he  discusses,  the  volume,  we  should  suppose, 
would  be  invaluable.  The  story  of  his  invention  and  experience  in 
attempting  to  introduce  a  ship-windlass  is  as  interesting  as  romance.  He 
tells  of  his  invention  and  experience  with  a  car-heating  appliance.  The 
invention  of  the  power  scales  for  ascertaining  the  amount  of  power  required 
in  the  operation  of  any  kind  of  machinery,  as  well  as  other  inventions  of 
the  author,  are  described  in  the  printed  page  with  illustrations. 

Buthe  bears  down  hardest  on  the  Bible  and  Christianity,  and  criticises 
(in  his  own  way)  the  most  objectionable  passages  in  the  Old  Testament, 
and  then  asks  mothers  (as  if  the  book  was  prepared  for  women  aa  I 
children)*  if  they  "can  desire  their  children  to  accept  such  filch  as  from 
the  creator  of  this  beautiful  world." 

Mr.  Emerson  disposes  of  the  liquor  question,  and  Rev.  Dr.  Miner,  and  his 
prohibitory  principles  in  fifteen  lines.  He  discusses  the  tariil'  qaesao.i 
from  a  free-trade  standpoint.  He  holds  Shakespeare's  writings  i.i  contempt 
and  plainly  says  that  those  who  assume  to  admire  them  are  dissemblers. 
He  also  goes  for  the  Republican  party,  and  says  that  "from  the  begin  i  ig 
it  has  been  honeycombed  with  corruption."  He  must  needs  go  back  to 
Constantino  (who  was  born  in  the  year  272,  and  did  things  according  to  Jie 
light  he  had)  and  expose  his  shortcomings.  He  deals  flippantly  wi  li  i!u- 
myths  and  superstitions  of  prehistoric  times,  burlesques  modern  preachers 
and  their  audiences,  accuses  prominent  New  York  clergymen  of  labor!  i;; 
for  notoriety  rather  than  for  the  benefit  of  their  fellow-men;  and  af  .or 
ridiculing  and  discrediting  Christianity  asks,  "In  all  seriousness,  AVI;;;, 
good  has  Christianity  ever' done  ?  "  Mr.  Emerson  devotes  thirty  odd  pages 
to  Spiritualism  and  kindred  subjects,  to  which  he  has  for  many  years 
given  much  study. 

Mr.  Emerson  knows  something  about  the  north  pole  and  suggests  a  means 
of  getting  there.  If  the  world  gets  in  these  latest  pages  of  his  literary 
work  the  best  he  is  capable  of  rendering  it,  he  cannot  do  better  than  set 
out  for  that  undiscovered  country,  and  try  his  Theories  as  he  progresses. 

•Partisan  blindness  cuuscil  Hie  \vrnn-  i<>  overlook  the  fact  that  nearly  all  business 
concerns  now  employ  women  in  office  or  works. 


KEENE,  N.  H.,  Sept.  20,  1892. 
MB.  EMERSON  : 

I  have  studied  fourth  edition  of  your  "  Hydrodynamics,  etc.,"  with  deep 
interest. 

You  certainly  have  carried  out  your  announced  intention  of  interesting 
anyone  looking  it  through. 

Wrong  or  impurity  are  none  the  less  so  though  concealed ;  shoving  the  bed 
of  a  just  deceased  smallpox  patient  into  a  dark  closet  (joes  not  purify  it  for 
another  sleeper.  Bringing  abuses  to  the  light  is  a  preliminary  step  to  their 
abolition.  Yours  truly, 

MRS.  E.  W.  WHITTIER. 


"  ST.  JOHN'S  WOOD,"  LONDON,  ENG.,  Sept.  2, 1892. 
MR.  E MERSON  : 

My  friend  Mrs.  Erskins  called  my  attention  to  the  fourth  edition  of  your 
"  Hydrodynamics." 

That  an  author  of  scientific  standing  should  have  the  courage  to  mix  in 
with  such  positive  evidence  of  his  ability,  subjects  sure  to  raise  the  ire  of 
the  bigoted  and  superstitious,  is  to  me  a  matter  of  surprise  and  admiration. 
On  page  377  of  your  book,  you  truly  say  that  no  other  cause  has  ever  pro- 
duced such  incalculable  misery  to  the  human  race  as  the  woeful  dogmas 
there  referred  to,  and  by  which  woman,  being  the  most  devotional,  has  suf- 
fered most.  No  philanthropic  effort  can  ever  exceed  in  useful  effect  that 
which  frees  humanity  from  the  bondage  of  religious  superstition.  Our  in- 
creasing freedom  is"  gained  not  by  the  aid  of  Christianity  but  in  spite 
thereof  Yours  very  truly, 

MRS/ELIZABETH  SELBRIDGE. 

1  would  be  proud  to  call  you  friend  and  brother. 


562 

ITHACA,  X.  Y.,  Sept.  22,  1892. 
To  MR.  JAMES  EMERSON,  }\'illiinanst'tt.  Mass. : 

My  dear  Mr.  Emerson :  Yours  of  the  Wth  isreeeired.  In  reply  I  would 
say : 

The  book  has  also  arrived  anil  1  hare  looked  it  through  van-fully.  I  am 
i/lad  to  yet  the  facts  and  data,  in  which  I  have  great  confidence,  and  wish 
we  had  still  more  of  the  same  sort. 

I  am  {/lad  to  see  your  tribute  to  the  young  lady  whn  was  .<">  valuable  an 
assistant  to  you.  I  remember  her  well,  and  remember  equally  well  the 
pleasure  it  gave  me  to  see,  long  before  woman  was  as  well  n-i-firit/  in 
business  affairs  as  to-day,  that  you  gave  her  full  credit  for  her  good 
work,  and' paid  her  like  a  man.  Yours  truly, 

R.  H.  THURSTON. 

POUGHKEEPSIE,  N.  Y.,  November  2,  1892. 

Vassar  College  library  lias  received  from  Mr.  James  Emerson,  "  Treatise 
Relative  to  the  Testing  of  Water  Wheels  and  Machinery,"  by  James  Em- 
erson. The  gift  is  hereby  gratefully  acknowledged. 

F.  A.  WOOD,  Librarian. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR, 

BUREAU  OF  EDUCATION,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C.,  Oct.  15, 1892. 
MR.  JAMES  EMERSON,  WILLIMANSETT,  MASS.: 

Sir:— Kermic  me  to  acknowledge,  with  thanks,  the  receipt  from  you  of 
the  publication  '  Treatise  Relative  to  the  Testing  of  Water  Wheels  and 
Machinery,"  by  James  Emerson.  It  will  be  deposited  for  use  and  refer- 
ence in  the  library  of  the  Bureau,  and  a  record  will  be  made  of  the  name  of 
the  donor.  Very  respectfully, 

W.  T.  rtARRIS,  Commissioner. 


PLATTSIH  RGH,  N.  Y..  Sept.  10,  1892. 
MR.  EMERSON: 

I  received  the  copy  of  fourth  edition  of  "  Hydrodynamics  "  with  pleasure. 

The  following  figures,  taken  from  a  daily  of  recent  date,  placed  in  con- 
necJon  with  the  illustration  in  your  book,  page  126,  are  suggestive  to 
mothers  :— 

Births  in  Legitimate  Illegitimate         Percent. 

Year.  Births.  Births.  of  Illegitimacy . 

London,                        78,300  75,097  3,203  '     4  per  cent.' 

Paris,                             29,628  19,921  9,707  33*       " 

Brussels,                        5,281  3,448  1,833  35 

Munich,                           3,464  1.7C2  1.702  48 

Vienna,                         19,241  8,881  10,360  52         " 
Rome,                             4,373 

Foundlings  exposed  in  one  year  in  Rome,  3,190 ;  nearly  three-fourths,  or 
73  per  cent,  of  the  births.  Yours  truly, 

Mus.  KATIE  WINANS. 

. 

WILLIMANSETT,  MASS.,  Aug.  28, 1892. 
MR.  EMERSON  : 

Many  thanks  for  the  book,  it  has  interested  me  much.  The  constant  im- 
migration of  the  most  ignorant  and  superstitious  class  of  foreigners,  a  class 
that  ras  never  been  allowed  to  take  part  in  its  own  government,  nor  had 
sufficient  intelligence  to  learn  anything  of  otirs,  threatens  our  institutions 
and  peovle  wi'h  dangers  that  loom  plainly  in  the  not  distant  future. 

If  Si  irir.nalism,  as  you  seem  to  think,  has  a  tendency  to  broaden  the  un- 
derstanding, then  you  do  well  to  give  ir  scientific  attention. 
Truly  your  friend, 

MRS.  C.  T.  INGHAM. 


563 

MR.  EMERSON:  SPRINGFIELD,  MASS,  Sept.  9, 1892. 

The  copy  of  your  "  Hydrodynamics  "  was  received  some  days  since,  for 
which  accept  many  thanks. 

Only  the  blindness  caused  by  superstition  and  bigotry  can  prevent  the 
intelligent  from  seeing  the  danger  to  our  schools  and  country  that  looms 
up  in  the  near  future  from  the  avalanche  of  immigration  made  up  of  the 
most  ignorant  and  superstitious,  a  class  that  has  never  known  forbearance 

Your  illustration,  page  127,  is  very  timely,  appropriate,  and  suggestive. 
L.  L.  DAVIS. 

MR.  JOHX  B.  McCoRMiCK,  Holyoke,  Mass.0""     iVIM<E>  PA>>  Aug<  19>  1892' 

Dear  Sir :  I  wish  to  thank  you  for  sending  me  the  last  edition  of  Emer- 
son's book,  which  is  just  at  hand.  It  was  very  kind  of  you  and  I  appreciate 
it  very  much.  I  have  all  the  other  editions,  and  nearly  know  them  bv 
heart,  and  I  have  no  doubt  I  shall  be  equally  interested  in  this. 

. .  WM.  H.  RIDGWAY. 

IMPERIAL  UNIVERSITY  AND  LIBRARY, 
STRASBUHG,  GERMANY-,  Nov.  15, 1892. 
MR.  JAMES  EMERSON,  \\~ILLIMANSETT,  MASS.,  U.  S.: 

Honored  Sir:—I  have  been  honored  by  receiving  for  our  Library  a  pres- 
ent or  sample  of  your  works,  "  Treatise  Relative  to  the  Testing  of  Water 
Wheels  and  Machinery,"  1892.  Please  accept  herewith  my  hearty  thanks. 
Allow  me  to  assure  you  of  1115'  greatest  respect. 

The  Librarian,  BARACK. 

GRAND  DUCAL  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL, 

DARMSTADT,  GERMANY,  Dec.  29,  1892. 
MR.  JAMES  EMERSON,  WILLIMANSETT,  MASS.  : 

Dear  Sir : — We  have  the  honor  to  notice  the  receipt  of  vour  gift  to  our 
high  school,  "  Treatise  Relative  to  the  Testing  of  Water  Wheels  and  Machin- 
ery," fourth  edition,  1892,  and  to  notify  you  thaf  ,the  book  has  been  turned 
over  to  Prof.  Stribeck  of  the  department  of  machinery.  Thanking  you  in 
the  name  of  the  directors  of  the  Technical  High  School. 

Very  truly  yours, 

LAXDSBERG. 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C.,  October  28, 1892. 
The  Smithsonian  Institution  has  received  from  James  Emerson,  Williman- 
sett,  Mass.,  "  Treatise  Relative  to  the  Testing  of  Water  Wheels  and  Machin- 
ery." a  gift  for  winch  it  returns  its  grateful  acknowledgment. 

S.  P.  LANGLEY,  Secretary  Smithsonian  Institution. 


Holyoke  Daily  Democrat,— Priest-ridden,— Sat urday,  Any.  20, 1892. 

MR.  EMERSON'S  BOOK.    HE'S  DOWN  ON  THE  BIBLE,  LAW,  MEDICINE,  AND 

POPULAR  CHRISTIANITY. 

The  great  and  only  James  Emerson  has  just  got  out  the  fourth  edition  of 
"  Emerson's  Hydrodynamics,  etc.,"  a  small  and  compact  volume  of  500 
pages,  with  great  additions  to  preceding  editions. 

Mr.  Emerson  is  certainly  a  genius  and  the  most  original  man  in  the 
world.  His  book  proves  it. 

He  was  born  up  New  Hampshire  way.  He  never  had  much  schooling, 
and  did  not  want  any. 

At  19  he  was  the  mate  of  a  seagoing  vessel.  He  was  a  sailor  for  10  years, 
and  what  he  hasn't  done  since  then  could  be  told  in  a  hundred  words. 

What  Mr.  Emerson  doesn't  know  about  hydrodynamics  hardly  anybody 
knows,  he  thinks. 


564 


Mr.  Emerson  is  down  on  the  law.  He  says  it's  antagonistic  to  knowledge 
and  justice.  He  prints  a  page  of  pictures  to  prove  it,  and  defines  it  as 
"the  study  of  untold  centuries  to  enable  influential  rascals  to  escape  re- 
sponsibility." ••  Will  it  never  be  understood,"  asks  he,  "  that  the  law  was 
made  for  the  benefit  of  man  and  not  man  for  the  law?" 

Mr.  Emerson  is  also  down  on  the  Bible,  lie  thinks  that,  and  the  Arabian 
Nights,  and  the  classics  teach  liberal  lessons  to  the  youth  of  this  country. 
In  this  connection  Mr.  Emerson  publishes  a  number  of  tilings  taken  from  the 
Bible.  He  makes  it  out  to  be  very  inconsistent. 

He  is  an  ardent  Spiritualist,  although  down  on  the  Bible.  The  last  por- 
tion of  his  work  is  devoted  to  his  experiences  for  years  past,  and  some  of 
his  stories  are  decidedly  ghostly.  He  has  had  experiences  with  all  the 
mediums  and  spook  priestesses,  many  of  whom  the  world  regards  as  fakirs. 

Some  of  the  newspapers  that  are  getting  hold  of  Mr.  Emerson's  book  are 
raking  it  through  and  through,  and  abusing  the  author  roundly.  Mr.  Eu.er- 
son  moves  on  serenely. 

Probably  a  copy  of  the  Holyoke  Democrat  was  never  seen  a  mile 
from  its  -place  of  publication  unless,  perhaps,  when  used  as  a 
wrapper  for  some  workingman's  overalls,  but  unfortunately  it  is  the 
same  in  style  as  the  so-called  democratic  papers  of  larger  circula- 
tion, papers  that  give  more  flaring  headlines  to  the  movements  of 
prize  fighters  and  baseball  games  than  to  those  of  pur  statesmen. 

Horace  Greeley,  with  his  Tribune,  made  public  opinion.  The 
papers  of  to-day  simply  pander  to  the  fancies  of  the  ignorant  masses. 
Statesmanship  with  either  party  consists  in  efforts  to  retain  or 
obtain  the  spoils  of  office. 


LEBANON,  N.  H.,  Sept.  24, 1892. 
MB.  EMERSON  : 

Your  "  Hydrodynamics,  etc.,"  surprises  me.  To  sandwich  such  irrelevant 
subjects  as  you  have  into  a  work  of  universally  acknowledged  scientific 
value  has  the  merit  of  novelty  at  least,  and  is  likely  to  cause  investigation 
by  the  intelligent. 

MRS.  LUCY  EMERSON,  84  years  of  age  last  Feb.  8. 


LEBANON,  N.  H.,  Sept.  26,  1892. 
MR.  EMERSON  : 

I  have  scanned  the  pages  of  your  "Hydrodynamics,  etc.,"  and  think 
womankind  deeply  indebted  to  you  for  the  "stand' you  have  so  courageously 
taken  therein.  MRS.  HELEN  J.  ROWELL. 


PORTLAND,  MAINE,  Sept.  9,  1892. 
MR.  EMERSON  : 

Many,  many  thanks  for  the  copy  of  latest  edition  of  '•  Hydrodynamics, 
etc."    It  is  rich  with  progressive  mental  food. 

Truly  your  friend, 

MRS.  ERNEST  FIELDINO. 


565 

MK.  EMEKSON: 

Dear  Sir:— I  am  visiting'  my  Grampa  Foster,  and  saw  the  beautiful  book 
which  you  so  kindly  sent  my  Urania,  and  I  thought  I  should  like  to  have  a 
copy  for  my  own  pleasure  and  to  take  the  same  home  to  my  papa,  which  I 
am  sure  would  be  very  interesting  and  perhaps  of  more  real  value  to  him 
than  to  me.  I  hope  you  won't  think  I  am  asking  too  much  from  a  person 
whom  I  have  not  had  the  pleasure  of  meeting,  but  your  book  is  so  interest- 
ing; ;  I  am  perhaps  overbold  and  you  will  excuse  me  for  my  action.  I  wanted 
Grama  to  give  me  her  book  which  you  sent  her,  and  she  said,  No,  I  want  it 
myself.  I  said  I  would  write  myself  and  she  said  all  right.  I  am  ten  years 
old,  and  my  name  is 

WINNIE  LEWIS  LAWSON. 

1  am  stopping  with  my  Grama  and  Grampa  Foster  at  13  Sixth  St.,  Lowell, 
Mass. 

The  author  sends  Winnie  many  thanks  with  book. 

THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY,  ANDOVER,  November  15, 1892. 
The  Trustees  of  Phillips  Academy,  in  Andover,  Massachusetts,  have 
received  from  Mr.  James  Emerson,  as  a  gift  to  the  library  of  the  Theolog- 
ical Seminary,  his  "  Treatise  Relative  to  the  Testing  of  Water  Wheels  and 
Machinery,  etc.,  1892,"  for  which  the  Trustees  return  their  grateful  acknowl- 
edgments. 

In  behalf  of  the  Trustees, 

CECIL  F.  P.  BANCROFT,  Clerk. 
W.  L.  ROPES,  Librarian. 

JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY,  BALTIMORE,  MD.,  November  10, 1892. 
MR.  JAMES  EMERSON,  WILLIMAXSETT,  MASS. 

Hir:— I  beg  to  acknowledge,  with  thanks,  your  gift  to  this  library  of  the 
fourth  edition  of  your  "  Treatise  Relative  to  the  Testing  of  Water  Wheels 
and  Machinery,  also  of  Inventions,  Studies  and  Experiments,  with  Sug- 
gestions from  a  Life's  Experience.  Willimansett,  Mass.,  1892." 

N.  MURRAY,  Librarian. 

UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY,  GLASGOW,  Oct.  28, 1892. 

The  University  of  Glasgow  gratefully  acknowledges  the  receipt  of 
"  Treatise  Relative  to  the  Testing  of  Water  Wheels  and  Machinery."  The 
book  has  been  deposited  in  the  library  and  entered  in  the  catalogue  of  do- 
nations. 

JAMES  LYMBURN,  Librarian. 


CARLUKE,  SCOTLAND,  Dec.  1, 1892. 
MR.  EMERSON: 

Dear  Sir: — Have  received  your  book  on  Hydrodynamics  from  my  brother 
in  Holyoke.  If  it  was  the  purpose  to  cause  those  who  examine  the  fourth 
edition  of  your  Hydrodynamics  to  think,  then,  indeed,  your  various  illus- 
trations and  remarks  seem  admirably  adapted  to  that  effect.  Truth  or 
the  rifjht  can  never  be  injured  by  being  held  up  to  the  light.  The  illus- 
trations on  pages  122-3  present  object  lessons  more  practical  and  eloquent 
than  all  the  sermons  delivered  from  John  Knox  down  to  Sam  Jones.  As 
mechanics  and  human  beings  we  thank  you  sincerely  for  the  stand  you 
have  taken. 

Yours  trulv, 

JAMES  MUNSIE,  Mining  Engineer. 

ROSE  POLYTECHNIC  INSTITUTE,  TERRE  HAUTE,  IND.,  Nov.  29, 1892. 
The  library  of  the  Rose  Polytechnic  Institute  gratefully  acknowledges 
the  receipt  o"f  Emersion's  Hydrodynamics,  etc. 

Very  trulv, 
'  S.  P.  BURTON,  Reg. 

MASSACHUSETTS  INSTITUTE  OF  TECHNOLOGY,  BOSTON,  Oct.  20, 1892. 
Dear  Sir : — I  beg  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  "  Treatise  Relative  to  the 
Testing  of  Water  Wheels  and  Machinery,  etc.,"  by  James  Emerson,  and  to 
express  my  recognition  of  your  kindness  in  sending  it. 
Respectfully  vours. 

CLEMENT  W.  ANDREWS,  Librarian. 


UNIVERSITT  LIBRARY,  CAMBRIDGE,  ENGLAND, 

April  6, 1893. 

Sir  :—  J  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  the  work  men- 
tioned witliin  which  you  have  been  ^  ood  enough  <o  send  as  a  present  to  the 
Library,  and  t  •  convey  to  you  o-i  behalf  «.f  the  I,  b-ary  Syndicate  the  bet-t 
th  inks  of  the  university  for  this  addition  to  o  r  collection. 
Your  most  obedient  servant, 

FfiANClS  JENKINSON, 

Librarian. 
To  JAMKS  EMFRRON,  ESQ. 

Kmersou  (.lames).    Treatise  relative  to  the  testing  of  water  wheels  and 
machinoiy.    Fifth  edition,  svo,  Io93. 


UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY,  UPSALA,  SWEDEN. 

T>ear  Sir  :— I  beg  you  to  accept  the  b-sf,  thanks  of  the  university,  and  of 
myself,  for  the  undei mentioned  w  >ik  which  you  have  been  so  Kind  as  to 
present  lo  the  library  <>t'  the  university. 

Treatise  relative  to  the  testing  of  water  wheels  and  machinery,  by  James 
Emerson,  1x93,  Svo. 

1  have  the  h  .nor  to  b«  Mr, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

CLAES  ANNERSTEDT, 

Librarian  of  the  University. 
UPSALA,  April  19, 1893. 


BODLEIAN  LIBRARY,  OXFORD,  ENGLAND, 

Mar.-h  17,  1893. 

Dear  Sir  :— I  beg  you  to  accept  thi  best  thanks  of  the  curators  of  the 
Bodleian,  and  of  myself,  for  the  *  undermentioned  work,  by  yourself,  which 
you  havo  been  so  kind  as  to  present  to  ihe  llurnry  of  the  university. 
Yours  very  faithfully, 

EDWAKD  W.  B.  NICHOLSON, 

Librarian. 

•Treatise  relative  to  the  testing  of  water  wheels  and  machinery.    Fifth 
edition. 

J.  EMERSON,  ESQ. 


LOWELL,  MASS.,  April  11, 1893. 
JAMES  EMKRSON,  Willimansett,  Mass. 

Dear  Sir:— Your  valuable  and  very  interesting  book  came  duly  to  hand 
and  would  have  been  acknowledged  before  but  it  has  just  been  brought  to 
my  notice.  I  have  read  some  of  it,  and  shall  do  so  fully  as  I  pet  time.  I 
thank  you  very  much  for  the  present,  and  shall  always  guard  it  for  its 
value,  and  as  a  reminder  of  the  pleasant  days  I  have  spent  with  you. 
Very  truly  yours, 

D.  W.  C.  FARKINGTON. 

Letters  of  the  character  of  that  of  Mr.  Farrington  are  the  bright 
spots  of  an  inventor's  life,  a  life  far  from  being  all  sunshine,  yet  it 
has  many  compensations  for  its  years  of  anxious  anticipations. 
Numerous  letters  have  been  received,  which,  with  but  few  excep- 
tions, are  commendatory  to  my  works,  many  from  persons  of  high 
standing,  but  too  lengthy  for  publication.  Intelligent  criticism  is 
still  desired.  Before  this  meets  the  eye  of  the  reader,  the  author 
will  have  passed  his  seventy-second  milestone  on  the  way  to  the 
spirit  land,  where  mav  all  find  as  happy  welcome  as  that  described 
in  Mrs.  Oliphant's  "Little  Pilgrim." 


567 


PETITION  TO  THE  LEGISLATURE,  1896, 


The   FreethM-er  of   I.oi,,l.)n,    r.n-l.u.  !,  c.munvi    the  following;     •'  Christian  Life  gives  the  following 
figures:     In  the  common  gaols  ut  llnlario  (GuMd*)   11,810  persons  were  locked  up  last  year.     No  less 
2,448  were  unable  to  read  or  write."     The  rvli 
of  this  country  use  their  influence  to  procure 
various  religions  upon  the  morals  of  the  masses  may  be 


nomiiUtioiu  were  represented  asabove.  Will  thecler"y 
information  from  our  prisons,  that  the  influence  of  the 
e  ascertained  ?  Come,  brother  Talmage,  will  you  try  ? 


i  rtlntln  la  Xornli  in   l;,,,,,(,-i- 


Monlch!'      3.4U4 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR.-CENSUS  OFFICE. 


HLAIMHELD,  N  J..  November  18,  1892. 
Mil.  JUIF.S  EMKHSOX,  Willjmanseu,  Mass. 

De'tr  Sir  :  In  response  to  one  of  the  questions  ad- 
dressed by  you  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  I  bes 
to  say  that  the  valuation  of  property  in  church  build, 
ings,  including  th,-  rite*  on  wiii.-h  ih^v  srand  and  their 
furniture,  is  $G80,r,87,000.  Very  respectfully, 


THE  FOLLOWING    WILL    E\l'LAIX  ITSELF: 

WILI.I.MANSF.TT,  MASS.,  October  13,  1802. 
REVEREND  DR.  MINER,  Boston,  Mass.  :— 

Dear  Sir: — This  day    I  have   mailed  you   a  book.     Upon  page  120  thereof  you  may  find  a  plan  for 
obtaining  the  moral  influence  of  the  various  religions  upon  the  masses. 

Arrangements  are  being  made  to  petition  the  Legislature  of  this  State  to  have  the  religious  belief  of  each 
prisoner  reported.     Will  you  use  your  influence  in  favor  of  having  the  plan  carried  out '     His  reply  is  below  . — 

628  Columbus  Avenue,  Boston,  Oct.  21,  1892. 
Dear  Sir:— The  suggestion  is  a  good  one.    it  would  let  light  into  dark  places. 

Yours  truly,  A.  A.  MINER. 

The  same  request  was  made  to  Talmage,  Parkhurst,  and  others,  none  of  whom  have  made  any  reply. 

JAMES   E.MERSOV. 


To  the  Honorable  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts:— 

GENTLEMEN:— We,  your  petitioners,  most  respectfully  represent  that,  as  shown  above,  immense  wealth 
that  escapes  taxation  is  locked  up  in  church  buildings,  usually  occupying  the  most  desirable  and  valuable 
sites,  yet  standing  empty  one  hundred  and  fifty  at  least  of  each  one  hundred  and  sixty-eight  hours  of  the  week, 
while  our  prisons,  asylums,  and  tenements  are  constantly  overcrowded  (he  entire  time  ;  therefore  we  earnestly 
request  that  your  honorable  bodies  will  pass  enactment  requiiins  our  prison  commissioners  to  ascertain  as 
nearly  as  practicable  the  religious  belief  of  each  prison. T  or  |'.ui<-m  consigned  to  our  prisons  or  asylums,  that 
the  influence  of  the  various  religions  upon  the  morals  of  the  masses  may  be  estimated. 


568 


INDEX. 

Turbines  or  Vertical  Wheels. 


PAGE 

PAGE 

American,  New..  245,  321-4,  341,  374-6 
American,  New,  Latest  Imp.  ...552-3 

Mercer's      365 

Mulliken                        .    .                200 

Bovden,  Fournevron  wi,  lsi-6,  226, 
233 

Risdon..   ..103-4,  210-11,  234,  3CO-2,  408 
Roland  &  Benedict....                    216 

Chase      231 

Clark  &  Chapman                        .  216 

Collins  201 

Sherwood  347 

Small                                                    241 

Curtis   Gates                           238  372-3 

Success                                        205  342 

Delphos                                               205 

Economical  358 

Tait  344-6 

Thompson  &  Holcomb  235,338 
Tuttle  232 
Tvler,  9,  102-3,  212-17,  248,  321-4,  332,  337 
Upham   Libbv                               242 

Hercules  9,  48,  22C.-8,  3L'l-4,  371 
Houston          .        9   188  240   3''l-3   347 

Hummin"-  Bird                                  239 

Humphrey      219 

Victor,  Eclipse.21,  ...67,220-3,245,334 
364,381 
Walsh                                   198  217  335 

Hunt  Machine  Company  236-7 
Jolly  J  &  W                             1°  14-16 

Jonval  9,  187-9,  191 
King's  336 
Leffel  24-5,67-8,  101,247 
List  of  Other  Wheels  Tested.  ..246-8 

Horizonfc 

PAGE 

Breast  Wheel  Experiment  72-73 

AVemple  331 
Wetmore  198,217,346 
Whitnev,  Waldo  224-6 

Wolf...'  214-15 

il  Wheels. 

PAGE 

Overshot,  Undershot,  and  Flut- 

Perpetual    Motion    or    Double 
Wheels  190-4 

Evolution  of  Wheels  9 

Fallen  Idols                     ...           10 

White  Elephant  of  Lowell  Corpo- 
rations                                           11 

Miscell 

PAGE 

Adulterations,  Short  Measures.  .  150 
An  Earlier  Anthony  Comstock..  480 
Antiquity  Unveiled,  547 

aneous. 

PAGE 

Chipping  Buckets  102 

Choosing  all  Officials  149 
Christian  Amusements  47s 
Christian,  Model  535 

An  Ohio  Idea,  Taxation,  Prohib.  419 
Apparatus      to    Regulate     the 
Flow  75-82 

Cotton  Manufacture,  Machinery, 
Process        120-8 

Aspirants  for  r  anie  as.  .  .   107 
At  water  Manufacturing  Co  400-1 
Backwater  Difficulties  51,  97-101 
Belt  Transmission  419 
Bible  The                                           45° 

Cremation  541 
Dams                                    47 

Div  of  the  Church                            440 

Bondrs.  Citv  of  Springfield  399 
Boston  of  1845  500 
Brown's  Facing  Mill  398 
Car  Heatiiv  System                   385-396 

Dean  L  L.,  Amsterdam,  X  Y...  405 
Deposition,  Machine  kind  45-7 
Division  of  Water  Power  69 
Draft  Tubes  101 
Duplex  Piano  Stool  397 
Effect,  Forty  Years  of  Mass  35 
Efficiency  of  Wheels  99-101,  195 

Caving  in  of  a  'Mine  550 

Card  Setting  M  aehine  153 
Cements.  Mortars....                ...  145 

569 


PAGE 

Electric  Light  and  Power  Co  408 
Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo  499 

PAGE 

Power  of  Niagara  Falls  551 

Preliminary,  for  Legal  Division  .83-88 
Pressure  on  Dams,  Boilers  99 
Progressive  Barbarism  420 

Kiiidneers,    with    many   Gauge 
Hands                .        .                        21 

Proposition  of  Seeming  Equity.  .  100 
Psychic  Search  Society  641 
Questions  Asked  Me  82 
Religion,  Myth,  Superstition.  427-493 
Report  of  Referees  85 

Engineers'  Reports  320-30 

Experiments,     Elkhart,    Misha- 
waka                                                62-8 

Experiments  at  Eagleville,  Conn.  129 
Experiments  to  Determine  97-101 
Experts,  Professional  108 
Flax,    Culture,     Manufacturing 
Process      .                 <              .112-14 

Show  Institutions  of  the  501 
Spiritualism  and  Phenomena.  502-548 
Spout  Experiments  36-7 

Flour,  Manufacturing  Mill  Ma- 
chinery, Process  115-19 
Formula  for  Tabling  Wheels....    61 
Fourneyron  per  Joseph  Glynn..    185 

Steam  and  Pressure  Gauges  61 
Stones,  Power  to  Drive  99 
Submerging  Turbines  101 

Suggestions  for  Capitalists  82 
Superstition   Idolatry,  etc  428 

Gearing  Turbines  by  Tables  109 
Hallucination  or          542 

Tariff  Fire  Escapes                         148 

Hard  Running  Wheels  106 

Testing  Curbs,  V  Belts,  Metric 

Head,  Working,  What  Is  It  ?  99 

Testing  Flumes,  Implements...  52-61 
Testing  Svstem,  Tests,  etc  22-7 
Tests,  Electric  Lights,  Power  .87-8,  408 
Tests,  Gears,   Belts,  and  Draft 
Tubes  363-384 

Hereafters  Illustrated  539 

Highest  Results  Guaranteed....  102 
Hindu  Religion  435 

Holyoke  Alpaca  Tests  130  • 
Holvoke  Hydrodvnamic  314*19 
Innian's  Anc.  Faiths  (ill.)  429-433 
Jewish  Scripture,  Greek  Mythol- 
o^ies                    .                     ...  534 

Tests,  Philadelphia  Turbines  ..187-9 
Tests  of  Steam  Engines  154,  396 
Tests  of  Paper  Machinery  177-9 

Jonval,  Stevenson's  Circular  187 
Jute     Culture,     Manufacturing 
Process  .                           114 

Tests,   Massachusetts    Cotton 
Mills     130 

Law,  The,  with  Illustrations  ..409-19 
Litigation  to  Settle        49 

Tests,  Various    Kinds    Machin- 
ery    132-7 

Loss  of  Head  Through  100 
McCormick,  Esoteric  Science.  ..    17 
Manchester,    Conn.,   Water  Re- 

Tests  at  Natick,  R.  I.,  Winchen- 

Tests  Gearing  Wheels  107 

Marriage,  Divorce,  Nudity  424-6 
Mascoma  Riveras  Emerson  406 
Medicine,  its  Progress  421-3 
Medieval  Barbarism                       540 

Tests  to  Determine  Loss  107 

Theories  of  Builders         100 

Thread  I  isle                                     147 

Mind  Reading  540 
Mythologies                      .      .  .436-443 

Tide  Power,  Mails,  Meddling.  ...  149 
Turbine  Buckets    107 

Notes  on  Water  Flow  152 
Numerous  Sizes  of  Turbines  106 

Turbines  Running  Faster  51 
Water  Wheel  Royalties  106 

Obsolete  Methods,  Lowell  20 

Water  Supply  for  Cities  74 

Palmer  Water  Supply  404 

Water  Wheel,  Patent  and  Use..  181-5 

Paper    Manufacturing,  Machin- 
ery  Process                              167-176 

Weir  Measurements  ...    53 
Willimantic  Water  Suit  402-3 
Windlass  Ships  139-145 

Poetry*   What  Is  ?                             147 

Witch  of  Endor  453 

Pole,  'North  150 
Power,  Horse,  What  Is  It  ?  146 
Power  Scales  and  Register  38-41 
Power  to  Grind  Wheat  ....       ...  105 

Woolen   Manufacture,    Culture, 
etc      155-165 

Vexatious  AVaste  of  Water  98 

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